SYNTAX
SYNTAXRimajon SotlikovaSYNTAXIs derived from the Greek elements,
syn means together and tax means arranging.
Is a level of grammar that refers to the arrangement of words
and morphemes in the construction of structures, such as: phrases,
clauses and sentences..Descriptive syntax or descriptive
grammarPrescriptive syntax or prescriptive grammarThe combination
of smaller units in sentencesThe concept of correctness and
incorrectness in speaking and writing.Types of Syntactic
Structures.Sentence(string of words:grammatically complete with at
least two components: a subject and a
predicate)Constitudes(combination of units)Subject(the topic of the
sentence)Predicate (a comment made about the topic)Types of
Sentences and ClausesSimple Sentence(one subject and one
predicate)Compound Sentence(the combination of simple sentences
)The dog ran awayThe dog and the cat ran away..Independent Clause(a
simple sentence)Dependent Clause(can not stand alone as a simple
sentence but must be attached to an independent clause)A Complex
sentence(sentence with a simple sentence and one or more dependent
clauses)A compound-complex (sentence(with two or more independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause)These are the people who
would be travelling with usWhen the teacher assigned the reading
for the exam,many students were stunned, but they agreed to study
as well as they could.Most common sentence typesDeclarative (It
makes a statement)Interrogative (It asks a question)Imperative
(Expresses a command or request)Exclamatory (shows strong or sudden
feeling)He has just arrived.Has he just arrived?Andrew, come
here.Oh, what a beautiful day!
He just arrived.NegativeActive and passive voices He hasnt come
yet.
He broke the window. The window was broken by him.
PhraseA phrase is any constituent of a clause.
Noun phrase (NP)Verb phrase (VP)Adjective phrase (AP)Adverb
phrase (AdvP)Prepositional phrases (PP)S NP+VP
Some examples for noun phrase:Andrew NP (N is proper noun
here)He NP (Pronoun)The dogNP (with Determiner-article)Six dogs NP
(with numeral)The six dogs NP (Determiner.Numeral.Noum)My dog NP
(with Determiner-possessive)What dogNP (with
Determiner-interrogative)That dogNP (with
determiner-demonstrative)
Verb phrase (tells something about the subject)A tree
diagram
Chomsky and Generative grammarMany linguists attempted to
produce a particular type of grammar that has a very explicit
system of rules would result in well formed sentences.A set of
explicit rules is called a generative grammarA generative grammar
defines the syntactic structureIt shows two kinds of phenomena:
How some superficially different sentences are closely
relatedHow some superficially similar sentences are in fact
differentDeep and surface structureMaria broke the window.The
window was broken by Maria.
Superficially differentUnderlyning their basic components and
interpretation are their deep structure.Closely related by
meaningDistinction between them is about their surface
structureAmbiguityLexical ambiguityStructural ambiguityThe women
appealed to all menMaria owns large dogs and catsPart-of-speech
ambiguityAndrew will forget tomorrowBy tomorrow Andrew will forget
somethingAndrew will forget a specific day (that is here
tomorrow)Structural ambiguity
RecursionIs used in order:
The book is one the table.The book is on the table near the
window.The book is on the table near the window in the bedroom.
To generate a sentenceTo make a sense in a sentenceRepeatable
any number of times
