Precision Farming

Measure then Manage

Closing the Yield Gap

Farming Futures, NIAB Feb 2011

Sunflower

growing

Potato

growing

Seasoning

Packaging

17%

17%

2%

17%

53% of Walkers carbon footprint is upstream, outside of our own operations

34% of footprint from agriculture

Transport Disposal

Processing

Cooking

34% 10% 3%

The Biggest Impact Lies Outside Our Direct Control

50 in 5 Agro sustainability Targets

Carbon: 50% reduction by 2015 of the CO2e emitted in the production of potatoes vs. Crop 2009

We produce 111 kg CO2e as a resultof growing and supplying 1T of potatoes*

We have identified reduction opportunities of 32%and working on initiatives to close the remaining gap

Field Yield is critical to reduce our footprint

Key opportunities for GAP: Champion Varieties, CO2 efficient equipment, storage design / losses

Investment required: £500M over 2 years – research &I-Crop enhancements. Assumes grower fund store investments

through long term contracts (or £1-2MM pre-payments^)

Water: 50% reduction by 2015 of the total volume of surface orgroundwater (blue water) used to grow potatoes in identified water scarce areas vs. Crop 200925% of UK potatoes grown in water scarce areas. 50% reduction will require:- Targeted application according to crop requirements (i-Crop) – no waste- Optimised application through efficient irrigation equipment – even distribution- Identifying volume of blue water applied and install alternative green water sources

Total applied water is 4 billion litres or 4 million tonnesCovering 50% of 25% of our base = 0.5 million tonnes = 0.5 million m3 water.

20,000 m3 reservoir (to irrigate 2,000 T of potatoes or 44Ha) costs ~£100k

Capital required for 50 reservoirs = £2.5 million (before Grants)

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Key Enablers to getting to our 50 in 5 commitments

• Connectivity with our growers & committed growers

• Potato Variety Programme

• I-Crop

• Irrigation Efficiency

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Before you can manage you need to measure

Carbon (Co2e) per tonne raw potato

Water (H2o) applied and rainfall per tonne raw potato

We have established the tools:

Cool Farm Tool for Co2e

Icrop platform (Soil moisture probes and weather stations)

Reduction of Co2e & H2o (PIUK 50 in 5)

2010 UK I-Crop Field & Hardware Set Up

Identification and marking out of 24 trials fields

Weather station at each site

3 soil moisture probes in each field

1 probe fitted with a ‘rain gauge’ in each field (to work out the difference between rainfall and irrigation).

UK - 24 Fields spread across country, Irrigated & Un-irrigated, Early & Main Crops, Core 3 varieties

UK Agro team supported by 3 additional temporary staff to manage the data collection

Each field visited every 7-10days

Engage the Growers

Adequate Resource - do not underestimate support needed

Recognise the differing ability of Growers

Collect robust / reliable data

Measurement – making it happen:

2 Digs per field area:

No 1 dig @ 50-56 days after 50% emergence

No 2 dig @ harvest, or as close as possible

Yield dig data collected

Plant and stem densities

Number and weight of tubers, per 10 mm size fraction, i.e.. Yield fractions

For 2nd Dig: plus quality (crisp) data

2 sets of yield digs were carried out on each crop, with support of the field team and growers

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17 trials to study effects of seed rates

14 trials with modified fertiliser usage

In addition to the 24 trial fields, additional Modified Agronomy trials were conducted

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Cool Farm Tool

• Cool Farm Tool Introduced 2009 through Sustainable Food Lab– Created by Unilever and University of Aberdeen– Wider group of circa 15 companies/multiple crops– Simple LCA / Co2 measurement software

• Agreed to pilot in UK– Robin Griffiths – Icrop participant, initial run.– PE 2009 data = 111kg/t Vs CFT 2009 data = 110kg/t gave confidence

• 2010 schedule – 22 crops from Icrop programme• Results ex field and throughout storage Nov 2010 – June 2011

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Definitions used

Farm Energy Fertiliser ProductionFertiliser Emissions

Agrichemical Use

Co2e Emissions from:• Electricity• Diesel used in field

production• Tractors• Transport from field• Grading• Irrigation Pumps• Washing

Co2e Emissions from• Energy intensive

production of mainly Nitrogen Fertiliser

Co2e Emissions from• Fertilizer Type• Fertilizer nutrient/

product • Fertilizer

Application Rate • Fertilizer

Application Method• Emissions are

related to natural microbial conversion of nitrogen in the soil, during which N2O can be lost to the air.

Co2e Emissions from:• Pesticide type• Application rate• Number of

applications

Storage

Co2e Emissions from:• Electricity used

from National Grid in storage

• Diesel Use (generators, pumps, etc)

Carbon foot-printing work considers 5 areas of carbon use (storage carbon data to be captured)

Carbon: The Cool Farm Tool has replaced expensive alternatives to calculate LCA’s with good consistency so far.

• First LCA completed by Carbon Trust as part of Walkers onbag labelling• Deeper dive by agro using PE Int. Gabi LCA software using 2 UK growers• Cool Farm Tool used in Icrop 2010 and roll out in EU from 2011

Carbon Trust = 142kg/t = 1 data set

PE Int: 111kg/t = 2 data sets

Cool Farm Tool: 110kg/t = initial data. In progress on 22 Euro crops

2008 2009 2010

Of the footprints so far completed, the mean is 95 kgs Co2e / tonne potato

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Cocker

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Farm EnergyAgro Chemical UseFertiliser ProductionFertiliser Emissions

Cool Farm Tool for this crop, excluding storage132 Co2e kgs / tonne raw potato

58

63

74

Fertiliser Emissions

Fertiliser Production

Agro Chemical Use

Field Energy

132 kg / Ha off-the field is highNeed to review fertiliser useField Energy is very low – reviewing data with supplier

ICROP – MVP Daw - Crop growth and Development

Full Cover (FC) >90% Canopy

No growing days lost on this crop due to canopy falling below 90%

I-Crop fieldwork results in a growth curve for each crop, from which modelling work can been done

Irrigation started too lateSoil too dry from mid to end June116 mm irrigation applied1 mm drainage86% water use compared to potential water usedCrop received 297mm water in total, but ideally needed 345mm. Needed 164mm irrigation, or 42% more

8 MVP Daw Saturna

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21-May 18-Jun 16-Jul 13-Aug

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SMD

Limiting

Irrig

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Pot ETp

Act ETp

Target : Keep blue line (Act ETp) near green line (Pot ETp)

CUF - water modelling – Mark Stalham

Water usage modelling - MVP Daw – based on i-CROP data

SumProfile

Moisture probes showing that this field became very dry mid June. Confirmed by CUF water model.

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ACTIONS POINTS to ACHIEVE 50 IN 5 :

Schedule irrigation better - start on time. Use probe data to flag deteriorating moisture levels

Carbon Management Plan Review of NPK use and accuracy of data collection for CFT More accurate irrigation system to deliver applied water more efficiently

SUMMARY from yield and water usage model in combination with ICROP outputs:

mm % Litres /t %DU

Total Water 297 100 58 235

Applied Water 116 39 22 745 54

Rainfall 181 61 35 490

Sustainability – MVP Daw - Water KPI

Saturna, Irrigated (crop kill on 4 September - harvested on 21 September)

  30 31 30 28 28 24 23 24 23 11 7 9 1520 26 34 40  

  34 29 26 23 28 24 21 23 19 14 11 13 1825 32 34 40  

  32 35 27 23 28 25 21 18 15 15 13 13 2226 30 31 34  

  34 30 26 30 29 28 25 21 15 10 12 13 2025 28 26 28  

  34 35 29 29 30 30 30 26 15 9 10 15 2326 25 24 22  

MISSED OPPORTUNITIES :

86 % of ideal water usage Equivalent gap accounting for a 7 t/ha missed opportunity or 14% lost revenue Could have reduced carbon print by 14%

Crop could have yielded 14% more, with either 42% more irrigation or 42% more efficient irrigation

2011 : CO2 Management Plan

Carbon Management Plan

Farm details

Farm identification Farm name

Author of plan Author name

Date of plan 01 November 2011

Planning period 2012 to 2015

Summary of carbon footprint using the Cool Farm Tool Insert output from the Cool Farm Tool. For some farms, results could be shown separately for different blocks of land, or different varieties… Dummy data set Emissions from production area per hectare per tonne finished product

Total (kg CO2-eq) Total (kg CO2-eq) Total (kg CO2-eq)

Fertiliser induced N2O 265,792 604 13

Embodied CO2e fertiliser production 497,125 1130 25

Agrochemicals 144,320 328 7

Field energy Use 1,349,965 3068 67

Primary processing 468,744 1065 23

Total (kg CO2-eq) 2,725,946 6195 135

Emissions hotspots Insert some text to point out main sources of emissions.

Benchmark data Data needed for comparison to show whether the farm emissions are high or low relative to other farms and expected emissions for each category.

Comparison with benchmarks Allows prioritisation of improvement targets.

Planned actions to minimise emissions Crop year Action Improvement

potential Ease of implementation

Carbon management plan included in all

Walkers Snack foods contracts in 2011

Cool Farm Tool delivers the Co2 data

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Kgs Kgs Kgs Kgs Kgs Kgs Kgs Kgs 25t 200t 1,000t 1,000t 1,500t 15,000t 25,000tBreeder Trials Small Plot research trials Factory trials Commercial Ramp

Years

PepsiCo have been actively involved with new potato varietiessince the mid-90’s.... 4 distinct phases and can be a 15 yr journey!

Market volumes &Seed production

Variety Qualification

“Advantaged inat least one, not disadvantaged in any vs. targetreplacement variety”

Variety programs are a numbers game with no guaranteed outcome....

80,000 potentialcandidates

30-40 candidates insmall plot trials

2-5 front runningvarieties

1 qualifiedcandidate

.... crossing a large with a small potato does not always result in a medium size potato

Cambridge University Grower Engagement “Innovators”

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1. Blight Spray 2. Electricity 3. Diesel 4. Yield94

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Base data Impact

109 kg108 kg

106 kg

100 kg

110 kg 110 kg110 kg110 kg

Cool Farm Tool modeling – From 110 kg / tonneRobin Griffiths 2009 data

1. x1 less blight spray = 1% reduction in carbon footprint

2. 10% reduction of on-farm electricity use = 2% reduction in carbon footprint

3. 10% reduction in diesel usage = 4% reduction in carbon footprint

4. 10% improvement in yield = 10 % reduction in carbon footprint

On-farm modelling identifies priority areas for reduction

• YIELD is the Key Driver to Reduce Carbon and Water Footprints

Pilot modelling –UK 2010

UK Sustainability Farming Report has been launched and the 50 in 5 Commitments have been made public

Website created to inform and communicate our sustainability agricultural objectives

PIUK Sustainable Farming Report 2010 has been publicly launched

For more information: www.pepsico.co.uk/farming