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Preliminary Results on Smallholder Irrigation Technologies International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Background Information. Objective : to Identify factors that influenced the adoption of WLTs (particularly motor pumps) by smallholder farmers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Preliminary Results on Smallholder Irrigation Technologies
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Background Information Objective: to Identify factors that influenced the adoption of WLTs (particularly motor pumps) by smallholder farmers
Case studies: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray.
Data collected from 800 (200 from each Region) randomly selected farm households.
Why Smallholder Irrigation Technologies?
Initiated and financed by smallholders themselves
Owned and individually or by small informal groups
Can irrigate small plots that can optimally managed by the smallholder
Need relatively less capital
5. Small farmers get opportunity to produce dry season cash crops for market
6. Can be used in diversified water sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, shallow wells, ponds), Can be Integrated with Watershed Management
7. Offer Opportunity for female farmers to support their family
8. In many African countries the smallholder private irrigation is more important than public irrigation in terms of number of farmers involved and the value of the production.
Type technologyNo. of farmersArea under irrigationInvestment costs USD per haMain cropPublic irrigation schemes11,0007,185 ha10,000 15,000RiceSmall reservoirs25,0006,000 ha6,000 15,000Rice/vegetablesMotorized pumps160,000120,000 ha500-1000VegetablesBuckets, watering cans335,00066,000 ha
9. Provide additional income when farmers need it most (some cross-country examples)Burkina Faso, 94% of vegetable production is sold at local markets, generating revenue of US$350 per 0.1 hectare. Vegetable production increased in years when cereal yields were low (DSA 2005). Ethiopia, On average, generates revenue of 1586 dollars/ha High labor employment/haLead to input intensification Ghana, smallholder irrigation primarily dry season vegetable cultivation - adds between USD175 to 840 to household income.
10. Untapped potential exists (FAO Estimates) ???
Some facts on the GroundSource: Amhara & Tigray Bureaus of Agriculture (2010)
Type of TechnologyAmharaTigray supplyon Stock%supplyon Stock%Geo-mebrien551633950072NANANATreadle Pump278292283782672784709470Drip271861557157675086181892Motor Pump21191135686413902422730Rope & Washer192716408510500
Chart3
3434
606542
708644
1251948
23631635
21871755
21431734
46102383
MP Supply
MP Distributed
Motor Pump
Sheet1
YearMotor PumpTreadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)Drip SystemRope & Washer
MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW Distributed
20043434242590819216800
20056065421141496422410200
20067086441428510289122000
200712519483117186611735101200
20082363163513084334011843120800
200921871755894243911137598600
201021431734894642491114095200
20114610238350653438118771262105105
Total1390296756727820184675085690105105
10.37443298970.875
0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
0.90960451980.07196359820
0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
11735
9122
224
192
Supply
Supply
42080
4610
2143
2187
2363
1251
15047
12020
2459
Supply
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
2227
2383 (52%)
2011
409
432
728
303
13375
10514
1517
12575 (30%)
Total
1734 (81%)
2010
1755 (80%)
2009
1635 (69%)
2008
11017
1012 (9%)
948 (76%)
2007
9122
1672 (11%)
2006
122
102 (45.5%)
1506 (13%)
2005
24
168 (87.5%)
942 (38%)
2004
Drip System
Treadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)
Motor Pump (Different Model)
Year
Sheet1
MP Supply
MP Distributed
Motor Pump
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart4
2425908
11414964
142851028
31171866
130843340
89424391
89464249
50653438
TP Supply
TP Distributed
Treadle Pump
Sheet1
YearMotor PumpTreadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)Drip SystemRope & Washer
MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW Distributed
20043434242590819216800
20056065421141496422410200
20067086441428510289122000
200712519483117186611735101200
20082363163513084334011843120800
200921871755894243911137598600
201021431734894642491114095200
20114610238350653438118771262105105
Total1390296756727820184675085690105105
10.37443298970.875
0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
0.90960451980.07196359820
0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
11735
9122
224
192
Supply
Supply
42080
4610
2143
2187
2363
1251
15047
12020
2459
Supply
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
2227
2383 (52%)
2011
409
432
728
303
13375
10514
1517
12575 (30%)
Total
1734 (81%)
2010
1755 (80%)
2009
1635 (69%)
2008
11017
1012 (9%)
948 (76%)
2007
9122
1672 (11%)
2006
122
102 (45.5%)
1506 (13%)
2005
24
168 (87.5%)
942 (38%)
2004
Drip System
Treadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)
Motor Pump (Different Model)
Year
Sheet1
MP Supply
MP Distributed
Motor Pump
Sheet2
TP Supply
TP Distributed
Treadle Pump
Sheet3
Chart5
192168
224102
91220
117351012
118431208
11375986
11140952
118771262
Drip Supply
Drip Distributed
Drip Systems
Sheet1
YearMotor PumpTreadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)Drip SystemRope & Washer
MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW Distributed
20043434242590819216800
20056065421141496422410200
20067086441428510289122000
200712519483117186611735101200
20082363163513084334011843120800
200921871755894243911137598600
201021431734894642491114095200
20114610238350653438118771262105105
Total1390296756727820184675085690105105
10.37443298970.875
0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
0.90960451980.07196359820
0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
11735
9122
224
192
Supply
Supply
42080
4610
2143
2187
2363
1251
15047
12020
2459
Supply
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
2227
2383 (52%)
2011
409
432
728
303
13375
10514
1517
12575 (30%)
Total
1734 (81%)
2010
1755 (80%)
2009
1635 (69%)
2008
11017
1012 (9%)
948 (76%)
2007
9122
1672 (11%)
2006
122
102 (45.5%)
1506 (13%)
2005
24
168 (87.5%)
942 (38%)
2004
Drip System
Treadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)
Motor Pump (Different Model)
Year
Sheet1
Drip Supply
Drip Distributed
Drip Systems
Sheet2
Sheet3
Chart6
10.37443298970.875
0.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
0.90960451980.07196359820
0.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
0.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
0.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
0.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
0.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
Trend MP
Trend TP
Trend drip
Trend of Performance
Sheet1
YearMotor PumpTreadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)Drip SystemRope & Washer
MP SupplyMP DistributedTP SupplyTP DistributedDrip SupplyDrip DistributedRWRW DistributedTrend MPTrend TPTrend drip
20043434242590819216800200410.37443298970.875
2005606542114149642241020020050.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
2006708644142851028912200020060.90960451980.07196359820
20071251948311718661173510120020070.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
2008236316351308433401184312080020080.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
20092187175589424391113759860020090.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
20102143173489464249111409520020100.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
2011461023835065343811877126210510520110.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
Total1390296756727820184675085690105105
Trend MPTrend TPTrend drip
200410.37443298970.875
20050.89438943890.08445768350.4553571429
20060.90960451980.07196359820
20070.7577937650.59865255050.0862377503
20080.69191705460.25527361660.1020011821
20090.80246913580.49105345560.0866813187
20100.80914605690.47496087640.0854578097
20110.51691973970.67877591310.1062557885
11735
9122
224
192
Supply
Supply
42080
4610
2143
2187
2363
1251
15047
12020
2459
Supply
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
On stock
Distributed
2227
2383 (52%)
2011
409
432
728
303
13375
10514
1517
12575 (30%)
Total
1734 (81%)
2010
1755 (80%)
2009
1635 (69%)
2008
11017
1012 (9%)
948 (76%)
2007
9122
1672 (11%)
2006
122
102 (45.5%)
1506 (13%)
2005
24
168 (87.5%)
942 (38%)
2004
Drip System
Treadle Pump (Pressurized & Overflow)
Motor Pump (Different Model)
Year
Sheet1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Trend MP
Trend TP
Trend drip
Trend of Performand
Sheet2
Sheet3
Are Smallholders Aware about Technologies?
RegionHousehold is aware of motor pumpHousehold has adopt motor pumpyesno%yesno%Amhara1554577.56113930.5Oromia1752587.755914129.5SNNP1633781.55514527.5Tigray16832845414627
Cost of investment
Cost ComponentAverage Average CIF Value of water pump (Birr)4668Average tax per unit of water pump (Birr)1832Average purchase price/water pump (CIF+Tax) (Birr)6500Tax contributes 36%Customs duty10%Value Added tax15%Sur tax8%Withhold tax3%Average Selling Price (Regional Bureaus of Water Resources)8093.37
Cost of irrigation infrastructure, accessories and maintenance (Farmers response)
Type of infrastructureAverage cost (Birr)Maximum cost (Birr)Shallow well4021.519 15000Dug-out 957.9753 9450Pond1949.625 5000
Type of technologyAverage cost of Accessories Maintenance (previous Year)Maintenance (since Purchased)Petrol Pump 1872 953 1420 Diesel Pump 19711792 2527
Challenges EquityPump-owners: generally are male, better-off farmers (Gender imbalance).
High upfront investment costs, absence of financing tools, and limited access to investment and marketing information.
Limited access to Credit
Resource sustainabilityMany small dispersed points of water extraction.
Risks of conflicts and environmental problems
EfficiencyPoorly developed equipment supply chain, low quality pumps, limited choice, high taxes and transaction costs.
Lack of information and knowledge on irrigation, seeds, marketing and equipment. Lack of access to infrastructure; output markets are dominated by middlemen.
Frequent breakdown of pumps and high maintenance cost
Weak input & Spare-part supply
Weak maintenance service
Weak extension service
*
Business Model: Making Smallholder Irrigation Technologies Accessible/Affordable*
Potential Outcomes:Affordability of irrigation technologiesMarket efficiency and better income to farmersEmployment opportunityTechnology transfer
Address Problems in Output Market and Post-harvest ManagementAddress Problems in Input Supply Chan
*
Improve the value chainEnhance knowledge flowEnsure technology access for allRethink energy and AWMAdopt Watershed managementSolution pathways to enhance motor pump utilization by smallholdersResearch, Donor, government & private sectorActivity 2aReduce import barriers and taxesActivity 2bDevelop registry of dealersActivity 2cProvide credit to dealers to enlarge their stockActivity 1aEmpower farmers with information to make informed decisions on technology choiceActivity 1bEnsure farmers access to horticulture and marketing informationActivity 3bPilot irrigation service providers conceptActivity 4aStimulate alternative energy sourcesActivity 5aAssess possible environmental impacts at multiple scalesActivity 3aExplore and pilot financial instrumentsActivity 5bRecognize and address resource conflictsActivity 1cImprove market infrastructure & address middlemen monopolyActivity 4bConsider AWM in electrification plans and policiesInvestment in this sector can benefit millions of poor men and women through additional income and improved food security and nutrition.Activity 5cRecognize the importance of grassroots participation
Thank you!
*This presentation presents the dialogue process and how it will help the project to get mote impact. *WCO-GAE067-20080311-03(Market Access)Five solution pathways proposed to enhance the opportunity while addressing efficiency constraints and minimizing adverse social and environmental impacts
Each of these addresses aspects of the limitations e.g. knowledge flows can address equity and inefficiencies, while the watershed approach can address inequities and environmental issues. How the solutions are implemented will be key to enhancing the benefits of motor pump use without creating a new set of problems. Careful supervision and support is what will make smallholder private irrigation a successful solution without stifling the sector through excessive control or regulation. *