28. Preventive Diplomacy and Preventive Deployment

28. Preventive Diplomacy and Preventive Deployment

• Learning objectives:– Familiar with the key concepts of conflict

prevention– Familiar with UN preventive diplomacy

instruments– Understand the obstacles facing preventive

diplomacy– Familiar with Preventive Deployment

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• Initiatives designed to pre-empt the outbreak of violence

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• Operational and Structural prevention

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• Forecasting problem• Evaluation problem• Publicity problem

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• The UN and Conflict Prevention

“To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace,”

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• The example of Bahrain

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• The shift toward Structural Prevention

• The 1995 publication “Strengthening of the United Nations System Capacity for Conflict Prevention” called for a “comprehensive conflict prevention strategy” directed at poverty and underdevelopment. The key to averting conflicts was “sustainable human development…and integrated approach to human security.”

28.1. The Concept of Conflict Prevention

• The shift toward Structural Prevention

• 2000 Millennium Report noted: “there is near-universal agreement that prevention is preferable to cure, and that strategies of prevention must address the root causes of conflicts, not simply their violent symptoms.”

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

“actions to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflict and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur.”

Agenda for Peace

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

• Confidence-Building Measures

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

• Fact Finding

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

• Early Warning

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

• Demilitarized Zones– Korea– Golan Heights

28.2. The UN and Preventive Diplomacy

• Sanctions and Embargoes

28.3. Political and Organizational Obstacles

• Political

28.3. Political and Organizational Obstacles

• Organizational

28.4. Preventive Deployment

• The deployment of military or police personnel in volatile areas with the aim of preventing the escalation of a conflict

28.4. Preventive Deployment

• Circumstances:– in conditions of national crisis there could be

preventive deployment at the request of the Government or all parties concerned, or with their consent

– in inter-state disputes such deployment could take place when two countries feel that a United Nations presence on both sides of their border can discourage hostilities

– preventive deployment could take place when a country feels threatened and requests the deployment of an appropriate United Nations presence along its side of the border alone.

28.4. Preventive Deployment

• Preventive Deployment and Macedonia (1992)

• Macedonian president Kiro Gligorov requests UN assistance in preventing the spillover of conflict in the former Yugoslavia to Macedonia

28.4. Preventive Deployment

• On 11 December 1992 the UNSC added a Macedonian Command on to UNPROFOR: this was known as UNPROFOR-MC

28.4. Preventive Deployment

• On 11 December 1992 the UNSC added a Macedonian Command on to UNPROFOR: this was known as UNPROFOR-MC

• In 1995 the mission was renamed the UN Preventive Force Deployment (Force) (UNPREDEP)