Pre To WWI NOTES

Canada begins as this history as a part of Britain, and slowly moves

away to become Canadian

You will not be able to watch the movie clips unless you’re at PGSS (it’s a server thing

SOCIAL Laurier’s Canada

• “Developing” Nation• + Birth rates • - Death rates • Literacy rates starting

to increase• + Urban population

(urban poor, starvation, squalor living)

SOCIAL Immigration

• CND v. Racist

• Afraid lose culture, jobs (+ #-- or afraid the higher the number, the more they’ll take over their culture)

SOCIAL Immigration

Clifford Sifton—fillin’ up west

• 1st “white” Americans• 2nd Europeans• 3rd Eastern

Europeans• Last = Asians &

Indians

Ch, Ja & In= cheaper & expendable labour

SOCIAL Head Tax

• Chinese forced to pay to get in ($50-$500)

• Chinese Exclusion Act—not allowed to enter CND at all

SOCIAL Vancouver Riot

• 30 000 people—Asiatic Exclusion League met in Vancouver

• Marched to Chinatown—smashed, stole, broke stores & belongings

• Went onto Japanese—aware—held back (warned)

SOCIAL Komagata Maru

• 376 Sikhs,

• continuous passage,

• not allowed off in Vancouver & forced to return to India

SOCIAL Women in Victorian Era

• Victorian Era—jobs = seamstresses & domestics

• Temperance movement prohibition

• Vote (Suffragette) • Vote 1st= Man, Sask,

Alta

SOCIAL First Nations

• Forced to live on Reserves

• Forced to attend Residential Schools—abuse, neglect, malnutrition,

• Whole process= assimilation

– Clip on restitution & on closing of church

ECONOMIC Global Economy

• CND exports—raw materials (primary, not much secondary, little tertiary)

• Biggest market = Br & USA

• Branch Plants get around Tariffs

World War One

INTERNATIONAL Causes of WWI

• Darwinism (survival of fittest)

• Nationalism (nation/ language/ traditions superior)

• Imperialism (bigger colony… no one could touch BR… sun not set)

INTERNATIONAL Causes of WWI

• Militarism (arms race… esp @ sea)

• Alliances – Triple Alliance (Ger,

It, A-H)– Triple Entente (Br, Fr,

Rus)

INTERNATIONAL Schlieffen Plan

• Ger- no 2 front war• Gen Schlieffen

makes plan• Go though neutral

Belguim• Sweep around and

take Paris• Everyone knows of

plan!

INTERNATIONAL Assassination

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot by Serbian “Black Hand”

• A-H send Serbia ultimatum (agreed to all but A-H send in officials to investigate assassination)

INTERNATIONAL Alliances Click

• A-H declares war on Serbia

• Serbia is protected by Russia

• Russia mobilizes for A-H

• Germany declares war on Russia

INTERNATIONAL Alliances Click

• France backs up Russia

• Germany attacks Belgium (to get to France)

• Britain defends Belgium and enters war

CANADA’S EXPERIENCE

• What did we learn from WWI?

• How did so many die?

• Why did we participate?

• What changed in Canada because of WWI?

INTERNATIONAL War on Land

• New Technology = suicide

• war of attrition

• Generals don’t understand new techniques needed

INTERNATIONAL Western Front

Trench Warfare=• Rats, • water, • trench foot, • little/ no food, • gas, • death, • smell, • No-man’s land, • bombing/ artillery, • shell-shock • Bayonet

CHRISTMAS

• 1914• Christmas at

Trenches• 1 day firing ended• Met at No-Man’s Land• Partied/ drank/ cards• Fired on at 12:01AM

next day• Ended because ‘hurt

morale’

SOCIAL Propaganda

• Stories sell idea • Ger killing babies• raping women

• CNDs cheering in street (parades) to go when war starts: want to get “Huns” & think will be over by Cmas

POLITICAL War Measures Act

• Gov’t can do what ever for success of war

• Lose freedoms to fight for freedom!

• “Enemy Aliens” Interned

ECONOMIC Victory Bonds

• Loaning $ to gov’t to be paid back after war over

ECONOMIC Income Tax

• “temporary measure” help finance war

ECONOMIC Industrial Production

• CND creates military weapons & equipment, like – airplanes, – shells and – ships

(300 000 employed in 1918)

INTERNATIONAL CND battle 1 Ypres

• Belgium• Chlorine Gas used

1st time • (urine on

handkerchiefs help CND)

• 5200 dead

INTERNATIONAL CND battle 2 Somme

• France• 57 470 CND & Br dead in

1st day!• 90% of NFLD & Labrador

soldiers killed at Beaumont Hamel

• battled lasted 5 months, 1.25 million killed on both sides

• Tanks used for 1st time (not well, stuck in mud)

INTERNATIONAL CND Battle 3 Vimy

• 100 000 CND (prepared for months) led by BYNG

• Few hours took more land than 1st 2 1/2 yrs of war

• When CND became nation

INTERNATIONAL CND battle 4 Passchendaele

• Bombed land during massive seasonal rain storms… land v. uneven and muddy

• Mud (soldiers drowned in it)

INTERNATIONAL War in Air

• Ger had more planes at beginning of war

• Zeppelins/ airships used for observation & bombing raids

• 1917 Allies have Sopwith Camel

INTERNATIONAL War in Air

• 1916 average life of pilot = 3 weeks

• Billy Bishop = top fighter Ace for ALL allies! (Victoria Cross)

• Captain Roy Brown shot down Red Baron

INTERNATIONAL War at Sea

• Lux liner Lusitania sunk, by Ger sub; 1198 dead (many US)—eventually brings US in war vs Ger

• Uboat try keep supplies away from Br (food, weapons, soldiers, etc)—stay submerged 2.5 hr, 35 men, 12 torpedoes

INTERNATIONAL War at Sea

• Jutland (Denmark), May ’16, 2 sides faced off

• ‘17 unrestricted sub warfare by Ger

• Br dev Convoy system

SOCIAL Halifax Explosion

• Mont Blanc (Fr) collided with Imo (Bel)

• huge explosion

• 2000 dead, thousands injured/ homeless

Cbc footage

AUTONOMY Conscription

• At 1st, thousands volunteeredNews of Trenches finally reaches home—few interested in fighting

• Bordon (PM) wants conscription

AUTONOMY Conscription

• Fr CND not see it as their fight (deserted by Fr, oppressed by Br), army all Eng (few Fr get high position)

• Farmers want to keep sons for labour

AUTONOMY Conscription

• Military Service Bill—men 20-45 must join army

• Riots in Montreal & Quebec City vs Conscription

• Left Canada a divided nation

• Did it work? 45 000 soldiers made it to front before end of war but not one died.

POLITICAL Election ‘17

• Liberals & Conservatives who wanted conscription joined and made UNION GOV’t

• Won huge majority but only 3 seats in Quebec

SOCIAL Women in WWI

• Nurses & ambulance drivers overseas

• Worked in munitions factories, drove busses & streetcars, in banks, on police forces and civil service jobs

SOCIAL Women in WWI

• SUFFRAGISTS: Dec ’17 Wartime Elections Act granted sisters, mothers & wives of soldiers the vote

First Free Enlightened Elector- " Watta you tinka dis votes for women?"

Second Free Enlightened Elector- "Tommyrot! Why, they've got to be eddicated up to it fust." Montréal Herald , November 26, 1913

INTERNATIONAL Russian Revolution

• Tsar Nicholas’ son haemophiliac

• Rasputin comes to help

• Tsar incompetent (but nice) & isolated, doesn’t realize things falling apart in Russia

• Bolsheviks come in, end involvement in war

INTERNATIONAL The Last 100 Days

• 1000s Ger soldiers, last ditch effort, pour into Fr before US too strong

• 80 km from Paris, CND, Allied & US troops with 500 tanks fight back

• Ger surrenders Nov 11, 1918 (11th hr, 11th day, 11th month)

AUTONOMY Treaty of Versailles

• Bordon insists we have our own seat (because of war effort)

• Big decisions made by Fr, Eng, USA

AUTONOMY Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson wants “League of Nations” to stop future wars

• Fr wants “reparations”

• Ger loses land, power, money, military rights

ECONOMIC Economic Growth

• Field crops increase 163%

• Fisheries increase 74%

• Forest products increase 70%

• Exports increase 223%

SOCIAL CND Losses in WWI

• Dead 60 661

• Wounded/ gasses 173 000

• Conscription divides

SOCIAL CND Gains in WWI

• Industry booms

• CND more independent after

• Women get vote