MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY RIVER BASIN ...€¦ · RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP) SMALLIIOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT

E968Volume 6

iNITYP_7~ PY-IKi¶? IA L TA

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY

RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDERIRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP)

SMALLIIOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT COMPONENT

KAMBI YA TANGA IRRIGATION SCHEME

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

DR.A ' r- REPORT

November 2003

Enisironrmental RPesources ConsutPancv

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Table of content

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS ........................................... V

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................... VI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................. .. ...................... VII

1. BACKGROUND ......................................... 1I

1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... I1.2 UJNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY .................... 2.....................2

1.2.1 Objective of the Study ........................................ 21.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH .......................................... 2

1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach ........................................ 21.3.2 Farming System Approach .......... ............................... 21.3.3 Participatoiy Approach ........................................ 3

1.4 METHODOLOGY .......................................... 51.4.1 Consultation ........................................... 51.4.2 Analytical Tools ...........................................

1.5 LIMITATIONS ...... 6...................................6

2.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA ... 7

2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ... 72.1.1 Location .72.1.2 History of the scheme .72.1.3 Existing land use .82.1.4 Land Tenure .8

2.2 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ... 102.2.1 Climatic Data .102.2.2 Water Resources .102.2.3 Soil .132.2.4 Biodiversity at the scheme .14

2.3 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ... 142.3.1 Population .142.3.2 Energy Supply .152.3.3 Marketing and information .162.3.4 Education .162.3.5 Existingfacilities near the irrigation schee .162.3.6 Extension Services .172.3.7 Social Capital 18

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ..... 18

3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES STAKEHOLDERS ......................... 19

3.1 SOIL CONSERVATION AND AGRO-FORESTRY PROJECT ............... 19(SCAPA) ......................................................... 193.2 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION ........................................................ 193.4 STAKEHOLDER'S ROLE . ........................................................ 20

3.4.1 Identified stakeholders ........................................... 203.4.2 Analysis ofstakeholders ........................................................ 203.4.3 Involvement of stakeholders in environmental audit andimplementation of ESMP ................................................. 20

3.4.4 Ensuring inco7poration of concerns ofstakeholders in ESMP ........... 21

4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGALFRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFE GUARD POLICIES... 22

4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES ................ ....................................... 224.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997 .224.1.2 Agriculture Policy 1997 .224.1.3 Land Policy of 1995 .224.1.4 Water Polic)y of 2002 .234.1.5 Forest Policy of 1998 .234.1.6 Wildlife Policy of 1998 .234.1.7 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft) .23

4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......... .............. 244.2.1 Environment Legislation .244.2.2 NEMCAct no.19 of 1983 .244.2.3 Land Act no. 4 and Village Land Act no. 5 of 1999 .244.2.4 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendments of 1978) .254.2.5 WaterActs of 1974 .254.2.6 ForestAct 1974 .254.2.7 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 . 254.2.8 Local Government Act (District antd Urban Authorities) Acts of 1982254.2.9 Land Use Planning Commission Act of 1984 .264.2.10 The Land Acquisitions Act of 1967 .264.2.11 By-Laws .26

4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES ........................................... 264.3.1 Government Development Vision 2025 ............................................... 264.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2000 ............................ 274.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 2000 ............................ 274.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001 ................ 27

4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ... 27

5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING AND .30

ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .. 30

5.1 INTRODUCTION .305.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT .30

6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS .31

6.1 INTRODUCTION .316.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BYSTAKEHOLDERS: MEN DISCUSSION ......................................... 31

7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .35

7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 357.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS ....................................... 35

7.2.1 Demographic trend (population changes) . .357.2.2 Hydrological changes .367.2.3 Catchment degradation .387.2.4 Impact of water quality on downstream users .397.2.5 Socio-economnic impacts 071 downstream usrs .40

7.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL IMPACTS ...... ........................ 41

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7.3.1 Soil Quality ........................................... 4...............1., . , , . ...... 41

7.3.2 Water quality and trends .. . 41Attention should be paid to the control of humnan excreta upstreamz and within thefarms ... 417.3.3 Pesticide andfertilizer use .. . 43

TABLE 7.11: FERTILIZERS USED . .. 43

7.3.4 Waterborne diseases ... 437.3.5 Drinking water and quality of sanitation ....................... ..................... 447.3.6 Socio-economic: positive and negative impacts of villages withiin thescheme 44

8 IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................... 46

8.1 INTRODUCTION ................ ............................................. 468.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ......................................................... 46

8.2.1 Environmental Management ........................................................... 468.2.2 Enhancement of social economic activities ............... .......................... 46

8.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL ............................................................. 478.3.1 Environnmental management ....................................... 478.3.2 Improving health situation ......................................................... .. 478.3.3 Improving water quality .......................... ................................. 488.3.4 Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages .. 48

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP). 49

9.1 INTRODUCTION .499.2 OBJECTIVES .499.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ANDIDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES . .509.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM ........... 519.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY ...................................................... 569.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS ........... ........... 579.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES .... 57

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 62

10.1 CONCLUSION .......... ............... 6210.1.1. General conclusion ........................ 6210.1.2 Specific conclusions ........................ 62

10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... 63

REFERENCES ......................... 65

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The team wishes to acknowledge with thanks the contributions of various staff members of theMinistry of Agriculture and Food Security's Directorate of Irrigation and Technical Services, duringthe different stages of the preparation of this report the Project Coordinator of Smallholder IrrigationImprovement Project, Mr. Masija, the Head of Environmental Unit Cell, Mr. Simukanga, and otherstaff. The team also extends its appreciation to the District Officers, in particularly the irrigationteclnicians who are in charge of the eight schemes, at Arumeru, Moshi Rural, Simanjiro, Korogwe,Iringa Rural and Mbarali Districts.

Thanks also go to the scheme management committees, farmers and other stakeholders of the eightschemes and the community members who actively participated in the discussions and helped toprovide information that was very useful during the preparation of the Environmental Audit.

The team appreciates to more than 50 people who participated in data collection and analysis,especially the facilitators, research assistants, enumerators, water and soil staff, data analysts, etc.Finally yet importantly, our appreciations go to ERC's internal staffs who directly or indirectlycontributed with enthusiasm to the EA reports.

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List of Tables, Figures, and Maps

Tables

Table 2.1: Size of farm (acre) per householdTable 2.2 Number of farms per householdTable 2.3 Sununary of Agro-climatic parameters for KIA meteorological stationTable 2.4 Summary of measured flow at station 1dd55Table 2.5 Distance to the domestic water pointsTable 2.6 Soil dataTable 2.7 Population characteristic (by sex)Table 2.8 Occupational statusTable 2.9 Types of energy resources availableTable 2.10 Education Level FemalesTable 2.11 Education Level MalesTable 2.12 House hold income generating activitiesTable 2.13: Livestock number in the scheme areaTable 2.14: Extension officer availabilityTable 2.15: Availability of village extension servicesTable 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts for Kambi ya TangaTable 7.2: Variability analysis test results for river flow stations in rivers upstream of Kambi ya

Tanga schemeTable 7.3: Variability Analysis of Kikuletwa Catchment hydrological variablesTable 7.4: Top ten diseases in upstream of Kambi ya TangaTable 7.5: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2000Table 7.6: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2001Table 7.7: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2002Table 7.8: Soil Sites and ResultsTable 7.9: Water quality at the irrigation schemeTable 7.10: Types of fertilizers usedTable 7.11: Fertilizers usedTable 7.12: Insecticides usedTable 7.13: Reported cases of waterbome diseases in percentageTable 7.14: Water source for domestic useTable 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measuresTable 9.2: Monitoring PlanTable 9.3: The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)Table 9.4: Implementation plan time schedule

Figures

Figure 1. I Basic Approach to the StudyFigure 2.1 Land acquisitionFigure 2.2 Stations Idd55 dataFigure 2.3: Year(s) residents inunigrated to the areaFigure 7.1: Plots showing evolving trends for three months of Tengeru flowFigure 7.2: Annual rainfall series at Tengeru (1947 - 1998)

Maps

Map 2.1: Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme: Location mapMap 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locationsMap 7.1: Kambi ya Tanga catchments area land use/vegetation mapsMap 7.2: Igomelo soil sample locations

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List of Abbreviations

a.m.s.l Average mean sea levelASDS Agriculture Sector Development StrategyCBO Community Based OrganizationCDTF Community Development Trust FundDALDO District Agricultural and Livestock Development OfficerDED District Executive DirectorEA Environmental AuditECU Environmental Cell UnitEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentERC Environmental Resources ConsultancyFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationGIS Geographical information systemsIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationIPM Integrated Pest ManagementKIA Kilimanjaro International AirpoltLDC Less Developed CountriesMAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecurityMBUKITA Umoja wa Wamwagiliaji Msitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa na Kambi ya Tanga (anIrrigators Association)MWL Ministry of Water and LivestockMWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock DevelopmentNEMC National Environmental and Management CouncilNGO Non Govermnental OrganizationNIDP National Irrigation Development PlanNLUC National Land Use CommissionNMA National Meteorological AgencyPO-RALG Presidentss Office--Regional Administration and Local GovernmentPRA Participatory Rural AppraisalPRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperRBMSIIP River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement ProjectRDS Rural Sector Development StrategySCAPA Soil Conservation and Agro-forestry ProjectSIDA Swedish International Development AgencySIIC Smallholder Irrigation Improvement ComponentSIRSC Shamima Irrigation Rural Savings and Credit SocietySPSS Statistical Package for Social Science softwareTMA Tanzania Meterology AgencyToR Terms of referenceTPRI Tropical Pest ResearchlnstituteUCLAS University College of Land and actectral studiesUNDP United Nations Development PrograrmnmeURT United Republic of TanzaniaUWAMALE Ushirika wa Wamwagiliaji Maji Kambi ya Tanga (Cooperative Iririgation Society

for Kanibi ya Tanga)VEO Village Executive OfficerWEO Ward Executive OfficerWMA Wildlife Management AreasWUA Water Users AssociationZIO Zonal lirigation Office

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Govemment of Tanzania (GoT) through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS)has taken various initiatives to improve agricultural sector in the country. One of these initiatives isundertaking the River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP);in context with which, is the Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC). Among others,the need to undertake the RBMSIIP arose out of a nation-wide realisation that the ecosystems ofcountry's river basins (especially those of the Rufiji and the Pangani Rivers) are not being properlymanaged, leading to extensive environmental degradation and loss of potentialities of these vitalecosystems. Moreover, it was also realised that in view of the above-mentioned loss of potentiality,smallholder traditional irrigation schemes are the worst affected; hence the need arose to undertake alsothe SIIC.

Support to smallholder traditional ilTigation i mprovement a nd rehabilitation i s, therefore, one of themajor components of this RBMSIIP programme. The SIIC component focuses on improvingmanagement of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigationschemes. This can be achieved, among others, through improvement of natural resources, land andwater, during implementation of the rehabilitation and upgrading of ilTigation schemes.) SIIC is gearedat improvement of water management in smallholder ilTigation schemes to ensure sustainable use ofland and water resources and ultimately yield increase with minimal environmental degradation.

Under the auspices of the SIIC both the Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA) as well as anEnvironmental Audit (EA) were carried out for the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme. Among others,both the assessment and the audit were based on the Initial Environmental Assessments (IEE) studiescarried out by the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the of the Irrigation Section of the MAFS.This report presents the findings of the study.

The objective of the study was identifying changes that have taken place before/after schemeimprovement, assessing and quantifying thereto environmental and social impacts, also duly preparingan environmental and social management plan as well as developing an environmental and socialmanagement and monitoring system. According to the ToR, the expected outputs of this study are twoin one interrelated reports i.e. covering both Environmental Audit (EA) as well as SchemeEnvironmental Assessment (SEA), analysing e.g. socio-economic, socio-cultural and engineeringfactors in order to provide quantitative information.

Furthermore, the report incorporates an assessment of compliance of the scheme's improvement to theTanzanian policy and legislation framework, as well as the World Bank's relevant environmental safeguard policies (especially on OP 4.01).

Different methodologies were employed in carrying out the task, including the following:

* Desk review of recommended documents* Questionnaire administration to key stakeholders* Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

At different stages of the study the following approaches and analytical tools were applied

* Participatory data collection* Key infornmiant interview* Trend analysis* Geographical information system

Describing the location of the scheme, the study found that the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme issituated at low-lying areas at the fort of Mt. Meru about 40 km south east of Arusha municipality. Itscoordinates are latitude 030 32 South and longitude 36° 53 East, and are at an altitude of about 1 100mabove mean sea level. It comprises the following villages: Manyata, Tengeru, Nkoannua, Ngurundoto,Songoro, and Karanga Ndogo

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- Increased incidences of waterbome diseases. activities:

Preparing and implementing a participatory landuse plan (i.e. PLUM)

Category: Improving health situation

* Promoting awareness on waterborne diseases,as well as HIV/AIDS,

* Improving availability of health, water andsanitation services.

Irrigation scheme level impacts Category: Environmental Management* Establishing effective water management

- Poor soil quality system by controlled allocation and distribution- Poor water quality of water- Increased fertilizer and pesticides use * Training of farmers and village extension- Increased incidences of waterbome diseases. officers on good agronomic practices.

* Training of farmers in operation andmaintenance of the irrigation system.

* Conduct environmental awareness campaignsand education to all water users.

* Improved soil fertility management


* Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases,as well as HIV/AIDS,

* Improving availability of health, water andsanitation services.

Category: Revisiting engineering designs and/orconstruction stages

Aligning the main canal to reduce the water lossespecially Kambi ya Tanga main canalProviding proper levelling on farms to ensurecontinual flow

The monitoring program comprises the following attributes: water quality, groundwater, soilconservation, biodiversity, crop diseases, afforestation, socio-economic and health indicators

Additionally, the environmental audit main conclusions and recommendations are:In up-stream areas of the scheme, the key impacts constraining sustainability intensive up-stream socio-economic activities leading to extensive pollution of water e.g. use of up-stream drainage water assource for the scheme. In within-scheme areas the constraints are general poor soil fertility. In down-stream a rea su stainability i s mainly c onstrained b y i nadequacy o f water a nd i nappropriate i rigationpractices. It was also found that the location of the scheme enhances sustainability of the scheme. Thisis because the scheme is located near rapidly growing settlements of Mererani (which has relativelystrong monetary strength) Mbuguni and Msitu wa Mbogo all of which have reliable transportationservices to Usa River, Arusha and Moshi where many marketing opportunities exist.

Most of the identified mitigation measures are related with local community-based effective structural-organization. This means therefore that most of the measures can be implemented by localgovermment authorities themselves with financial and technical assistance of funded projects e.g..RBMSIIP, NGOs and CBOs.

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Villages around Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme have a total population of 2800 people. The mainethnic groups in the scheme area are Wachaga, Wapare, Wasambaa, etc., and other smaller groups. Themajority of these are agriculturalists. Few are livestock keepers. The land use in the adjacent villages ofKambi ya Tanga is mainly irrigation as well as rain-fed cultivation and grazing.

The source of irrigation water for the Kambi ya Tanga scheme is Kikuletwa River. This river is formedby joining of Usa stream, Maji ya Chai spring, Tengeru and Mohoha spring. The mean annual flow ofthe Kikuletwa River (during 1977 - 81) was 0.89 cumecs compared with current 5.96 cumecs.

Conflicts over water use have been recorded in the study area, especially in the dry season when riverflows are at the lowest.

With t he i rrigation structures i mprovement a nd p rospects for h igher i ncome e amings from irTigatedagriculture, there is greater loyalty to the leadership of Water Associations. Since most of the peopleare irrigators and members of the associations, the latter has greater influence beyond irrigationmatters.

The following are some of the positive effects:

* Crop production has improved a great deal* Water availability has improved with more areas obtaining water than used to be in before

improvement.* Strengthened existing Water Users Association.* Temporary employment oppoltunities were created during the construction phase.* Some farmers have attended on farm training and exchange visits to other areas to share

experience with other farmers as well as leaming new skills.

A summary of identified impacts differentiated at up-stream, down-stream and within scheme levels forresulting from C hapter 7 and appropriate mitigation measures are sunimarized in the E nvironmentaland Social Management Plan as follows:

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES

Up-stream impacts: Category :Environmental Management:

- Demographic trend (population changes * Embarking on anti-pollution and environmental- Hydrological changes protection program in up-stream areas- Catchment degradation * Promotion of agro-forestry, afforestation and or- Increased level of water pollution right at intake reforestation activities in up-stream areas.

of scheme * Strengthening enforcement of abstractionregulations

Category: Enhancement of social-economicactivities:

* Promoting environmental consciousness in allsocial -economic activities,

* Strengthening mechanisms for controlledacquisition and of land use- related social-economic practices,

Downstream impacts: Category: Environmental Management:

- Hydrological changes * Improved water management practices- Poor water quality Category: Enhancement of social-economic

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1. BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Govenmment of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Agriculture and F ood S ecurity (MAFS), hasundertaken various initiatives to improve the agriculture sector in the country. One of these initiativesis the River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP). TheSmallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC) is included within the scope of RBMSIIP.RBMSIIP was developed in response to a water shortage crisis prevalent in many parts of the country.Water demands often exceed available resources; this is especially true in the Pangani and Rufijibasins.

Support to smallholder traditional irrigation improvement and rehabilitation is one of the majorcomponents of this project. SIIC focuses on improving the management of water resources and crophusbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. This is achieved through, among otherthings, the improvement of natural resources (land and water) during implementation of therehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes.

The SIIC undertaking supports the objectives of the National Irrigation Development Plan (NIDP),which was formulated and adopted in 1994. The plan includes a management and decision-makingframework that is based on the comprehensive ranking of schemes within each management unit (riveror drainage basin).

Under NIDP, the order of priority for irrigation development is as follows:* Improvement/rehabilitation of Traditional Smallholder Irrigation Schemes;* Water Harvesting Technology;* Opening of New Smallholder Schemes;* Large Scale Irrigation Schemes for Private Sector.

SIIC focuses on the improvement of water management in smallholder irrigation schemes to ensure thesustainable use of land and water resources. Ultimately, SIIC aims to facilitate increases in crop yieldswhile minimizing environmental degradation. According to World Bank guidelines, the irTigationschemes in the Rufiji and Pangani basins are classified as Category B. Under this category, no majoradverse environmental impacts are permitted and mitigation measures must be incorporated into thescheme design, implementation and operation.

Under the auspices of the SIIC, a feasibility study was carried out that resulted in the preparation ofthe Project Implementation Plan for 1996/97 - 2001/02. This plan, produced in October 1996, containsan assessment of environmental issues together with proposed environmental mitigation measures.

Under World Bank advisement, the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Ministry of Agriculture andFood Security conducted an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the irrigation schemes. TheIEEs were used a s the b asis for the S cheme Improvement A ssessment Studies. The c onsultants, i ncollaboration with ECU, have been charged to conduct environmental audits in seven Category Bsites: Ruanda Majenje, Igomelo, Mangalali, Nyamahana, Soko, Kambi ya Tanga, and Mahenge. Anadditional site, Lemkuna, only required the development of an Environmental and Social ManagementPlan. This report is focused on presenting the findings of the environmental audit that was conductedfor the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme.

This report draws heavily on intensive field observations by the study team. Discussions were heldwith farmers and other local people, village and district officials, and project staff. A review of variousexisting documents was also conducted in the preparation of this report.

1.2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY

1.2.1 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to get a better understanding of the present environmental conditions andrelevant i mpact a reas ( environmental a udit) within t he s cheme. I ncreased a wareness will a llow forimproved monitoring of both negative and positive changes over time and will assist in the formulationof more effective mitigation measures. The environmental audit will also be the basis for thepreparation of an environmental and social management plan and monitoring system.

Specifically, the study will undertake the following:

* Assess and quantify baseline environmental and social conditions* Assess and quantify environmental and social impacts* Conduct environmental audits in order to comply with existing Government of Tanzania and

World Bank environmental and safeguard policies* Prepare an environmental and social management plan* Develop an environmental and social management and monitoring system* Conduct public consultations

1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH

The consultant's enviromnental audit of the Kambi ya Tanga ilTigation scheme was characterized bytlhree a pproaches: e cosystem, fa,-niing system a nd p articipatory. T he b asic a pproach o f t he s tudy i sillustrated in Figure 1-1.

1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach

In view of the fact that the project activities are wholly based in a rural area, potential conflictsbetween the project and the environment are likely to arise. Thus, issues pertaining to the use ofnatural resources (e.g. livestock grazing, agriculture, irrigation, water source protection, agro-forestry,etc.) have to be studied.

In applying the ecosystem approach, the consultant not only focused on the Kambi ya Tanga irrigationscheme but also on all the ecosystems upstream and down stream that impact the environmental andsocial characteristics of the area. To accomplish this, the study sought an understanding of allactivities taking place within the irrigation scheme's water catchment area. River pollution,sedimentation, flash floods, deforestation, destabilization of riverbanks, erosion, salinity, landdegradation, and waterborne diseases (among others) are all contributing to degradation of thecatchment area. In suggesting mitigation measures, sustainable practices for the use of water and landresources must be adopted to prevent and control environmental and social problems.

1.3.2 Farming System Approach

On the irrigation scheme level, a farming system approach was used to describe and analyseenvironmental and socio-economic conditions. Issues related to soil contamination, water pollution,the use and dangers of pesticides and fertilizers, health, and others have been identified. It is clear thatthe irrigation activities will transfonn village life and the whole farming system in the Kambi yaTanga area.

The success of the proposed mitigating measures will therefore depend on community involvement,improvement of the socio-economic situation, capacity building, and proper upgrading, maintenanceand operation of the irrigation infrastructure. The latter should take into account the local environmentas well as the prevailing institutional, economic and social conditions.

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1.3.3 Participatory Approach

A participatory approach was adopted in preparation for the environmental audit. This entailed seekinginformation/experience from stakeholders (i.e. farmers, district and regional officers, R BMSIIP andother institutions who have been involved in the project). In order to ensure effective participation andcooperation it was necessary to inform stakeholders prior to the audit of the environmental and socio-economic problems to be addressed. Their inputs have contributed to the development of morerealistic and appropriate mitigation measures.

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BASIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY

Figure 1.1

Environmnta r oienalAui

Mag IEE of eight schemesP

Cos aMniorngsytm n

Consultationsg psra > ontrea > n-fam ( Focus groups )tcatchmn, vcthent leve In,terview

Environment & > ater qualiy si& Voces o ( Socio-economic ) ( socio-economic ) frmer

Environmental & SocialManagement Plan

| Monitoring system l

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1.4 METHODOLOGY

The methodology follows Tanzanian policy, legislation, and the World Bank's policies onenvironmiental assessment (OP/BP 4.01 and related policies and guidance documents).

Available reference documents were reviewed for purposes of identifying pertinent environmental andsocial i ssues. I nformation was o btained o n t he K ambi ya Tanga i rrigation scheme b efore a nd a fterconstruction as well as during operation. Several meetings were held with SIIP project staff. Inparticular, the ECU team, which was involved in the Scheme Environmental Assessment, wasconsulted to discuss background and potential issues. Subsequently, a ten-day field mission wasconducted in A ugust by the study t eam and m embers of E CU. The team w as u sed to: 1) completefurther fieldwork at various sites in the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, 2) collect additionalinformation, 3) work with the irrigation scheme management team, and 4) to liaise with the variousstakeholders including the district officials. During the field visits, the Public Consultation andDisclosure Plan for disseminating the results of the Draft Environmental Audit were developed withthe ECU staff.

1.4.1 Consultation

Public c onsultations took p lace in two p hases. The first p hase took p lace during the E nvironmentalAudit (EA) preparation process. This initial stage allowed for the identification of the keyenvironmental issues and involved the gathering of information on stakeholder concems and views ofpotential environmental and social impacts. During the second phase, consultations allowedstakeholders to review findings and give their comments.

1.4.2 Analytical Tools

The following methodologies were applied in the process of the study:* Participatory data collection* Key informant interviews* Socio-economic and environmental analysis* Trend analysis of river flow and rainfall* Water and soil quality analysis* Geographical information systems (GIS)

Participatory Data Collection

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) involves problem analysis, ranking, proposal planning, roleassigning and timing. The role playing consisted of a facilitator who played the role of an advisor onthe different matters raised during the workshop (those which the team was not informed a bout oraware of). In the final analysis, a Logical Framework Approach workshop (also known as ZOPP)produced the Environmental Action Plan for the irrigation scheme.

Key Informant Interviews

In addition to group discussions, information was also obtained from key informants. These weregenerally staff from the Zonal Irrigation Office (ZIO), the District Executive Director (DED), farmersof the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, village officials (including village leaders), and others (agriculture andirrigation officers who are residents in the community). Any inconsistent information was cross-checked to ensure accuracy. Various officials conducted the crosschecking of information whilemembers of the study team facilitated the group discussions.

Socio-economic and Environmental Analysis

A total of 100 household questionnaires (sample size) have been administered using the randomsampling method. This represents. Percent of households of the study area (upstream, down stream andscheme level) 80 percent (80 questionnaires) of selected sample size has been administered at Igomelovillage (scheme level), where as 10 percent (10 questionnaires) has been administered at Manyatta

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village (upstream village) and 10 percent (10 questionnaires) has been administered at Migunganivillage (downstream village).

Quantitative data relating to the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the scheme wascollected and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.

Trend Analysis of River Flow and Rainfall

An investigation was conducted upstream and downstream on rivers that feed the scheme. Bothstatistical and visual interpretations of variability analysis were applied. To further reveal any existenceof severe abstraction or flow regime changes, variability analysis was done month to month. Anypossible causes for the change in the flow regime were quantified. In this regard, annual rainfallvariability for stations in or around the study area was noted. Three approaches were followed to tacklethe impacts problem:

* Visual interpretation - Understanding and interpreting the annual time series and percent deviationtime series from the annual mean.

* Testing randomness on the annual and monthly time series data - This test indicates that if the nullhypothesis tested for randomness is accepted, no flow regime change prevails in the record;otherwise, it shows the flow regime is changed or there is a likely impact on the river upstream ordownstream.

* Testing of breaks - At times a break or jump may be observed in the time series of flow. If, forexample, a huge volume of water is suddenly diverted to an irrigation area, segments before andafter the diversion can have different means.

Subsequent sections provide scheme level variability analysis and interpretation of the results for bothflow and rainfall.

The flow and rainfall data were collected from various sources. Rainfall data were collected partly fromTanzania Meteorology Agency (TMA) and partly from the Ministry of Water and LivestockDevelopment (MWL). Flow data were partly collected from the Ministry of Water and Livestock(MWL) and partly from previous reports.

Water and Soil Analysis

Water and soil samples were analysed at the laboratory of the Department of EnvironmnentalEngineering, University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS) and Mlingano SoilLaboratory. Procedures and analysis were done according to the International Standards of Water andSoil Analysis.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Overlay maps and GIS were used to analyse sensitive/significant/relevant features of the irrigationscheme area. Attributes and features that were mapped and analysed included water bodies, land usepattems, vegetation cover, and cultural structures. The technique involved the physical overlaying ofindividual topographic maps to provide a composite picture of the overall environmental and socialsituation. Using ArcView 3. 1, analysis was carried out to link spatial and non-spatial data.

1.5 LIMITATIONS

Data quantification proved a difficult exercise due to the following reasons:

(i) There was insufficient baseline data related to environmental and socio-economic parameters.

(ii) Updated meteorological and hydrological data were not available.

6

2.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEMEAREA

2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1 Location

The Kambi ya Tanga irrigationi schemiie is located in Mbuguni Ward. Nlbugunli Division. ArimeruDistrict. Arusha Region about 40 km south-east of Arusha Municipality, Ilies at latitLude 030 32' southand at longitude 360 53' east. Kambi va Tanga schemlie is situated at an altitude of approximnately1. l(N)m above sea level.

MNap 2. I : Kimibi va Tanga Irrigation Scheme. Location Map2-40[0002 2e.3000 270oro 2r:0

+

4 Schem e location-

.__ t 4Kz ) t/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RiversLegende

Catohm entArea

Afiiii,"u u .stri m 5 'Background'-Armu-iet District l\H a.

1<- F Msitv wa mto

a> I D .4aIlnee-- f_ ;_ t_..

- 24tO0O/ 26 JORll ~~~250010Q 276c0 -J 2sbjooo a

2.1.2 History of the scheme

The existing schelmie intak-e is located about 200 mi do-wnstreanm of Msitu wa Mbogo headw orks (tliestructure was rehabilitated by KZIU in 1989 under project URT/86/0 17). The Government andUNDP/FAO funded rehabilitation of the traditional irrigation project in Anusha and Kilimanjaro. Thediversion of irrigation water througlh the traditional intake is affected by the presence of stones, trashand banana stems which are dumiiped along the ri-er, which then becomle washed aw ay during highriver flows. There was no gated structure to control water extraction into the main canal, whlich startedat rather deep excav-atioaL then r ecovTered slow-ly illto normal excavation at drainage 2406 in from theintake. From the intake, tle Kamibi va Tanga maini canal flowvs towiards the south anid then branches toKikuletwa secondary canal at about 1180 in from the intake. In general. there w-as a long netwvork of

7

earthen canals of various lengths and sizes. These situations had caused excessive water losses and,hence, a shortage of irrigation water to expand into other areas.

2.1.3 Existing land use

The people in the area use their land for various socio-economic activities: agriculture (both rain-fedand iirigated), livestock keeping, mining, and gem dealing. Some of the people of these villages areengaged in more than one activity.

The upstream catchment area of the scheme includes Manyata village, Lakitatu village, a part of Kikwevillage and USA river village. The catchment watercourses join the Kikuletwa River in the Kikweward. These villages and environs have many large estates, houses, hotels, restaurants and bars.

Downstream of the scheme is Mikungani village. This village is very close to the Mererani settlementwhere a small number of Tanzanite miners are living.

Upstream of the scheme there are three other irrigation schemes: Olbuso, Sun Flag and Tajiri Ali.There is another irrigation scheme downstream called Mbuguni Shango which also uses water fromKikuletwa River.

The p otential a rea for irrigation u pstream a t M anyata a nd L ekitatu i s 1 080 h a, b ut o nly 9 60 ha areactually utilized. At Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, the potential area for irrigation is 640 ha, butthe utilized area is only 540 ha.

Crops cultivated upstream are paddy, maize and vegetables. At Kambi ya Tanga, cassava, maize,beans, vegetables, bananas, pigeon peas, sweet potatoes and mixed fruits are all grown.

2.1.4 Land Tenure

The indigenous ethnic groups are the Maasai, Waarusha and Wameru. These initial inhabitants of thearea settled the land for farming and grazing. The Maasai occupied the steppes or plains while theWaarusha and Wamelu settled on the slopes of Mount Meru. Wanyamwezi, Wasukuma, Wanyaturuand Wanyiramba who were brought in to the area as labourers for neighbouring plantations were thefirst to pursue irrigation activities.

During Tanzania's Ujamaa period, all the unoccupied land was allocated to landless villagers and theWachagga who migrated from Kilimanjaro.

There are four ways of land ownership in the area: 68%, 35%, 9% and 6% are acquired throughinheritance, buying, village government and bush clearing, respectively, as shown in the figure below.

8

Fig 2.1: Land acquisition (°/Oi

LAND ACQUISITION (in percentage)

80% 8 ii__

70% -- -- -- -

50%

40% . - .- 35% + -

300/

200/: ---. .-- -

10% 9 ; l_ 1_7 e

Bush Inherited Buying Throughclearing village

___ ___ government

The land holdioig size per fanner ranges from less thani I acre to above 20 acres The average land

holding size is 2 acres.

Table 2.1: Size of farm (acre) per houselhold

Percentage (%)

Less than 1 9.(

Ito 1.9 20 )

2 to 2.9 16.)

3 to .9 15i.

4 to 4.9 10.(

5to5.9 8.0

6 to 10 13.(

10 to 20 5.0

Above 20 410

Total 100.0

Table 2.2: Number of farms per household

Frequency Percent ('%f)

None l 10

One 49 49.0

Two 32 32.0

Three 13 I.0

Four ior more) 5 5.0

Total 100 1(0.0

9

2.2 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 Climatic Data

The nearest meteorological station to the scheme from which climatic data could be collected is locatedat the Kilimanjaro Airport (Station No. 09335115). The geographical position of the station is atlatitude 030 25' and at longitude 370 04'. The station is 891m above sea level.

In Tanzania, collection of meteorological data is the responsibility of the National MeteorologicalAgency (NMA). It is expected that data should be collected at the local stations and then forwarded forprocessing and storage at the agency's head office in Dar es Salaam. For stations, which are operatedby the Ministry of Water and Livestock Development (MWLD), data is available at the Regional WaterEngineers' offices and at the Ubungo headquarter office in Dar es Salaam.

For the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, climatic data from five different stations in the project area wascollected and duly analysed. The stations included Kilimanjaro Airport and Tengeru. The mostrepresentative station was selected as Kilimanjaro airport because of similarity of topography,proximity of the station to the scheme area and the length and continuity of the records. The data forthis station was used for the detailed analysis of agro-hydro meteorological parameters.

Kambi Ya Tanga scheme is located at lowland agro-ecological zone (below 1200 average mean sealevel.) in Aremeru District. The scheme lies in the marginal area where the annual rainfall is in therange of 400 mnn to 800 mm. The temperature ranges from 17 to 25° C. The seasonal distribution ofrainfall is bi-modal in nature with the main rain occurring from March to May and minor rain occurringfrom December to January. The most representative climatic station for Kambi ya Tanga scheme is astation located at Kilimanjaro International Airport. Summnary of the climatic data are given in the tablebelow.

Table 2.3: Summary of Agro-climatic parameters for KIA meteorological station [Source: SIA forKambi Ya Taniga, 19981

---- months Jan Feb Mar Apr May T Jun | July | Aug | Sep Oct [ Nov DecPararneters= _ _ Rainfall (mm) 66 70 132 218 101 15 6 7 7 24 97 102Temperature (° 21.1 21.5 21.9 20.9 19.4 17.6 17.3 18.0 19.4 20.6 20.9 20.7C)Relative 65 65 68 77 79 76 71 69 64 62 67 68humidity (%) I ___Sunshine (Hrs) 8.1 8.2 7.5 6.1 5.9 5.4 6.2 6.8 7.8 8.5 7.6 7.1Wind Speed 109 116 135 138 145 138 151 166 180 186 147 107(k mi/d ay)__ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _

Pan Evaporation 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.6 5.5 5.9 5.0 4.3(mm/day) =

2.2.2 Water Resources

The source of irrigation water for Kambi Ya Tanga scheme is Kikuletwa River. This river is formed bythe confluence of the USA stream, Maji Ya Chai spring, and Tengenr and Molala springs.

The river is perennial with significant base flow contribution to the total flow of the river during the dryseason. Kikuletwa is gauged at Idd55-a station just downstream of Kambi ya Tanga. Though flowmeasurements at this station were started in 1977, it appears measurements were not taken from 1982to 1993. As a result, variability and other hydrological conditions in this period are difficult to predict.The problem is further compounded by the significant flow increases during the 1994-1999 periodcompared to the previous period of 1977-1981. The mean annual flow from 1977 to 1981 is 0.89 m3/swhere as that of 1994 to 1999 5.96 m3/s. Table 2.4 and Figure 2.3 illustrate the difference. Theconsultant thinks this variation might be caused due to an error in the rating curve measurements.

10

Table 2.4: Summary of measured flow at station IddS5 [Source: MN LDI -1

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Juni Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov- Dec Annual

1977 2.29 L1.0 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34 .0.27 0.2 0.16 0.71 0.19 ().90

1978 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0. 34 0.27 0.2 0).16 0.71 0.19 0.90

1979 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.2 0.16 0.71 0.19 0.90

198() 2.29 1.06 0.46 0.37 1.28 0.75 0.34 0.27 0.2 0.16 0.23 0.18 )0.63

19SI 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.2 (.16 0.71 0.19 0.90

Mean] 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.46 3.32 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.61 0.19 0.84

1994 1.44 1.86 1.94 -3.90 6.90 4.53 3.81 3.12 2.47 1.94 2.05 2.51 .04

1995 1.57 1.74 1.98 9.97_

1997 2.05 1.62 2.35 8. 3 11.28 S.43 6.80 5.90 4.30 4.55 6.73 9.98 6.03

1998 14.57 11.44 8.13 17.46 2 3.13 9.59 7.07 13.06

1999 __2.23 3.03 12.42 2.18 1.66 1.18 0.91 10.99 ).82 1.71

Mean 2 4.91 4.1 7 3.60 8.37 11.08 5,13 5.60 4.44 12.65 12.4f7 3.26 4.44 5.96

Fig 2.2: Stations Idd55 data

Station 1 dd55

12 -- --__ __ mean (1977-1981)* mean (1994-1999)

e 8 < - - - l-----1

2 6 - --- - - _ _ __ __

I 21_

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Months

Domestic wvater supplyThe irrigation canal (Kikuletwi-a River) pro-vides the main source of drinking wvater for the comniiulihN

and their domestic animals. The -villagers also depend on the iffigation water for other domestic needs.

The quality of water for domestic consumption is questionable due to riv-er pollution. The w-ater does

not receiv e any kind of treatment prior to its use by humanis. Livestock also use water directly from the

irrigation canals as there are no specific w-atering points for livestock. As depicted in the table below, a

majority of the w ater users have to travel more than lf0Om to a reach a w-ater source.

11

Table 2.5: Distance to the domnestic water points

Distance (m) Perent (%l =

Less than 100 36.0

100 to 500 51.0

50 1 to 1 000 11.(

Mlore tIhani 1000 2.0

Total 1l0.0

Water use conflictsWater rights are accredited to the village government but land is individually owned. The Kaambi va

Tanga fanrers complain about use of wvater by upstreaim fanners nwlo have no w ater right. In additioni

there has been some continLuous tensioni and conflicts betn-een the irrigators and large-scale farmers

wvho extract wN-ater from the river.

Water qualityA total of six w-ater samples were collected from the Kaiinbi va Tanga irrigation scheme. The sampling

locations wvere systematically chosenl so as to track the quality of w ater as it trickles down the irrigation

scheme. Samples were taken from the intake and downstream end. Others wvere collected within the

irrigation fanrs (channels) themselves. The samples were taken on 3 September 2003. There locations

are shownn in a map below.

Map 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locations

Map showi-g water sampIe Incatrens(t okenl for water arta,,sic,

k e ~~~~~~~~Samplled locatllons for loafer anlalysts l

r C1BacRQonottln[

) ____ _______________ _ _ _________

R Ne1

non n non~~~~K1111 y oo Tag ht

""""""Y"~~~~~~~~~1

2.2.3 Soil

The soils of the area were found to be alluvial deposits of volcanic origin carried by the Nduruma andKikuletwa rivers. The average slope ranges between I and 1.5%. The area is ranked Class 4. Cropsgrown under both rainfall and irrigation are: cassava, maize, beans, vegetables, bananas, pigeon peas,sweet potatoes, mixed fruits and coffee. A soil survey was carried out on 3 September, 2003. As thesurvey was conducted during the dry season, it was not possible to assess the crop yield.

The soil characteristics are: dark brown colour; slightly hard when dry; friable when moist; sticky andplastic when wet; medium sub-angular blocky structure; no out crop; and no concretions. Soil pH ismore than 8.3; thus, it is strongly alkaline. Fertility is low, although there is good mineralization.Availability of phosphorus is low to medium. Cation exchange capacity ranges from high to very high.Exchangeable calcium is very high. Exchangeable magnesium is high while exchangeable potassiumand sodium are both very high. The table below shows the analysed data.

Table 2.6: Soil data

LOCATION (S 1) (S 2) (S 2) (S 3) (S 3) (S 5) KAMBIYATANGA

(S 5)

DEPTH [CM] 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60

LAB No. 43947 43948 43949 43950 43951 43952 43953 43954

Course fraction

T Clay 6 26 15 9 15 12 4 4

e Fine silt

Course silt 51 39 49 57 41 37 32 32

Very fine 16 14 13 16 17 16 18 18

t sandFine sand 19 19 11 11 12 17 24 30

U Medium sand 5 5 5 6 3 6 7 12

r Course sand 2 2 4 4 2 3 3 4

Very course I I 1 2 1 1 1 1e sand

I Texture SiL CL CL SiL CL CL L L

P H in H10 |8.5 ]8.5 18.3 [8.3 |8.3 ]8.6 |8.4 [8.4

strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly

alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkalile

ECe rnS/cm 0.10 0.10 1.04 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.10

non- non- non- non- non- non- non- non-saline saline saline saline saline saline saline saline

Organic Carbon 1.73 1.52 2.25 1.05 2.06 1.38 1.71 1.49

medium medium medium low medium medium medium medium

13

Nitrogen J 0.12 0.13 [ 0.22 0.10 | 0.18 [ 0.12 0.14 | 0.12

low [low [medium |low [low [low |low ] low

C/N Ratio 14 12 10 11 11 12 12 12

moder- good good good good good good goodate quality quality quality quality quality quality qualityquality

Available P Olsen 19.88 1.25 13.71 2.22 9.70 1.01 7.82 5.29

Ihigh low high low medium low medium medium

CEC NH4AOC | 30.23 32.50 37.37 36.36 41.08 42.55 36.66 32.16ME/IOOg 1

high high high high very high very high high high

Exch Ca me/lOOg 23.1 22.2 30.8 26.8 27.9 24.3 22.4 20.6

very high very high very high very high very high very high very high very high

Exch Mg me /lOOg 2.4 4.6 6.0 5.5 2.6 5.6 5.3 4.4

medium high high high medium high high high

ExchK me/lOOg 17.77 19.12 14.71 17.77 28.80 28.80 20.83 16.67

very high very high very high very high very high very high very high very higl

Exch Na me/lOOg 2.08 .2.83 1.93 3.12 6.40 6.40 5.36 5.60

very high very high high very high very high very high very high very high

ESP % 6.88 8.70 5.16 8.58 15.57 15.04 14.62 17.41

slightly slightly slightly slightly moder- moder- moder- stronglysodic sodic sodic sodic ately ately ately soi

sodic sodic sodic sodic

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2.2.4 Biodiversity at the scheme

The Kambi ya Tanga area is mainly covered by farmlands due to many years of agricultural activity.There is very little natural woodland left. A few wild animals are around but these are mainly monkeys.

2.3 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

2.3.1 Population

The residents of Kambi ya Tanga are composed of various ethnic groups such as Wapare, Waarusha,Wanyiramba, Wachaga, Wanyaturu and many others. The total population in the area is now estimatedto be over 2800.

14

Table 2.7: Population characteristic (by sex)Number Pcrcentage

Male 3.88 56.6(

Female 297 43.4

Total 685 | 100.0

Figure 2.3: Year(s) residents immigrated to the area

The year(s) residents came to the area

After 1990 Not stated

(11 %) (8%)

1981 - 1990(7%)

himi Before 1950_ & ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ (24%)

1971 - 1980(20%)

1950- 1960(10%)

1961 - 1970(20%)

Unlike other irrigation schemes w-here residential areas are awaay from the farms. farmers in Kambi vaTanga live on their farm plots. This calls for strategic participatory land use planuning in the area. Alarge segmenit. 52% percent of the population, is engaged in farmitig. Fifty-nine percent (59°%o) can-vout other activities such as trading. carpentry. and formal employment (e.g. teachers).

Table 2.8: Occupationlal statuis

Usual occupation Sex Total

Female Male

Fanning 52.0% 42.1% 94.1 %

Other occupation 2.0/o 3.9% 5.9%

Total (%) 54.0% 46.0% 100.0%

Source: Field Data

2.3.2 Energy Supply

Firewi-ood and charcoal are the main sor-ces of energx at Kamibi ya Tanga. Charcoal is. consideredrather expensive. Electricity and kerosene are used for lighting.

15

Table 2.9: Types of energy resources available

Percentage

Electric 2.0

Firewood and charcoal 33.0

Firewood 62.0

Firewood, charcoal and electric 1.0

Firewood, charcoal and kerosene 2.0

Total 100.0

2.3.3 Marketing and informationFindings show that farmers' access to markets and market information is not a problem. It was foundout that 56.9% of the farmers depend on local buyers, 13.7% sell directly to consumers, 7.8% to non-local buyers and the rest produce for their own domestic consumption.

2.3.4 Education

The people of Kambi ya Tanga have varying levels of education. Tables 2.10 and 2.11 summarize theeducation levels attained, female and male respectively, in percentages.

Table 2.10: Education Level Females

Education Level Percentage

No school education 11.7

Not completed primary education 21.8

Completed primary education 62.5

Completed secondary education 3.9

College 0.0

Total 100.0

Table 2.11: Education Level Males

Education Level Percentage

No School Education 14.9

Not completed primary Education 23.2

Completed primary education 57.9

Completed secondary education 2.9

College 1.1

Total 100.0

2.3.5 Existing facilities near the irrigation scheme

There is one private primary school within the scheme area but it caters mainly to pupils from outsidethe s cheme. T he r est o f t he c hildren g o t o N datu, L eganga a nd M anyatta p rimary s chools, s ome o fwhich are quite far (up to 5 km). During the rainy season, some pupils are not able to go to school dueto inaccessibility.

There is no health facility within the scheme. Villagers go Leganga Health Centre in USA RiverTownship which is about 2 km away. There is also a hospital belonging to a religious institution andseveral private dispensaries in the township.

Farmers in Kambi ya Tanga area lack adequate social services in the vicinity of the scheme area.

16

The state of sanitation in Kambi ya Tanga village is generally poor to moderate in quality. Most of thevillagers neither own nor use the improved latrines (i.e. those with roofs and walls constructed of earthbricks). They use traditional latrines, which do not have adequate roofing and have poorly const-uctedwalls.

Income activities85% of income activities are related to irrigation while only 15% are from irrigation/non-irrigationactivities as revealed in the table below.

Table 2.12: Household income generating activities

Percentage

Non irrigation 1.0

Irrigation 85.0

Irrigation and non irrigation 14.0

Total 100.0

Most farmers in the scheme area keep cattle and other animals for income generations. The table belowshows the number of livestock.

Table 2.13: Livestock number in the scheme area

Number Percentage

Chicken 813 38.8

Duck 68 3.2

Cat 5 0.2

Cattle 400 19.1

Goat 550 26.3

Rabbit 21 1.0

Donkey 2 0.1

Sheep 205 9.8

Dog 29 1.4

Total 2093 100.0

2.3.6 Extension Services

The farmers benefit from access to extension services where three agricultural officers, one divisionalagricultural officer, assisted by two ward agricultural officers. The villagers are advised on the type offertilisers to use, depending on the type of crops they are planting and on the type of pesticides.

Table 2.14: Extension officer availabilitypercentage

Available 93.0Not Available 7.0Total 100.0

Table 2.15: Availability of village extension services

ercentAlways available 78.0Some times not available 22.0Total 100.0

17

The co-operative society serves its members mainly. However, other farmers also get some servicesfrom the society, e.g. training on good methods of green vegetables and paddy cultivation.

2.3.7 Social Capital

The s cheme u sed t o b e d irectly managed b y the village govemment through a nominated i rrigationcommittee, which shows that it has been working well. In 1997 the farmers formed an ilTigatorsorganization called MBUKITA (Umoja wa Wamwagiliaji Msitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa na Kambi yaTanga). An interim committee was elected to spearhead the farmers towards formation of registeredirrigators Cooperative Society. The leadership is composed of a chairman, secretary, Treasurer andcommittee members.

Ushirika wa Wamwagiliaji Maji Kambi ya Tanga (UWAMALE) was established in 1997 andregistered in 1999 as a Cooperative Society with 48 members. Now it has 100 members. The leadersoccupy their positions for 3 years and are elected by the members. The organisation is still establishingitself in the village, considering the number of the farmers that reaches 2,800.

2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS

Consultations/interview with local communities and authorities, as well as responses fromquestionnaires and group discussions revealed that in villages around Kambi ya Tanga, there are noenvironmentally sensitive areas of special or unique scientific and/or cultural value

18

3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES STAKEHOLDERS

3.1 SOIL CONSERVATION AND AGRO-FORESTRY PROJECT(SCAPA)

The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) established the project in February 1989. Themain objectives of the project in Arumeni district were:

* To improve and increase agricultural production. This is with emphasis on small holders in themedium and high potential areas

* Formulate a sustainable integrated soil conservation* Extension package for rural development; and* Provide sites/centers for training and demonstration of soil conservation practice

One of the most important achievements of SCAPA is that of creating awareness of soil erosionproblenmis among farming communities in Arumeru district. About 120 villages out of 137 in the districthave been covered by the project.

3.2 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION

The farmers organized themselves into cooperative society known as Irrigators Rural Savings andCredit Cooperative Society (MBUKITA). It was registered on 16th Febniary 2001 with registrationnumber AR 384.

Organizational Set up: MBUKITA has adopted a well spread field representation were by there arechannels of communication and interaction among farmers. It also promotes a wide scope for farmer'sparticipation in different activities of the association and ensures well spread farmers representation at allfield levels. It is composed of a General Assembly, Executive Committee and Canal/Sub groupCommittee.

It comprises total of twelve members eight being men and four women, including Chairperson, vicechairperson, secretary and treasurer.

The sub-group committeesThese are grassroots level committees where in the scheme there are three canal/sub groups. These areMsitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa and Kambi ya Tanga. Members differ from one subgroup to another, and forinstance, Msitu wa Mbogo has eight members, Kikuletwa has 22 members and Kambi ya Tanga 18members. Subgroups comprises of manager, secretary, water distributor (Bwana Maji), elder of the canal(Mzee Mshauri), clerk and inspector of irrigated area (Mkaguzi wa mashamba).

In general, the leadership overseas all issue pertaining to development of Kambi ya Tanga irrigationscheme including water management and distribution.

One of the most important achievements of SCAPA is that of creating awareness of soil erosionproblems among farming communities in Arumeni district. About 120 villages out of 137 in the districthave been covered by the project.

Another community-based organization is the Shamima Irrigation Rural Savings and Credit Society(SIRSC) registered in May 2003 of which its main objectives are:* To promote rural savings* To increase opportunities for provision of credit.* To provide education on cooperative management

Members of the association belong to following villages:Kikuletwa, Mikungani and Mbuguni.

19

3.4 STAKEHOLDER'S ROLE

3.4.1 Identified stakeholders

In order of vested powers in decision-making roles and enforcement, the identified stakeholders are asfollows:* District Council's i.e., through the District Executive, Director (DED) with his/her relevant

committee and functional officers e.g. District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer(DALDO), District Water Engineer, District Council Development office, etc.

* Ward Executive Officers i.e., through the Ward Executive Officers (WEO) with their relevantconmmittee and functional offices, e.g. Ward Agricultural Officer.

* Village Executive Officer i.e. through the village Executive Officers (VEO) with their relevantcommittee and functional officer e.g. Village Agricultural Officer.

* Water users association.* Farmers' groups/associations.* Private organization, e.g. NGOs, CBOs, etc* Donors

3.4.2 Analysis of stakeholders

In general for sake of sustainability influential role of all the identified stakeholders is synergetic. Forexample, at the highest level, the District Council chaired by the council chairman/woman and all itsrelevant committees and functional officers are fully involved so that they can put in their agenda andplans financial issues of the scheme. In that way further development of the scheme gets both thesupport and the authority it requires.

Likewise even at the lowest level (i.e. at village government/farmers associations level) thestakeholders need to be fully involved because being at grass-roots, they are capable of providingsolution on a routine bases.

3.4.3 Involvement of stakeholders in environmental audit and implementation of ESMP

In view of the above therefore different stakeholders were and will be involved in environmentalauditing and implementation of ESMP as follows:

Water users associationManaging water resources within schemes

Farmers associations/groupsCarrying out routine activities/controlling actionsIdentifying/formulating required action to VEO.Savings and credit organisations.

Village Executive Office (VEO)Grass-roots representation of local government system.Mobilizes, receives, identified required action and forwards them to WEO for considerations.

Ward Executive Officer (WEO)Grass roots representative of local government system.Mobilizes, receives checks and controls identified required action and forwards them to DistrictCouncil (through relevant its committees).

District CouncilDistrict development planning.Mobilizes, receives and deliberates identified required action and incorporates them into the districtdevelopment plan for financing.Finance/overseas implementation of the identified actions.

20

Private Organization/NGOs/CBOsPromotes identification and implementation of identified action.Helps to secure funding of the actions.

Donor agencyPromotes development cooperation.Finances/overseas implementation of action plans

3.4.4 Ensuring incorporation of concerns of stakeholders in ESMP

The concern of stakeholders are incorporated in ESMP, it is proposed that the following measures betaken after finalization/submission of the ESMP:

Seeking government approval of ESMPThis government approval of ESMP is imperative because the councils are not allowed to implement aplan unknown to the government. Under these circumstances the ESMP has to be approved firstly byMAFS, NEMC and then by PO-RALG.

Dissemination of the ESMP to relevant districtAfter government approval, then the ESMP should be disseminated to relevant districts forimplementation. This should be followed by a series of workshops, seminar, etc. to enable publicdiscussion on the ESMP. The discussion should start at district level then percolate to lower and lowerlevels as indicated above.

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4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGALFRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFEGUARD POLICIES

4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES

Relevant policies with a bearing on agricultural and rural development in general, and irrigation inparticular, and therefore Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, have been examined. These include theNational Environment policy, the Land policy, the National Water policy, the Energy policy, theNational Agriculture policy, Draft Rural Development Policy, Poverty Reduction Strategy, Draft RuralDevelopment Strategy, Agriculture Sector Development Strategy, the Forest policy and the Wildlifepolicy. These policies affect direct key sectoral activities and they were examined because theyautomatically affect important land uses in the area vis-a-vis: agriculture, water, livestock, energy,forest and wildlife.

4.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997

Implementation of the river basin management and smallholder irrigation project and particularly theirrigation schemes under operation is consistent with the overall objectives of the NationalEnvironment Policy. The policy provides a framework for multi-sectoral participation and cooperationto achieve sustainable development; and seeks to ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources formeeting the basic needs of present and future generations, without degrading the environmentalresource base or risking health and safety. The policy emphasize the need to prevent and controldegradation of land, water, vegetation and air which constitutes our life support systems. This is so asto conserve and enhance our natural and man made heritage; including biological diversity; to improvethe condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and urban settlements; to raise publicawareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development andpromote individual and community participation in environmental action, among others.

Furthermore the policy calls for improved agricultural practices, and better utilization of the scarcewater for irrigation, ensure efficiency, minimize looses and avoid salinisation as well as proper use ofagrochemicals to minimize reduce/pollution of water sources.

The design, re-construction and operation of the schemes have taken into account the aboveconsiderations. Additionally, planned training of farmers in effective and efficient management ofwater resources intends to contribute to achievement of the objectives of the environment policy.

4.1.2 Agriculture Policy 1997

The implementation of the RBM-SIIP based on farmer groups and rural commnunity participation isconsistent with the Agricultural and Livestock Policy (ALP) of 1997, which provides policy guidanceon the development of the agricultural sector. The policy seeks to ensure that the direction and pattemof development in the sector meets economic, social and environmental objectives. The policy aims ataccelerated growth of production and exports through among others, assuring national food security,developing and introducing new teclnologies, which will increase productivity of labour and land;promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources and providing agriculturalsupport services.

The smallholder irrigation projects aims at providing agricultural support services; improve income ofthe rural poor, promote rational use of water resources and introduce appropriate technologies amongothers.

4.1.3 Land Policy of 1995

The National Land Policy of 1995 provides incentives for efficient use of land and its resources. Itseeks to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system, encourage optimal use of land resources andfacilitate broad-based social and economic development without up setting or endangering theecological balance of the environment. Farmer groups and communities participating in the project

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have acquired customary rights of occupancy from their respective villages and some villages areprocessing granted rights. Both granted and customary rights of occupancy secure land ownership addincentives for farmers to maintain and develop their farms accordingly, reduce land use conflicts andincrease the value of land.

4.1.4 Water Policy of 2002

The National Water Policy (2002) provides a comprehensive framework for promoting optimal,sustainable and equitable development and use of w ater resources for sustainable development. Thepolicy seeks to ensure supply of good quality of water to meet domestic, environmental and otherpriority development purpose. Emphasis is placed on the need to ensure more efficient utilization ofexisting water resources through institutional improvements, proper soil management to prevent soilerosion and flooding and improved monitoring to control water quality and contamination fromindustrial sewerage and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. These objectives requite onintegrated a nd holistic p lanning a nd management i n a reas, water use a nd d isposal o f e ffluents. T heplanned project objectives are supportive of the objectives of the water policy through education,awareness and training on better agricultural practices, effective and efficient utilization of water, waterconservation, and application of agrochemicals to minimize pollution of water sources to mention afew.

4.1.5 Forest Policy of 1998

The main objective of the National Forestry Policy is to enhance contribution of the forestry sector insustainable socio-economic development of the country, as well as conservation and management ofthe natural resource-base for the benefit of both the represent and future generations. In view of thegeneral objective, the policy focuses its intervention in the following four area (i) forestlandmanagement

Conservation of the forestry resources in the upper catchment is crucial for ensuring sustainable flowsof water for irrigation purposes and other uses. The establishment of the scheme is thus an extraincentive for undertaking conservation measures in the catchment area of Mt. Meru.

4.1.6 Wildlife Policy of 1998

The main Wildlife Policy is to seek involvement of a broader section of the society in wildlifeconservation, and in particular the rural local communities, as well as the private sector with only arole of stimulating and duly guiding both the rural local communities and the private sector byadministering, r egulating a nd p romoting management o f wildlife r esources. I n view o f t his generalobjective, the policy facilities it interventions in the following area: (i) wildlife protection (i.e.incorporating management and development of protected areas) (ii) wildlife utilization (i.e.incorporating promotion of establishment of Wildlife Management Areas conservation as well asmanagement measures and (iii) intemational corporation and coordination. Within the scheme, thereare no wildlife management areas. The developments have also concentrated on the already existingscheme, with therefore little likelihood of encroaching into wildlife areas.

4.1.7 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft)

Sufficient and efficient supply of energy is crucial for national development. The objective of theenergy policy is therefore to contribute to the national socio-economic development process byproviding an efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution and end-use systemin an environmentally sound manner and with due regard to gender issues.

Provision of energy for scheme farmers in a convenient manner will allow more time for womenfarmers to participate in farm activities. It is against this background that communities are beingencouraged to use fuel-efficient charcoal and wood stoves.

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4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The smallholder irrigation project will be implemented in the overall context legal framework thatgovemns agricultural and rural development. Some of the few legal frameworks that are supportive ofthe project include but not limited to:-

4.2.1 Environment Legislation

Currently Tanzania lacks a single comprehensive environmental legal framework or environmentallaw. Efforts are underway to prepare such a framework. To-date, the management of environment andnatural resources is governed by fragmented sectoral pieces of legislation that are yet to be fullyharmonized.

There are some guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Govemunent isworking on an act to make ElAs mandatory for all development projects. In this regard, anenviromnuental legislation aimed at "promoting and managing environmental conservation in thecountry" is in the making

The term "environmental" legislation incorporates nearly one hundred acts and ordinances and severaladditional subsidiary legislation from all sectors of the economy, which affect the environment.However, given the broad policy goal of achieving sustainable development and the specific policyobjectives, issues of unsustainable utilization of resources, deforestation, desertification, salinization,land degradation, pollution of water resources, and impacts on rural land use have been emphasized.

The design and operational strategy of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme have taken these legalconsiderations into account.

4.2.2 NEMC Act no.19 of 1983

This act establishes the National Environment Management Council as a statutory body responsible foradvising and coordinating environmental management issues. Among the many functions of theCouncil, the act seeks to provide a framework for evaluation of existing and proposed developmentpolicies, programmes, plans and activities of both public and private that are likely to affect theenvironment and recommend measures to ensure adequate account of environrnental effects.Furthermore, the act provides for the specification of environmental standards, norms, criteria, andguidelines for the protection and maintenance of the quality of the environment, cooperation betweengovernment, local authorities and bodies engaged in environmental programmes and stimulate publicand private participation in environmental and natural resource management.

Relevant legislation pertaining to agricultural development in general, and irrigation in paiticular andhow it relates to the proposed projects, including Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme was examinedand the following are the sectoral environment legislations.

4.2.3 Land Act no. 4 and Village Land Act no. 5 of 1999

Both laws became operational in May 2001, following the approval of their regulations. The acts seekcontrol land use and clarify controversial issues pertaining to ownership of land and land-basedresources, transactions on land and land administration. The new land act identifies thu-ee categories ofland i.e. village (customary land); public/gazetted land (i.e. national parks, forest reserves) and generalland that does not fall in any of the above two categories for private investment.

Implementation of the project is consistent with both legislations. For purposes of controlling land inthe village and protecting it from alienation to foreign investors, village governments would be givendocuments indicating their boundaries. However, in order to give value to land there is a need forcompletion of the process of land survey and demarcation, which amounts to land, titling and allocationto different land use categories to speed up investment in agriculture.

Land allocation at the Kambi ya Tanga scheme was guided by existing land tenure aiTangements thatare in line with these legal provisions. Both men and women have received irrigation plots.

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4.2.4 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendments of 1978)

Wildlife act provides for protection, conservation, development, regulations and control in bothacquisition and utilization of products of both fauna and flora. To this end, therefore the Act stipulates"modus operandi", i.e. required restrictions in the following areas (i) in protected areas: namely gamereserves, game controlled areas, partial game reserves, national parks, etc. (ii) proper procedures inhunting, capturing and photographing of wildlife and (iii) proper handling of trophies. Furthermore, inthe wake of the Wildlife policy, which stipulates for villagers' involvement in Wildlife ManagementAreas (WMA), the Act also provides modalities and procedures for designation, operation andinvolvement of local communities in the management of the WMAs. Within the scheme, there are nowildlife management areas.

4.2.5 Water Acts of 1974

As mentioned before the Water Acts principally seek to ensure that water is utilized without sectoralconflicts, and without causing pollution. This is the spirit of both Act no. 42 of 1974 and Act no. 10 of1981. They were enacted to control and protect water resources. The legislation defines "water" as allwater flowing over the surface of the ground or contained or flowing in or from a spring or stream ornatural lake, swamp or beneath a watercourse. The Act places a regime of water rights to govemaccess to water use. Pollution control nomis and standards are embodied in the water rights.

Apart from incorporating pollution control and having prevention conditionality in the water rights,the Act goes a step further by putting in place a regime in consent with discharge of effluent. UnderSection 15 A (1) of the Act, no person may discharge of effluent from any commercial, industrial orother trade waste systems into receiving waters without a consent duly granted by a Water Officer.The Act also contains two schedules, which set standards for receiving waters and effluent. TheKambi ya Tanga irrigation has a water right in which the rights and obligations of scheme operators,the farmers, are stipulated.

4.2.6 Forest Act 1974

The Forest Act deals with the protection of forests and forest products in forest reserves, restrictions,and prohibitions in forest reserves. The forest management plans are administered under the ForestOrdinance (1957). Any contravention of the restrictions and prohibition is considered an offence underthis ordinance and subject to enforcement. However, the law is being revised to meet newrequirements under a new Forest Policy. There is no forestland within the scheme area.

4.2.7 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956

The Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap 378, Part IV provides for control of urbandevelopment while implementing a scheme of land development. Important aspects include thedesignation and allocation of adequate land for solid waste disposal in any urban scheme. The lawfurther stipulates the design of a good sewerage system to manage liquid waste from various majorwater consumers. The law empowers local authorities to enforce such schemes and punishments asstipulated in the Act. The law further empowers neighbours and any individual to take to court anyonewho injuriously affects others due to his/her unhygienic activities. The Water Users' Association at thescheme may p ass b y-laws t o this e ffect. H owever, they would need support from I ocal authorities,particularly with regard to enforcement.

4.2.8 Local Government Act (District and Urban Authorities) Acts of 1982

This Act provides detailed responsibility for urban and district councils in the administration of theirday-to-day activities. Waste management is pointed out as one of the activities to be managed byurban authorities. This Act is the backbone of the Village Government's operation, powers,responsibilities of various local authorities and structure. The law requires that the Village Assembliesact as the apex authorities in decision-making processes at the village level. However, such meetingsrarely take place in most villages, leaving decisions to be made by few leaders without havingconsulted with the village public. This being the case, many Village Governments fail to bring aboutdevelopment for their villagers.

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4.2.9 Land Use Planning Commission Act of 1984

The National Land Use Conmmission (NLUC) was established under this Act as the principal advisoryorgan of the Government on all matters related to land use. Among other things, it recommendsmeasures to ensure that the Government policies, including those for development and conservation ofland are in harmony. It also takes adequate account of their effects on land use and seeks for theadvancement of scientific knowledge of changes in land use; it encourages the development oftechnology to prevent, or minimi-ize adverse effects that endanger man's health and his/her welfare; italso specifies standards, norms and criteria for the protection of beneficial uses and the maintenance ofthe quality of the land.

In accordance with the functions mentioned above, the Commission can indirectly help to prevent orminimize pollution by restricting location of potential and actual pollutioni sources. The major issue isthe sectoralisation of the Govermnent's operations while neglecting holistic view of each activity onland and their impacts on others. There is a tendency of each sector making decisions withoutconsulting t he o thers. F or e xample, W ildlife D ivision c an d esignate an a rea for g ame conservationwithout consulting the Agriculture and Food Security Divisions to avoid grabbing land for agricultureactivities.

The Kambi ya Tanga scheme is included in the National Irrigation Development Plan, which has beenofficially adopted by the Government.

4.2.10 The Land Acquisitions Act of 1967

The L and A cquisition A ct g ives p owers t o t he P resident t o t ake " land" from p rivate o ccupants f orpublic purposes when the public's interests to do so. The new Land laws declare all land in Tanzaniaas "Public Land" and vested to the President as trustee of all citizens. However, the Land Acquisitionlaw has been watered down by the New Land Laws, which restrict the President's powers not toacquire land without negotiation with the owners. Again, the new laws stipulate detailedcompensations to be paid on any acquired land that amounts to deterring the President to do so withoutcareful considerations.

4.2.11 By-Laws

All villages in Tanzania are allowed to form by-laws. This has been done in Kambi ya Tanga villagewhose by-laws address proper use of land and water to ensure public health.

4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES

In order to guide national development more effectively and systematically, Tanzania has prepared anumber of strategies aiming at operationalizing the various policies in key sectors. Some of thestrategies that have a bearing on irrigation development and discussed below include the GovernmentVision 2025, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Rural Sector Development Strategy and theAgricultural Sector Development Strategy.

4.3.1 Government Development Vision 2025

The Government Development Policy 2025 is guiding framework for national development to the year2025. It aims at achieving a high quality livelihood for the people, characterized by sustainable andequitable growth. It also aims at attaining good governance through the nile of law and at developing astrong and competitive economy by moving from a less developed country (LDC) to a middle-incomecountry by 2025.

Scheme irrigation committees and water users' associations are potential nuclei for promoting goodgovernance and democratic practices in rural villages. By adhering to common practices and croppingpattems, farmers will realize higher incomes.

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4.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2000

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) concentrates on efforts aimed reducing income poverty;improving human capabilities, survival and social well-being. The PRSP has set medium term goals tobe achieved by the year 2010 through sustaining macroeconomic stability, rural s ector developmnentand export, and private sector development.

Improvement of food supply and security is key to infant and matemnity health as well as to incomegeneration. A number of activities, including construction and consultancy services have beenperformed by the private sector. This has contributed to local capacity building.

4.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 2000

The Strategy aims at reducing rural poverty as means of managing resources sustainably, sincewidespread poverty in rural areas compels people, in search for survival, to over-exploit the naturalresources. The RDS envisages the following:

* Revising legislation and regulations with a view to enhancing community participation inmanagement and utilization of natural resources.

* Revising the licensing procedures related to utilization of natural resources.* Introducing procedures for cost and benefit sharing of natural resources.* Introducing EIA as a pre-requisite for all development projects.* Developing procedures for natural resources with regard to entitlement of the state, communities

and individuals.* Developing procedures for conflict resolution in matters of natural resources utilization.

The Kambi ya Tanga scheme will contribute to the principle objective of the RDS of poverty reductionthuough raising incomes and better resource utilization. The work of the water users' associationinvolves a number of elements targeted by the Strategy.

4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001

The ASDS, which was formulated through a broad based consultative process, aims at transforming theagricultural sector into a m odemized, commercial, highly productive and profitable sector that shallutilize natural r esources i n a sustainable manner a nd sh all a ct a s a n e ffective b asis f or i ntersectorallinkages.

The ASDS will address the key weaknesses facing the agricultural sector, which include lowproductivity, poor coordination and limited capacity, underdeveloped supporting facilities, erosion ofthe natural resource base, inappropriate technology, dependency on rain fed agriculture, impedimentsto food market access as well as low public and private expenditure levels.

The investments and other interventions made in improving the irrigation system at Kambi ya Tangaare highly relevant and well in line with the targets of the ASDS. These improvements will contributeto higher productivity, income generation, better water and land utilization, all of which are targets ofthe Strategy.

4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

A list of World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies is listed in Appendix 2. This part ofthe report contains an analysis of the compliance of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme with the BankSafeguard policies. It is based on intensive field observation by the study team, during whichdiscussions were held with the farmers and other local people, Village and District officials and projectstaff. The report is also based on the review of various existing documents.

Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)In order to ascertain that project proposals submitted for funding are environmentally sound andsustainable, the Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of the proposals. An EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) of Kambi ya Tanga Scheme was carried out as part of the overall base line study of

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the scheme. The assessment also built on the work done earlier by the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU)

of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.

The findings of the study were discussed with farmers and their leaders at meetings held at the scheme

and with District officials. Their opinions and ideas were taken into account in finalizing theEnvironmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan.

The farmers, through their cooperative society and with support from extension staff are responsible for

implementation of the recommended mitigation measures in accordance with the Environmental andSocial Management Plan.

The rehabilitation will improve the iiTigation efficiency from the earlier estimated rate of between 10

and 20% to 30%. The improved system, together with fuirther farmers' training in water managementand scheme maintenance, plus the effectiveness of the Water Users' Association will result in use of

less irrigation water.

From the above-mentioned observation the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme is considered to be incompliance with the Bank Environmental Assessment.

Natural Habitat (OP/BP 4.04)Kambi ya T anga irrigation sc heme i s a relatively o ld e stablished s cheme. I t has o nly recently b eenrehabilitated and improved. It expansion is restricted on all four sides in an extensively cultivated areas.

There are therefore no neighbouring natural habitats that require protection and conservation. Thescheme does not therefore trigger this safeguard policy of the Bank.

Pest Management (OP 4.09)Use of pesticides at the Kambi ya Tanga scheme is currently at low level. The farmers, thu-ough the

extension service, are encouraged to apply IPM approaches. Farmers are also trained on the safe use,

storage and disposal of chemicals. These efforts will lead to greater compliance with the Integrated Pest

Management policy of the Bank.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)Kambi ya Tanga is an old scheme which been rehabilitated. The scheme farmers have been living in

the area since the end of the World War II, when they migrated to the area, the place was only

bushland. There was therefore no resettlement undertaken. The scheme does not trigger the InvoluntaryResettlement safeguard policy.

Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20)The farmers of Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme belong to different ethnic groups, where mainly are

Waarusha, Wachagga, Wapare, Wanyiramba and Wanyaturu. They are permanently settled in the area.

These are not considered as indigenous people in the sense of this safeguard policy. There is full

compliance with this policy.

Forests (OP/BP 4.36)The ilTigation scheme has no potential impacts on forested areas. The scheme may not trigger by this

Safeguard policy.

Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)There are no large dams upstream of Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme. The scheme does not trigger

this policy.

Cultural Property (OPN 11.03 - draft OP 4.11)The scheme does not have movable or immovable objects, sites, natural features and landscapes that

have archaeological, palaentological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or cultural

significance. Therefore, the scheme is not triggered by this safeguard policy.

Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)The scheme is using Kikuletwa River which does not flow to other states. It is not therefore triggered

by this safeguard policy.

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Project in Disputed Areas (OP[BP 7.60)The scheme is not in disputed areas and it does not therefore trigger this safeguard policy.

Consultation and Disclosure Requirements (BP 17.50)

The baseline study findings and recommendations have been discussed with farmers' representatives atthe scheme. They endorsed these findings and recommendations. The revised Environmental Auditreport will be submitted to the relevant government authorities for review and approval prior to thedisclosure through newspapers, district offices, Kilimo and government websites.

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5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING ANDANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

There are several tools and techniques recommended for prediction of environmental and socialimpacts:* Checklists* Interaction matrixes* Networks* Geographical Information Systems* Mathematical modelling

ChecklistsThe environmental checklist is used for physical observations in the assessment of the irrigationscheme.

In undertaking the assignment, the following tools and techniques were applied for assessing andanalyzing of environmental and social impacts of the irrigation scheme in the process of the EA study:

Geographic Information system (GIS)GIS has been used in analysing hydrological changes and trends in water quality and soil study of theilTigation scheme.

5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Impact assessment is a complex activity and mainly utilizes a wide range of baseline data. Dependingon available baseline data, many techniques can be applied to the study:* Mathematical models (such as groundwater and river models, noise propagation models, air and

water dispersion models, income multipliers)* Physical models (such as hydrological models for trend analysis, wind tunnels and hydraulic

models for estuaries)* Scientific experience, judgment and observations* Structured/semi-structured approaches (e.g. changes in landscape and social impacts)

Impacts analysis and assessment must also provide information on the following aspects:* Duration (time period over which they will occur)* Likelihood or probability of occurrence (very likely or unlikely, etc.)* Reversibility (natural recovery or aided by human intervention)* Area affected (size and whether near or far from the project)* Number (and characteristics) of people likely to be affected and their locations* Trans-boundary aspects (whether impacts cross-national borders)

Due to a lack of baseline data and time constraints, the consultant was not able to conduct an impactassessment utilizing mathematical and physical models. For environmental and social impacts,structured/semi-structured approaches, focused group discussions, scientific experience, observations,judgment, and GIS were used to quantify and evaluate impacts.

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6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

MeetingDuring the environmental auditing meetings held at district, village and scheme levels. At the village

level the govermment leaders and the irrigators' association leaders participated in the meetings. The

major aim of this meetings include the brief purpose of the environmental auditing, but also to

understand the District Development Plan how it has tackled environmental at social issue in the

iirigation scheme, while at the village level the major aim was not only to brief on the purpose of the

environmental audit but to understand the major environmental and social problems and how to

mitigate them.

On the 28 th August 2003 the acting District Executive Director of Arumeru was met by the team prior

to field visit to the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme. The team has also held meeting with the Arutsha

water office for the Pangani river data. At the same day we held a meeting with the Kambi ya Tanga

government leaders and farmers at the scheme office. There were about four members including the

village chairperson, secretary of the scheme, one farmer and extension officer.

Focused Group discussionThe Kambi ya Tanga irrigation focus group discussions was conducted separately for groups of men,

women, and the youth. In doing so it was noted that each group uniquely presented and prioritized their

major problems.

ParticipantsThe Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme participants comprised of eleven (11) women, twenty-three (23)

men, and thirty-four (34) youths, thus totaling sixty-eight (68).

6.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY

STAKEHOLDERS: MEN DISCUSSION

Water related diseasesThe scheme has got chronic water diseases such as amoeba, typhoid and malaria. This is because there

is no any safe and clean water for domestic use, but also people lack health education and they use

unclean water. This has increased water related diseases and farmers become weak and therefore low

production.

DustMost of the scheme roads generate dust especially when animals and vehicles pass through. This

creates a lot of dust in the environment, which has increased respiratory infection diseases, for example

tuberculosis and coughing symptoms.

Soil erosionThe farmers explained the absence of proper bridge and crossing f or both human and I ivestock h as

increase the rate of soil erosion but also the problem of unlined canals and floods during rain season

has influence soil erosion too. The effects include destruction of infrastructures.

Lack of agricultural inputsIn this scheme inputs are very expensive and sometimes are not available at the scheme area, hence this

has created increase in low production and income.

DeforestationIn the scheme there are no alternative sources of energy, but also no environmental conservation

training/education. The effects are little amount of water is available for ilrigation; erosion has

increased due to the destruction of the river and canal banks.

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Canals destructionCanal destruction occurs due to number of livestock, type of the soil but also other farmers cultivateup-to canal banks. Poor cleaning of the canals has also reduce water availability in the field and cause

water related diseases due to stagnant water example; malaria.

Lack of knowledgeIn the scheme there is inadequate ilTigation extension services, but also poor farmer participation in the

meeting. This has major effect on the income and production in general.

Lack of marketThere is a weak farmers organisation and hence the major effect include low prices and farmers are

discouraged to produce more.

Youth discussionSoil erosion of canal banksThere i s I ivestock i ntrusion t o i rrigation c anals s earching for water, t his has c reate a ccumulation o f

sands in canals (siltation)

Water shortageIn this scheme there is shortage of water during the dry season while wastage of water during the rain

season.

Scarcity of landsThe population of the scheme is increasing and the effects are high number of youth unemployed have

been observed, thus the villager government is responsible to allocate land any time when it will be

available.

Lack of safe waterThe water system is no longer functioning and also there is inadequate water and sanitation education

to most farmers, The effects include increase incidence of water related disease example; typhoid,

schistomiasis, cholera and amoeba.

DeforestationThis has major source of environmental degradation, therefore tree planting and environmental

education is need to control moreover there is a need to introduce other energy alternative

sources.(where ? how much?)

Lack of MarketThere is umueliable market due to bad roads condition; hence farmers get loss especially with

vegetables crops goods.

Lack of capitalIn the scheme there is no any credit facilities or institutions, therefore they lack of ability to purchaseinputs and hence low production, therefore they decide to establish SACCOs done by farmers

themselves immediately.

Increase of Human diseasesThere are common disease such as typhoid, schstomiasis, cholera and malaria. This is because there is

lack of clean and safe water; lack of sanitation and health education. Hence there is increase of death

rate and loss of labour.

Environmental degradationThis is caused by excessive and incorrect use of agrochemicals within the scheme and upstream, but

also floods during the rain season favour the condition. The impacts include waterborne disease.

Inadequate extension servicesThe scheme has poor extension services, which cause low production.

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Siltation in canalsThis problem has been caused by livestock drinking in the canals but also degradation in the upland has

lead to soil erosion with sediments loads entering the canals.

Water conflict.This is caused by scarcity of water during the dry season and hence low production therefore they

suggest to reduce area of production and abstract water according to water right, which will be

supervised by MBUKITA.

Plant pest and diseaseThe farmers do lack knowledge of capital and it's source, hence they face low production the meeting

planned to find the capital sources and will be done by MBUKITA and District council in collaboration

with Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.

Thefts of agricultural products and livestockThe problem has raised due to the high unemployment of young age group, many of which were

previously where employed at Mbuguni Mining hence this has created poverty among the majority of

youth and theft is their immediate solution, therefore there is a need to enforce by-laws to take care of

the problem which will be done by the village government and MBUKITA.

Government leaders' discussionIn general this scheme does have a total of 600 hacters and a total number of 600 farmers whereby 165

farmers are from Msitu wa Mbogo, 450 Kambi ya Tanga while Kikuletwa do have 68 farmers.

The upstream of this scheme do comprise of the following users Kamo mama, Arku, Kwaugoro,

Kipilipili Duhuli Estate and Usa while at the downstream has Patanumbe, Shamuma (mbuguni shango),

Makiba, Naisinye (mererani)

The Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme formally had problems with siltation but after the rehabilitation

and with the presence of the furrows, the drainage has reduced the siltation up to 90%.

Moreover, after the rehabilitation the amount of water has increased and allows most fields to be

irrigated easily together with the help of the gate control. Therefore, because of the availability of water

the production per acre has also increased from 7-10 bags of maize per acre to 15-20 bags per acre, the

water is not the only factor but also farmers training, extension services, improved plant spacing and

water management. The scheme has been having services from the world vision concerning the use of

Mijingu phosphate, planting techniques for their crops and the harvesting technique. However there are

some problems associated with the scheme improvement.

Lack of inputsIn this scheme they are facing problem of high prices of inputs, it is approximate to have up to

16,000/= per bag, and most farmers can only afford to buy only 10 kilos which do not fulfil the

requirement per production area.

PollutionThe upstream users have been draining the excess water, which is contaminated with chemicals, to the

river which c reates water p ollution, t his i s d one mostly b y t he b ig e state a nd n ot t he sm all f armers

because their excess water does not poured back to the river.

Water shortageThe upstream users take high amount of water, and at the same time there are illegal water users who

take the water during the night and create water shortage to downstream users especially at the scheme

level.

Water borne diseaseThe scheme do not have any source for the domestic water, hence the rely on the water from the river,

but also the water table for this scheme is to high and the water found is easily contaminated, because

of the coffee growers who usually spray chemicals which are easily washed and enter to the near by

water and the river in general.

33

Participatory environmental action plan developed by farmers during focus group discussions is

presented in Appendix 3.

34

7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Key environmental and social issues/impacts identified for the Kambi ya Tanga scheme were based on

the following sources: field observations, IEE reports of 1998, and focus group discussions. Table 7.1

presents a summary of the issues that are considered pertinent and significant now and in the future.

Table 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts

IDENTIFIED ISSUES BASED ON FIELD IDENTIFIED IDENTIFIED ISSU'ES IDENTIFIED

OBSERVATIONS PROBLEMS BASED ON FOCUS QUANTIFIABLE/

Upstream Irrigation Down BASED ON GROUP NON-Upstream vIrr n stream IEE REPORTS DISCUSSIONS QUANTIFIABLE

OF 1998 IMPACTS IN ESMP

Misuse of e Water use * Lack of * Waterborne * Environment of river Upstream

agro- conflicts inputs diseases (e.g. banks

clhemicals l Waterbome * Lack of bilharzias) * Water shortage - Demograpihic trend

diseases credit *Water pollUtion * Inadequate lanid (population changes

services coupled witls resources - Hydrological chaniges

Water use destruction of - Conflicts over resource - Catchment

coonflicts irrigation use between livestock degradatioon

structures by keepers and farmers - Increased level of

livestock * Poor access to water pollution right

markets/transportation at intake of scheme

Irrieation level- Hydrological changes- Poor water quality- Increased iscidenices

of waterbomediseases.

Downstream

- Poor soil quality- Poor water quality- Increased fertilizer

and pesticides use- Iicreased incidences

of water-bom-nediseases.

This chapter presents a brief description of identified enviromnental and social impacts of the irrigation

scheme. The impacts are based on changes, which have or are expected to occur, prior or post

improvement of the scheme. Attempts have been made to indicate both positive as well as negative

impacts, but for the sake of preparing an effective Environmental and Social Management Plan

(ESMP), negative impacts have featured more than positive impacts. The impacts may also be

categorized (based on localities) as follows

* Upstream and downstream impacts* Scheme level impacts

7.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS

7.2.1 Demographic trend (population changes)

As mentioned earlier, farmers in Kambi ya Tanga reside within the farms; this, therefore, creates

serious land use competition for agriculture (both rain-fed and irrigated), human settlements, and

35

social/economic infrastructure d evelopment. As t he p opulation i ncreases d ue t o n atural r egenerationand inumigration, a severe land scarcity is likely to emerge. This calls for better land and water

management and sound participatory land use planning in order to optimise the use and productivity ofthe existing land.

* The scheme draws beneficiaries from Msitu wa Mbogo, Mbuguni and Kikuletwa villages.

According to results of the population census of 2002, the population of Mbuguni ward was 14,880

(7853 nmale and 7027 female). However, according to an assessing improvement report of 1998,

the population of the villages around the scheme was 6276. The breakdown is:

* Kambi ya Tanga: 2812* Kikuletwa: 1917* Msitu wa Mbogo: 1547

Population figures of other villages of Mbuguni ward could not be obtained. In any case, it is evident

that there is rapid population growth in the area. The growth is believed to be due to improvedagriculture and the presence of Tanzanite mining at Mererani.

Upstream of this scheme, there are big coffee and flower estates (Kamo Mama, Arku, Kwaugoro,Kipilipili, Duhuli, and Usa). Downstream, the estates of P atanumbe, Shamuma (Mbuguni Shango),Makiba, Naisinye (Mererani) are found. The upstream estates are causing various problems:

* High levels of water pollution are created because of the large amounts of agrochemicals and

fertilizers used in the coffee and flower farms.* Water shortages are created downstream due to the high amounts of water off-take. The upstream

farmers illegally off-take water at night.

7.2.2 Hydrological changes

As shown in the variability analysis table for the major tributaries of Kikuletwa, it appears there is a

hydrological regime change in some of the tributaries. The Tengeru flow has decreased over time froma mean of 1.7 m3/s (1978-1979) to I m3/s (1980-1989) to 0.67 m3/s (1990s). The same change was

experienced with Maji ya chai. Other tributaries have either few records or showed a tendency ofincreased flow as is the case for the Usa River. Further analysis of Tengeru River shows that the annual

flow reductions was most visible in the months of May, June and October (Figure 7.1).

Table 7.2: Variability analysis test results for river flow stations in rivers upstream of Kambi ya Tanga

scheme

Annual Autocorrelation a sg) Rank Jump Segementation Period Maf

Flows 1 2 3 4 (Break) (no. of (m3/s)

l_____ ______ .____ I segments)

Tengeru -0.07 0.03 0.29 No No 3 1978-1979 1.70

(ldd24) trend break 1980-1989 1.001994-1995 0.67

Maji ya 0.40 0.23 0.12 -0.24 No No 2 1980-91 0.33Chai _ trend jump 1992- 1999 0.05

Usa River 0.64 0.48 0.67 -0.04 Slight No 2 1981-1991 1.46

(ldd35A) trend jump 1992-1999 2.15

Malala 1994-1996 0.47

Ngaresero 0.66 0.20 -0.08 -0.16 No No 1 1962-1995 0.52

(I dd47A) trend jump l

Kikuletwa . .

36

Figurc 7. 1: Plots show-ing evolving trends for tlhree months of Tengeru flox

| - G.000 -T - ----- .. | .000 Tengeru j DMay

5.000 i June

L o~~~~~~~~ Oct4.000 -

3.000 -

o 2.000

1.000 -i

years

Rainfall variability analysis wNas also conducted to investigate thec cause of the flow. regimne chiange. Asshowni in Table 7.3 and Figuire 7.2- there is nio indlication of non-randomn-uess in the tiine series. Thiscoiifirmls the main cause of the regiiie change as increased anithropogenic effect in the formu ofirrigation extractioni.

Table 7.3: Variabihit Analvsis of Kikuletwa Catclimnent hydrological variables

Aiintal Autocorrelation (lag) Ranik Break Segmientation Period Mean(JUMP) (ino. of

_______ _______ ~~~~segm ents) _______

Rainfall -0.13 -0.03 0.12 -0.15 0.93 No 1 1947-1999 1052(mm) . t~~~~~~~~~Randoii) break

Rainfall -0. 13 -0.01 0)34 -t).15 0.30 No 1 1975-1999 1057(mm11) I __ ____(Random) breakI

FloW 0.27 0.20t - - Not No 1 1977-1999 31.11(m7s) ~~~~~~~~~Randoniat break

___________ ~ ~ ~~~~99 %/

3 7

Figure 72: Annual rainfall series at Tengeirn (1947 - 1998)

2500 -- -

_ | _Annual -MAR

E 2000 l

1500

1000Allllll l sl I sahII,|I.ICs Io co cs GD O t N CD O eF CO

i I w- lo u 1D X t c co 0I WL aa) a) a) o) c) 0) aa e a) CD Cb a) a

~~~~~i i. . .

Year

Majior uipstreami clhauiges. -lhichl may influence ensvironmental impacts of K<amibi va Taniga- are

incereased demalids anid uses of w-ater resources and agrocliemical -Ltnoff. The negativ e imipacts oil

Kamubi va Tanga scheme wvould be: 1) inicreased level of N-vater pollution. and 2) decreased wsateraxailabilt for lKamibi yra Tanga schemie.

0a iliiLitYAt least three schiemes are located dowrnstreaml of Kaimbi yva Tanga that dra-w water: from the Kiik-uletIN-a

River: Pata Nuimbe. Shami (Bugunii Shango) and Makiba sclieiiies. During the drv seasoni these

schemes as trell as Kawibi ma T inuga face shortages of neatcra

Representatives froa the village of Mikwgsani ar-hic is locatrd close to the Mererati i setti c cnts

claita that she mikuletsva Rieer usuald n dtres p during the Taonthas froam Ategust to Marcthi The

v illagers, as a result. face serious shortages of domestic water dtring this period.

7.2.3 Catchment degradation

Although it wvas not possible to quantitatively establish the rate at which1 deforestation is takinig place

upstream. it is clearly evident that the natural forests are disappearing very fast. The catchment of the

Kambi va Tanga scheme incorporates upstreami areas as far away as the Mt. Meru upland areas that lie

about 50 kin northwest of the scheme. Catchinent degradation of the sclheme, therefore. encomipasses

suchI places as Mt. Meru and all schemes that lie on the wA ay before the Kikulet-wa River reaches the

Kambi ya Tanga scheme for a distance of about 50 km. In v-ie of the extensive social-economic

activities along the pathl catcluhient degradation in the area is quite likely to continue: but at the same

time. since this is also the area in wlhich activities of other controlling authorities focus their wvork (e.g

Pangani River BasiwL Tanizania National Parks. etc) solutions to amn arising problems can easily be

found.

38

Map 7. 1: Kambi va Tanga catcheacets area land use/vegetation maps

') t' d L,g,

EJ T,-4N!:tre~~~~~~~~~~~ouvI,rLetr

A topograpliical muap of 1982 indicates tIat, as of 1982 bath upstream/downstream areas of the present

day Kaiibi v-a Tanga schiem-e -were characterized by scruiblands anid scattered cultivation. This included

also the areas within thec schieme. Ecologically. this indicates that the area has poor soil fertility.

Satellite imagery of 1998 indicates that the land use/vegetation cover of d.e upstream area of the

presenit day Kambi va Tanga schemie are niuchi divsersified:

* Mediumi sized herbaceous crops._ Tree crops, closed anrd hrerbaceou s.

* Tree crops. opein and deciduouis.* Urban areas

Withiin schiemie areas- large-scale hierbaceous crops chiaracterize land use/vegetation cover. In the

dowinstreamn areas. smiall-scale herbaceous crops domiinate.

7.2.4 Impact of 198ater qualitv on downstream users

The salinity is 0.2 % thiroughout the entire schemie. TDS ranges betwveen 164.1 mig/i to 165,1 mng/I.

This is fresi water that has started to show sigas of degradation. This fact is fnrther supported by low

values of total ihardness (32-68 mg/e as CaCOl). The turbidite ranges from 19 NTU to 32 NTU. The

colour of the water is appreciably elevated (83-132 Haze/s). The water is also relatively organicallf

polluted wiith chiemiical oxygen demanid (COD) shiowinig elevated lev-els (140-372 mng/I). though thecseare generally considered to be normal values for irrigatiol schemes. Faecal conitamiation level rangesfrom 119 to 408 FC/100 mn.*these values indicate possible increased ounean/animal waste pollution.

Coisultations/discussions wtl i farers indicated thoat cases of waterborne diseases have increased

about 25%.

39

7.2.5 Socio-economic impacts on downstream users

Activities including washing, cultivation along the river, and livestock rearing are contributing to water

pollution for downstream users who depend on the river for domestic and other purposes. The top ten

diseases upstream/downstream for above and below 5 years of age are depicted in the following tables:

Table 7.4: Top ten diseases in upstream of Kambi ya Tanga

Diagnosis Number of patients > 5 Number of patients < 5

Malaria 2221 958

ARI 787 446

Oral care 378 269

UTI 306 106

Minor Surgical 279 71

Diarrhoea 272 56

Pneumonia 203 34

Skin infection 193 34

Other Diagnosis 113 20

CVS Diseases 95 20

Source: USA seminary hospital. 2003

Table 7.5: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2000

Diagnosis Number of patients < 5 Number of patients > 5

Malaria 2120 4671

Pneumonia 867 629

ARI 717 610

Diarrhoea 432 543

Ill define 288 342

Minor surgery 285 325



Worm infection 155 51

Eye infection 153 33

Source: Mbuguni Health Centre 2003



Malaria 3079 5764

ARI 527 436

Pneumonia 480 399

III Define 281 85

Minor Surgery 276 271

Skin Infection 257 124


Diarrhoea 184 85

Worms Infection 89 66

Eye infection 72 59




Malaria 5764 5073

Pneumonia 436 354

ARI 399 323

Minor Surgery 85 307


40


DialThoea 107 239

Worm Infection 85 226

III Define 66 173

Non-Inf-Git 59 154


7.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL IMPACTS

7.3.1 Soil Quality

Four representative soil samples were collected from Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme to evaluate

physical and chemical properties of the soil. Special attention was given to the checking of the

presence of salinity as well as soil trends. This is due to the fact that the top soil layer where the roots

concentrate for all crops. The sample sites and results of the soil tests are shown in the table and map

below.

Table 7.8: Soil Sites and Results

S/N pH EC SOLUBLE SALTS P C N C/ Particle size % Texture

MS/ Mg/k % % Ncm _ _ _ _ _

Ca Mg K Na sand silt clay

KYT 8,5 0.10 23.1 2.4 17.77 2.08 19.88 1.73 0.12 14 43 51 6 SiL

KYT 8.3 1.04 30.8 6.0 14.71 1.93 13.71 2.25 0.22 10 36 49 15 SiL

KYT 8.3 0.11 27.9 2.6 28.80 6.40 9.70 2.06 0.18 _1 44 41 15 SiL

KYT 8.4 0.15 22.4 5.3 20.83 5.36 7.82 1.71 0.14 12 64 32 4 SiL

The upstream soils are very alkaline over the whole farm (i.e. pH 8.3-8.5). This is related to the

presence of high levels of calcium, magnesium and sodium contents in the soil. Soils of test site No. 4

have moderately sodic soils. Soil fertility ranges from very low to medium.

7.3.2 Water quality and trends

Water quality results for samples collected from Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme are presented in the

table below. The pH ranged between 7.13 and 8.51, which is near the neutral pH band. The dissolved

oxygen (DO) ranged from 7.04 mg/I to 7.55 mg/l, indicating good aeration and might be fairly low in

organic pollution. The salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) values of the incoming water (measured

from the intakes) indicate that the water used for irrigation is fresh and very suitable for that matter.

The salinity is 0.2% throughout the entire scheme, while TDS range between 164.1 mg/l to 165.1 mg/I.

This is fresh water that has started to show signs of degradation. This fact is further supported with low

values of total hardness (32-68 mg/l as CaCO3 ).

Attention should be paid to the control of human excreta upstream and within the farms.

41

Table: 7.9: Water quality at the iiTigation scheme

S/N PARANIETER UNIT Irrigation LevelTCI TC2 TC3 TC4

pH7.54 8.51 7.96 7.13

2. Temperature Celcius21.7 22.6 22.2 22,2

3. Electric uS/cmConiductivity 329 330 331 331

4. Salinity %0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

5. Colour Hazen'20 24 26 24

6. Turbidity NTU91 107 115 115

7. Dissolved mg/IOxygen 7.51 7.04 7.32 7.13

8. Total Dissolved mg/ISolid 164.8 165,1 165 165.5

9. Nitrate- mg/lNitrogen 1.38 1.25 1.15 1.65

10. Nitrite- mg/lNitrogen 0.058 0.063 0.053 0.050

1 1. Ammoniia- mg/INi trogen 0.49 0.51 0.42 0.40

12. Phosphate mg/l0.45 0.52 0.64 0.50

13. Sulphate mg/l10.0 10.6 10.0 10.0

14. Total Alkalinity mg/l176 146 146 158

15. Total Hardness mg/IasCaCO3 37 68 65 45

16. Calcium (Ca) mg/l31 30 28 31

17. Acidity as mg/ICaCO3 33 36 37 32

18. Chloride mg/I23 22 21 21

19. Faecal coliform Count/100ml 119 325 311 279

20. Chemical mg/lOxygen 330 211 237 117Demand

COORDIN 0333279E 0333112E 0332988E 0332869EATES 9616244N 9616083N 9615965N 9615842N

ELEVATIO 723M 728M 727M 731M

42

7.3.3 Pesticide and fertilizer use

Farmers utilize to a significant degree farmyard manure in fertilizer use, where as, the use both

biological and pest control methods. Maintaining certain levels of water is working to suppress some

weeds. About 48% of the farmers are using manure while 31% use a combination of manure and

industrial fertilizers.

Table 7.10: Types of fertilizers used

Fertilizer type Percentage

None 14.0

Manure 48.0

Industrial fertilizers 7.0

Manure & industrial fertilizers 31.0

Total 100.0

Table 7.11: Fertilizers used

Name of Fertilizer Proposed Kilo/acre Danger Remarkskilo/acre used

Urea (46%N) 62.5 50 Soil degradation Mostly used

Minjingu phosphate 50 50 Soil degradation Rarely used

Sulphate ammonium (21.5%N) 100 50 Soil degradation Rarely used

Foliar fertilizers I litre 1 litre Soil degradation Mostly used

Table 7.12: Insecticides used

Name of Insecticides Proposed Amount/acre Danger Remarksamount/acre used

Thionex 1 litre I litre Skin infection Used in vegetables

Selecron V2 litre 1/2 litre Chronic flu Vegetables and Crops

Rogo 500 cc 500 cc Stomach infection Rarely used

7.3.4 Waterborne diseases

Malaria is the leading disease in Kambi ya Tanga, followed by diarrhoea and urinary problems. From

the table below, high rates of malaria are observed between March and June (i.e. during the main rainy

season and during the short rains from November to December). During the dry season, malaria cases

are relatively low. Outbreaks of diarrhoea are often associated with the quality of water the villagers

use for domestic purposes. The village conmmunity members depend on water from the irrigation canals

and rivers for domestic use. Activities taking place in the river such as drinking, washing and bathing

are contributing in one way or another to the increased cases of waterborne diseases.

43

Table 7.13: Reported cases of waterbome diseases in percentage

Diseases 2000 2001 2002

-5 +5 -5 +5 -5 +5

Malaria 85.9 89.8 87 90 88.9 91.7

Diarrhoea 12.6 8.5 11 8.4 9.8 7.0

Urinary 1.5 1.7 2 1.4 1.2 1.2

Schistosomiasis - - - 0.1 - 0.1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

7.3.5 Drinking water and quality of sanitation

Most of the villagers (68.8%) use the irrigation canal as their water source for drinking. Other sources

are: river, rainwater harvesting, groundwater, etc. The survey report indicates that 5% of households

have no toilets; 20% have toilets but in poor condition; 75% have good toilets.

Table 7.14: Water source for domestic use

Water source for domestic use in irrigation villages Total

Irrigation canal River Rainwater Ground water Others

harvesting

68.8% 28.7% 1.0% 0.2% 1.3% 100%

Downstream of Kambi ya Tanga at Mbuguni village, villagers are using water from the canals and a

locally dug well. About 30% of the villagers use water from the dug well and 70% use water from the

canals. Before, there was taped water from Tengeru, but due to leaking pipes and no regular

maintenance, the water is no longer reaching Mbuguni.

According to Doctor Noha, who is the medical officer in charge of the area, there are so many patients

that staff c annot a dequately attend t o t he n eeds o f p atients. M ost o f the p atients a re su ffering f rom

waterbome diseases because they are drinking untreated water from the river and the locally dug well.

Before, there was a standard well made by SCAPA, but it has since gone into disrepair. Sanitation in

this village is poor because some villagers do not have normal pit latrines or the pit latrines have been

built too close to the dug well, thereby contaminating the drinking water.

7.3.6 Socio-economic: positive and negative impacts of villages within the scheme

Positive impactsThe scheme at Kambi Ya Tanga is found to be operating well. There have not been any complaints

about the rehabilitated system. The Bwana Shamba and other fanmer groups have informed the team

that productivity has increased from 7-10 bags of maize prior to rehabilitation to 15-20 bags of maize

per acre after. Additional factors responsible for the increased productivity include: farmer training,

upgraded extension services, improved plant spacing regimes, and better water management practices.

Other positive impacts are:

Positive impacts* Trained farmers* Increased income* Better organized farmers (e.g. development of cooperative society, and savings and credit

schemes)* Women groups established* Improved seed varieties introduced

* Better housing created

* Closer water accessibility for the community

44

* Increased crop production (from 7-10 to 15-20 bags per acre)

* Extension services improved* Broader institutional interest in the scheme (e.g. World Vision's promotion of Minjingu Rock

Phosphate)* Improved socio-economic infrastructure (e.g. establishment of conmmercial centres)

* Reduced siltation* Better organized village government (e.g. maintenance of school, roads, and in-igation canals)

Negative impacts* Impediment to movement for humans and cattle

* Increase in malaria and other waterbome infections

* Conflict over water use between irrigators and upstream and downstream users

* High population density increases the level of water pollution in the canals through the washing of

clothes and bathing. Use of agrochemnicals and fertilizers in the scheme, which are subsequently

washed away, enter watercourses causing potential health problems for people. The pollution risk

is greater and greatest for people living within the scheme area and downstream respectively.

* Deforestation in the area is deteriorating air quality from increased levels of dust.

45

8 IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

This section presents a brief description of the identified impacts and subsequent mitigation measures.The description addresses itself to three categories of identified impacts as presented in previouschapter, as well as four categories of identified mitigation measures. The categories of identifiedimpacts include the following:* Impacts in up-stream areas of scheme* Impacts at scheme areas* Impacts in down areas of schemes

Furthermore, the categories of identified mitigation measures include the following:

* Environmental management* Enhancement of social -economic activities* Improving health situation* Revisiting engineering designs and /or construction.

8.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM

8.2.1 Environmental Management

In general, environmental management involves adoption of integrated approaches in natural resourcesmanagement. The mitigation measures, among others, include:

* Soil and water conservation* Afforestation /reforestation* Enforcement of regulations in abstraction of water resources.* Establishment of mechanisms for resolution of conflicts

Upstream rivers' watersheds are increasingly subjected to threats due to various human activities,(farmring, cutting trees and human settlement development). Their ecological balance and functions arein danger. There is, therefore an urgent need to establish sub-catchment watershed managementprogrammes for these rivers, including the protection of the natural springs are protected form humaninterference, with to maintaining river water low volumes on a sustainable basis.

The watershed management programme should encompass:* Community forestry management* Agro-forestry approaches* Enacting and enforcing by-laws* Provision of alternative sources of livelihoods (water and energy)* Environmental training and campaigns

Introduction and promotion of energy-saving technology is another measure that could supplementwatershed management programme; e.g., efficient stoves, which can use rice husks and corn cobsshould be introduced to Kambi y a Tanga community to reduce fuel wood and charcoal demand fordomestic energy. This should go hand in hand with afforestation and reforestation activities.Awareness campaigns on natural resources management should be conducted.

8.2.2 Enhancement of social economic activities

Enhancement of social-economic activities in general involves promotion of sustainable social -economic activities.

46

Specifically, in up-stream areas of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, the measures include promotion ofenvironmental consciousness in all social-economic activities. This should include establishment ofmechanisms, which should ensure controlled acquisition and appropriate land use practices.

In down -stream areas the villagers are not yet adequately conscious on high potential usefulness ofirigation agriculture as a social-economic activity. There is, therefore, the need for promoting thisactivity through extension services.

8.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL

8.3.1 Environmental management

At irrigation sheme level the key mitigation measures related to environnental management include:water management, as well as embarking on training programs seeking to improve irrigation practice,appropriate uses of agro-chemicals, etc.

Specifically, the following mitigation measures are proposed:* Training of farmers and village extension officers on good agronomic practices. Focus should be

on sustainable use of these natural resources.* Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the irrigation system.* Conduct environmental awareness campaigns and education to all soil and water users.* Efficient water use management.* Improved soil fertility management- which includes application of both mineral and organic

fertilizers with measures that will raise soil fertility, e.g. limiting nutrient losses through leaching,runoff, n itrification, i mproving t illage p ractices, manuring and u se o f g reen manure c rops, c roprotation and demand-driven mineral fertilizer application; testing and applying minimum amountof mineral fertilizer at rates that replenish seasonal up-takings by plants

Moreover, apply proper crop husbandry and shifting cultivation such as reduce paddy productionduring the dry season and substitute with drought resistant crops (e.g. beans) or high returnhorticultural crops and revised and revise cropping patter for the entire catchment every yeardepending on the availability of water. Developing a robust inter and intra water allocation policy fordifferent growing season of the year is also recommended.Establishing hydrological station in order to improve future availability of hydrological data.

8.3.2 Improving health situation

This category of measure should be relevant for identified impacts at both scheme level, as well as indown-stream areas of the scheme.

One of the known environmental impacts of irrigation activities is spread of water bome diseases, e.g.bilharziasis, dysentery, malaria, etc. Furthermore, expected influx of people, as irrigation agricultureincreases will mean that promiscuity will also arise. This calls for the need to embark on a program forprevention of HIV/AIDS, as well as strengthening existing health and water supply services, asappropriate. To reduce the vulnerability of the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation community to the water,related diseases the following is recommended:

* Health and sanitation campaigns should be conducted to sensitize the farming community ontransmission patterns of these water-related diseases and how to avoid contact with disease-causing vectors.

* Awareness raising among the community on the ecological requirements of different diseasevectors e.g. Anopheline mosquitoes and aquatic snails.

* Irrigation canals should be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent development of favourablehabitats for vectors that transmit diseases.

47

8.3.3 Improving water quality

Mitigation measures to prevent or nmiinimize pollution at water sources, rivers and canals should beundertaken; and these could include:

* Special restrictions in the use of pesticides in areas with sensitive water resources, e.g. in thevicinity of drinking water points/sources.

* Control and regulation in handling, storage, application and disposal of agrochemical containers* Measurements of pesticide residues in irrigation canals, drains and rivers and in soils should be

carried out (once per year)* Record keeping of pesticides in use, application methods at all seasons* Adopt recommendations from TPRI regarding safe and correct handling, storage, application

(pesticide selection, timing, rate and methods) and disposal.

8.3.4 Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages.

This category of measure is relevant only at scheme level as well as for down-stream. The followingare proposed:Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Mamba ya Tanga main canalProviding proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow

48

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN(ESMP)

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The mitigation measures proposed in the previous chapter represent the core findings of the EA and areimportant elements in implementing the current improvement of the iirigation scheme and mitigatingpotentially adverse social and environmental impacts. The Environmental and Social Management Plan(ESMP) in the following sections presents:

* Identification and summary of major anticipated adverse environmental impacts* Description of mitigation measures* Description of elements of monitoring program* Institutional arrangement* Implementation schedule for mitigation measures* Performance monitoring and reporting procedures* Cost estimates and sources of fundsThe ESMP is based on the guidelines defined in the World Bank Operational Manual OP/BP 4.01.

9.2 OBJECTIVES

General objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Kambi ya Tangairrigation scheme would be to promote sustainable and efficient iiTigation agricultural activities in thearea.

Specifically, the objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Kambi ya Tangairrigation scheme are therefore mainly two-fold; namely:

(i) To promote sustainability of the schemes through:

* Improving capacities, knowledge/skills,* Establishing/strengthening mechanisms for resolution of conflicts pertaining to uses of

natural resources especially water and land resources.* Establishing /strengthening mechanisms for enforcement of regulations for water

abstractions and pollution control* Strengthening local community leadership and effective mechanism for control in

acquisition and uses of land resources.

(ii) To promote efficiency in irrigation agricultural activities, through:

* Providing/educating on appropriate irrigation practices, e.g. on proper uses of agro-chemicals, IPM approaches,

* Strengthening implementation of water management concept.* Revisiting designing and construction stages of the scheme to assess the need for review

of the stages.

49

9.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND

IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES

A summary of major environmental impacts and identified impacts are depicted in the table below:

Table 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measures

ENVIRONMENTAL AND MITIGATION MEASURESSOCIAL IMPACTS

Up-stream impacts: Category :Environmental Management:

- Demographic trend * Embarking on anti-pollution and environmental protection

(population changes program in up-stream areas- Hydrological changes * Promotion of agro-forestry, afforestation and or reforestation

- Catchment degradation activities in up-stream areas.- Increased level of water * Strengthening enforcement of abstraction regulations

pollution right at intake ofscheme Category: Enhancement of social-economic activities:

* Promoting environmental consciousness in all social -economic activities,

* Strengthening mechanisms for controlled acquisition and ofland use- related social-economic practices,

Downstream impacts: Category: Environmental Management:

- Hydrological changes * Improved water management practicesPoor water quality Category: Enhancement of social-economic activities:- Increased incidences of

waterbome diseases. Preparing and implementing a participatory land use plan (i.e.

PLUM)


* Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases, as well asHIV/AIDS,

* Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services.

Irrigation scheme level impacts Category: Environmental Management* Establishing effective water management system by controlled

- Poor soil quality allocation and distribution of water- Poor water quality * Training of farmers and village extension officers on good

- Increased fertilizer and agronomic practices.pesticides use * Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the

- Increased incidences of irrigation system.waterborne diseases. * Conduct environmental awareness campaigns and education

to all water users.* Improved soil fertility management


* Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases, as well asHIV/AIDS,

50

Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services.

Category :Revisiting engineering designs and/or constructionstages

Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Kambi yaTanga main canalProviding proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow

Positive impacts in general

- Increased householdsincomes and broadenedsocio-economic base ,oreaming opportunities

- Improved water and landresources management andhence ensuring effectiveenvironmental management

- Improved productivity e.g.through education onappropriate agriculturalpractices, proper uses ofagro-chemicals, provision ofimproved seed varieties etc.

- Improved access to waterservices both for agricultureas well as for domestic uses.

Non quantifiable negativeimpacts

* Establishing /strengthening locally based mechanisms for- Conflicts among natural addressing conflicts in uses of natural resources

resources (especially waterand land resources) users

9.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM

Monitoring objectives

Monitoring refers to a systematic collection of data/information and due analysis, with the aim of

following up on the subsequent phenomena in the wake of implementation of the ESMP. Activities are

followed up, their status assessed, quantified and rectified accordingly. This process should be

considered as part of the ESMP. The District Council will keep a close eye on changing conditions andkeep records, as accurately as possible, to check, among others, on compliance with statutoryenvironmental protection provisions and World Bank Safeguard Policies.

Description of performance indicators that provide linkages to impacts and mitigation measuresin the EA

Water qualityWater quality will be monitored as follows:

51

* The water quality of the Kikuletwa River will be assessed continuously to determine the overallimpact of, fertilizers, insecticides or pesticides used in the irrigation project and upstreamagricultural activities.

* The water flow volume in the river will be measured through the established gauging stations.Water balance modeling should be done for predication proposes. This exercise will help to assessbase flows, water yields, and hydrological characteristics of the catchment area.

Ground water* The ground water will be checked to determine salinity o f ground water as a result of project

operations.* The changes in pH of ground water will be monitored to check the impacts on ground water of the

various types of crops planted.* Changes i n I evels o f water t able will b e monitored i n s ample a reas o f c rops t hat c onsume t oo

much of ground water including the well-documented eucalyptus species.

Soil ConservationSoil composition, texture and structure in the irrigation project area will be monitored in the sampleareas to determine impacts from various agricultural practices.

The fertility level of soils (i.e. nutrient concentration and soil moisture) in the sample crop areas willbe monitored to determine impacts from the planted crops. Changes in salinity, porosity, pH level andtypes of biota in the soils will also be monitored in the sample crop areas. Alteration of theseparameters could be expected in cases where crops are grown alongside water or nutrient demandingtrees, which may consequently jeopardize the well being of the crops.

Biodiversity indicatorsThe following are pertinent indicators for catchment management: sedimentation rates, riverbankerosion, flashfloods and deforestation rates. The District Natural Resource Office supported by otherstakeholder and RBM should monitor these.

Other important ecological parameters include vegetation; (i.e. both on dry land as well as on rivervalleys); fish, (i.e. plankton, invertebrates); and birds, and other living organisms available in the area.

Crop DiseasesThe type of diseases affecting planted trees will be monitored in the sample compartments todetennine common diseases to various crops that will require special treatment in the next rotation ofcrop farming or application of appropriate pesticides for treatment of the disease.

The most damaging crop pests, especially those that have caused extensive loss of production in thefarms in Tanzania will be monitored. The monitoring of emerging pests and insects in and around theproject area will help determine the most suitable disease control mitigation measure.

Afforestation

* Provenance and species resistance to diseases and pests for planting in the community andindividual's forest plots within the project will be screened. Provenance and nursery plots will beestablished. DBH and heights will be measured.

* The amount of carbon and other greenhouse gases in the soils will be monitored in and around theproject area. The amount of greenhouse gases will be monitored to assess the impacts of forestsequestration of greenhouse gases, especially carbon.

52

Socio-economic

The District Office should monitor the characteristics, activities and attitudes of the adjacentcommunities in order to develop feasible extension programs. The major objectives will be to reducepressure on the irrigation area inter alia through encouraging alternative enterprises. The steps wouldinclude:

* Promoting agro-forestry in the local community farms.* Infrastructure development such as accessibility, marketing, education, health and other proposed

activities by the local community around the project area.* Net immigration monitoring of people in the local community. Population dynamics will be

monitored in sub-villages and around the project.* Fuel wood requirements for the local community will also be monitored to determine local

demand and develop possible strategies such as agro-forestry, community forest areas andconservation of natural woodlands in the villages around the project.

Health indicatorsThe main health indicators to be monitored are water-bome diseases such as malaria and bilharzias.

Description of parameters to be measures, methods to be employed, sampling locations, frequency ofmeasurements, detection limits (where appropriate) and definition of thresholds that will signed theneed for remedial actions, institutional responsibilities, timing and timescales for monitoring,Reporting aiTangements (to regulatory authorities and the Bank), and costs and financing provisionsare presented in the table below.

53

Table 9.2: Monitoring Plan

S Prese Prior Dates Cost

Attribut Samplin Sampli Measuri Institutio ntly ity in a Esti

N es to be g ng ng n Meas Level year mate

Monitor Location Freque Units responsib ured s

ed ncy le By USwhom $/vr.

1 Waterquality On the Twice For Regional None High Febr 2

(a)Surfac River annual most Water uary 0

e Water Kikulet ly paramet Engineer/ and 0

wa ers mg/l Pangani Septe 0

Nutrients intake to River mber

(nitrates, the Basin (wet

nitrites, irrigatio office and

Ammoni n dry

um, scheme, seas

phosphat seven on)

es, locationBicarbon s within Parts/thates) the ousand. scheme mg/l

Salinity and. down +or -7

Biologic stream Celsius(

al c}

Oxygen ug/lDemand(BOD)* pH

Temperature0

Suspended solids6

Transparency

b) Sample Once Stretch Do None Medi Do 9

Gro Compar annual depth um 0

und tments ly High 0

Water

Relativewatertable

Salinity*pH

54

2 Soil Samplequality compart Once Parts/th Uyole None High Do I

. ments annual ousand 2

Salinity Depend ly 0

*pH s on + or -7 0

(H20,K soilsCL) select 8 Mm/dia. samplin meter

Texture/ g pointsgrainsize Me/100

Exchang eableBases C/NCa, Mg, (Mg/KgK, Na)

OrganicMatter(Carbon,Nitrogen

3 Catchment Upstrea Once Tree DNRO None Low Feb 3

manage m annual species and 0

ment Irrigatio ly Sept 0

River n Animalflows scheme speciesSedimen Downtation stream SpeciesloadsRiverbank erosionDeforestationrates

4 Meteorology Kili Daily Celsius( Regional Regi High Noo I

* Max / Met C) Water onal n 4

Minimu Engineer Wate 0

m r 0

Tempera Mm Engi

tures neer*%

Rainfall N,E,S,. W

Relative (Windvhumidity ane)* Wind Meters/Directio Secondn* Windspeed

5 C rop _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

55

Diseases Crop Month Lab DALDO DAL High Do 5

* Pests plots ly tests DO 0

* Insects 0

* Fungi6 Afforest

ation Farm Once DBH- DFO None Medi Do 5

*Provena plots yearly M3, Mt. um 0

nce test High 0

*Diseaseresistanc % C/Ne in soils

*Carbon

sequestration

7 Socio-econornic Kambi Once Village Village VEO Medi June 7

ya annual Executi Records s um 5

Populati Tanga ly ve 0

on another Officerschanges subIncrease villagesincomeImprovedhousingGenderbalanceFuelwooddemand

8 Waterb 5

orne 0

disease Upstrea Once a District Dispensa DH High Febr 0

Malaria m year Health ry 0 uary

Bilharzia Irrigatio Officer Octo

s n ber

Others schemeDownstream

9.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

The fundamental area for consideration is empowerment of existing administrative and

organisational arrangements. These include farmers, local comrnunities, both as a group as well

as in their individual capacities, in both upstream and downstream villages .The empowerment

has to be carried out through provision of capacity building, public awareness campaigns, tailor-

made training, etc.

As a strategic approach, SIIC should strengthen partnership among the Kambi ya Tanga

comnmunity in the use of water and land resources. Based on the adopted organisational-

structure and job descriptions of various committees to be established, for the operation of the

scheme, a framework should be established through which the stakeholders are able to actively

engaged in a dialogue aimed at equitable and sustainable use of the common resources.

56

The project should firstly embark on a programme of key and strategic activities that are part of the

above outlined Environmental and Social Management Plan and should enhance attainnmient of the

above objectives. More specifically, the following are proposed:

* Hold meetings of various committees as per agreement* Assist: (i) to organise ward or district- based farmers' day,

And (ii) participation in local and national events like farmers day

* Undertake joint study visits

9.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS

Inputs

The following inputs will be required:

* Human resources to enable capacity building for farmers, district officials and other stakeholders

* Involvement of NGOs, CBOs, local associations/societies etc to enable facilitation and capacity

building* Farmers labour* Private sector, residents, farmers' financial and material contributions.

* Equipment/facilities* Transport/communications* Evaluation and monitoring facilities

Outputs

The following outputs are expected:

* Enhanced capacity of district staff and stakeholders

* Improved productivity* Kambi ya Tanga village land use plan prepared and under implementation

* Improved water quality for domestic purposes

* Improved irrigation practices* Improved partnership between and among stakeholders

* Effective and efficient uses of water and soil

* Upgrading of awareness on environmental management and social development

* Improved health and productivity of farmers and people in the scheme area and beyond

* Improved agricultural production and enhanced irrigated land

* Conmmunity empowered in management of natural resources and the environment

* Enhanced socio-economic activities in Kambi ya Tanga.

9.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is presented in Table 7.3. For all impacts,

the ESMP incorporates the following elements:* Identified mitigation measures,* Institutional roles and responsibilities in relation to mitigation measures,

* Expected targets, outputs/outcomes,* Proposed activity /work schedule* Provisionally estimated costs.

57

Table 9.3: The Envirounental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

MITIGATION MEASURES Responsible Target Outcomes Provision CostEmbarking on anti-pollution and District Council Establishing Improved 400environmental protection program in environamental environmentalup-stream areas protection conditions

programmePromotion of agro-forestry, Scheme Ensuring efficient Less 1500afforestation and/or reforestation Committee watershed environmentactivities in up-stream areas. management and land

degradationStrengthening enforcement of Ensuring efficient Less conflicts of 600abstraction regulations and rational uses of water uses

District Council waterPromoting awareness on waterbome Improved health Increased 1000diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, conditions productivity

Improving availability of health, District Council Improved Less diseases 2000water and sanitation services environment

Training of famnsers and village District Council Improved social- Trained farmers 800extension officers on good econovm ic and extensionagronomic practices. conditions officers

Establishing effective water Farmers Improved water Increased 500management system by controlled management productionallocation and distribution ofwater

Training of farmers in operation and District Council Improved skills and Improved 900maintenance of the irrigation system. knowledge to local extension

___________________ ___________________com m unities activitiesironmental awareness District Council Improved Increased 200

zampaigns and education to all water environmlent awareness c

58

asers.

a Improved soil fertility management District Council Improved soil Increased 700quality production

Aligning the main canal to reduce the District Council Better water Increased water 400water loss especially Kambi ya Tanga management availability

main canal

Providing proper levelling on farms to District Council Better farm Improved 850

ensure continual flow management production

59

Table 94 Implementation plan time scheduleTIME

_MITIGATION MEASURES SCHEDULE

2004 2005 2006 2007

12131411213 411123411 1213 4Embarking on anti-pollution andenvironmental protection program inup-stream areas

xPromotion of agro-forestry,afforestation and/or reforestationactivities in up-stream areas.Strengthening enforcement o x

_ abstraction regulations . . . . . . . . . .Promoting awareness on waterbornediseases, as well as HIV/AIDS,

xImproving availability of health, waterand sanitation services

Training of farmers and villageextension officers on goodagronomic practices. x

_ _ _ _ ~~~~~x _x_________Establishing effective watermanagement system by controlledallocation and distribution of water

Training of farmers in operation andmaintenance of the irrigation system.

onduct environmental awarenessimpaigns and education to all watersers.

60

Improved soil fertility management _ x _ x _ I

Aligning the main canal to reduce thewater loss especially Kambi ya Tangamain canal

Providing proper levelling on farms toensure continual flow _ _ _

61

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 CONCLUSION

10.1.1. General conclusion

Based on review of baseline information, field visits to Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme and dataanalyses, it is evident that there are environmental and social issues and impacts, which need to beaddressed in order to ensure sustainable and sound operation of the irrigation scheme. As outlined inabove chapters (among others), in up-stream areas of the scheme, the key issues constrainingsustainability are intensive up-stream socio-economic activities leading to extensive pollution of watere.g. use of up-stream drainage water as source for the scheme. In within-scheme areas, the constraintsare general poor soil fertility. In down-stream area, sustainability is mainly constrained by inadequacyof water and inappropriate irrigation practices. These impacts manifest either to upstreamenviroiulmental degradation, (particularly of the catchment area), or within-the-scheme impacts, (e.g.due to inappropriate irrigation practices), or also in down -stream areas (due to uncontrolled waterabstractions) leading to community conflicts.

Baseline data with comprehensive benchmark parameters related to various studies like hydrogeology,socio-economic, environment, water quality, etc. at catchment and irrigation levels were not availablein the area. Environment and social assessment impact requires "before and after" studies, and perhapsexperience from s imilar e nvironment t o facilitate a ssessment o f t he severity o f p erceived p roblems.Quantification of impacts requires collection of data, understanding of process and analysis of results,which take more time and resources.

Through ecosystem, farming system and participatory approaches, the key impacts were identified and,as far, as was possible, quantified. Additionally, measures pertaining to prevention and/or control havebeen proposed. An Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Kambi ya Tanga irrigationscheme were developed.

10.1.2 Specific conclusions

Location

In conclusion, it was found that the location of the scheme enhances sustainability of the scheme. Thisis because the scheme is located near rapidly growing settlements of Mererani (which has relativelystrong monetary strength) Mbuguni and Msitu wa Mbogo all of which have reliable transportationservices to Usa River, Arusha and Moshi where many marketing opportunities exist.

Bio-physical environment

The Kambi ya Tanga scheme lies in semi -arid area of Tanzania, where without irrigation, agriculture isdifficult to practice. It was therefore found in our conclusion that scheme improvement has been verybeneficial to the local community. With widespread realization of this fact, competition for uses of bothland and water resource uses is thence very stiff.

Socio-economic environment

Field observations indicated that local communities combine irrigation agriculture with several otheractivities (especially mining) to enable them earn a living. In other words people practicing irrigationat the scheme are those who have chosen to pursue dual socio-economic activities; namely: farmingand mining of tanzanite. In this way they cleverly balance the time they should work on theirfarmlands, vis-a-vis the time they should spend searching for tanzanite.

62

Again field observations indicated that socio-culturally the people in the area are very hard working.They are keen on their work both as iffigation agriculturists, as well as miners of tanzanite.

Identified impacts

In view of the above, therefore irrigation activities at the scheme are relatively intensive, and as such,environmental and social impacts are relatively also significant.

Negative impacts

Negative impacts identified upstream of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme are hydrological changes, i.e. interms of e.g. change of regime of river flow, etc. The downstream impacts are water bome diseases andpoor socio-economic impacts on the community. Within the irrigation scheme, major impacts are soilquality and waterbome diseases

Positive impactsIt is important that the positive aspects of development emerge, especially because these are whatmotivate the people at village (farm) level and dictate the decisions that they take or those of otherswhom are willing to have taken on their behalf.

Mitigation measures

A number of mitigation measures were proposed to address the identified impacts. As far as possible,preventive management, measure should be given priority in combating soil and water pollution,catchment degradation, and pollution of the rivers and disease control.

Compliance with the Tanzanian legislation and World Bank Safeguard Policies

The study team has demonstrated that the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme is in compliance with theTanzanian legislation and policies, and World Bank Safeguard Policies.

10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Role of Local Government authorities

Most of the identified mitigation measures are related with local community-based effective structural-organization. This means therefore that most of the measures can be implemented by localgovernment authorities themselves with financial and technical assistance of funded projects e.g..RBMSIIP, NGOs and CBOs.

Partnership building

By sharing experiences and information with other partners in the area could collaborate with thesestakeholders in implementation of environmental management interventions, which are relevant to theKambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme and others in Pangani River Basin.

In order to minimize water and land use conflicts, stakeholders of Pangani River Basin in generalshould work together as partners to improve production and sustainable development of the watershedmanagement for the scheme's sustainable development.

Sinilar projects should develop institutional capacity arrangements geared towards sharingresponsibility (decision making) for catchment management plan and prevention managementactivities in the Pangani River Basin. A partnership approach, however, also needs an appropriateinstitutional framework, which clearly lays on the roles and responsibilities of each project, districtcouncils and stakeholders. Community and farmers participation could be solicited in the planning,management, financing, construction and maintenance stages of catchment areas and receiving bodies.

63

Environmental and social impact management plan and monitoring

A participatory environmental and social impact plan and monitoring system has been developed forthe Kambi ya Tanga irrigation schemes. There is need to establish process-based plan and monitoring,to build capacity of scheme management team and to develop a databank on the environmental andsocial impact management plan including the monitoring plan.

Capacity Building

In order to ensure sustainability of the scheme, all stakeholders of the scheme, at their various levels,are expected to participate in the capacity-building program. The levels include, individual farmers,households, farmers' committees/groups/associations etc. They should also include village/wardgovernments, district authorities, private/public organizations NGOs, CBOs.

Baseline Studies

It is vital for any sustainable smallholder irrigation development and management in the river basinthat t here i s a minimum knowledge about water resources a nd quantified (baseline d ata) related toenvironmental and social issues. It is therefore, proposed that a mechanism be established for regularcollection of baseline data in the future smallholder irrigation improvement projects.

64

REFERENCES

1. ADB/ADF (1992) Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Abidjan, Cote d'lvore.2. FAO (1999) Participatory liTigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume I

of 3, Main Text + Annexes, Tanzania3. Arumeru District council budget for year 2003 and 2003/044. FAO (1999) Participatory Irrigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume 2

of 3, Working Papers 1-4, Tanzania5. FAO (1999) Participatory Irrigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume 3

of 3, Working Papers 5-8, Tanzania6. FAO (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects. FAO

irrigation and Drainage paper 53, Rome, Italy7. General Population census 1988.8. IFC (1998) Content of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Intemnational Finance

Cooperation.9. IFC (1998) Environmental Assessment, Operational Policies, World Bank

10. Kamugisha et.a. (1999): Catchement degradation study in Pangani Basin. Ministry of Water.

Tanzania11. Kambi ya Tanga reconnaissance soil map.12. MAFS (1996) Ipatagwa Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment

Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Tanzania

13. MAFS (1996) Lemkuna Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement AssessmentReport, River Basin Management and Smallholder liTigation Improvement Project, Tanzania

14. MAFS (1996) River Basin Management and Smallholder liTigation Improvement Project,

15. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Ipatagwa Irrigation Scheme, Scheme

Assessment Draft Report.16. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Lemkuna Irrigation Scheme, Scheme

Assessment Draft Report.17. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Luganga Irrigation Scheme, Scheme

Assessment Draft Report.18. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Lemkuna Irrigation Scheme, Scheme

Assessment Draft Report.19. MAFS (2001) Luganga Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment

Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, , Tanzania

20. MAFS (2001) Lemkuna Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement AssessmentReport, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Tanzania

21. MAFS (2001) Post-Environmental Impact Assessment, Kitivo Smallholder Irrigation Rice

Project, Final Report, Tanzania22. MW (2000) Review of Water Resources Management Policy, Legislation and Institutional

Framework. Ministry of Water, Dar es Salaam.23. MW (2000) Sustainable Management of the Usangu Wetland and Its Catchment, Supporting

Vol. B Water. SMUWC project, Rujewa, Mbeya Region.24. MW (2000) A Study of Hydrological Phenomenon and Floods and Drought in the Pangani

and Rufiji Basin. Vol. 1 and 2 University of Dar es Salaam, Civil Engineering Department.

25. MW (2000) The Usangu Catchment Baseline 2000, Tanzania26. NEMC (1997) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, vol. 127. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 1,

the General Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedure.28. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 2

Screening and Scooping Guidelines.29. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 3.

Report Writing Guidelines and Requirements.30. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 4

Review and Monitoring Guidelines.31. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 5,

General Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.32. Population and housing census - General Report. 2002.33. Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component, Sociological Issues34. Submission of Irrigation Date for the year 2002/2003 Arumeru District Council.

65

35. Scheme improvement assessment report for Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation scheme prepared byproject facilitation team (PFT) in 1998.

36. Tengeru Met. Mean Temperature 2003.37. URT ( ... ) Guidelines for Scheme Development for Project and District Catchment Facilitation

Teams.38. URT (1996) River Basin Management Component, River Basin Management and Smallholder

Irrigation Improvement Project. Tanzania.39. URT (2001) Pollution, River Bank Erosion and Watershed Degradation of the Nzovwe

River, Utengule - Usongwe liTigation Scheme.40. URT/WB (1993) Smallholder Improvement Component, Word banik Environmental Mission.

Tanzania.41. WB (1993) The World Bank and Environmental Assessment: An Overview. Environmental

Department, The World Bank.42. WB (1998) The World Bank Safeguard Policies, Environmental Assessment.43. WB (2001) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, vol. 11 Sectoral Guidelines,

Environmental Department.

66

67

APPENDIX 1: Terms of Reference

TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT OF GROUP B

IRRIGATION SCHEMES

PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The Govelnment of the United Republic of Tanzania has been implementing River Basin Management

and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP) since 1996 through IDA credit. The

project aims at (i) strengthening the government capacity to manage its water resources in an integrated

and comprehensive manner that ensure equitable, efficiency and sustainable development of the

resource and address water related environmental concerns at the National level and in the Rufiji and

Pangani basins: and (ii) Improve irrigation efficiency of selected smallholder traditional irrigation

schemes in these two basins. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and the Ministry of Water

and Livestock Development are implementing the project.

The Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component of the project is focusing on the improvement of

existing traditional irrigation schemes. Under existing World Bank Environimental Policy (OD 4.01),

the River B asin M anagement a nd S mallholder I rrigation I mprovement P roject ( RBMSIIP) h as b een

classified as a category "B" project requiring a limited environmental analysis and, if necessary the

inclusion of mitigation measures in project design. This is essence means that no major environmental

impacts are expected and that only mitigation measures can be incorporated into the scheme design,

implementation and operation (SAR 1995)

SCOPE OF WORK

The Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Irrigation section carried out the Initial Environmental

Examnination (IEEs) in 15 traditional Irrigation schemes to ascertain environmental issue and suggest

mitigation measures that have to be incorporated during scheme design, Construction and Operation

and Maintenance. Based on the IEE findings, IEE Reports were prepared as part of Scheme

Improvement Assessment Studies.

The consultants in collaboration with ECU will be required to cairy out Environmental Audit in seven

(7) group B Scheme of Ruanda Majenje, Igomelo, Mangalali, Nyamahana, Soko, Kambi ya Tanga and

Mahenge irrigation schemes. The consultant did environmental Review of Lemkuna irrigation scheme

in 2001, thus it requires an Environmental and Social Management Plan only. The schemes are now in

operation phase.

The assignment is a continuation of the last activities of Environmental Audit of group A and C

irrigation schemes. This will be done in accordance with GoT and World Bank safeguard policies

LOCATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES

Name of scheme Location Area (ha) Irrigation crops

1. Igomelo Mbarali District 300 Paddy, maize, vegetables

2. Ruanda Majenje Mbarali District 450 Maize, paddy, vegetables

3. Mangalali Iringa Rural District 190 Vegetables, maize and paddy

4. Nyamahana Iringa Rural District Paddy, vegetables

5. Kambi ya Tanga Arumeru District 410 Maize, cassava, vegetables, bananas

6. Soko Moshi Rural District 370 Paddy

7. Mahenge Korogwe District 300 Paddy, maize

8. Lemkuna Simanjiro 430 Paddy

I

II

AVAILABLE REPORTS

The reports available at the Irrigation Section (PFT) include Initial Environmental Examination,Engineering, Socio-Economic, Topographical Surveys, Agronomy/Agriculture and Water ResourceStudies.

The consultant is therefore required to compile quantitative and qualitative information from thesesupplemented by field visit in order to have baseline information on environmental issues to develop amodel for future review of Initial Environmental Examination reports under RBMSIIP.

TIMING

The consultant is expected to spend about five month starting May 2003.

OUTPUTS

The consultant will be required to produce 17 copies of reports for each irrigation scheme for review byNEMC in hard copy and in MS Word diskette for submission to World Bank for review.

The document should address the following issues:* Analysis of Engineering, Socio Economic, Agricultural, Soils and Water Resources reports in

order to provide quantitative information given the qualitative information in the IEE reports.* Compliance with EIA procedures according to the Government of Tanzania and World Bank

guidelines.* Proper methodology and approach including criteria for assessment,* Integrated Pest Management.* Prepare E nvironmental M anagement p lan t o s pecify c learly who a nd when mitigation measures

can be implemented.

II

III

APPENDIX 2 List of Persons Met

I . Ezekiel D. Sumari2. Santael Freaddy3. Godfrey Talalai4. Ndeoya Ndeshilio5. Kundaeli Solomon6. Petro Mere7. Petro Abrahamu8. Eliaki Silas9. Emanuel Elibariki10. Jackson Mathayo11. Emanuel Simon12. Naumu Jackob13. Danstray Toseph14. Herman Timotheo15. Didas Albarth16. Dominic Senyaeli17. Elinami Wanamangi18. Philips Andrea19. Gadieli Osca20. Julius Augustino21. Ebenezery Sangito22. Zadock Sangito23. Simon Elisa24. Mashaka Kayaga25. Hamisi Shabani26. Ndelekwa Philimon27. Ally Hassan28. Modest Alballa29. Andrea Elirehema30. Ebenezel Sangittho31. Zadock Sangitho32. Fredy Andrea33. Baltazari Eelia34. Nkirwa Jackson35. Martha Ndelekwa36. Esta Paulo37. Neema Mosses38. Esta Solomon39. Susana Samweli40. Mwasiti Hassan41. Ndekesio Sangito42. Afrasio Rishandumi43. Ndekarisiwa Kundaeli44. Eliawera Elia45. Paulina Petro

III

IV

APPENDIX 3 Participatory Environment and Social Action Plan

S/N Problems Causes Effects Mitigation Implementers Time to Rankmeasures implement

1. Soil erosion - Absence of Destruction of Provide/ -Farmers at 2003/04 3at canals, bridge crossing infrastructures construction of Kambi yaroads and at for human and crossings Tangadrainage. livestock Irrigation

-Unlined canals scheme-Floods during -Districtrain season council

-CentralGovernment

2. Dust as a -Animals -Increase -Construction -Farmers at 2003/04 2consequence -Vehicles respiratory of roads by Kambi yaof road not infection murram. Tangafilling by diseases e.g. - To establish Irrigationmurram. TB and livestock scheme

Coughing. roads. -Districtcouncil-CentralGovemrnment

3 Water related -There is no - Increase of - Availability -Farmers at Inmmiediately Idiseases clean and safe water related of good Kambi ya-Amoeba, water diseases and domestic water TangaTyphoid,, -Lack of health farmers supply IrrigationMaralia education become weak - Health scheme

- Use water of hence low education on -Village andunclean and production treatment of wardsafe water. governments

-Districtcouncil-Central

Government4 Canals -Livestock -Reduce water - Enforce -Farmers at Sept 2003 6

destruction -Soil type availability to bylaws Kambi ya onwardsand become -Cultivate up to the field -Education of Tangadeeper and canals banks -Cause water water Irrigationwider -Bad cleaning related management scheme

of canals diseases from -Canal lining -Districtstagnant - Good councilwaters e.g. operation and -CentralMalaria. maintenance. Government

-Traininginstitutes e.g.KATC.

5 Deforestation -There is no Low water Enforce -Farmers at Staring from 5altemative availability bylaws Kambi ya Sept 2003Energy sources Erosion which - Tanga

No cause Environmental Irrigationenvironmental destruction to education schemeconservation river and canal - Use of -Districttraining/educati banks altemative councilon. sources of - Village

energy instead governments.of firewood -Central

Government6. HIV/AIDS -Low income -Increase -HIV/AIDS -Farmers at Sept 2003 Indepe

IV

v

-High income dearth rate Awareness / Kambi ya on wards ndent-Kupotoka kwa -Reduce labor sensitization Tanga issue.maadili -Increase of campaign Irrigation

poverty scheme- Wastage of -Village healthresources by committeehelping -Religious and/treating politicalaffected leaders.persons. -District

council-CentralGovernment

7. Agricultural -High prices -Low -Increase use -Farmers Immediately 4inputs - Not available production of FYM -Stockiest

in the scheme -Low income -To have -Creditarea. enough capital. institutions

8. Lack of - Inadequate -Low -Farmers -Farmers 7knowledge on irrigation production should be -Villagegood extension -Low income educated and extensionagriculture services. advised on officerspractices -Poor farmers good -Training

participation to agricultural institutionsthe meeting practices. -District

-Conduct counciltraining and -Ministry ofseminars to the Agriculturefarmers -Ward and

Villagegovernments

9. Market Weak farmers -Low prices - Find the -Farmers, Ex 8organization - Farmers reliable market committee

discouraged to membersproduce more. -Village and

Ward gvtmembers.

Participatory environment and socio action plan - Kambi ya Tanga-Youth.

S/N Problems Causes Effects Proposed Implementers Time to RankMitigation Implementmeasures.

1. Soil erosion Livestock Accumulatio Provision of Farmers When fundsto canal intrusion to n of sands in enough Ministry of available.banks. irrigation canals canals cattle Agric and food

searching for (siltation). drinking Security,water. troughs. District

council.Donors

2. Water Wastage of water Water Construct Farmers When fundsshortage during rain shortage reservoir. Ministry of available.

season. during dry Agric and foodseason. Security,

Districtcouncil.Donors

3. Scarcity of Population Increase Village Any time whenlands increase number of government. land available.

__________________ .unemploym _

V

VI

ent for youth4. Lack of safe Water System is Water Rehabilitatio Farmers When funds

water and no longer related n of water Ward and availableclean water function. diseases e.g. system and Village

-Inadequate Typhoid, increase governmentwater and schistomiasi water tapes. Arumerusanitation s, chorera district councileducation Amoeba etc

5. Deforestation Environmen Tree Farmer Immediatelytal planting MBUKITAdegradation Environmen District

tal education councilIntroductionof energyalternativesources

6. Market Unreliable Farmers get Storage MBUKITAmarket loss facilities for MAFSBad roads especially perishable Ministry ofcondition for goods coop and

vegetable Marketingcrops District

council7. Capital for No credit Lack of Establishme Farmers Immediately

farmers institutions purchasing nts ofpower to SACCOSbuy inputsLowproduction

8. Human Lack of clean Increase Provision District From nowdiseases and safe water. dearth rate Clean and council- Typhoid Lack of and loss of safe water Health officers- Schstomias sanitation and labour Education of Farmersis health education hearth and

- Cholera sanitation- Malaria

9 Environment 1. Excessive Diseases Use of MBUKITA Immediatelyal and natural Farmers From Nowdegradation incorrect use fertilizer

of FollowingAgrochemic correctals within applicationthe scheme rate ofand up agrochemnicastream ls.

2. Floodsduring rainseason

10. Inadequate Low DistrictExtension production councilservices

11. Siltation in 1. Livestock Catchments MBUKITAcanals drinking in conservation District

canals programmen . council2. Degradation Provide

upland enoughleading to livestocksoil erosion drinkingwith points.

VI

.

Vil

sediments To prepareloads and followentering the operationcanals. and

maintenance~~~~~~~~~~~~~~plan

12 Water Scarcity of water Low Reduce area MBUKITAconflict during diy period production To abstract

wateraccording towater right.

13. Plant pests Lack of Low MBUKITAand diseases knowledge production District

Capital councilMAFS

14. Thefts of Unemployment Poverty Enforce Villageagricultural for young people bylaws governnentproducts and previously most MBUKITAlivestock. of them were

employed atmining(Mbuguni)

VIl

Vill

APPENDIX 4 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

Environnrental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmentalassessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of eachproposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the projectinto one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and the scale of the project andthe nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. RBMSIIC is Category B..

Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protectand enhance the environmient, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does notsupport projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasiblealternatives for the project and its citing, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefitsfrom the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessmentindicates that a project will significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includesmitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate,minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) andestablishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area.

Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pestmanagement. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment ismade of the capacity of the c ountry's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and supportsafe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). The resettlement policy is triggered when people are affectedby loss of land, loss of property and/or loss of access to resources. It is therefore irrelevant whether ornot the impact will entail physical relocation of the affected people, the policy is triggered in all suchcases This means that the impact may be of such kind that only compensation in cash or kind isnecessary.

Indigenoius Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoplebenefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financeddevelopment projects on indigenous people Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenouspeoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves.

Forests (OP/BP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects(a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests, (b) projects that affectthe rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests, and (c)projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forestsor plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not financeprojects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areasor related c ritical habitats. I f a project involves the significant conversion or degradation o f naturalforests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines thatthere are no feasible alternatives to the project and its citing, and comprehensive analysis demonstratesthat o verall b enefits from t he p roject s ubstantially o utweigh t he e nvironmental c osts, t he B ank mayfinance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures.

Safety ofD ams (OP/BP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring thatappropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespectiveof its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams.Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height, this category includes, for example, farm ponds,local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measuresdesigned by qualified engineers are usually adequate.

Cultural Property (OPN 11.03). The term "cultural property" includes sites having archaeological(prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank's general policyregarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. TheBank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable culturalproperty, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed to prevent such damage, and (ii)will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed

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projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of acountry is the responsibility of the government. The government's attention will be drawn specificallyto what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site. Appropriate agencies,NGOs, or university departments will be consulted if there are any questions concemning culturalproperty in the area, and a brief reconnaissance survey will be undertaken in the field by a specialist.

Projects on Interntational Waterways (7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good willof riparian is essential for the efficient utilisation and protection of international waterways andattaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entirewaterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, floodcontrol, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the useor potential pollution of international waterways. The riparian are being notified in accordance withthis policy, no additional steps need to be taken at the level of the subprojects.

Dispiuted Areas (OP/IBP/ 7.60): Projects in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its membercountries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute overan area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage.The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if thegovernments concemned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can goforward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute.

IX

Documents

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY RIVER BASIN ...€¦ · RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP) SMALLIIOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT