Preliminary Assessment of Shatt Al-Arab Riverine Environment, Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq

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&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

12#

Preliminary Assessment of Shatt Al-Arab Riverine Environment,

Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq

alsa) *l-+awash1 ,ai Sali) *l-afta1/ roer 0erel2 1. eart)ent of eolog' 5ollege of Science' ni7ersit of agha' agha' Ira

2. ,ea of eolog eart)ent-5hair of ,rogeolog' usta7 9euner Str.' :rei;erg' er)an/ <-)ail of the corresoning author= haou;i>ahoo.co)

Abstract

<n7iron)ental in7estigation has ;een one for 16 selecte sites at asra o7ernorate' Southern Ira (eight sites

at Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er' four irrigation canals ;ranching fro) Shatt *l-*ra;' three )arshlans' an *ra;ian

ulf!. +hese sites reresent istinct lan uses= ur;an' agricultural' )arshes' an )arine. ?ater sa)les ha7e

;een anal@e for )aAor anions an cations (Na' B' 5a' 0g' 5l' :' r' N%3' P%4' an S%4! as well as for hea7

)etals (i' e' *l' &' 5r' 0n' :e' 5o' Ni' 5u' 9n' *s' Se' 0o' 5' P;' an ! in an effort to )ae a reli)inar

assess)ent for Shatt *l-*ra; ri7erine en7iron)ent (i.e. conta)inantsC istri;ution' le7el' an sourcing! an to

eDa)ine the water suita;ilit for rining an irrigation uroses. *nalses re7eale that Shatt *l-*ra; water

ualit oes not co)l with rining or irrigation stanars. ,igh oulation rate' )aAor oil an gas rouction lants' ower generating lants' an agricultural acti7ities at asra go7ernorate inicate anthroogenic sources

of so)e ollutants as we e7ience in this stu.

Keywors! <n7iron)ental eoche)istr' ?ater Eualit' Pollution' Irrigation' Shatt *l-*ra;' asra

"# Introuction

Rai inustrial e7elo)ent an oulation growth in the last few ecaes ha7e ae huge loas of ollutants

to ri7ers (5P5' 2##4' Inia!. Stuies to e7aluate the conta)ination in fresh water ;oies are getting aworlwie attention uring recent ears (I;al et al.' 2##6!. ,u)an acti7ities ha7e increase the concentrations

of nutrients an )etals in )an natural water sste)s which ha7e raise concerns regaring hu)an health (Pan

an ruga)' 1$FF!. Nutrients such as NaG'

G' 0g

G2' an 5a

G2 are essential for life at certain le7els' howe7er'

eDcessi7e nutrient inuts to the en7iron)ent can result in )an ro;le)s. <le7ate nutrient inuts to the

en7iron)ent' for eDa)le' can cause water ollution )aing it unsuita;le for hu)an an li7estoc consu)tion

as well as for irrigationH eutrohication of surface water an a ecrease in natural i7ersitH an cli)ate change ; increasing greenhouse gas concentrations (e.g. N2% e)ission! (&ries et al.' 2###!. Si)ilarl' while the are

crucial for life' hea7 )etals such as )anganese' iron' co;alt' nicel' coer' @inc' 7anaiu)' an )ol;enu)

at high le7els can ;e toDic to hu)ans' ani)als' as well as lants' an their solu;ilit in water is consiere to ;e

one of the )aAor en7iron)ental issues (Sial et al.' 2##6!.

In e7eloing an ari regions (e.g. Ira! where fresh water naturall occurs in low uantities' water scarcit can

;e greatl eDacer;ate ; oor ;asin-wie strategic water )anage)ent legislations as well as ; anthroogenicacti7ities (i.e. lac of wastewater treat)ent an isosal sste)s an taing surface an groun water faster than

the en7iron)ent can relenish it!.

5onsiere the center of oil inustr in Ira' asra o7ernorate' southern Ira faces )an water uantit an

ualit challenges. Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er which originates fro) the confluence of +igris an <uhrates ri7ers is

the ri)e fresh water ;o in the rather ari surrounings in the go7ernorate. Shatt *l-*ra; water is no longer as7ia;le as it was once ue to )an reasons. :irst' a) roAects ; neigh;oring ustrea) countries an IranCs

i7ersion of the Barun an Barha ri7er aths -the two ri7ers that fee Shatt *l-*ra;- to ass through Iran ha7e

rasticall reuce the flow of Shatt *l-*ra; (Niash' 2##$! ro)oting the saline ar) to eDten fro) the

*ra;ian ulf u to1## ) into Shatt *l-*ra; uring r ears an conseuentl resulting in high salinit le7els

in the ri7er (*l-0ali' 2#12! an heling to turn a once-fertile lain into esert. Secon' +igris' <uhrates' an

Shatt *l-*ra; are usuall recei7ing a huge a)ount of untreate wastewater fro) ur;an areas (*l-,eAuAe' 1$$F!an agricultural runoff fro) orchars an the surrouning far)lans. +herefore it ;eco)es 7er i)ortant to

sste)aticall stu the water ualit status of Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er. Secific research uestions aresse here

are= ?hat are the le7els of nutrients an hea7 )etals in Shatt *l-*ra; an how are the co)are to +igris an

<uhrates Is Shatt *l-*ra; water suita;le for hu)an consu)tion ?hat are the ossi;le sources of

conta)ination *n finall is Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er suita;le for irrigation uroses

$# Stuy Sites

?ater sa)les were collecte in 0a 2#1# fro) 16 sites (:igure 1!. Sa)les 1' 2' an 3 reresent asra

)arshes' na)el Salal' *l-Naara an *l-+wail )arshlan resecti7el. Sa)les 4' "' F' an 8 were collecte

fro) irrigation canals calle *l-,a;a;' *;u-0gera' Bho@' an eor resecti7el' all these irrigation canals





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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that ;ranch fro) Shatt *l-*ra; ass through culti7ate far)lans an carr huge a)ount of agricultural runoffwastes towars Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er. Sa)les 6' $' 1#' 11' 12' an 13 that collecte fro) ifferent locations at

Shatt *l-*ra; areH *l-*shar' ar)a-NaAe;ia neDt to NaAe;ia ower station' neDt to aeer islan' ;efore *l-

+alee) ,osital' after *l-+alee) hosital' an Salhia Ri7er' resecti7el. Sites 14' 1"' an 16 are at the

lower reaches of Shatt *l-*ra; towars the *ra;ian ulf with site 14 at the ulf. an use across our stu sitesis nota;l 7aria;le' howe7er' we were a;le to efine 4 lan use tes (sites 1' 2' an 3 are )arshlans (0S!H sites

4' "' F' an 8 are agricultural (*!H sites 6' $' 1#' 11' 12' 13' 1"' an 16 are ur;an (R!H an finall site 14 is the*ra;ian ulf (!!.

%# &ethos

3.1 Solute Analysis

3.1.1 Solute Chemistry Analysis

+he water te)erature' electrical conucti7it (<5! an , of the water sa)les were )easure on site (eDcetsa)les 14' 1"' an 16!. +he water sa)les were et in olethlene ;ottles. %ne of the) was filtere through

2## ) an aciifie with suraur ,N%3 (,2! on site for hea7 )etals )easure)ent' an the other unfiltere

sa)les were collecte in olethlene ;ottles for )easuring )aAor contents of anions an cations. ?e la;elle

all ;ottles an store the) in refrigerator at 6K 5 then sent to the ,rogeolog eart)ent a;s at + :rei;erg

for analsis. 0etroh) e7ice was use to )easure the )aAor contents of anions an cations of 16 water sa)les.:or anion )easure)ents' anion colu)n use of * Su 1"' 1"# )) with eluent 3.# )0 caustic soa (Na,5% 3!an soiu) car;onate (Na25%3!' with the flow rate #.8 )lL)in at te)erature 4" K 5 for cation )easure)ents.

+he cation colu)n was 0etrose 5u' 1"# )) with a fluent of 2 )0 nitric aci an #.F )0 iicolinic aci

flow rate #.$ )lL)in at te)erature 3#K 5 an sa)le 7olu)e of #." )l. ?e reare stanar solution ;

iluting of ini7iual stoc solution at 1### )gLl with concentration ratios chosen to ;e si)ilar to those in water

sa)les. Stanar solution for cali;ration was reare a few )inutes ;efore use. ?ater sa)les were ilute

; 1=2# eDcet sa)le at site 14 which is ilute to 1=2## (+a;le 1!. ?e use I5P-0S (Inucti7el 5oule

Plas)a 0ass Sectro)etr! to )easure hea7 )etals in water sa)les. *ll the arts of I5P-0S were uner

software control' ro7ie ; the <*N software on all erin <l)er S5I<M I5P-0S instru)ent. :iltere water

sa)les were ilute to 1=4 eDcet sa)le 14 that was ilute to 1=1# for hea7 )etals )easure)ent.

*nalses were erfor)e using J0P 8.# (S*S Sste)! to co)are solute concentrations to water ualit

stanars. :urther)ore' we co)are concentrations in our stu sites in orer to in7estigate their istri;ution

across these sites an to eDa)ine the relationshi ;etween solute concentrations an the lan use of these sites.3.1.2 Solute Statistical Analysis

?e correlate solute concentrations across the stu sites against chlorie' a ;iologicall inert solute co))onl

use as a conser7ati7e hrologic tracer inicati7e of solute transort rocesses (Birchner et al.' 2###H Neal et al.'

1$88H Rascher et al.' 1$8FH +risa et al.' 1$8$! in orer to grou the solutes accoring to their relationshi to 5l.

+hen' to ientif the solute atterns' we erfor)e a )ulti7ariate analsis on the solute concentrations an

generate a correlation )atriD of solute concentrations. +he correlations were clustere using the 2-wa a7erage

non-stanari@e clustering )etho (Sall et al.' 2##F! with a )ini)u) istance threshol of 1." ;etween clusters.

5luster analsis has ro7en useful in sol7ing classification ro;le)s where the o;Aect is to sort 7aria;les into

grous' or clusters such that the egree of association is strong ;etween )e);ers of the sa)e cluster an wea

;etween )e);ers of ifferent clusters (Shrestha an Ba@a)a' 2##FH Pal' 2#11!.

3.2 Water suitability for Irrigation Analysis

In this aer we focuse on using water analses to in7estigate water suita;ilit for irrigate agriculture.

*nalses inclue assessing= salt ha@ar' soiu) ha@ar' water infiltration ha@ar' li)e eosition ha@ar'chlorie ha@ar' ercent soiu) ha@ar' an )agnesiu) ha@ar.

'# Results an (iscussion :iel ara)eters (i.e. ,' te)erature (+!' %Dgen (%2!' <lectrical 5onucti7it (<5!' <lectro0oti7e :orce

(<0:!' an <,! as well as cations an anions concentrations for our stu sites are islae in +a;le 1 an

+a;le 2.

4.1 Solute Analysis

4.1.1 Solute Chemistry Analysis

a! 0aAor 5ations an *nions

- Soiu) (NaG!

Soiu) concentrations in the current stu range fro) 3#F.F )gLl (site 16! to 6F4.3 )gLl (site F! with an a7erage

of 42$.$ )gLl (sites 14 an 1" are eDclue as the ha7e eDcetionall high 7alues' reresenting the *ra;ian

ulf an Shatt *l-*ra; towars the *ra;ian ulf resecti7el! (+a;le' 2' *eniD 1-*! which are )uch higherthan that of +igris Ri7er ($4.8 )gLl' *l-0alii' 2##"! an (122.6 )gLl' Bhalaf' 2##$! an slightl higher than





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

122

that of <uhrates Ri7er (422 )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!. :urther)ore' NaG concentrations are higher than the

)aDi)u) a)issi;le li)it in rining water which is 2## )gLl (Ra)esh an <lango' 2#11!.

,igh Na le7els in Shatt al-*ra; can ;e attri;ute to the shar ecrease in water inuts in the +igris an

<uhrates ;asins uring the ast ears that ro)ote the saline ar) to eDten fro) the *ra;ian ulf u to 1##

) into Shatt *l-*ra; uring r ears (*l-0ali' 2#12!. In aition' anthroogenic acti7ities in asra canreresent an aitional consiera;le source of Na.

- Potassiu) (B G!

%ur ata show that B G le7el ranges fro) F." )gLl (site 4! to 13.F )gLl (site F! with an a7erage of $.2 )gLl (sites

14 an 1" eDclue! which is consiera;l higher than that of +igris ri7er (2.4 )gLl' *l-0alii ' 2##"!'

<uhrates ri7er (6.F )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!' an a7erage concentration of B G in the surface water worlwie (2.3

)gLl' ang)uir' 1$$F! (+a;le 2' *eniD 1-*!. ,igh B G le7els in the current stu can ;e ascri;e to the

agricultural runoff eseciall at stations F an 8 (stations F an 8 reresent irrigation canals' +a;le 2!.

- 5alciu) (5a2G

!+he concentrations of 5a

2G in the current stu range fro) 11$.2 )gLl (site 16! to 1F4." )gLl (site F! with an

a7erage of 141.# )gLl (sites 14 an 1" eDclue! which is higher than that of +igris ri7er ($".8 )gLl' *l-0alii'

2##"!H close to that of <uhrates ri7er (13"." )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!H higher than natural occurrence of calciu) in

surface water (1" )gLl' ang)uir' 1$$F!H an higher than the 0aDi)u) 5onta)inant e7el 05 (F" )gLl'

National Pri)ar rining ?ater Regulations NP?RsO' 1$$$! (+a;le 2' *eniD 1-*!.- 0agnesiu) (0g

2G!

%ur ata show that )agnesiu) concentrations range fro) "".4 )gLl (site 16! to14F.2 )gLl (site F! with an

a7erage of 1#2." )gLl (eDcluing sites 14 an 1"! which is higher than that of +igris ri7er (34.2 )gLl' *l-0alii'

2##"!H <uhrates ri7er ("# )gLl' Bhwei)' 2#1#!H an higher than 05 ("# )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$! (+a;le 2'

*eniD 1-*!. ,igh )agnesiu) le7els in our teste water sa)les )ight ;e ue to untreate sewage water that

ischarge irectl to the ri7ers (0ustafa' 2##6!.

- 5hlorie (5l- !

5oncentration of chlories in water sa)les in the current stu are ranging ;etween 434.8 )gLl (site 16! to

$84.4 )gLl (site F! with an a7erage of 6#6.# )gLl (sites 14 an 1" eDclue! which is higher than that of +igris

ri7er (11#.3 )gLl' *l-0alii' 2##"!H <uhrates ri7er (18#.F )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!H an 05 (2"# )gLl' NP?Rs'

1$$$! (+a;le 2' *eniD 1-*!.

- Sulfate (S%42-

!

5oncentrations of sulfate ion in the current stu are ranging fro) 313.3 )gLl (site 16! to FF$.2 )gLl (site F!with an a7erage of "FF.2 )gLl which is higher than that of +igris ri7er (18".6 )gLl' *l-0alii' 2##"!H <uhrates

ri7er (41F.$ )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!H an 05 ("## )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$! (+a;le 2' *eniD 1-!. Increase

le7els of sulfate in asra surface water is ue to increase soil salinit an the sreaing of se;aha heno)ena

in the southern region of Ira. ,igh concentrations of sulfate are also attri;ute to the conta)ination ;

untreate inustrial an o)estic waste effluents in aition to the agricultural runoff fro) the surrouning

far)lan into ri7er courses.

- Nitrate (N%3-!

Nitrate concentrations in the current stu range 1.42 )gLl (site 2! to 4.86 )gLl (site 16! with an a7erage of

3.21)gLl (eDcluing site 14 an 1"! which is lower than that of +igris Ri7er (4.#4 )gLl' *l-0alii' 2##"!H higher

than that of <uhrates ri7er (2.4 )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!H an safel lower than 05 (1# )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!

(+a;le 2' *eniD 1-!.

uring the last two ecaes Ira has ;een affecte ; cli)ate change which increase the freuenc an

intensit of rought erios resulting in a ecrease in ischarges of Irai ri7ers an their tri;utaries (*l-0ali'2#12!. *nersen et al. (2##4! state that there is e7ience that ;iological utae increases as ri7er ischarge

ecreases an that can interret the low nitrate le7els in the current stu. :or eDa)le' an increase in the rate of

nitrate consu)tion was o;ser7e in the Sein Ri7er when ri7er ischarge fell ;elow 4## )3Ls (Ro et al.' 1$$$!.

iewise' *nersen et al. (2##4! foun that the stagnant ri7er conitions can ro)ote high rates of

enitrification resulting in a ecrease in nitrate le7els. *itionall' algae or auatic lants in the ri7er can tae

u nitrate in r ears as was o;ser7e in the +ha)es Ri7er (Jar7ie et al.' 2##2!.

- Phoshate (P%43-

!

Phoshate concentrations are low in general an etecte onl in so)e of the sites (1' 2' 3' "' an 16!. +he

concentrations are ranging fro) #.1#1 )gLl (site 1! to 1.32" )gLl (site 2! with an a7erage of #."6$ )gLl. %ur ata

inicate that hoshate le7els are lower than that of +igris Ri7er (3." )gLl' *l-0alii' 2##"! an higher than that

of <uhrates Ri7er (#.4 )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!. ow concentrations of hoshate )ight ;e relate to the increase

;iological utae as ischarge ecreases nowing that 2#1# was a relati7el r ear. Possi;le ;iological

rocesses in the ri7er inclue assi)ilator utae' enitrification' an sulfate reuction that can significantlreuce concentration of hoshates (*nersen et al.' 2##4!. In areas that are 7er shallow an stagnant' rought





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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)a increase ;iological re)o7al of hoshate fro) ri7er water (*nersen et al.' 2##4!. ;! ,ea7 0etals

In general the concentrations of hea7 )etals in the current stu are close to those reorte ; other researchers

in the near; areas (*l-I)arah' 1$$8H *l-I)arah' 2##1H *-I)arah et al.' 2###H *l-BhafAi' 2###H *l-I)arah et

al.' 2##6H *l-,eAuAe'1$$FH *l- I)arah et al.' 2##8!H lower than those of +igris an <uhrates Ri7ers (*l-0alii'2##" an *h)e' 2##6!H lower than Irai li)itsH <P* stanarsH an :*% stanars for rining an irrigation

water. ?e will focus on so)e of the hea7 )etals in this stu.- *lu)inu) (*l!

*lu)inu) concentrations range fro) 2.22 gLl (site 6! to 8."$ gLl (site F! with an a7erage of 4.38 gLl (+a;le 3'

*eniD 1-!. *lu)inu) concentrations' hence' are )uch lower than <P* seconar rining water

regulations (#.#" - #.2# )gLl' <P*' 2#1#! an :*% )aDi)u) li)its for irrigation water an li7estoc rining

water (".# )gLl' :*%' 1$$4!. +herefore' *l concentration in the resent stu )aes Shatt *l-*ra; safe for

rining an irrigation uroses for *l.- &anaiu) (&!

&anaiu) le7els in our water sa)les range fro) 3.86 gLl (site 16! to 8.#2 gLl (site F! with an a7erage of 4.38

gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!. &anaiu) concentrations in the current stu are less than :*% stanars for

irrigation water an li7estoc rining water (#.1 )gLl' :*%' 1$$4!. &anaiu) can ;e toDic to )an lants e7en

at relati7el low concentrations' so asra surface waters are safe for 7anaiu) to ;e use for irrigation anli7estoc uroses.

- 5hro)iu) (5r!

5oncentration le7els of chro)iu) in water sa)les range fro) #.#$F gLl (site 16! to #.438 gLl (site 12! with

an a7erage of #.1FF gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!. 5hro)iu) concentrations in our water sa)les are less than

those of <uhrates Ri7er (#.11 )gLl' *h)e' 2##6!H less than that of glo;al fresh water (#.#2 )gLl! accoring to

<P* (<P*' 2##"!H less than 05 (#.1 gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!H an less than the li)its set ; :*% for li7estoc

an irrigation (#.1 an 1.# )gLl resecti7el' :*%' 1$$4!. ow le7els of chro)iu) in general )ight ;e ue to

the )o;ilit of the )etal fro) water to sei)ents.

- 0anganese (0n!

+he concentrations of )anganese in our water sa)les range fro) #.88 gLl (site 16! to 1".F# gLl (site 8! with

an a7erage of "."" gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!' which is less than the er)issi;le li)its of <P* (#.#" )gLl'

<P*' 2#1#! for rining water an less than the )aDi)u) reco))ene li)its set ; :*% for irrigation an

li7estoc rining water (#.2 an #.#" )gLl resecti7el' :*%' 1$$4!.- Iron (:e!

5oncentrations of iron in water sa)les range fro) 1.44 gLl (site 16! to 1".4F gLl (site F! with an a7erage of

6.26 gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!. Iron concentrations are lower than those recore ; other researchers in

near; areas (#.F# )gLl' Bhwei)' 2##F!H less than that of +igris an <uhrates Ri7ers (#.26 an #.3" )gLl

resecti7el' *l-0alii' 2##"H *h)e' 2##6!H less than the Irai stanars li)its in ri7er water (#.3# )gLl!H less

than <P* seconar li)its for rining water (#.3# )gLl' <P*' 2#1#!H an less than :*% li)its for irrigation

an li7estocs rining water (".#' 2.# )gLl resecti7el' :*%' 1$$4!.

- 5o;alt (5o!

5o;alt concentrations in water sa)les range fro) #.#F$ gLl (site 6! to #.21# gLl (site 8! with an a7erage of

#.12" gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!' which are less than the acceta;le li)it of ?,% for rining water (#.#"

)gLl' ?,%' 1$$3! an less than the reco))ene )aDi)u) li)its of irrigation (#.#" )gLl! an the er)issi;le

li)its of li7estoc rining water (1.## )gLl! (:*%' 1$$4!.

- Nicel (Ni!5oncentrations of nicel range fro) 1.61 gLl (site 16! to 3.34 gLl (site F! with an a7erage of 2.6" gLl (+a;le 3!

which is less than those of +igris an <uhrates Ri7er (#.#2 an #.#3 )gLl resecti7el (*l-0alii' 2##"H *h)e'

2##6!H an less than the )aDi)u) reco))ene li)its for irrigation (#.2# )gLl' :*%' 1$$4!.

- 5oer (5u!

5oer concentrations in water sa)les are ranging fro) #.F2 gLl (site 16! to 3.#1 gLl (site 13! with an

a7erage of 1.86 gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!' which lower than those of +igris an <uhrates Ri7ers (#.1F an

1.#" )gLl resecti7el' *l-0alii' 2##"' an *h)e' 2##6!H less than the )aDi)u) reco))ene concentration

in irrigation water (#.2# )gLl' :*%' 1$$4!H an less than 05 (1.3# )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!.

- 9inc (9n!

9inc concentrations range fro) #.63 gLl (site "! to F.$F gLl (site 1#! with an a7erage of 2.#2 gLl (+a;le 3'

*eniD 1-5!. Natural occurrence le7el of @inc in fresh water is (#.###1-#.#" )gLl! (?,%' 2##1!. 9inc

concentrations in the resent stu are )uch lower than that of <P* stanars for rining water (".# )gLl!

(<P*' 2#1#!. 0aDi)u) reco))ene concentration of @inc for li7estoc an irrigation set ; :*% is 2 )gLlan 24 )gLl resecti7el (:*%' 1$$4!. So in this case the surface water of resent stu is consiere to ;e safe





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

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for @inc.- *rsenic (*s!

*rsenic concentrations are ranging fro) #.$4 gLl at site 16 to 3.3" gLl at site F with an a7erage of (2.44 gLl!

(+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!' which is safel lower than 05 (#.#" )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$! an lower than :*%

arsenic )aDi)u) reco))ene concentration in irrigation water an li7estoc rining water (#.2 an #.1 )gLlresecti7el' :*%' 1$$4!.

- Seleniu) (Se!5oncentration le7els of seleniu) in water sa)les are ranging fro) 1#.F$ gLl at site 6 to 1$.24 gLl at site F

with an a7erage of 13.FF gLl (sites 14 an 1" eDclue! (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-*!' which are lower than 05

(#.#" )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!. :*% stanars for seleniu) as reco))ene )aDi)u) concentration for

li7estoc rining water an irrigation are #.#2 an #.#" )gLl resecti7el (:*%' 1$$4!. So the concentration

le7els of seleniu) in water sa)le of resent stu are consiere to ;e safe for hu)ans an ani)als

consu)tion as well as irrigation uroses.- 0ol;enu) (0o!

0ol;enu) concentrations in our water sa)les are ranging fro) ".46 gLl at site 16 to $.$8 gLl at site $' with

an a7erage of 8."$ gLl (+a;le 3!' which is lower than the )aDi)u) reco))ene concentration set ; :*% for

irrigation water which is #.#1 )gLl (:*%' 1$$4!.

- 5a)iu) (5!5a)iu) concentration in water sa)les range fro) (#.##2 gLl! at site 13 to (#.#26 gLl! at site 1# with ana7erage of (#.#11F gLl! (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-5!' which is safel lower than 05 (#.#" )gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!

an lower than :*% stanars for li7estoc rining water an irrigation which are (#.#1 an #.#" )gLl

resecti7el' :*%' 1$$4!.

- ea (P;!

5oncentrations of lea in water sa)les are ranging fro) #.##4 gLl at site " to #.2"4 gLl at site 1#' with an

a7erage of #.#8$8 gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-5!. It is clear that it is )uch less than those of +igris an <uhrates

Ri7ers #.#2 an #.#4 )gLl resecti7el (*l-0alii' 2##"H *h)e' 2##6!. It is also less than 05 (#.#1" )gLl'

NP?Rs' 1$$$! an less than the )aDi)u) reco))ene concentrations of P; in irrigation water (".# )gLl!

an li7estoc rining water (#.1 )gLl! (:*%' 1$$4!. So this concentration of lea in water courses of the

stuie area )aes the surface water safe for lea to ;e use for ifferent uroses.

- raniu) (!

raniu) concentrations in our water sa)les range fro) 1.64# gLl (site 16! to 2.346 gLl (site F!' with ana7erage of 2.#3$$ gLl (+a;le 3' *eniD 1-!' which is less than the 05 (2# gLl' NP?Rs' 1$$$!.

+he resent stu inicates that the concentrations of hea7 )etal' in general' are within the safe li)its at the

sa)ling site throughout the stu erio.

4.1.2 Solute Statistical Analysis

%7erall' solute correlations to chlorie' a ;iologicall inert solute inicati7e of hrologic transort' were )iDe

(+a;le 4!. So)e solutes lie *s an 5u were negati7el correlate to 5l' while others such as Na an B

correlate ositi7el an significantl. esite the high 7aria;ilit of solute atterns' the clustering analsis

highlights 4 secific solute resonse atterns (R1' R2' R3' an R4' +a;le 4' :igure 2!. +he egree of relationshi

;etween clusters is reresente ; the istance of the centroi of one cluster to another' where clusters with

s)aller or shorter istances ;etween the) are )ore si)ilar to each other than clusters with larger or longer

istances ;etween.

* large nu);er of solutes that highl correlate to 5l (r 2 Q #.F$! clustere into attern R1. Solutes clustering in

R1 inclue 0g' Na' Se' r' B' 5a' an i. +he concentration atterns of R1 solutes are illustrate in *eniD 1-*. 0n' 5o' *l' :e &' Ni an *s i not correlate with 5l' an ha the highest concentrations at agricultural sites

an clustere together in attern R2 (+a;le 4' :igure 2' *eniD 1-!. Solutes clustere in attern R3 that i

not correlate to 5l' ha the highest solute concentrations at ur;an an )arshlan sites' an inclue 5' 9n' an

P; (+a;le 4' :igure 2' *eniD 1-5!. :inall' N%3' Sn' 5u' 0o' ' S%4' e' :' an 5r clustere together in

attern R4' an ha the highest concentrations at *ra;ian ulf an ur;an sites (+a;le 4' :igure 2' *eniD 1-!.

+he clustering analsis highlighte ifferences in transort an sourcing controls on water ualit. ecause we

use 5l as a ;iologicall inert tracer of hrologic transort (Birchner et al.' 2###H Neal et al.' 1$88H Rascher et al.'

1$8FH +risa et al.' 1$8$!' we can assu)e that 5l concentrations 7ar in resonse to changes in conser7ati7e

transort rocesses. *ll solutes ientifie in our analsis as R1 are conser7ati7e (i.e. 0g' 5l' Na' Se' r' B' 5a'

an i! an ha the highest solute concentrations in *ra;ian ulf site. +he conser7ati7e solutes are all of s)all

charge' so that the are not su;Aect to strong electrostatic attractions that )ight re)o7e the) in the wa that

sca7enge solutes are. 0oreo7er' the are little affecte ; ;iological rocesses' at least in co)arison to their

o7erall a;unance in nature. 5ollecti7el conser7ati7e solutes )ae u )ore than $$ of the issol7e solis inthe oceans (Rails;ac' 2#13! an that can eDlain their high concentrations in the *ra;ian ulf in the current





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

12"

stu (*eniD 1-*!.Solutes clustering in R2' such as 0n' 5o' *l ' :e' &' Ni an *s inicates a ossi;le geologic sourcing as is

e7ience ; the soil geoche)istr of asra cit which is nown to ;e of high *s' *l' :e' Ni' an 5o

concentrations (Bhwei) et al' 2##$!. 9ie)aci et al. (1$8$! inicate that *rsenic in its natural state aears

ri)aril in association with 5o' :e' P;' Ni' an 5u in ores. iewise' the 5anaian 0inistr of the<n7iron)ent (2##1! state that 5o usuall occurs in association with other )etals such as Ni' *s' 0n' an 5u in

)ost rocs' soil' surface an grounwater. ,igh concentration of these solutes in agricultural sites in the resentstu (*eniD 1-! )ight ;e attri;ute to the flushing of soil which is rich in these solutes (Bhwei) et al'

2##$!.

5' 9n an P; that clustere in R3 are associate with anthroogenic sourcing (i.e. resiential' inustrial'

co))ercial an roa lan uses!. :urther)ore' 5 an 9n aear to ha7e the sa)e sources (;rae lining a;rasion'

tire a;rasion' roof runoff' )otorwa a;rasion' esticies' lu)ing' an cos)etics roucts! (%)u' 2##8!'

therefore it is not surrising that the clustere together in the resent stu' an that the highest concentrationswere o;ser7e at ur;an lan use (*eniD 1-5!. :urther)ore' we foun that 5' 9n' an P; ha7e also high

concentrations in )arshes. ,igh le7els of these solutes in )arshes can ;e attri;ute to the susene solis

transorte in surface water runoff to the wetlans (Peltier' 2##3!. %ur ata are consistent with Bi) et al. (2##4!

who recore high concentration of 9n an P; in the ?olfe lae an reat )arshes in elaware' S an

assigne that to the anthroogenic sources of these solutes that are ulti)atel trae into these )arshes.Patterns of solute concentrations were highl 7aria;le in R4 (i.e. N%3' Sn' 5u' 0o' ' S%4' e' :' an 5r!'howe7er' the ten to ha7e relati7el high concentrations at ur;an sites suggesting anthroogenic sourcing

(*eniD 1-!. 0oreo7er' other solutes in R4 lie S%4 an ha7e relati7el high concentrations at *ra;ian

ulf an )arshes highlighting the effects of natural sourcing.

4.2 Water suitability for Irrigation Analysis

?ater Eualit is a )aAor concern to e7erone who uses water. ,ow to )anage water in a secific situation can

;e ;oth a ractical an financial challenge. ?ater originating fro) an inustrial' li7estoc' or )unicial source

)a reuire aitional analses an care in orer to use it for irrigation (Ra)esh an <lango' 2#11!. +he

suita;ilit of water for irrigation uroses eens uon the effect of )ineral constituents of water on ;oth

lants an soils. So)e irrigation waters can a)age lants irectl' while others a)age soil structure (,oins

et al.' 2##F!. In this aer we will focus on using water analses to in7estigate Shatt *l-*ra; water suita;ilit for

irrigate agriculture. *nalses inclue assessing=

- Salt ha@ar- Soiu) ha@ar

- i)e eosition ha@ar

- 5hlorie ha@ar

- Percent soiu) ha@ar

- 0agnesiu) ha@ar

?ater ualit analses can ;e use as guielines ; far)ers for selecting aroriate )anage)ent ractice to

o7erco)e otential salinit ha@ar' if the ualit of a7aila;le water woul ose an ro;le) for irrigation to

)aintain eDisting soil roucti7it with the ;enefit of high cro iel uner irrigation.

- Salt ,a@ar

Salts in water sa)les are )easure ; total issol7e solis (+S! or electrical conucti7it (<5!. +he higher

the +S or <5 is' the higher the salt ha@ar. :or eDa)le' water with an <5 of 1.# sL) contains 64# )gLl salt.

?hen irrigating with 1 acre-feet of this water' aroDi)atel #.8F tons of salt er acre are alie e7er ear

accoring to= (64# )Ll salt D 2.F )illion l; water er acre-footO D 1 acre-foot water! L 2### l; er ton #.8F tonssalt er acre. *nalsis re7eale that the water ualit is unacceta;le for irrigation in fi7e sites an reuires

careful )anage)ent in eight sites (+a;le "!.

- Soiu) ,a@ar

a! Soiu) asortion ratio (S*R!

*n euation use to reict irrigation water soiu) asortion ratio (S*R!. S*R is the ratio of soiu) to

calciu) an )agnesiu). +he higher the S*R is' the greater the soiu) ha@ar. S*R is calculate as=

S*R NaGOL(#."(5a2G

OG0g2G

O! !#."

?here concentrations are in )eLl

In general' the higher the S*R' the less suita;le the water is for irrigation. Irrigation using water with high S*R

)a reuire soil a)en)ents to re7ent long-ter) a)age to the soil. If irrigation water with a high S*R is

alie to a soil for ears' the soiu) in the water can islace the calciu) an )agnesiu) in the soil. +his will

cause a ecrease in the a;ilit of the soil to for) sta;le aggregates an a loss of soil structure. +his will also lea

to a ecrease in infiltration an er)ea;ilit of the soil to water leaing to ro;le)s with cro rouction (Isla)

an Sha)sa' 2##$!. Results inicate that using Shatt *l-*ra; water for irrigation )ight ;e restricte in 13sites an not suita;le in 3 sites (+a;le 6!.





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

126

;! ?ater Infiltration ,a@arS*R is an i)ortant factor in eter)ining the suita;ilit of water for irrigationH howe7er' it is not enough ;

itself to reict the water infiltration ro;le)s. sing <5 along with S*R )ust ;e consiere in esti)ating

water infiltration ha@ar (Ra)esh an <lango' 2#11!. In general' ris of water infiltration ro;le)s increases as

S*R increases an <5 ecreases. In the current stu' fortunatel' <5 has high 7alues resulting in a )ini)u) orno reuction in water infiltration (:igure 3!.

- i)e eosition ,a@ari)e eosition occurs when calciu) or )agnesiu) car;onates (li)e! reciitate out of irrigation water' lea7ing

white resiues or eosit. i)e eosition can cause )an ro;le)s' for eDa)le' the resence of high

concentrations of li)e in irrigation water can reciitate hoshorous or )icronutrient fertili@ers that are

inAecte into the water. 0oreo7er' the resence of significant concentrations of li)e in soil can reuce the

solu;ilit of so)e lant nutrients such as P' 9n' 0n' an :e (,oins et al.' 2##F!. :or cros lie fruits an

7egeta;les the resence of li)e resiue can reuce their )areta;ilit as the consu)ers associate white resiueswith esticie conta)ination. +he li)e eosition otential is calculate as the lesser of car;onate (car;onate G

;icar;onate! or i7alent cations (calciu) G )agnesiu)! in water. i)e eosition otential for the current stu

is shown in ta;le F.

- 5hlorie ,a@ar

<Dcess chlorie eosite on lea7es causes foliar ;urn an so)e lants are )ore susceti;le to chlorie thanothers (,oins et al.' 2##F!. a)age cause ; high-chlorie irrigation water can ;e )ini)i@e ; lanting aless-sensiti7e croH a7oiing foliar contact ; using furrow' floo' or ri irrigationH an rinsing the lants at the

en of each irrigation e7ent if a source of high-ualit water is a7aila;le (,oins et al.' 2##F!. 5hlorie

concentrations a;o7e 3"# )gLl can cause se7ere ro;le)s (Ra)esh an <lango' 2#11!. 5hlorie concentrations

in the current stu range fro) 434 to $84 )gLl with an a7erage of 6#6 )gLl (sites 14 an 1" eDclue! (+a;le 2!.

?ater with this chlorie le7el (i.e. of the current stu which is higher than 3"# )gLl! is unsuita;le for irrigating

)an lants such as ;erries' ;eans' onion' )int' carrot' lettuce' eer' grae' otato' suash' wheat' corn'

to)ato' sugar;eet' an cauliflower (,oBins et al.' 2##F!.

- Percent Soiu) ,a@ar (NaG !

+he NaG in irrigation water is usuall enote as Na

G an can ;e eter)ine using the for)ula (?ilcoD' 1$""!

gi7en ;elow' where the concentrations are eDresse in )eLl.

Percent Soiu) NaGL (5a

2G G 0g

2GG Na

G G B

G! D 1##

+he classification of our water sa)les with resect to the NaG is shown in +a;le 8. +he NaG in the stuarea range ;etween "2 an F3 ' with an a7erage of "F . It is o;ser7e that )ost of our sa)les fall within

the categor of er)issi;le an onl two sa)les fall uner ou;tful categor.

5lassifing water ;ase on Na an <5 following ?ilcoD (1$""!' howe7er' shows that water sa)les in $ sites

fall in the fiels of ou;tful to unsuita;le for irrigation an unsuita;le in other 4 sites (:igure 4!. +he agricultural

iels are o;ser7e to ;e generall low in fiels irrigate with water ;elonging to ou;tful to unsuita;le. +his is

ro;a;l ue to the resence of Na salts' which cause os)otic effects in soil lant sste). ,ence' air an water

circulation is restricte uring wet conitions an such soils are usuall har when r (Saleh et al' 1$$$!.

- 0agnesiu) ha@ar (0,!

enerall' 5a2G

an 0g2G

)aintain a state of euili;riu) in water. 0ore 0g2G

resent in waters affects the soil

ualit con7erting it to alaline an ecreases cro iel. S@a;olcs an ara; (1$64! roose 0agnesiu)

ha@ar (0,! 7alue for irrigation water as gi7en ; the following for)ula=

0, 0gL(5a2G

G0g2G

! D1##' where the concentrations are eDresse in )eLl

0, 7alues Q "# are consiere har)ful an unsuita;le for irrigation uroses. In the anal@e water sa)les'the 0, ranges fro) "2.F to "8.2 (*ra;ian ulf site eDclue! with an a7erage of ""."' therefore' our water

sa)les are consiere har)ful an unsuita;le for irrigation uroses.

)onclusions

T +he )ean concentration of cations in the anal@e water sa)les is in the orer of NaG Q 5a

2G Q 0g

2G Q B

G'

while for the anions it is 5l- Q S%4

2- Q ,5%3

-Q N%3

- Q r

- Q P%4

3- Q :

-.

T 5ations an anions such as NaG' B

G' 5a

2G' 5l

-' S%4

2- ha7e consiera;l higher le7els than the )aDi)u)

conta)inant le7el for rining water' whereas N%3- an P%4

3- concentrations fall within er)issi;le li)its.

T +he )ean concentration of hea7 )etals is in the orer of i Q Se Q 0o Q & Q :e Q 0n Q *l Q Ni Q *s Q

Q 9n Q 5u Q Sn Q 5r Q 5o Q P; Q e Q 5. :ortunatel' hea7 )etal le7els are within the safe li)its at the

sa)ling site throughout the stu erio )aing water safe for rining an other uroses for hea7 )etals.

T +he concentrations of )ost solutes are higher than those of +igris an <uhrates Ri7ers. ,igh solutes le7els

in Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er can ;e attri;ute to the shar ecrease in the water inuts into the +igris an<uhrates ;asins uring the ast ears ro)oting the saline ar) to eDten fro) the *ra;ian ulf u to 1##





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

12F

) into Shatt *l-*ra; uring r ears. In aition to the rought conition' ischarging of oil rouctionwaste' untreate sewage' agricultural runoff' an inustrial waste irectl into water courses in asra can

contri;ute to increase the conta)inant le7els in water ;oies.

T Statistical analsis alie efine the ossi;le sources of conta)inantsH )ost conta)inants are of

anthroogenic sources while others are of natural sources.T In7estigation of Shatt *l-*ra; water suita;ilit for irrigate agriculture re7eale that +S of collecte

irrigation water sa)les falls in the classes of unacceta;le an )arginal. S*R falls in restricte anunsuita;le use class. i)e eosition analsis falls in restricte to not reco))ene use classes. 5hlorie

analsis inicate that chlorie concentrations in all sites can cause se7ere ro;le)s. Percent soiu) shows

that the water sa)les are er)issi;le to ou;tful for irrigation. 0agnesiu) ha@ar 7alues are consiere

har)ful an unsuita;le for irrigation. +herefore' Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er' in general' is consiere unsuita;le to

)arginal for irrigation uroses for )ost cros.

Ac*nowle+ments

I woul lie to resent ) areciation to +echnical ni7ersit ergaae)ie :rei;erg institute of

,rogeolog' hrolog a;s for their great cooeration in anal@ing water sa)les. I woul lie to resent

) sincere gratuit to the er)an *cae)ic <Dchange Ser7ice (**! for suorting ) roosal. :inall' I

a) grateful to r. ?isal' r. ar' an 0r. %sa)a at the 0arine Science 5enter' ni7ersit of asra whoenthusiasticall suorte )e.

References

*h)e' .0.R. (2##6!' U*ssess)ent of en7iron)ental )onitoring rogra) of the ri7ers= case of <uhrates

Ri7ersV' issertation (unu;lishe!' ni7ersit of agha' 5ollege of Science' eart)ent of eolog' 2##

*l-,eAuAe' 0.0. (1$$F!' Uistri;ution of hea7 ele)ents in water an sei)ents fro) *l-*shar an *l-

Bhana canals connecte with Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er an their effects on algaeV' thesis' ni7ersit of asra' 1#4

*l-I)arah' :.J.0. (2##1!' Ue7els of trace )etals in water of Shatt *l-*ra; at asrah citV' 0arine

0esoota)ica' 16 (1!=2"F-26"

*l-I)arah' :.J.0.' *l-BhafaAi' .W.' X 0ah)oo' *.0. (1$$8!' U+race )etals in water' sei)ents an fishes

fro) north west *ra;ian ulfV' ull. Nat. Inst. of %ceanograh an :ish' *.R.<.' 24=4#3-416

*l-I)arah' :.J.0.' *l-+aan' S.0.' X 0aAee' .,. (2##6!' UPollution in the effluents of iar an Soft rinsInustries in asrah 5it= +heir effect uon water ualit of Shatt *l-*ra; an re)o7al ; colu)n fille with

san an charcoalV' Proceeings of the 4th s)osiu) on Scientific Research %utloo an +echnolog

e7elo)ent in the *ra; ?orl' a)ascus' 11-14 ec. 2##6' .126F-12F1

*l-I)arah' :.J.0.' ha;an' R.*.' X *l-Shaw' S.:. (2###!' Ue7els of trace )etals in water of southern art of

IraV' 0arine 0esoota)ica' 1"(2!=36"-3F2

*l-I)arah' :.J.0.' 0ah)oo' *.*.' X ,u)ai' 0.S. (2##8!' Ue7els of trace )etals in Shatt *l-*ra; ;ranches

uring sring an su))er seasons' 2##6V' 0arina 0esoota)iea' 23(1!=$-1F

*l-BhafaAi' .W. (2###!' UPerli)inar sur7e of selecte hea7 )etals in *l-Ju;ala cree connecte with Shatt

*l-*ra; Ri7erV' 0arine 0esoota)ica' 1"(1!=6$-8#

*l-0alii' 0.*. (2##"!' U*ssess)ent of water an soil in agha cit using ISV' issertation' ni7ersit of

agha' 5ollege of Science' et. of eolog' 1F1

*l-0ali' J.,.*. (2#12!' U*nalsis of water ualit an the i)act of the salt wege fro) the *ra;ian ulf on

the Shatt *l-*ra; Ri7er' IraV' thesis' +he ni7ersit of Eueenlan' *ustralia' 81 *nersen' 5..' ewis' .P.' X Sargent' B.*. (2##4!' UInfluence of wastewater treat)ent effluent on

concentrations

an fluDes of solutes in the ush Ri7er' South 5arolina' uring eDtre)e rought conitionsV' <n7iron)ental

eoscience' 1(1!=28-41

5entral ollution 5ontrol oar (5P5! (2##4!' UStatus of ?ater Eualit in Inia' New elhi' IniaV

<n7iron)ental Protection *genc (<P*!' nite State (2#1#!' Urining water 5onta)inantsV' =1-$

<n7iron)ental Protection *genc (<P*!' S (2##"!' U5urrent National Reco))ene ?ater Eualit 5riteriaV'

=1-18

:oo an *griculture %rgani@ation (:*%! (1$$4!' Uuielines for e7els of +oDic Su;stances in i7estoc

rining ?aterV

:oo an *griculture %rgani@ation (:*%! (1$$4!' Uuielines Reco))ene 0aDi)u) 5oncentration of

+race <le)ent in Irrigation ?aterV

Bi)' .' *lle)an' .W.' X 5hurch' +.0. (2##4!' U*ccu)ulation recors of raionuclies an trace )etals intwo contrasting elaware salt )arshesV' 0arine 5he)istr 8F= 8F-$6





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

128

,oins' ..' <llsworth' J.?.' ,ornec' .*.' Ste7ens' R..' X Sulli7an' .0. (2##F!' U0anaging irrigationwater ualit for cro rouction in the Pacific NorthwestV' %regon State ni7ersit. 5or7allis %R

I;al' :.' Ra@a' N.' *li' 0.' X *thar' 0. (2##6!' U5onta)ination of Ballar Bahar lae ; inorganic ele)ents an

hea7 )etals an their te)oral 7ariationsV' J. al. Sci. <n7iron. 0gt' 1#(2!=$"-$8

Isla)' 0.S.' X Sha)sa' S.9. (2##$!' U*ssess)ent of irrigation water ualit of ogra istrict in anglaeshV'anglaesh Journal of *gricultural Research' 34="$F- 6#8

Jar7ie' ,. P.' cett' <.' Neal' 5.' X o7e' *. (2##2!' UPatterns in nutrient concentrations an ;iological ualitinices across the uer +ha)es Ri7er asinV' +he Science of the +otal <n7iron)ent' 282= 263-2$4

Bhalaf' *. (2##$!' UStu of ?ater ualit of )ain ri7ers in Ira for the ear 2##8' reli)inar reortV' 0inistr

of ?ater Resources' eneral irectorate of ?ater Resources 0anage)ent' eart)ent of <n7iron)ental

Stuies' =1-2F' ( In *ra;ic!

Bhwei)' B. ,. X Schneier' 0. (2#1#!' U*ssess)ent of )aAor contents an ;orn in the water of s)all strea)s

in asra 5it- South of IraV' Proceeing of Secon International 5onference of <n7iron)enal 0anage)ent(I5<0!' ,aera;a' Inia' (<s.! Re' 0. *.' ash)i' +. &.' 1="6"-"F6

Bhwei)' B.,. (2##F!' UStu in the <n7iron)ental Situation for *l-asrah o7ernorateV' issertation'

ni7ersit of agha' 5ollege of Science' eart)ent of eolog' 18#

Bhwei)' B.,.' *l-*nssari' ,.R.' X *l- assa) B. (2##$!' UStu of istri;ution of so)e hea7 )etals in the

soilof asra cit- south of IraV' Irai Journal of Science' "#(4!="33-"42Birchner' J.?.' :eng' M.,.' X Neal' 5. (2###!' U:ractal strea) che)istr an its i)lications for conta)inant

transort in catch)entsV' Nature' 4#3="24-"2F

ang)uir' . (1$$F!' U*ueous <n7iron)ental eoche)istrV' rentice ,all' S*' 6##

0inistr of the <n7iron)ent (2##1!' 5o;alt in the en7iron)ent' %ntario' 5anaa

0ustafa' %.0. (2##6!' UI)act of Sewage wastewater on the <n7iron)ent of +anAero Ri7er an asin within

Sulai)ani 5itLN<-IraV' thesis' ni7ersit of agha' 5ollege of Science' eart)ent of eolog' 111

National Pri)ar rining ?ater Regulations (1$$$!' htt=LLwww.ea.go7Logww###LwotLaa.ht)l

Neal' 5.' 5hristohersen' N.' Neale' R.' S)ith' 5.J.' ?hitehea' P.J.' Renols' . (1$88!' U5hlorie in

Preciitation an Strea)water for the lan 5atch)ent of Ri7er Se7ern' 0i?ales Y So)e 5onseuences for

,roche)ical 0oelsV' ,rological Processes' 2=1""-16"

Niash (2##$!' htt=LLwww.niash.orgLarticlesLrint.hi2"1FXlangen

%)u *o)eno (2##8!' UIentification of the Sources of ,ea7 0etal in r;an ?astewater 5entre for<n7iron)ental PolicV' I)erial 5ollege onon

Pal' S.' *hiari' B.' hosh' S.' X 0uherAee' S. (2#11!' U5haracteri@ation of Su;surface ?ater near an

Inustrial ?astewater isosal SiteV' International Journal of <arth Sciences an <ngineering' 4(6!=42$-433

Pan' W. X ruga)' R.. (1$$F!' U,u)an istur;ance an troic status changes in 5rstal ae' 0cltenr

5ount' Illinois' S*V' J. alaeoli)inolog'1F=36$-3F6

Peltier' <.:.' ?e;;' S.0.' X aillar' J.:. (2##3!' U9inc an lea seuestration in an i)acte wetlan sste)V'

*7ances in <n7iron)ental Research 8=1#3-112

Rails;ac' . (2#13!' USo)e :una)entals of 0ineralog an eoche)istrV' (e-;oo! a7aila;le at

htt=LLwww.gl.uga.euLrails;acL:una)entalsIneD.ht)l

Ra)esh' B. X <lango' . (2#11!' Urounwater ualit an its suita;ilit for o)estic an agricultural use in

+oniar ri7er ;asin' +a)il Nau' IniaV' <n7iron 0onit *ssess' %I 1#.1##FLs1#661-#11-2231-3

Rascher' 5.0.' riscoll' 5.+.' X Peters' N.<. (1$8F!' U5oncentration an :luD of Solutes fro) Snow an :orest

:loor uring Snow)elt in the ?est-5entral *ironac Region of New-WorV' iogeoche)istr' 3=2#$-224Ro' S.' aillaret J.' X *llegre' 5.J. (1$$$!' Ueoche)istr of issol7e an susene loas of the Seine

Ri7er' :rance= *nthroogenic i)act' car;onate an silicate weatheringV' eochi)ica et 5os)ochi)ica *cta'

63=12FF-12$2

Saleh' *.' *l-Ruwaih' :.' X Shehata' 0. (1$$$!' U,rogeoche)ical rocesses oerating within the )ain

auifers of BuwaitV' Journal of *ri <n7iron)ents' 42=1$-2#$

Sall' J..' 5reighton' X eh)an' *. (2##F!' UJ0P start statistics a guie to statistics an ataanalsis using

J0PV' S*S Institute' 5ar' N5

Shrestha' S.' X Ba@a)a' :. ( 2##F!' U*ssess)ent of surface water ualit using )ulti7ariate statistical

techniues= * case stu of the :uAi ri7er ;asin' JaanV' <n7iron. 0oelling an Software 22=464-4F"

Sial' R.*.' 5hauhar' 0.:.' *;ass' S.+.' atif' 0.I. X Bhan' *.. (2##6!' UEualit of effluents fro) ,atter

inustrial estateV' Journal of 9heAiang ni7ersit Science. (J9S! ' $F4-$8#

S@a;olcs' I.' ara;' 5. (1$64!' U+he influence of irrigation water of high soiu) car;onate content on soilsV'

Proc 8th International 5ongress Soil Science Soics Soils' Res Inst Soil Sci *gric 5he) ,ungarian *ca Sci'ISSS +rans II' 1$64' 8#2Y812





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

12$

+risa' :.J.' Benne' &.5.' *7an@ino' R.J.' 9ellweger' .?.' X encala' B.<. (1$8$!' URetention an +ransortof Nutrients in a 3r-%rer Strea) in Northwestern 5alifornia -,orheic ProcessesV' <colog' F#=18$3-1$#"

&ries' ?.' Ro)ens' P.' X Bros' ,' (2###!' U5ritical hea7 )etal an nutrient fluDes for utch agricultural soils

in 7iew of a7erse i)acts on foo' soil an water ualitV' *lterra ?ageningen r

?ilcoD' .&. (1$""! U5lassification an use of irrigation watersV' S*' circular $6$' ?ashington' 5' S*?orl ,ealth %rgani@ation (?,%! (1$$3!' Uuielines for rining water EualitV' 2n e.' &ol.1' ene7a'

188 ?orl ,ealth %rgani@ation (?,%! (2##1!' U9inc. <n7iron)ental health 5riteriaV' ene7a' 383

?orl ,ealth %rgani@ation (?,%! (2##6!' Uuielines for rining water EualitV' 3r e.' &ol. 1

Reco))enation ene7a' "1

9ie)aci' .' &i7iano' .' X 0erli' :. (1$8$!' U,ea7 )etals= sources an en7iron)ental resenceV' *nn. 1st.

Suer Sanita' 2"(3!="31-"36

able " :iel Para)eters

Site

No.

Na)e , %2

()gLl!

%2 (! +e) Z

5

<5

sL)

<0:

()&!

<,

()&!

1 Salal (asra 0arshlan! 8.16 $.83 123.# 26.3 3.42 8$.# 2$8.#

2 *lnaara (asra 0arshlan! F.$6 F.86 1##.4 26.8 3."8 86.# 2$".#3 *l +wail (asra 0arshlan! F.$# F.2" $#.3 2".8 2.$" "F.1 266.1

4 *l ,a;a; irrigation canal F.6$ ".46 66.4 24.8 2.6F "$.2 268.2

" *;u 0gera irrigation canal F.F3 ".16 62.F 24.F 2.F1 63.$ 2F2.$

6 Shatt *l-*ra; (*l-*shar! F.6F 4.$# "$.F 24.8 2.61 "".# 264.#

F Bho@ irrigation canal F.42 #.$" 12.2 2F.# 4.63 -32." 1F6."

8 eor irrigation canal F.$4 8.F" 112.6 2F.3 4.## -63." 14"."

$ Shatt *l-*ra; NaAe;ia ower

station

F.8F F.2$ $6.3 2F.# 2.$$ -"$." 14$."

1# Shatt *l-*ra; aer Ja@era F.F3 ".62 F#.4 2".6 2.86 -"1.1 1"F.$

11 Shatt *l-*ra; ;efore +alea)

hosital

F.86 ".26 6"." 2"." 2.86 -48.1 16#.$

12 Shatt *l-*ra; after +alea)

hosital

F.F1 ".6F F#." 2".6 2.8" -"1." 1"8."

13 Shatt *l-*ra; Salhia ri7er F.F4 6.24 FF.4 2".$ 2.$6 -"2.3 1"$.1

14 *ra;ian ulfa

1" Shatt *l-*ra; (towar *ra;ian

ulf! a

16 Shatt *l-*ra; a

a ata not a7aila;le ue to a fiel ro;le)





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

13#

able $ 5ation an anion concentrations ()gLl!

Site No.

Na)e : 5l r N%3 P%4 S%4 Na B 5a 0g ,5%3a

1 Salal (asra 0arshlan! #.33

F28 1.3"

1.88 #.1#

6"# 4$1 $.F 14# 11" 2#$

2 *lnaara (asra

0arshlan!

#.3

2

F63 1.$

F

1.42 1.3

3

64" "32 11.

1

143 12# 212

3 *l +wail (asra0arshlan!

#.32

""3 1.1#

2.## #.43

"$1 386 8.F 13F $8 212

4 *l ,a;a; irrigation canal #.3

#

"#$ 1.#

6

3.86 N ;

486 368 F." 123 88 22"

" *;u 0gera irrigation

canal

#.2

$

"23 1.2

1

4.#F #."

6

483 3F" F.$ 12F $# 228

6 Shatt *l-*ra; (*l-*shar! #.31

4$3 #.$3

2.$3 N ;

"#6 34F 6.$ 124 8F 21$

F Bho@ irrigation canal #.3

8

$84 1.$

3

2.$" N

;

FF$ 6F4 13.

F

1F4 14F 3$F

8 eor irrigation canal #.3

"

82F 1.6

F

3.43 N ;

662 "F# 13.

"

1"$ 12F 32F

$ Shatt *l-*ra; NaAe;ia ower station

#.33

"64 1.#$

2.$1 N ;

6"F 41# 8.3 1"6 1#F 316

1# Shatt *l-*ra; aer

Ja@era

#.3

1

"#6 #.$

4

3.4$ N ;

"68 383 F.$ 14" $$ 31$

11 Shatt *l-*ra; ;efore

+alea) hosital

#.3

1

"2F #.$

8

3.11 N ;

"FF 38F F.6 143 $$ 32#

12 Shatt *l-*ra; after

+alea) hosital

#.3

1

"24 1.#

8

4.1# N ;

"F1 386 8.8 14# $$ 322

13 Shatt *l-*ra; Salhia

ri7er

#.3

2

""2 1.1

"

3.$F N ;

"$2 4#2 $.# 144 1#3 316

14 *ra;ian ulf - "#"8 16.3

3.F4 N ;

8F4 31#$ 112 23$ 4"6 211

1" Shatt *l-*ra; (towar

*ra;ian ulf!

#.4

3

1333 3.4

$

".1F N ;

44# 833 28.

3

136 116 21"

16 Shatt *l-*ra; #.4

#

43" #.6

3

4.86 #.4

3

313 3#8 8.2 11$ "" 211

0ean #.3

3

6#6c 2.3

#

3.21c #."

F

"8F 42$c $.2

c 141

c

1#2c

266

a ,5%3 concentrations were esti)ate using Phreec software

; N= Not etecta;le

c 5oncentrations of sites 14 an 1" were eDclue fro) the )ean calculation as the are eDcetionall high

()arine!





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

131

able % ,ea7 )etal concentrations in water sa)les (gLl!

Sit

No.

Na)e Fi $e 2F*

-2&

"1&

-2&

"25r

-2&

""0n

-2&

"6:e

-3&

"$5o

-2&

6#Ni

-2&

635u

-2&

669n

-2&

F"*s

-2&

8#Se

-2&

$"0o1145

-2&

118S 2#8P;238

1 Salal (a0arshlan! 28." #.#3 4.4" ".$6 #.168 3.$28 3.$34 #.138 2.8"1 1.F48 #.F46 2.FF1 11.88 $."4F #.#1$ #.381 #.1#4 2.313

2 *lnaara (a0arshlan!

2$.2 #.#6 4.48 "."1 #.1"4 4.366 4.32 #.166 3.#6$ 1.F8$ #.833 2.66F 13.#$ $."$8 #.#14 #.316 #.138 2.3#3

3 *l +wail (a

0arshlan!

23.6 #.#6 ".F6 6.11 #.138 2.184 3.8"$ #.#$3 2.6#6 2.#"3 1.83$ 2.282 1#.81 $.123 #.#22 #.2$3 #.2#1 2.13F

4 *l ,a;irrigation canal

2".3 #.#" 4.66 6."6 #.164 3.F#2 1#.66 #.16 2."#6 1.#3$ 1.$#$ 2.46F 11.6$ F.F4 #.##6 #.221 #.#3$ 1.F"2

" *;u 0g

irrigation canal

2".F #.#4 2."$ 6.38 #.126 2.823 2.F4$ #.#86 2.422 1.#F8 #.628 2.3 12.8F F."#F #.##" #.181 -#.## 1.F3F

6 Shatt *l-*ra; (*shar!

24.# #.#" 2.21 6.6F #.12F 2.11$ 2.8#2 #.#F$ 2.3F1 2."6" 1.8F8 2."F$ 1#.F$ 8.232 #.#11 #.161 #.#3F 1.F$6

F Bho@ irrigati

canal

33.F #.#6 8."$ 8.#2 #.23$ 14.#8 1".4F #.2#8 3.34 1.88$ 2.113 3.34F 1$.24 8.$2F #.#1 #.166 #.#F8 2.346

8 eor irrigati

canal

3#.6 #.#6 4.41 F.#6 #.148 1".F ".F$6 #.21 2.84F 1.1$4 1.432 3.#43 16.3 8.2"3 #.#11 #.14$ #.#41 1.$81

$ Shatt *l-*r

NaAe;ia owerstation

23.6 #.#" 4.2# 6."8 #.14$ 4."36 F.4$" #.114 2.F24 2.281 1.FF8 2.1F" 13.F$ $.$F8 #.#11 #.13 #.#3" 2.32F

1# Shatt *l-*r

aer Ja@era

24.1 #.#4 4.$3 6.$8 #.18F ".26 $.233 #.#$" 2.81 2.1F6 F.$F 2.3"2 14.11 8.$$F #.#26 #.12" #.2"4 2.#F1

11 Shatt *l-*r ;efore+alea) hosital

24.1 #.#" ".F3 6.8F #.1" ".848 F.88 #.#$4 2."38 2."6" 2.FF4 2.423 1".$1 $.#"2 #.##6 #.118 #.186 2.#6$

12 Shatt *l-*ra; af

+alea)hosital

23.6 #.#6 4.14 6.6$ #.438 ".322 ".F26 #.#$1 2.812 1.8$4 1."1" 2.423 1".6F 8.8" #.##6 #.164 #.#61 2.#3

13 Shatt *l-*rSalhia ri7er

23.8 #.#4 2.8$ 6."" #.1$6 F.#46 6.2F8 #.113 2."$8 3.##8 2.##$ 2.341 14.2$ $.#48 #.##2 #.#$ #.#66 2.#"F

14 *ra;ian ulf "$.1 #.#8 3.#F ".6" #.218 #.86F 2.3F3 #.141 1.66F #.6#F #.4$ 1.313 11#.4 8.632 #.##6 #.183 -#.#1 2.1#21" Shatt *l-*r

(towar*ra;ian ulf!

2".1 #.#3 1.FF 4.18 #.1#" #.844 1.43$ #.11F 1.F# #.83" 1.#8$ 1.113 2F."F 6.4#8 #.#11 #.#84 #.#33 1.F3$

16 Shatt *l-*ra; 16.8 #.#2 2.23 3.86 #.#$F #.8F" 1.448 #.#$4 1.6#" #.F22 #.8#2 #.$41 12.34 ".4"$ #.##" #.#"$ #.#22 1.640ean 2".2

2a

#.#"

3

4.13

6

6.23

2

#.1F" 4.$6$ ".F16 #.12" 2."2$ 1.F1" 1.863 2.284 13.$1a

8.4"$ #.#11 #.1F6 #.#8# 2.#2"

a 5oncentrations of sites 14 an 1" were eDclue fro) the )ean calculation as the are eDcetionall high

()arine!





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

132

able ' 5orrelation of solutes to 5l

Solute 5orrelation to 5l (R 2! 5luster Sourcing

5l 1.##

R1 +ransort control an

solute flushing

0g #.$F

Na #.$$

Se #.$$

r #.$$

B #.$$

5a #.F$

i #.88

0n -#.#3$

R2 eologic sourcing

5o #.#42

*l -#.#2#

:e -#.#"1

& -#.#33

Ni -#.2#$*s -#.1"#

9n -#.#62

R3 *nthroogenic sourcing5 -#.#26

P; -#.122

N%3 #.#13

R4 *nthroogenic an natural sourcing

Sn #.###3

5u -#.211

0o "<-#"

#.#12

S%4 #.36#

e #.24#

: #.##45r #.#14

able eneral ha@ars fro) salinit of irrigation water

Site

No.

<5

(sL)!

+S

()gLl!

*)ount of salt (tonLacre.ear! when water use for

irrigation

Salinit ,a@ar

1 3.42 218$ 2.$" ,igh ha@ar. nacceta;le for irrigation' eDcet for 7e lants

2 3."8 22$1 3.#$ ,igh ha@ar. nacceta;le for irrigation' eDcet for 7e

lants3 2.$" 1888 2."" 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros

4 2.6F 1F#$ 2.31 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)entcros

" 2.F1 1F34 2.34 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros6 2.61 16F# 2.26 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros

F 4.63 2$63 4.## ,igh ha@ar. nacceta;le for irrigation' eDcet for 7e lants

8 4.## 2"6# 3.46 ,igh ha@ar. nacceta;le for irrigation' eDcet for 7e

lants$ 2.$$ 1$14 2."8 ,igh ha@ar. nacceta;le for irrigation' eDcet for 7e

lants

1# 2.86 183# 2.4F 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)entcros

11 2.86 183# 2.4F 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros12 2.8" 1824 2.46 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros

13 2.$6 18$4 2."6 0eiu)-high ha@ar' Reuire careful )anage)ent

cros





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

133

able . S*R ha@ars

Site No.

S*R ,a@ar Site No.

S*R ,a@ar

1 F.4" se )a ;e restricte $ 6.2# se )a ;e restricte

2 F.$2 se )a ;e restricte 1# 6.#1 se )a ;e restricte

3 6.1" se )a ;e restricte 11 6.1# se )a ;e restricte

4 6.1$ se )a ;e restricte 12 6.#$ se )a ;e restricte

" 6.23 se )a ;e restricte 13 6.2" se )a ;e restricte

6 ".8" se )a ;e restricte 14 2F.22 Se7ere a)age. nsuita;le

F $.#$ Se7ere a)age. nsuita;le 1" 12.F# Se7ere a)age. nsuita;le

8 8.18 se )a ;e restricte 16 ".84 se )a ;e restricte

able / i)e eosition le7els for the stuie sites

Site No. i)eeosition

,a@ar

Irrigation rateinLhr Site No. i)eeosition

,a@ar

Irrigation rateinLhr

1 3.43 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clou

as

$ ".1F Not reco))ene

2 3.48 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clouas

1# ".23 Not reco))ene


as

11 ".2" Not reco))ene


as

12 ".28 Not reco))ene

" 3.F4 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clouas

13 ".1F Not reco))ene

6 3."8 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clouas

14 3.46 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clou a

F 6."# Not reco))ene 1" 3."3 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clou a

8 ".36 Not reco))ene 16 3.46 Q #.2 irrigate at night or on clou a

able 0 5lassification of water ;ase on Na

NaG 5ategor Sites

[ 2# <Dcellent -

2#-4# oo -

4#-6# Per)issi;le 1' 2' 3' 4' "' 6' F' 8' $' 1#' 11' 12' 13'

6# -8# ou;tful 14' 1"

Q 8# nsuita;le -





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

134

1i+ure " Stu Sites

1i+ure $ enrogra) of cluster analsis ;ase on the correlation of solutes a)ong each other. +he 4 clusters

selecte ha an a7erage istance ;etween clusters 1." an ro7ie the )ost infor)ation regaring water ualit

atterns

0 10 20 30 Km

R1 R2 R3 R4





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

13"

A22eni3 "

*.5oncentration 7ersus lan use (cluster R1!. +he )ile hori@ontal lines reresent the )ean concentrationwhile the otte hori@ontal line reresents 05. an use= *gricultural (*!' *ra;ian ulf (!' )arshlans(0S!' an ur;an (R!





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

136

.5oncentration 7ersus lan use (cluster R2!. +he )ile hori@ontal lines reresent the )ean concentration.

an use= *gricultural (*!' *ra;ian ulf (!' )arshlans (0S!' an ur;an (R!

5.5oncentration 7ersus lan use (cluster R3!. +he )ile hori@ontal lines reresent the )ean concentration.

an use= *gricultural (*!' *ra;ian ulf (!' )arshlans (0S!' an ur;an (R!

A22eni3 " 4continuation5

.5oncentration 7ersus lan use (cluster R4!. +he )ile hori@ontal lines reresent the )ean concentration

while the otte hori@ontal line reresents 05. an use= *gricultural (*!' *ra;ian ulf (!' )arshlans(0S!' an ur;an (R!



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