PREPARED BY: JANINE RABE PHOEBIE ANDALLO SHIELA MAE COLLADO
JAYSON SANTIAGO Slide 2 We emphasized the need for networking
through various forms of distributed computing, and indicated that
distributed systems require a reliable telecommunications
infrastructure. For most business, they use outside service
providers (a phone company, an Internet Service Provider (ISP)) for
their telecommnunications needs. As the business environment is
becoming more Internet-centric with VoIO, WAN, and wireless
networks,it is important for managers to understand the basic
concepts undewrlining telecommunications technologies that are
needed to support the network-centric strategy of the
organizations. Slide 3 Once built, the network, with its nodes and
links, provides the infrastructure for the flow of dta,
information, and messages. This flow is managed not by IS
proffesiomals, but by users, just as users manage the flow of
vehicles on physical highways. Telecommunications are the basis for
the way people and companies work today. It provides the
infrastructure for moving information, just as a transportation
system, such as shipping lanes, railroad right-of-ways, and the
airspace, provides the infrastructure for the movement of people
and goods. Slide 4 This analogy presents telecommunications as a
linking mechanism, which it is. However, the Internet has also
opened up a different view of telecommuncations, that of providing
a cyberspace, a place where people can exist in virtual world,
where organizations can conduct business and in fact, a place where
organizational processes exist. It is an online world, a sort of
cybercity. Yhis view, too, is providing the foundation for the
online economy. However, even more is happening. Just about
everything in telecommuncations is shifting, from the industry
itself to the ptotocols (the languages networks use to communicate
with each other). Slide 5 125 YEARS OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION the history of telecommunications began with
smoke signal and drums in early generations. however, it was not
until 1844, when Morses electric telegraph was first shown to the
public from Baltimore Washington, that the era of global
telecommuncations actually began. Less than 20 years afterward,
telegraph communcation was completed coast-to-coast in the United
States (1861), and for the United States to Europe (1866). The
innovation continued with the creation of telephone by Bell and
Watson in 1875. these were the first technological inventions that
changed the world and triggered the inventiom of the telephone,
telewriter, coaxial cable, broadband carrier for simultaneous calls
over a single pair of wires, magnetic tape machine with
transmission capacity of 1,000 words per minute, communication
satellites, fiber optics, cable modems, DSL Internet services, and
cellular wireless technologies. Slide 6 From a business
perspective, the oldest part of the telecommunications
infrastructure is the telephone network, commonly called the public
switched telephone network (PSTN), or affectionately called POSTS
(plain old telephone srvice). This global network was built on
twisted-pair copper wires and was intended for voice
communications. It uses analog technology (signals sent as sine
waves)and circuit switching, which means a virtual (temporary)
circuit is created between caller and receiver and that circuit is
theirs alone to use; no other parties can share it during the
duration of their telephone call. Although appropriate for
delivering high-quality voice communications, circuit switching is
inefficient because of all the unused space in the circuits when no
sound is being transmitted. Slide 7 the new telecommunications
infrastructure being built around the world is aimed at
transmitting data. The wired portion consists of fiber-optic links
(glass fiber rather than copper wire) sending digital signals (ones
and zeros instead of sine waves). The wireless portion consists of
radio signals both use packet switching; messages are divided into
packets, each with an address header, and each packet is sent
separately. Packets from any number of senders and of any type,
whether e-mails, music downloads, voice conversations, or video
clips can be intermixed on a network segment. These networks ate
able to handle much more and a greater variety of traffic. Packet
nets also can handle voice. The analog voice signals are translated
into oes and zeros, compressed and packetized. Slide 8 Unlike
voice-centric networks, data-centric networks assume intelligent
user devices that provide the addressing information; therefore,
the network only needs store-and forward routers to route the
packets. This architecture allows new kinds of services to be
deployed much more rapidly,because the basic functions of network
need not be changed. Thus, for example, it was easy to add the
World Wide Web as a new kind of layer on the Internet
infrastructure. Other such layers are multiplayer gaming, e-mail,
and file transfer. This infrastructure would not have been been
possible with PTSN. Slide 9 The internet can handle new kinds of
intelligent user devices, including Voice over-IP (VoIP) phones,
personal digital assistant (PDAs), gaming consoles, and all manner
of wireless devices. It can allow these devices to handle different
kinds of services, such as voice, e-mail, graphics, gaming, and so
forth. Thus, the global communications infrastructure is changing
from a focus on voice to a focus on data-both from technical
perspective and a revenue generation point of view. Slide 10 With
the increasing demand for high-speed multimedia mobile
communications services to users, there are a number of ongoing
initiatives to replace the current low-speed voice and data
wireless networks by stratospheric communications systems or High
Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS). The technologies are still
evolving. However, they become proven, they would tremendously
improve the performance of current telecommunications
infrastructure. Slide 11 The early 2000s could be seen as a
correction of the investment excesses of the late 1990s and the
misreading of the market ability to adapt to technological changes.
Despite the significant financial downturn of the
telecommunications industry,broadband subscription continues to
increase steadily. According to OECD, the number of broadband
subscribers in the OECD country members increased 26 percent from
157 million in 2005 to 197 million in 2006. innovation expected to
accelerate Slide 12 Steady growth in telecommuncation usage Quick
and global adoption of new telecommunications-based technologies
Competition in broadband markets is expected to accelerate
Mass-individualization of real-time progrmming The new economic
model for financing the telecommunications industry has yet to be
defined Slide 13 In 1990s, the Regional Bell Operating Company
RBOC) began encountering competition for this last mile. So the
jargon expanded. RBOCs became known as incumbent local exchange
carriers ( ILECs) and the new competitors became competitive LECs (
CLECs). The importance of CLEs is the new kinds of connection
option they have brought to businesses and homes, such as cable
modems, optical fiber, wireless satellite and faster wire lines.
Slide 14 In the mid-1990s the Internet caught most IS department by
surprise not mention the hardware and software vendors that serves
the corporate IS community. The Internet actually began in 1960s;
it was funded by the U.S department of Defenses Advanced Research
Project Agency and was called ARPANET. In 1994 when the World Wide
Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Geneva. The Internet
has done for telecommunication what the IBM PC did for computing:
it brought to masses. In 1981, when in IBM PC was introduced. The
norms is now end-to-end IP networks. Slide 15 Ubiquity Reliability
Scalability Slide 16 Various forms of media: Voice data Video IP
Telephony Enterprises have been investigating the use of the
Internet to transmit voice to replace their telephone systems. This
new Internet use is called, voice over IP,Internet Telephony or IP
Telephony IP telephony became the hot telecommunications technology
in 2004. Voice has become another digital medium that can be
managed electronically from ones PC Slide 17 Video telephony- which
is not video conferencing via a PBX, but rather video over IP
Skype.com is a prime example of successful use of IP for telephony
and beyond. Digital Convergence is setting up a collision among
three massive industries, state Srephen Baker and Heather Green.
Slide 18 The worldwide telephone system has been so effective in
connecting people because is based on common standards, todays
packet- switching networks also following some standards. The
underpinning of these standards is the OSI Reference Model. Closed
Versus Open Networks- to understand is the difference between
closed and open networks. A closed network is one of that is
offered by one supplier and to which only the products of that
supplier can be attached. Why is it called a reference model?- the
International standard organizations (ISO) and other standards
bodies have adopted the seven level OSI References Model to guide
the development of international standards for networks of
computers. It is called a references model because it only
recommends the functions to be performed in each of the seven
layers; it does not specify detailed standards for each layers.
Slide 19 An analogy: mailing a letter-control information is used
to route messages to their destination. SEVEN MODELS- described the
types of control data produced by each layer. LAYER 7 THE
APPLICATION LAYER contains the protocol embedded in the
applications we use. LAYER 6 THE PRESENTATION LAYER
telecommunication protocol in this layer translate data and from of
language and format used in LAYER 7 LAYER 5 THE SESSION LAYER
control the dialog for a session and acts as a moderator, sent as
directed and interrupted if necessary. LAYER 4 THE TRANSPORT LAYER
ensures reliable packet delivery. LAYER 3 THE NETWORK address and
route packets to their destination LAYER 2 LOGICAL LINK making sure
that no data is lost or garbled LAYER 1 PHYSICAL responsible for
defining the physical connections of devices to a network. Slide 20
The rate of change is accelerating although no one seems to know
for sure, many people speculate that data traffic surpassed voice
traffic either in 1999 or 2000 Gilder notes that the technologies
of sand, glass and air are governed by exponential rules. Bandwidth
Abundance? notes that an economic era is defined by the plummeting
price of the key factor of production. it will expand 10 times as
fast as computer power and completely transform the economy
predicts Gilder. Slide 21 The goal of wireless is to do everything
we can do on wired networks, but without the wire, says Craig
Mathias of Farpoint Group, an expert on telecommunications. Frank
Dzubeck, a long-time telecommunications consultant, agrees, stating
that whereas the twentieth century was the Wireline Century, the
twenty-first century will be the wireless century. Slide 22 Some
frequencies of the radio spectrum are licensed by governments for
specific purposes; others are not. The licensed portion of spectrum
are owned by large companies that can afford government licenses
thaty give them a monopolistichold on specific frequencies. The
device that tap the unlicensed frequencies are more cheaper than
their counterparts because they fo not need to absorb the huge
billion-dollar licensing fees. Slide 23 Wireless Personal Area
Networks ( WPANs). Networks that provide high speed connections
between devices that are up to 30 feet apart. Wireless Local Area
Network ( WLANs). Networks that provide access to corporate
computers in office buildings, retail stores, and hospitals or
access to Internet hot spot where people congregate. Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks ( WMANs). Networks provide connections
in cities and campuses at distance up to 30 miles. Wireless Widw
Area Networks ( WWANs). Networks that provide broadband wireless
connections over thousands of miles. Slide 24 Security is the major
issue today. Security analysts have long assumed that hackers who
have been intruding computers would soon attack smart phones, whosw
advanced network connections and operating systems continue to
become more interopable with computer networks and server.
Eavesdroppers need special equipment to pick up radio signals from
far away. Users of wireless appliances should only visit Web sites
that they know, use the Wi-fi network they trust, try not to open
Web links fron e-mails, and, if needed, encrypt the data before
they send them out. Slide 25 A lot of attention is focused on
wireless services, a troubling question has not yet been answered:
Are these transmissions safe for humans? Thr higher-frequency
services are in the microwave range. They use almost the same
frequency as microwaves oven. Long-term effects from low-level
vibrations that do not raise body temperature are still possible,
though. It is probably difficult to directly link exposure to
disease; it more likely that exposure will gradually lowers body
immunity. The success of wireless is guaranteed. People will not
give up being mobile. There is no substitute technology, but we
advice prudent use. Slide 26 What has proven true with
data-communication technologies over and over again is the killer
applicationis messaging. Instant Messaging ( IM) has become an
important mode of communication. importantly, it appears to be the
current preferred mode of communication among young people. IM as
the killer application of wireless as well, not just for teenagers,
but for business. Newer technologies will allow messaging to become
even more personal. This one reason why camera phones have become
popular: picture is often more personal than a voice description.
The key attribute of IM is that it provides presence, present and
available to receive an instant message. Slide 27 Wireless
communications are not just for people. A machine-to- machine
Internet is coming, notes Andy Reinhardt and Heather Green.
Machines will likely use Wi-fi as one wireless communication
protocol. Prootocol that involves communication among things is
radio- frequency identification ( RFID). Communication systems will
use a mix of wired and wireless technologies, as appropriate. That
is one challenge. Another challenge is Internet traffic
prioritization. When Intrenet traffic loads exceed the routing and
transmission capabilities of the networks, network administrators
must manage data traffic flows by changing the queuing procedures-
likely from a first come, first served basis to some prioritization
policy. Open architecture concept is based on the priciple of equal
priority in transmission or Internet Nuetrality. Slide 28 Planning
and Creating the telecommunications Architecture- a network
architecture needs to contain a set of company policies and rules
that, when followed, lead to desired network environment The goal
is not a single coherent network but rather finding the means to
interface many dissimilar networks. The key challenge in network
design is connectivity t impprove productivity and business
oppurtunities. The second key concept in architecture design is
interoperability, which means the capability for different
computers, using different operating systems and on different
networks, to work together tasks- exchanging information in
standard ways without any changes in functionality and without
physical invention. Slide 29 Managing Telecommunication- the second
job of IS department is to operate network. An increasing area of
concern for top management is to manage telecommunications
expenses. Major causes of excessive telecommunications costs:
Fragmentation of procurement: many companies allow their business
units to independently contract telecommunication services. Service
usage-:service plans do not match actual use. For example, an
organization unit leases a high-speed WAN, and the network is
consistently uderutilized. Unauthorized use:excessive or
unauthorized use by employees or business partners increase costs.
It could also decrease the overall performance of the
communications system. Billing inaccuracies: sotfware bugs have
been criticized for many billing errors. Lack of rigor in managing
auto-payment lets the organization to continue paying the service
providers while the employee-subscribers did cancel the services.
Slide 30 Keeping Abreast of Telecommunications Technology policy-
the third job of IS is to stay current with the technology, and
explore new business models to use new technologies for competitive
advantages. Any decision made will ultimately affect the impact of
telecommunications on the performance of the organization.
