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“Practical Guidelines for Climate Change Actions in
Tourism Destinations”
The Case of Pangandaran
For the project “Sustainable Tourism through Energy Efficiency with Adaptation
and Mitigation Measures” (STREAM)
Contents
i. Aim/Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
ii. List of Figures/Tables/Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 About STREAM project................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Climate Change and Tourism ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Climate change impact and risks on tourism .............................................................................................. 12
2.2 What can be done to address climate change? .......................................................................................... 13
2.3 Impact and vulnerability assessment .......................................................................................................... 15
3. Introduction to Pangandaran .............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Pangandaran as Tourism Destination ........................................................................................................ 17
3.2 GHG emission baseline development and results in Pangandaran ............................................................ 21
3.2.1 Data Collection................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.2 Computation....................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Results of STREAM GHG baseline.................................................................................................... 23
4. Climate Change Mitigation ................................................................................................................................. 26
4.1 Description of activities for energy efficiency in hotels................................................................................ 27
4.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Hotel .................................................................................................................. 27
4.1.2 Approach to Implement Energy Efficiency in STREAM...................................................................... 27
4.2 Description of activities for usage of renewable energies ........................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Aim of Implementing Renewable Energy ........................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Phases for Renewable Energy development in tourism..................................................................... 31
4.2.3 Importance of Involving Local Community in Implementation of GEC ............................................... 39
4.2.4 Challenge for Implementation of GEC with Local Community ........................................................... 39
4.3 Low carbon planning................................................................................................................................... 40
5. Climate Change Adaptation ................................................................................................................................ 42
5.1 Aim of Climate Change Adaptation ............................................................................................................. 42
5.2 Strategy and Category of Climate Change Adaptation Options .................................................................. 42
5.3 Selecting Options and Measures ................................................................................................................ 43
5.3.1 Identify Possible Climate Change Adaptation Options ....................................................................... 43
5.3.2 Assess and prioritize adaptation measures ....................................................................................... 43
5.4 Selecting Location for Adaptation Measures .............................................................................................. 46
5.5 Implementation of Adaptation Measures .................................................................................................... 48
5.6 Linking Adaptation Measures to Tourism Development ............................................................................. 49
5.6.1 Preparing and selecting links to tourism ............................................................................................ 49
5.6.2 Teaching local community about product development, pricing strategy, operational, and
management ...................................................................................................................................... 50
5.6.3 Conduct marketing ............................................................................................................................. 50
5.7 Integrating Adaptation Measures to Local Climate Change Strategies....................................................... 51
5.7.1 Integrate and mainstream adaptation ................................................................................................ 51
5.7.2 Plan the activities and document them in an adaptation plan ............................................................ 51
6. Engagement of local stakeholders...................................................................................................................... 53
6.1 Human Resource Development .................................................................................................................. 55
6.2 Awareness Raising for Local Stakeholders and Wider Public (including tourists) ...................................... 57
6.3 Community Based Tourism Planning: Ensuring Sustainability ................................................................... 58
7. Annex ................................................................................................................................................................. 60
7.1 Other publications and outputs of the STREAM project ............................................................................. 60
7.1.1 Guidebook on Energy and Climate Management System for Hotels ................................................. 60
7.1.2 Low Carbon Planning Software Tool.................................................................................................. 60
7.1.3 Local Climate Change Adaptation Guide for Pangandaran ............................................................... 60
7.1.4 Mangrove Monitoring Book ................................................................................................................ 60
7.1.5 Guide for Visiting Coral Reefs in Pangandaran ................................................................................. 60
7.2 Standard Operational Procedure for STREAM’s Renewable Energy Management in Bulaksetra.............. 61
7.3 Sample of Standard Operational Procedure for Maintaining Solar PV ....................................................... 62
7.4 Pangandaran: Past climate and weather impacts....................................................................................... 63
7.5 General Climate Change Adaptation Options ............................................................................................. 64
7.6 Ideas for Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Pangandaran .............................................................. 66
8. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................ 69
i. Aim/Objective
The “Practical Guidelines on Climate Change Actions in Tourism Destinat ions: the Case of Pangandaran”
serves as a tool to replicate the knowledge and achievement of the “Sustainable Tourism through Energy
Efficiency with Mitigation and Adaptation Measures in Pangadaran, Indonesia” (STREAM) project to other
destinations to implement climate change actions. The document compiles the knowledge generated
throughout the implementation of the STREAM project highlighting the best practices and lessons learnt
with regards to climate change related activities in the tourism sector and describe practical methodologies
for replication. The document contributes to achieving multiplier effects by up-scaling the best practices on
sustainable development actions involving local communities in a tourism destination.
This Guideline is part of the STREAM project and adds value for the project as part of a replication tool to
upscale the application of climate change actions in other tourism destinations. The Indonesian Ministry of
Tourism and Creative Economy would be using this Guideline as a master piece for improving visibility and
outreaching the best practices of STREAM to other Indonesian tourism destinations. As an outcome, 15
Destination Management Organizations in Indonesia would be exposed to the best practices of STREAM
and would strengthen capacities to use tourism as a tool to address climate change, by learning practical
methodologies.
ii. List of Figures/Tables/Acronyms
List of Figures
Figure 1: STREAM core project components............................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Greenhouse gas effect (IPCC, 2007b) ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 3: Indonesia’s emissions contributions by sectors in 2000 (MoE Indonesia, 2010) ......................... 10
Figure 4: Process to assess and manage climate change risks (IPCC, 2014) ........................................... 11
Figure 5: Methods to address climate change ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 6: Criteria to assess vulnerability towards climate change ............................................................. 15
Figure 7: Map of Pangandaran sub districts ............................................................................................ 17
Figure 8: Annual visitors in Pangandaran ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 9: Overview of methodology on GHG emission baseline development .......................................... 21
Figure 10: Pangandaran hotel types for GHG baseline development ....................................................... 24
Figure 11: Emissions of average units in Pangandaran ........................................................................... 24
Figure 13: Benchmarking of electricity usage with results from CHENACT ............................................... 25
Figure 13: Systematic approaches to identify climate change mitigation potentials ................................... 26
Figure 14: Tendering process with technology vendors ........................................................................... 30
Figure 15: Instruments for climate change mitigation process .................................................................. 40
Figure 16: Overview of Low Carbon Planning Tool process ..................................................................... 41
List of Tables
Table 1: Greenhouse gas, sources and impact ....................................................................................... 10
Table 2: Summary of climate impacts and risks in South East Asia (World Bank, 2013)............................ 13
Table 3: Number of typical units for Pangandaran data collection ............................................................ 23
Table 4: Category of Climate Adaptation Options .................................................................................... 43
Table 5: Aspects for Prioritizing Adaptation Measures ............................................................................. 44
Table 6: Criteria in selecting mangrove and coral planting for STREAM ................................................... 45
Table 7: Capacity required for mangrove planting and coral planting for STREAM ................................... 56
1. Introduction
This practical guideline aims to support local governments and institutions in tourism destinations and
NGOs working in the field of sustainable tourism to react to the challenges of climate change. It contains
information on methodologies and practical experience that were developed and applied in the STREAM
project.
It contains a summary on the causes and effects of climate change, followed by the description of the
tourism destination Pangandaran. Best practice and lessons learned in the areas of climate change
mitigation and climate change adaptation are described in the next chapters. The engagement of local
stakeholders is a critical success factor with regard to climate change actions and is treated in the last
chapter.
1.1 About STREAM project
Building on the previous UNWTO biodiversity conservation project in Pangandaran, the Indonesian Ministry
of Tourism and Creative Economy, MoTCE (formerly Ministry of Culture and Tourism, MoCT), together with
UNWTO Consulting Unit on Tourism and Biodiversity, is implementing the project “Sustainable Tourism
through Energy Efficiency with Adaptation and Mitigation Measures in Pangandaran” (STREAM). This
project is part of Germany’s International Climate Initiative (ICI) which supports climate change related
projects worldwide in developing, newly industrializing and transition countries to contribute effectively to
emission reductions and adaptation to climate change.
The Government of Indonesia has made a non-binding commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 26%
by 2020 from Indonesia‘s “Business As Usual” and a further reduction of up to 41% with international
financial support. This is the largest absolute reduction commitment made by any developing country.
Climate change mitigation measures are the pillar of contributing to this achievement.
Pangandaran is a popular tourist destination on the
southern coast of West Java, Indonesia. Due to the
vulnerability towards the impact of climate change,
Pangandaran was chosen as the project site to
demonstrate mitigation and adaptation measures.
The overall goal of the project is to adopt and
implement an approach to a low carbon tourism
development in Pangandaran.
For local level participation, the project builds on
the established results from the previous UNWTO
project by engaging on-site communities and local
authorities such as the Local Working Group and Figure 1: STREAM core project components
the Destination Management Organisation (DMO). Lessons learnt from the project will be replicated and
transferred to other regions in Indonesia by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy.
The time frame for the project was from the beginning of 2011 until May 2014. The core project activities
are shown in Figure 1.
2. Climate Change and Tourism
According to the latest Assessment Report (AR5) published in 2013-2014 by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC), “it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the
observed warming since the mid-20th century.” There is, by now, little doubt that human activities are
influencing the global climate. The population growth global megatrend and the increasing volume of travel
across the world imply a growing impact on the environment. In this context, tourism can play a decisive
role in fighting climate change both at the local and global level.
Since pre-industrial times, the global mean temperature has risen by 0.8° C. And the warmest years in
documented history were recorded between 2001 and 2012. While no country will be immune to a
changing climate, the increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will materialize with frequent
extreme weather events around the globe.
Climate change is one of the main global issues in our age. Energy, food and space demand of a fast
growing world population since the beginning of the industrial revolution is significantly affecting our habitat.
In this chapter the causes and effects of climate change are described briefly within the context of tourism.
Terms: What is weather? What is climate? What is climate variability?
Weather is defined as the short term state of the atmosphere in a particular area, as perceived daily
with a regard to temperature, rainfall, wind etc.
Climate is the average weather or the characteristic progression of weather in a given geographical
area over a longer term. It is impossible to say what weather will be like on this day next year, but,
based on our experience of many June days it is possible to say what a typical June day would be like.
Climate is the status of the climate system with a statistical description of the weather in the form of
average values and the variability of relevant parameters over a period of time. These parameters are
mainly surface values, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The World Meteorological
Organisation (WMO) defines the time period (climate normal) as 30 years.
Climate variability is the variation in the mean state of the climate. Variability is generally a natural
feature of a climate system. For the future, it is projected that the variability of the climate will increase.
Source: IPCC, 2007a
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines ‘climate change’ as: ‘a
change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods’. IPCC defines climate change as any change in climate over time, whether due to natural
variability or as a result of human activity. Among scientific researchers, there is consensus that climate
change is very likely caused to a large extent by men made (anthropogenic) greenhouse gas emissions.
Natural factors do play a role in the climate change of the last centuries, but their influence is minor
compared to anthropogenic factors.
The Greenhouse Effect
The main reason for anthropogenic climate change is the so called “global warming” caused by changing
composition of our atmosphere. The greenhouse gas effect keeps the earth warm and allows human
beings to sustain life. Without it the average surface temperature would be about -18°C instead of 14°C.
Figure 2 explains the greenhouse gas effect. Some parts of the atmosphere called greenhouse gases allow
incoming radiation from the sun to pass but limits infrared radiation which is reflected back from the earth to
escape.
Figure 2: Greenhouse gas effect (IPCC, 2007b)
Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases like CO2 or Methane have increased the impact of this
effect. This resulted in changes on earth surface and sea temperature. This has led and is expected to lead
to:
Declining ice caps and glaciers (an example on Figure 2 depicting the change of ice caps from
1936 – 2005)
Increased frequency of extreme weather events
Changing rainfall patterns
Change in ocean surface pH
These impacts have much wider repercussions on several economic sectors. The poorest are the most
vulnerable to climate change because they often rely on agriculture for their livelihood.
Increased emissions of greenhouse gases are mainly caused by change of land usage and burning of fossil
fuels.
Figure 3 shows where emissions from different sectors of Indonesia.
FAQ 1.3, Figure 1
Table 1 shows the important greenhouse gases, major sources, and the different impacts (global warming
potential)
Greenhouse gas
Sources Impact potential1
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Burning of fossil fuels like Oil, natural gas for transportation, electricity generation and heating.
Change of land use e.g. burning of forest or urbanisation
Cement production
1
Methane CH4 Mining of fossil fuels
Agriculture, e.g. Rice paddies
Waste dumps
Livestock
21
Nitrous Oxide N2O
Agriculture, e.g. Fertilizer
Industrial process
310
Table 1: Greenhouse gas, sources and impact
1 Global warming potential (GWP) for 100 year horizon. The GWP is a factor that compares the impact of GHGs over a certain
timeframe using CO2 as reference. A GWP of 21 for Methane means that one unit of Methane has the same effect as 21 units of
CO2.
Source: IPPC Radiative forcing report 1995
13%
11%
20%
3%
5%
48%
Peat fire
Waste
Energy
Industry
Agriculture
Land use change and forestry
Figure 3: Indonesia’s emissions contributions by sectors in 2000 (MoE Indonesia, 2010)
IPCC’s Assessment Report (AR5) uses the illustration in Figure 4 to capture the core concepts in the
process of assessing and managing the risks of climate change. The impacts of risks depend on factors
like hazards, vulnerability and exposure, which are driven by socioeconomic processes and the climate,
determined by both natural variability and human induced-climate change.
Different societies and communities perceive risks and potential benefits in different ways according to their
values and socio-economic goals (IPCC AR5). Hence they make choices and act according to these
perceived risks (or potential benefits).
In the past few years, “increased literature has facilitated comprehensive assessment across a broader set
of topics and sectors, with expanded coverage of human systems, adaptation, and the ocean” (AR5
Summary for policy makers p. 3).
Figure 4: Process to assess and manage climate change risks (IPCC, 2014)
Hazard: The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend or physical impact
that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impact, as well as damage and loss of property,
infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems, and environmental resources.
Exposure: The presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services,
and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be
adversely affected.
Vulnerability: The propensity and predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a
variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope
and adapt.
Impacts: Effects on natural and human systems. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods,
health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services, and infrastructure due to the interaction of
climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability of
an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts
of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts, and sea level rise, are a subset of
impacts called physical impacts.
Risk: The potential for consequences where something of value is at stake and where the outcome is
uncertain, recognizing the diversity of values Risk is often represented as probability of occurrence of
hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events or trends occur. Risk results from the
interaction of vulnerability, exposure, and hazard.
Resilience: The capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event
or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity,
and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning, and transformation.
2.1 Climate change impact and risks on tourism
According to UNEP, the effects of climate change on tourism include (UNEP, 2008):
Direct climatic impacts: Different climate conditions on earth are the principal resource for tourism and
drive global tourism as it enables a wide range of tourist activities. On the same hand climate influences
operating costs, such as heating-cooling, snowmaking, irrigation, food and water supply, and insurance
costs. Thus, changes in the length and quality of climate-dependent tourism seasons (e.g., sun-and-sea or
winter sports holidays) could have considerable implications for competitive relationships between
destinations and therefore the profitability of tourism enterprises.
Indirect environmental change impacts: Environmental conditions are a critical resource for tourism.
Changes in water availability and quality, biodiversity loss, reduced landscape aesthetic, altered agricultural
production (e.g., food and wine tourism), increased natural hazards, coastal erosion and inundation,
damage to infrastructure and the increasing incidence of vector-borne diseases will impact tourism to
varying degrees.
Impacts of mitigation policies on tourist mobility: National or international mitigation policies – that is
policies that seek to reduce GHG emissions – may have an impact on tourist flows (Simpson et al. 2008a;
Gössling et al. 2008b). They are likely to lead to an increase in transport costs and may foster
environmental attitudes that lead tourists to change their travel patterns (e.g., shift transport mode or
destination choices). There has been substantial recent media coverage on this topic, specifically as it
relates to air travel. Long-haul destinations can be particularly affected and officials in Southeast Asia,
Australia-New Zealand, Africa and the Caribbean have expressed concern that mitigation policies could
adversely impact their national tourism economy.
Indirect societal change impacts: Climate change associated security risks have been identified in a
number of regions where tourism is highly important to local-national economies. International tourists are
averse to political instability and social unrest, and negative tourism-demand repercussions for climate
change security hotspots, many of which are believed to be in developing nations, are evident.
Table 2 describes the various risks and impacts of climate change that are observed in South East Asia.
Table 2: Summary of climate impacts and risks in South East Asia (World Bank, 2013)
A table with examples of the climate and extreme weather experiences in Pangandaran, documented
during project stakeholder meetings in August and September 2011 can be found in Annex 7.1.
2.2 What can be done to address climate change?
As shown climate change is a global phenomenon influencing ecosystems, economies and societies. What
could be done to react to these challenges, especially as tourism destination? There are two
complementary strategies: (1) Preparation of the impacts of climate change and (2) limiting the impact on
climate change.
Figure 5 illustrates the methods to handle climate change. Mankind is responsible for the increase of GHG
emissions which lead to global warming and climate change. The impact can be reduced by limiting or
offset emission of GHGs. Examples are improvement of energy efficiency, usage of renewable energies,
reforestation. This strategy is called mitigation.
Due to the implications of the climate on the livelihood people get vulnerable. The strategy to manage the
vulnerabilities is called adaptation. Examples are constructional measures to prevent from coastal erosion
or water scarcity or awareness rising.
Figure 5: Methods to address climate change
Priority on mitigation or adaptation methods varies, depending on the location and the intentions to address
climate change. Tourism destinations, in particular those with the existence of organisations for destination
management in place, can actively prepare for the potential impacts as well as preventing and limiting the
impacts on climate change.
Why could destination management organisations (DMO) play an important role in
reacting to climate change?
Birds view on destination
Detailed knowledge on responsibilities and interests within the destination
Accepted by local stakeholders
2.3 Impact and vulnerability assessment
In order to determine how to adapt to climate change it is important to know where a destination is
vulnerable. Vulnerability of a certain “system of interest” is a function of 3 criteria: exposure, sensitivity and
adaptive capacity, as depicted in Figure 6.
System of interest: The “system of interest” is the unit to assess with respect to your question. You
may determine your system of interest at different levels, e.g. a single crop system, an ecosystem, a
region – depending on the objective of your analysis.
Exposure: Character, magnitude and rate of climate signal to which a system is exposed. E.g.
changed rainfall patterns: decrease of amount of rain, increase of heavy rains.
Sensitivity: The degree to which a system can be affected, negatively or positively, by changes in
climate. E.g. a farmer may be negatively affected by changing rainfall patterns while a builder may
benefit.
Potential impact: is both exposure and sensitivity together.
Adaptive Capacity: ability to adjust to climate change to moderate damage, take advantage of
opportunities or cope with consequences. Adaptive capacity is a function of the relative level of
economic resources, access to technology, access to climate information, skills to make use of the
information, institutions and equitable distribution of resources. E.g. The ability of the farmer to react by
changing his product or make use of irrigation systems driven by ground water.
The basis for the identification of adaptation measures is information on impacts and how they can
influence the livelihood. The following approach helps to determine and predict impacts and vulnerabilities
of a given system. The proper conduct of this approach would result in finding and selecting appropriate
adaptation measures. Chapter 0 describes further details on how the following approach was utilized to
identify locally feasible adaptation measures:
1. Collect and evaluate climate information
a. What will happen?
b. Where?
c. When?
d. How sure?
Figure 6: Criteria to assess vulnerability towards climate change
2. Identify key livelihoods and sectors
a. What are the economic drivers in the destination?
3. Assess vulnerabilities
a. How do key livelihoods and sectors depend on climate parameters like rainfall, temperature,
sea level and temperature, biodiversity, etc.
b. To which extend are they able to adapt to these changes?
Further information:
Turn down the heat (World Bank) - The report focuses on the risks of climate change to
development in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia and South Asia
Figure 7: Map of Pangandaran sub districts
3. Introduction to Pangandaran
3.1 Pangandaran as Tourism Destination
Pangandaran is a popular beach tourism destination in Java. It has been widely known both by foreign
tourists and particularly by domestic tourists. Previously part of Ciamis district, it is now part of
Pangandaran district which is officially inaugurated on 25th October 2012. Figure 7 shows Pangandaran
district is represented by 10 sub districts. Pangandaran, as one of the National Strategic Tourism Area
(KSPN) according to the National Tourism
Development Master Plan (Ripparnas),
covers administrative area of 6 districts,
namely: sub Kalipucang, Pangandaran,
Sidamulih, Parigi, Cijulang, and Cimerak.
West beach which stretches along 27 km and
a peninsula of 350 acres conservation area
are its main attraction. Pananjung, as the
peninsula is called, divides Pangandaran
beach into two parts, each at the east and
west. Other attractions in Pangandaran also
offer outstanding experience for tourists,
such as Green Canyon, Citumang, and Batu
Karas. Green Canyon is located at Kertayasa
village, Kecamatan Cijulang, Kabupaten
Pangandaran. It is very famous for its caves
and river. During dry season, tourists can
cruise the beautiful green water of Cijulang
river in 30 minutes to see Green Canyon
water falls. Citumang is another river and
water spring close to Pangandaran. Its
crystal clear water flows out of limestone
caves, which allows people to bath and play.
Pangandaran is accessible by 8hour drive from Jakarta (the capital of Indonesia) or by 5 hour drive from
Bandung (the capital of West Java) and Yogyakarta (the capital of DI Yogyakarta). These cities are the
main entry points and the biggest market potential for Pangandaran. Pangandaran can also be accessible
by plane. There is one airline (Susi Air) which offers returned flight from Jakarta-Pangandaran using a small
plane with capacity of 8-12 people. However, schedule and frequency of the flights often change, thus
requires checking prior to every trip plan.
Figure 8: Annual visitors in Pangandaran
In 2013, Pangandaran is visited by 1,160,227 tourists. Figure 8 shows the continuous increase after its
decline in 2007. Other attractions in Pangandaran also showed an increase, such as Batukaras (167,511
tourists or 19% annual growth in 2012) and Green Canyon (120,520 tourists or 37% annual growth in 2012).
Latest survey by Indecon (2011) indicated that most tourists came from big cities in Java, such as Jakarta
(14.72%) and Bandung (43.65%); as well as neighboring cities from Garut, Banjar, and Tasik (23.86%).
Ratio of foreign tourists are still much lower (1-10%) in the last 10 years. Foreign tourists are mostly from
Europe, especially Netherlands (51.04%) and UK (13.54%).
Most tourists visiting Pangandaran spend their leisure time for sightseeing, swimming, playing at the beach,
and cruising Cijulang rivers. Interestingly, there is a high interest for cycling activities, both along the
promenade (usually preferred by domestic tourists) and bike tour packages to the village. Culinary
experience is also one of the features. Pangandaran offers great variety of food, namely: traditional
Indonesian food, seafood, and Chinese cuisine at affordable price.
This trend brings along many multiplier effects to the destination. The increasing number of tourists
increases tourism supplies. In 2011, number of accommodation premises has increased to more than 170
including guest houses and hotels, based on Indecon survey. Pangandaran has relatively good supporting
facilities; for instance, a baywatch team, health clinic which can handle minor surgery, tour and travel
agents, banks and money changers.
423,687
273,460 257,513
485,743
585,701 703,093
729,684
1,120,027
1,160,227
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Many visitors are day-trip tourists from surrounding cities, and even though they are from distance cities
they do not necessarily stay overnight in Pangandaran. Many properties along the beach rent out public
toilets for day-trip tourists, which in high season can account to thousands. This trend has also attracted
people to start small business, such as opening stalls for food, souvenirs, tattoo, and other services.
Pangandaran lacks of facilities to cater this small economic activities, which then occupy any public space
available including the beach.
In total, this trend has increased demand for services and utilities; especially electricity, water supply,
sanitation, sewage treatment, and solid waste management. Both domestic and business purposes still
enjoy highly subsidized electricity tariff. The availability of surface and deep water supply is still good.
Therefore campaigning for savings is quite a challenge. Sanitation and solid waste management is on the
other hand more visible problems. Many premises still throw away their sewage to open water and soil;
while littering and deteriorating waste collection facilities have created major problems particularly during
high season. This increasing demand is a great challenge for environmental quality in Pangandaran.
To counter the impact of tourism towards the environment (e.g. collection of corals, boat docking on coral
reef, leakage of sewage water to open sea, cutting down mangrove trees and setting up settlements on
mangrove areas, etc.), continuous initiatives have been implemented. Nevertheless, the efforts are limited
and this brings attention to the need for capacity building and efforts to sustain the conditions of the
environment.
Pangandaran has a sloping topography from the beach to hills with an average altitude of 100 meters
above sea level. It is located close to the mountain range of south of Java, thus is vulnerable to
earthquakes and tsunamis. Awareness to natural disaster and evacuation procedures are a must for any
tourism planning and development in Pangandaran. Tsunami in 2006 had destroyed not only tourism
facilities in Pangandaran and killed more than 200.000 people, but also destroyed coral reef ecosystem.
Total population at 6 sub districts which accounts into Pangandaran destination is 383.848 people (2010).
Javanese and Sundanese are the dominant ethnic group in Pangandaran. Most of local community in
Pangandaran works at rural-based economic activities, such as fishery, plantation, and rice-paddy field
agriculture. Tourism development has changed part of this agricultural community into urbanized
community, particularly at the coastal areas. It has also attracted many immigrants from different regions
and created many diversed new urban jobs. Tourism has long story in Pangandaran and is well perceived
by local community and other local stakeholders. Nevertheless, it is the task of the future tourism
stakeholders and destination managers to improve its positive effect for local economic benefits and
environmental protection.
3.2 GHG emission baseline development and results in Pangandaran
Mitigation, the reduction of the impact on climate change, could be done more effective if it is known where
GHG emissions come from. An option to analyse emission sources and sinks is a GHG emission baseline.
A GHG emission baseline consists of figures representing the current status of greenhouse gas emissions
in a certain area, e.g. a tourism destination. It could be used for awareness rising, low carbon planning,
monitoring and other activities related to mitigation. Figure 9 shows the overview of developing the GHG
emission baseline of Pangandaran, followed by descriptions of the method.
Figure 9: Overview of methodology on GHG emission baseline development
3.2.1 Data Collection
Setting up system boundaries:
The first step of data collection for a tourist destination is the definition of system boundaries. The
boundaries must be set up thematically and geographically for the observed system. Once these
boundaries are set up, they have to be strictly defined and adhered to. It is therefore recommended to set
up the system boundaries in line with the destination management authorities’ region of influence.
Top-down data collection:
Information is collected at a larger scale in order to be broken down into smaller units later. This includes
e.g. information on the total number of hotels and tourists, the total amount of electricity consumed or
amount of waste disposed in the area. From interest are also the number of visitors and their length of stay.
Top-down data could be collected from desk researches through the internet, reports, authorities and
agencies containing the respective data, as well as interviews.
Bottom-up data collection:
Information is gathered from various incoming data at the smaller units, which is then pieced together to
form the larger scale. First step is to identify representative samples (average typical units) for detailed data
collection which could then be extrapolated. Typical units could be a small hotel, a big restaurant, etc.
These are analysed in more detail in audits (either detailed or walk through) to trace specifications of the
unit, sources of emissions, their shares in total emissions and to identify possibilities for improvements.
Secondary sources:
Additional sources could be used for benchmarking or to find/calculate emission factors2.
2 Resource database for emission factors: http://emissionfactors.com/
Recorded data that were included in STREAM include:
Information about the source: time (when recorded), location and source (billing, meter
reading, interview, assessment)
Unit of the data (e.g.: kWh, kW, kg, litre)
Relevant period for which the data was collected, including possible irregularities
(for example: reconstruction, incidents, special events ...)
Estimation of the certainty
3.2.2 Computation
With the waste and energy data from the audits, average typical units can be defined. The format of data
could be different depending on the degree of detail and the type of the available information. But the
values should be normalized, e.g.:
Usage per day (distinguish high and low season, if necessary)
Usage per guest night (for accommodation) or per meal (for restaurants)
Usage per category in % (e.g. 55% for air conditioning)
Using the emission factors, the GHG emissions could be calculated.
By extrapolation of these values with the figures from the top down data collection, the baseline could be
calculated.
3.2.3 Results of STREAM GHG baseline
The following data are based on a survey carried out by Indecon for the year 2011. Table 3 shows the
number and size of the typical units in Pangandaran within the defined system boundaries, according to the
top down data collection. Figure 10 illustrates the size of hotels that is within the scope of the baseline
development.
Hotels Shops Restaurants
Total amount 173 1,014 (3) 99
Average size 17.3 beds - 88.4 seats
Table 3: Number of typical units for Pangandaran data collection
3 For shops an “utilization factor” of 60% was assumed.
Lessons learnt from STREAM on baseline development:
Availability of data was a challenge. Many hotels, restaurants and shops personnel
do not collect and monitor their energy usage. This was primarily an issue of common
practice and behavior as the benefits of tracking and collecting data was unknown.
Through awareness raising and capacity building activities, simple methods to collect
data and its consequent benefits were shared with stakeholders
Willingness to provide data. For the facilities that collected their energy bills, they
were uncertain on sharing their data which are treated as confidential. Through direct
communications and dealing with the decision makers, guaranteeing anonymity and
ensuring confidentiality of the data, trust was developed
Figure 11 shows the emissions of Hotels, Shops and Restaurants per day for on average unit and the
extrapolated value for all units. The biggest share is emitted by the hotels followed by Shops and
Restaurants. Although a single shop emits very little GHGs, due to the high amount of shops they are a
major part in the emission profile of the destination. Most emissions in Hotels are related to electricity
usage, mainly air conditioning. In restaurants LPG usage is the biggest source of emissions. In shops
electricity is used mainly for cooling, illumination and entertainment electronics. Shops do also have a
significant share (15%) of petrol usage for cars and motorbikes. Waste on the other hand, in terms of
emissions, plays a minor role (2% in Restaurants and Shops, 4% in hotels).
Figure 11: Emissions of average units in Pangandaran
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Figure 10: Pangandaran hotel types for GHG baseline development
Figure 12 shows the electricity usage for one guest night in an average hotel in Pangandaran compared to
some hotels in the Caribbean which were investigated in the CHENACT project4.
Figure 12: Benchmarking of electricity usage with results from CHENACT
4 http://www.onecaribbean.org/content/files/CHENACT%20-CREF.pdf
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4. Climate Change Mitigation
The aim of climate change mitigation is to reduce GHG emissions (e.g. burning of fossil fuels) and to
enlarge GHG emission sinks (reforestation).
Knowing this, it is easy to understand the systematic approach for the identification of possible mitigation
measures. Figure 13 shows the systematic approaches to identify climate change mitigation potentials, with
the inter linkages of possible mitigation methods, areas of emissions, and areas of actions.
Elimination means avoiding useless production of GHG. These measures have the best proportion of cost
to benefit. Savings can be felt immediately. For example: Turn devices off if they are not needed.
Reduction could usually achieved by replacing devices and/or optimizing given structures. This mitigation
measure is very effective and could be integrated in the daily business with low effort. For example: Include
Energy efficiency in decisions for investments
Substitution measures are usually implicating cost intensive investments. Also the reduction potential is
very high. For example: Use of renewable energies to cover electricity and/or heating demand
Offset is the method with the lowest cost–benefit proportion and hard to move into practice on this scale.
For example: reforestation
The inspection of these options in the areas on the right side is a systematic approach to identify mitigation
potentials.
The following section describes the pilot mitigation activities of the STREAM project and a software tool for
“low carbon planning”.
Figure 13: Systematic approaches to identify climate change mitigation potentials
4.1 Description of activities for energy efficiency in hotels
4.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Hotel Energy efficiency is one of several possible measures that can be done in tourism destinations like
Pangandaran. UNWTO’s Davos Declaration on Sustainable Tourism mentioned that implementing energy
efficiency in hotels positively contribute to mitigating climate change in the tourism sector. While renewable
energy substitutes fossil fuels, energy efficiency plays a crucial role in the conservation and reduction of
energy utilization. Implementing energy efficiency would increase the competitiveness of a hotel; achieving
lower operational costs, which provides the possibility to set lower room rates for their guests. This will
increase hotels’ attractiveness to tourists and will increase the hotels’ incomes with relation to the same
number of occupancy rate.
Energy efficiency benefits the implementor through behavioral practices shift and technological
interventions. Nevertheless, in order to achieve continuous energy savings, it is necessary to have in place
sustained efforts.
Energy efficiency activities under STREAM was undertaken by involving several entities: Pangandaran
Hotel and Restaurant Association (PHRI), hotels and restaurants as the project beneficiaries, the Institute
for Essential Services Reform (IESR, a local NGO) as the project implementor, and the Local Working
Group of Pangandaran (LWG) as the local liason and also at the same time, responsible for the task of
assisting hotels and restaurants to conduct their own self-energy audit.
Under the implementation of energy efficiency, STREAM perceive highly the importance of engaging local
stakeholders. Such arrangement is important because as the project is completed, it is treated as a
continuous program where the local stakeholders are the ones that ensure the sustainability of the
implementations. On-going efforts on self monitoring and evaluation of the energy consumption will be
useful, especially if the hotels and restaurants would like to continuously reduce their energy cost.
4.1.2 Approach to Implement Energy Efficiency in STREAM Implementation of energy efficiency is relatively challenging in Indonesia, especially with the low rates of
electricity due to electricity subsidies. As a result, consumers of electricity question on the reasonings to
use energy efficiently, as they feel that they could afford it.
Engaging beneficiaries on energy efficiency
Most of the participants that join the STREAM energy efficiency program consist of businessmen in hotels
and restaurants. Understanding that energy costs contribute to the bottom line of their businesses, the
approach used to encourage energy efficiency is to convey the message of cost reductions if they
implement energy efficiency in their hotels and restaurants.
With the principle that beneficiaries are the ones that continuously carry on the success of the project,
STREAM emphasizes on the engagement of the project beneficiaries. This means that all of the possible
interventions should come from the beneficiaries themselves, while being provided guidance and
information. To have the hotels and restaurants on board the program, STREAM went through a process of
communication and convince them on the advantages of joining the program. This engagement process
also indirectly builds the trust and confidence of the participating hotels and restaurants towards the project.
In order to achieve this, a kick-off workshop was conducted. The aim of the workshop is not only to
introduce about the energy efficiency program, but also to introduce the issues of energy efficiency.
From the kick-off workshop to introduce the energy efficiency program, STREAM received expression of
interests from 17 hotels and 2 restaurants to join the program. The next step that followed was an energy
audit in each of the 19 entities with the co-operation of the respective hotels and restaurants in providing
energy relevant data to the audit team.
Energy Audit Activity
The first thing that was done under the energy audit activity is to equip LWG Pangandaran with deeper
knowledge on energy efficiency. A training for LWG Pangandaran was conducted on Energy Efficiency.
Having the training has enabled LWG Pangandaran to explain to hotels on the importance of implementing
energy efficiency. With such of ability, LWG Pangandaran was able to monitor all activities regarding to
energy audit.
Energy audit in Pangandaran was not an easy task. STREAM has learned that not all hotels/restaurants in
Pangandaran has a good management work, such as keeping their electricity bill as well as bill to purchase
gas for cooking. This has been a challenge, since the auditor then has to get the data from the local
National Electricity Company, PLN.
Implementing the Recommendations from Energy Audit Activities
As it is already mentioned, STREAM is a bottom-up project; meaning that all activities are highly
determined by the participants. In implementing the recommendations, STREAM asked the hotel to submit
their proposal, on what kind of intervention that they would like to have in their building. The request should
inline with what has been recommended by the Energy Audit report.
Issues for hotels and restaurants to understand and better accept energy efficiency
programs that were addressed in STREAM:
What is Energy Efficiency?
Why do we need to implement Energy Efficiency? What do we gain from
implementing it?
Who will benefitting from the Energy Efficiency activities?
Where are areas that are energy-consumptive? Is it in rooms, lobby, other facilities
(such as swimming pool, gym, etc.)
How to implement Energy Efficiency in hotels and restaurants?
How will energy efficiency give benefits to the owner of hotels and restaurants?
One requirement that has been established by STREAM was that any hotels/restaurants that are interested
to get the support, they will have to contribute around 10% at minimum, compare to the total investment
required for all particular technology. The 10% was intended to increase the participants’ ownership,
avoiding to give them a free technology.
This main activity consists of several stages:
Call for Proposals
Procurement process
Equipment Installation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Stage 1: Call for Proposals to beneficiaries
There were several hotels that turned to be a reluctant participants, still worried if the project was not real,
since they don’t have enough information on this, as well as they have not yet seen the project such as
those running by STREAM. At this stage, the involvement of PHRI Pangandaran (Hotels and Restaurants
Association in Indonesia, Pangandaran branch) was highly crucial. PHRI was the one that pushed its
member to support the work of energy efficiency in hotels and restaurants.
With the help of PHRI Pangandaran and LWG for their ability to convince the hotels and restaurants,
STREAM had got 11 hotels and 2 restaurants submitted their proposals.
Stage 2: Procurement process for technology suppliers
Technology vendor is selected through open and competitive bidding process. The procurement process
consisted of preparation and tendering stages:
Preparation:
Market survey to acquire information of availability technology and price in the market
Development of bidding documents
Establishment of procurement team that consists of neutral personnel, while being administrated
by the project team
The flow for the tendering process to select technology vendors is described in Figure 14:
Figure 14: Tendering process with technology vendors
Stage 3: Equipment Installation
Depending on the selected energy efficiency technology, each requires different type of installation
methods and also varied duration. Prior arrangement with the management of the project beneficiaries are
required to decide on the duration of installing the equipment. This is crucial to avoid or minimize any
disturbance to the operation of businesses. Specifically for the case of hotels, the installation period should
avoid being done during the peak season of hotel.
Stage 4: Monitoring and Evaluation for interventions
Each project consists of its own set of objectives. Monitoring and evaluation should therefore be aligned to
the objectives of the project. In STREAM, one of the main project goals for energy efficiency is to
“Decrease energy consumption resulting in energy and cost savings and moreover, reduction in GHG
emissions”. To achieve this project goal, several corresponding indicators are defined:
Energy intensity indicator: energy usage/room night (kWh/room.night)
GHG emission indicator: CO2 emission/room night (kgCO2/room.night)
Economic performance indicator: Electricity consumption reduction x price of electricity / room night
(€/room.night)
Payback period indicator: Investment of interventions/electricity cost savings (years)
It is crucial to define the frequency of monitoring these indicators; at which time frame would the monitoring
and evaluation process take place; and when would the result be reported.
4.2 Description of activities for usage of renewable energies
To tackle climate change and the rising temperature of the globe, alternative forms of non-fossil based
energy plays a major role. Renewable energy is the type of energy generation which can be sustainably
produced from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides, hydropower, geothermal and biomass, and
is considered to have unlimited supply as compared to fossil-based energy resources.
4.2.1 Aim of Implementing Renewable Energy
Implementation of renewable energy for tourism development is part of the initiative to implement low
carbon tourism development. Pilot measures include the implementation of renewable energy measures
(Green Energy Concept – GEC) for community building and facilities have been implemented by STREAM
project in Pangandaran, which has inspired this guidance. Implementation has also been linked to tourism
development of the destination.
For many communities, renewable energy measures are completely new things. It also involves high
investment of money and time. To sustain itself, such implementation requires strong ownership of local
community; therefore any implementation of measures should include awareness raising and capacity
building especially for local communities.
4.2.2 Phases for Renewable Energy development in tourism
There are several guiding steps to be conducted in order to implement renewable energy measures with
local community. It can be classified into four different stages, which are (i) planning stage, (ii) design stage,
(iii) implementation, and (iv) monitoring and operation.
Stage 1: Planning
Before starting any planning, it is good to equip ourselves with basic knowledge about renewable energy,
particularly what kind of energy resources, options, and measures for renewable energy. This information is
available both printed and online. In Indonesia, renewable energy from biomass is more popular and has
been implemented in many places in Indonesia.
Knowledge about the potential energy resources which are available locally is crucial. If the resources are
located far away from the users, it will be less effective because (i) much of the energy will be lost; and (ii)
construction will need transportation which might involve fossil fuel energy. Therefore it is very important to
conduct a site assessment in order to make a feasible and realistic design. Many of the information about
locally available energy resources are with the local people themselves.
Stage 2: Designing
This stage is when the technical experts make technical design documents. They usually include: technical
plan and detailed cost estimation. The technical design documents will be used as the basis to select
vendors as well as purchase all materials and equipment for construction.
Technical plan should include (at the minimum):
Ideas of each renewable energy technology to be used
Estimation of electricity needs and production that can be produced for each location.
Specification of each renewable energy technology, including components, dimension, capacity,
any standard
Systematic drawing
While, the cost estimation should include (at the minimum):
Cost of materials and equipment
Cost of installation and physical construction (such as supporting structure or building or protection
structure)
Cost of labour
For planning stage, the following steps were considered in STREAM:
Meeting with local community to discuss the possible location of potential energy
sources
Site visit and assessment. Make careful notes of the following information, which might
be different for different energy resources:
o Location and proximity to other uses and potential users
o Dimension of sources (i.e. width of river, height of waterfall)
o Number and capacity (i.e. number of cows, water debit due to season, wind
velocity due to season, number of average rainy days yearly)
o Previous measures already implemented, achievements, and obstacles
Development of preliminary concept, design concept, and initial estimation of cost
Meeting with the community meeting. Consider to assess the following items:
o Acceptance of local community to any potential measures (i.e. in some places,
people still have negative acceptance to biogas)
o Willingness of local community to get involved
o Potential roles and functions of local community in any development stage
Assess and discuss institutional setup for each step
Cost of maintenance; different technology will imply different maintenance cost. Measures which
involve moving parts tend to require more sophisticated and expensive maintenance cost; while
biomass tank is easier to maintain.
Stage 3: Implementation
The implementation stage consists of two stages to be conducted parallel and supporting to each other,
which are (i) construction, (ii) commissioning, and (iii) on-site training for local community. There are some
points to keep in mind when planning for construction, which are:
Installation might need heavy equipment (such as higher cranes); which should be easily delivered
to construction side and needs enough space
Make sure that all tools and enough skilled workers for construction are available
Transportation of goods (especially if the area is remote or requires special transportation means,
such as boat or walking)
Plan initially the role of local community during implementation.
Stage 3.1 Construction
Based on the technical plan and cost estimation, technical expert should compose Detail Engineering
Design (DED) for each location, specification of technology that will be used in its original size, and budget
estimation for purchasing this product. Specifically the document should be composed of:
Refinement of the technical plan on renewable energy that will be installed on the selected location
(electric boat, wind turbine, solar panel, education facility, etc.)
Needs of tools for each renewable energy ideas (solar panel, windmills, electric motor, etc)
Detailed specification of each renewable energy tools (types and brand of the tools, etc)
Procurement of materials and tools must involve the expert. Procurement can be executed by direct
purchasing or tender process by selecting experienced vendors. Once the materials and tools are delivered,
it should be followed by construction process:
Preparing location for construction. In general, for solar power energy, it is necessary to decide
the location of battery house. Best if the location has the easiest access for transporting tools and
materials. The distance between battery house and the installation will determine energy loss.
For sustainability, STREAM engages local communities in the implementation stage
Although initially the STREAM renewable energy measures were planned to be constructed
fully by vendors, the actual implementation are conducted jointly by community. There is great
interest and curiosity among local community members towards renewable energy
implementation, yet are concern about the lack of technical knowledge and institutional setup to
maintain its sustainability.
Installation is done by the vendor and supervised by the expert. On the installation process,
whenever possible the local community should be involved in the project and invited to see and
help the process
Stage 3.2 Commissioning
Electrical installation works must be checked for its safety for operation. To ensure that the electrical
installation is safe, the installation must follow standard procedure and technical requirement.
Commissioning Test is a series of checking and testing activities of electrical installation that has been set
up and ready to operate. With a good check and test, then the electrical installation is safe. The stages of
commissioning test include (i) checking and (ii) testing.
Renewable energy interventions for tourism development in STREAM
STREAM’s project area in Bulaksetra, the construction of battery house and wind
turbine was done by local construction workers and supervised by the expert. Battery
house was built not only for battery storage, but also to a place for solar panel in the
roof. Tools and materials need to be transported by boat and human power.
(clockwise from top left) Battery House Bulaksetra,Solar panel, solar powered boat,Icon
Bulaksetra
(i) Checking is part of commissioning by looking directly to materials or tools or even the construction of
the electrical installation that has been set, by visually and without tools There are two kind of checking,
which are: visual check and construction check.
Visual check consists of:
Checking the material and tools that has been set one by one to find out whether they have been
constructed according to the specification of the specification on the contract (by number,
specification, etc.)
Ensuring they are in good condition physically
Construction check consists of:
checking the installation of construction material and tools
Ensuring the installation has met the installation plan or regulation (general rules of electrical
installation – PUIL, SPLN).
(ii) Testing is the part of commissioning, whenever visual check is not possible or enough to provide the
required data. Some of testing are: individual unit test, earth resist test, voltage test, security system test.
Stages of the testing are:
Installations that have been checked and well tested based on PUIL standard, if it necessary then it
needs to be tested with voltage test and workflow according to determined limit and on required
time.
During testing time, all the devices that have been installed should be operated either it is single or
synchronously based on the plan and the purpose.
The result of checking and testing, including the trial result, must be reported in official report
If there is a mistake on the installation, the trial must be stopped and postponed until the
installation is fixed.
Stage 3.3 On-site training
The sustainability of renewable energy technology that will be installed depends on local community
involvement to operate and take care of the installation. Considering that the renewable energy program is
relatively new for the local community, it is necessary to provide sufficient understanding and knowledge for
local community. The purpose of the training is to give knowledge and understanding in general on the
importance of renewable energy. It is recommended to conduct series of training with local stakeholders
and local community members, which will be assigned to maintain and operate the tools during
construction implementation.
The training materials are as follow:
General knowledge of energy (energy resources, conventional energy, renewable energy, etc.).
Impact of using conventional energy.
Importance of renewable energy for life preservation.
Introduction of renewable energy technology and tool
Specifically, renewable technology energy training should be conducted gradually, whenever possible, in
sufficient time for this and should also consist of technical know-how on:
Simple description about the function and the how-to operate the renewable energy tool
Description of safety and standard operational procedure which relates the operation of the tools
A clear description about how the system works and provides the expected benefits
An explanation about the installation, with a manual book that is easy to understand by the local
community
Training process, besides involving local community as target, also needs to involve the local government
and village government. It aims to get support by policy and increase the sense of belonging for the tools
that will be installed from the government. Community involvement on construction process is important for
transferring the knowledge and simple technology. In construction process, trainers should explain about
installation process, how the tools work, also trouble shooting when the tools fail to work.
STREAM engages local communities in renewable energy development
Although initially the STREAM renewable energy measures were planned to be
constructed fully by vendors, the actual implementation are conducted jointly by
community. There is great interest and curiosity among local community members
towards renewable energy implementation, yet are concern about the lack of technical
knowledge and institutional setup to maintain its sustainability.
Commissioning process Training of GEC with locals
On-site training for GEC installation On-site training for electrical
boat installation
Stage 4: Operation and Monitoring
Some technologies and measures, such as solar street lights, usually are built to work with little
maintenance; however other technologies such as wind turbine require more maintenance. Theoretically, if
the design is good, the other parts should last very long. Maintenance should be planned and conducted
regularly. As mentioned above, the cost for doing this maintenance should be calculated in advance and
become one of the critical points when deciding which technologies to be used.
There are several things to consider for planning:
Put safety first. For instance, when checking PV installation, make sure that the worker wear
rubber-soled shoes, remove jewellery, have two people working together, and make sure how the
switches are working.
Check the simple things first, before going into more technical parts referring to technical guidance
provided
It is necessary to made a Standard Operational Procedures for each installation of renewable
energy tools
The most important thing is to give understanding to local community or stakeholders that they
must understand and follow the Standard Operational Procedures for maintenance or even
operational tool.
The installation should be operated by a group of local technician, which have been trained and selected by
village government formally; in order to guarantee the security and responsibility for the operation of tool.
Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) of renewable energy management should consist of (i) tools
operation and (ii) maintenance. SOP should be made in clear language and easy to understand by local
community. After being produced, it should be explained and executed (at least once) as an training to
show local community how to actually do it. Annex 7.1 describes the SOP for renewable energy
management used in STREAM. In general the operation of renewable energy tool is:
Startup procedure is a procedure or initial step to start operating the system or the tools that are
usually located in one place.
Shutdown procedure is a procedure to shut down the system of the tools if there is a damage or
problem.
Maintenance is all activities to maintain solar panel tools (PV Module, Charge Controller, Battery) in fit
condition (ready to use). Annex 0 describes the SOP for maintenance of Solar PV which includes:
Daily inspection should be conducted each time before an operation (turning on / off the system).
This checking is done physically (for example: there is no broken cable, the solar panel is not
covered, etc).
Regular inspection is done maximum monthly, by visual on both the solar panels and modules
starting from the bottom / grounding.
Clean the solar panel from dust or repair the broken component.
A good care of treatment in system and hardware installed is important for the sustainability and ensuring
benefit from our renewable energy that we develop. Therefore it is necessary to provide a clear and detail
mechanism for maintenance which should be agreed by managing groups and other stakeholders (village
government, Balawista, Kompepam, technical unit for tourism, as responsible owner of the device). The
provider must make a clear schedule of treatment, which is not only applicable on guaranteed components
but also ensure the sustainability and feasibility of the installation.
4.2.3 Importance of Involving Local Community in Implementation of GEC
In Pangandaran, there have been few renewable energy measures being implemented. The typical
problems found in the operation are:
solar panel (for lighting are not optimally functioning; as the responsibility for maintenance was not
assigned to any particular institutions
local communities lack of technical expertise to install, maintain, or repair the devices
awareness raising, information, and capacity building on implementation of the measures operation
were highly limited to few elites of local communities led to lack of ownership
Upon consulting the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, STREAM undertakes the approach of
“Community based renewable energy measures” which includes local community involvement. The
tendering of renewable energy measures with vendors would be complemented with services and training
with local community on the knowledge, construction, and maintenance.
4.2.4 Challenge for Implementation of GEC with Local Community
Involvement of local community is key success factor for the sustainability for the program. Transfer of
knowledge of renewable energy should be planned and conducted in each process. However, the
involvement of local community for implementation might also face some challenges:
Availability of time of local community.
Community members usually prefer to get involved during their spare time. While contractor or vendor
usually has its own preferred schedule; for example they will prefer to do it consequently to achieve
more effective construction time during day and evening, while the community might not be available.
Benefits of the “Community based renewable energy measures” approach in STREAM:
Educating local community with direct, hands-on and practical experience from technical
experts on the knowledge and development of renewable energy devices
Involvement of local community, obtain commitment of local institution for maintenance
On the long run, this will install locally available technical knowledge to not only maintain,
but also to initiate developing own renewable energy devices among local communities
Local communities will develop direct interest and ownership of the devices, protect, and
have the knowledge to maintain, repair and replace the devices.
Project oriented
There is always a possibility that community members involved still consider as project oriented
activities, thus expecting tangible, direct, and quick benefit from the installed renewable energy.
Leadership of village government
It is often that commitment is not enough and needs to be supported by actual policy and actual
attendance of village government officers during activities to show their support for local communities
New technology for most people
The renewable technology might be relatively complicated for local community to understand, thus
requiring relatively longer time and repeated explanation. This demand might not be understood or
accepted by constructors or vendors who have technical background. Agreement about sufficient time,
trainers, and explanation should be allowed in the beginning to make sure that sufficient knowledge
transfer can take place.
4.3 Low carbon planning
Policy makers and planners could support the process of mitigating climate change by influencing internal
operations, the supply chain and the behavior of customers. Figure 15 illustrates different instruments,
which could be used to support the mitigation process.
In order to select appropriate instruments in terms of effort to benefit the decision makers need to have an
understanding of the possible measures and their impacts. This is especially important if a certain emission
reduction target should be reached, e.g. 15% in the next 10 years.
Figure 15: Instruments for climate change mitigation process
In STREAM project a “Low Carbon Planning Tool” (LoCaP tool) was developed to transfer information
which is required to understand the impact of different mitigation measures in a tourism destination. It has
two main components which is illustrated in Figure 16:
The GHG emission baseline is visualised and helps to understand the origin of emissions in the
destination, e.g. emissions caused by electricity usage for air conditioning in hotels
The impact of climate change mitigation measures on the emission profile of the destination could
be experienced interactively by developing “mitigation scenarios”. After setting an emission
reduction target, the user can modify the future emission profile of the area through the introduction
of measures. Different options for meeting the reduction target can thus be tested with respect to
their impact. Diagrams visualize the impact of the chosen mitigation measures on emissions from
different perspectives.
A selection of common climate change mitigation measures for tourism is predefined. To increase the
variety, advanced users can define additional, individual measures and modify the emission baseline in
order to be adopted to other destinations or changed conditions.
Figure 16: Overview of Low Carbon Planning Tool process
5. Climate Change Adaptation
5.1 Aim of Climate Change Adaptation
Climate change adaptation is defined as the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual
or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities
(IPCC). Adaptation is the process through which people reduce the adverse effects of climate change;
while adaptation measures aim to protect against estimated climate change impacts.
There is a whole range of approaches towards adaptation from technical solutions like building sea walls to
“soft” measures like awareness raising and knowledge sharing. Ideally, adaptation should be integrated into
wider development activities of the community and consider existing approaches like disaster risk reduction.
There are several guiding steps to be followed in order to implement adaptation measures:
1. Identify Ecosystem, Key Livelihoods, and Climate Change Impacts
2. Selecting Options and Measures for Adaptation
3. Selecting Location for Adaptation Measures
4. Implementation of Adaptation Measures. In STREAM’s Mangrove and Coral Planting, the general
steps that were undertaken include: (i) Site and structure preparation (ii) Preparation of seedling /
baby coral; (iii) Planting; (iv) Maintenance,; (v) Monitoring of Growth; and (vi) Evaluation of Carbon
Sink and Other Impact
5. Linking Adaptation Measures to Tourism Development
6. Linking Adaptation Measures to Local Climate Change Strategies
In addition to this “technical steps” there are also other activities that need to be implement coherently and
supportive to below steps. These are:
Awareness raising for local stakeholders and wider public (including tourists)
Capacity Improvement for local stakeholders directly involved
These steps will be particularly discussed at the chapter on Engagement of Local Stakeholders.
5.2 Strategy and Category of Climate Change Adaptation Options
There are three general strategies for climate change adaptation options, which are:
1. Avoid the impact, which means withdrawing or changing livelihoods so that the impact will not
affect the community anymore.
2. Reduce the impact, which means adapting livelihoods to become more climate-resilient.
3. Sharing the damage of the impact, which means establishing formal or informal insurance
mechanisms for sharing the damages so that the individual is affected less severely
Table 4 describes the three principle categories of adaptation measures. Ideally, any adaptation plan
should include all; but most of time it is necessary to prioritize according to limitation (time, cost) and
benefits.
Category Description Examples
Hard
measures
Involving technical installations or construction
works
Embankment construction,
sea bunds
Green
measures
Pursuing approaches with particular environmental
benefit
Mangrove plantation
Soft
measures
Capacity building and all adaptation measures that
do not involve any technical components
Awareness raising, education,
training, insurance
Table 4: Category of Climate Adaptation Options
There is a great variety of adaptation options depending to the targeted sector of livelihood. Details of
adaptation measures in sectors such as tourism, fishery, biodiversity, etc. could be further examined at
Annex 7.5.
5.3 Selecting Options and Measures
5.3.1 Identify Possible Climate Change Adaptation Options
After understanding better the context, it is now time to identify the available and possible adaptation
measures. This process collects each of the possible adaptation measures that fit the local context. If the
area already has an adaptation plan, it is recommended to examine the plan, while integrating new
adaptation measures on the existing plan. This plays a role towards sustainability of the selected measures,
as adaptation measures tend to have bigger impact when they are implemented collectively.
5.3.2 Assess and prioritize adaptation measures
After having collected a set of adaptation options, the different measures should be assessed and
prioritized to make sure that the resources available are used efficiently for the most urgent adaptation
measures.
First start with listing the sector that will be tackled (using a table usually helps); then for each sector list
down the impact to be addressed and possible adaptation measures; and finally prioritize each measures.
This approach produced a table of adaptation measures (refer to Annex 7.6) that is the used to access
potential adaptation measures for Pangandaran. In prioritizing, it is recommended to consider the following
aspects: (i) risk reduction; (ii) acceptance of stakeholders; (iii) feasibility; (iv) cost; and (v) side effects
(details at Table 5).
Aspects Key Questions
Risk reduction How effective does the adaptation measure reduces the climate risk?
How does the adaptation measure strengthen the resilience and adaptive
capacity of the community?
Acceptance
Is the measure culturally appropriate and supported by the community? (e.g. religious, social, political etc.)
Is it compatible with the actual local / indigenous practice, e.g. with past
coping activities or adaptation measures?
Feasibility
Is the measure technically viable?
Do experiences with the technology and the complexity of the measure
exist in the community?
Cost
Is it economically viable to implement?
Is it economically viable to operate and maintain?
Side effects:
(How) does the measure help the most vulnerable and address gender issues, children, elderly?
(How) does the measure contribute to sustainable development goals
(environmental, economic, social)?
Is the measure reversible/flexible, e.g. are adjustments at a later point in
time at low cost possible?
Is it a no- or low-regret measure (measure is beneficial even if the predicted climate impacts do not occur)?
What other potential benefits but also negative aspects does the measure have?
Table 5: Aspects for Prioritizing Adaptation Measures
Measures or projects with mostly positive answers to these aspects are potentially good approaches to
adaptation at particular context. Try to rank measures as real as considering long-term perspective possible
to avoid over optimism measures.
STREAM’s adaptation measures
Mangrove and coral planting were selected as the adaptation measures in STREAM. Table
6 describes the bio-ecological and socio-economic criteria that were considered while
selecting these two adaptation measures:
Criteria Mangrove Planting Coral Planting
Bio-ecological
The physical environment supports the
rehabilitation activities (soil conditions,
salinity, pH, wave, tidal).
The movement of the currents at
bottom of sea and wave on surface are
relative calm with good circulation
The location for rehabilitation is the
area that has been damaged.
The base type of waters is a stable
surface, on average fairly broad
Availability of seedlings around the site Average visibility of water not less than
10 m
Supports other ecosystem functions Level of water salinity ranges between
29% - 33%
The location to be rehabilitated is so
wide that it could have an impact
ecologically and socially.
Water temperature ranges between
230C - 300C
Low environmental pressure (tourism,
sedimentation)
There are corals that are still in good
condition to serve as a source of
seeding
Socio-economic
Provide environmental benefits for
local communities (retaining the
waves, abrasion, etc.).
Location of coral transplantation is far
from the settlement and still within
visibility for supervision
Provide economic benefits for
communities (fisheries, tourism, etc.)
It is a region that is still productive
(some damage tolerated)
The land is state-owned land, not
controlled by individuals or groups.
Economic impact for the local
community (benefits for fisheries,
tourism etc.)
High public support towards
conservation of mangrove ecosystem
at the location.
Table 6: Criteria in selecting mangrove and coral planting for STREAM
5.4 Selecting Location for Adaptation Measures
In selecting the location to implement adaptation measures, it is important to have an understanding and
overview of the possible locations before deciding on the precise location. Therefore, the first step is to
make an inventory of locations and assess their characteristics. Following are the two main characteristics
for ecosystem-based adaptation measures:
Physical characteristics
For ecosystem-based adaptation measures, focus on biological and ecological characters of the
location which will ensure the survival of the measures.
Non-physical characteristics
To increase sustainability of any measures, it is important that it will provide benefits to local community
in the surrounding areas, either socially or economically.
The steps for selecting the location are:
Select possible locations
In many places where climate change impacts are already apparent, ecosystem are already being
affected or even destroyed and disappeared. In this case secondary data or consulting with local
stakeholders are the best sources of information. Seek for information in particular on locations which
were previously or currently having the similar ecosystem for the adaptation measures.
Determine critical indicators of both physical and non-physical characteristics and select the
locations based on which can best fulfill these indicators.
Location for STREAM Ecosystem-based Adaptation Measures
Bulaksetra (Mangrove Planting):
Bulaksetra is located in Babakan Village, Pangandaran, which was created by
sedimentantion of Cikidang River and Putrapinggan River. It covers around 17 ha at low
land (0-1.5m high). It provides environmental services by protecting residential areas from
sea-related desasters, erosion, and to capture sedimentation brought by the river thus
protecting coral reef ecosystems offshore. As ecosystems, mangroves function as nursery
ground and feeding ground for some marine life that have economic value such as crab,
shrimp, etc. It is dominated by grassland, palm trees, and mangrove (such Sonneratia sp.,
Rhizophora sp.). The area belongs to the government, however before the tsunami in 2006,
it was inhabited by fisherman families. After the tsunami occurred, the settlement was
destroyed, farmland and fish pond were abandoned and negelected.
Pananjung (Coral Planting):
Coral reefs are located at eastern part of Pananjung Nature Reserve. Its condition is
relatively better than other reef locations. Next to an adequate environmental quality for
growth and development of coral reef biota, this location is less affected from any human
activities (tourism, fisheries). Depth contour of Pangandaran Beach ramps down between 0
to 30 meters. The surface shape of coastal waters is influenced by the presence of the
estuaries; therefore the seabed is formed by sedimentation. The tides follow semi-diurnal
tidal patterns (high and low tide occurs twice a day), while the heights of wave ranges
between 2-5 meters. Water temperature ranges from 29.2 to 30.10C with an average
temperature of 29.50C; while sea surface temperature ranges from 27 - 320C - which is still
good to support coral reef ecosystems and fisheries activities.1 Water turbidity levels ranged
between 3-4 meters. Salinity ranges between 31.1 to 32.3%, which is still a good range for
coral growth.
Pangandaran coral reef is classified as fringing reef; which stretches 1.5 miles with a width
of 20 - 50m. The depth of coral reef locations varies between 1 - 10m. Coral reef
ecosystems are dominated by massive corals that can survive well in the Indian Ocean with
its harsh waves; as well as several types of branching corals at certain locations that have
relatively calm waves like Acropora sp. Research from 2008 on the Pantai Timur reported
that the coral coverage ranged between 32.5% - 40.39%. This condition was much better
than the coral coverage on the West coast with 11.49% - 38.3%
Planting and monitoring of corals by local stakeholders in STREAM
Nurturing seedlings and planting of mangroves in STREAM
5.5 Implementation of Adaptation Measures
Once the adaptation measures have been selected and the suitable location decided, implementation of
the adaptation measures take place. For the pilot adaptation measures in STREAM, the general steps to
implement adaptation measures for the mangrove and coral planting are as follow:
1. Site and structure preparation, supporting facilities development
2. Preparation of mangrove seedling; baby coral
3. Planting of mangrove and coral
4. Maintenance
5. Monitoring of growth
6. Evaluation of carbon sink and other impact
5.6 Linking Adaptation Measures to Tourism Development
5.6.1 Preparing and selecting links to tourism
Linking the adaptation measures to local tourism development is an innovative character to promote
sustainable tourism. Tourist requires and consumes tourism product during their stay in a destination.
Tourism products comprise of (i) attraction, (ii) activity, (iii) facilities, (iv) supporting infrastructure, and (v)
souvenirs. Depending on the adaptation measures, the preparation of supporting facilities and
infrastructures provides the platform to link towards tourism development.
Creating a tourism product that links with climate change adaptation involves a trial process to understand
the demand of such tourism product.
Tourism supporting facilities in STREAM mangrove adoption program
In order to link the mangrove planting program with tourism development, several supporting
facilities were constructed around the mangrove site. They include mangrove education hut,
access pathways, toilet, and signage system. The adaptation pilot measures and green energy
pilot measures in Babakan altogether created a new ‘low carbon’ tourism attraction for
Pangandaran.
5.6.2 Teaching local community about product development, pricing strategy, operational, and
management
Engaging local community to develop product is crucial for many reasons. First, participation increases
local ownership of the products. As products are executed at local level, this will likely create impact on
village environment. It is crucial to make local community aware of this since the beginning, thus enabling a
higher participation. Second, tourism products have a lifecycle. This means that they need to be refined,
adjusted, added, or replaced after several years so that tourists will not get bored. Teaching the community
about product development techniques will make sure that they can develop new products or refine older
ones, whenever it is necessary. At the moment, there are many guidelines for product development. For
biodiversity based tourism products, the “Practical guide for the Development of Biodiversity-based Tourism
Products” published by UNWTO is a good example. It equips readers with technical know-how to identify
destination attributes, develop and design tours, calculate pricing, plan marketing initiatives, and manage
tours.
5.6.3 Conduct marketing
Tourism products need to be introduced to tourism markets. There are many ways to do this, depending on
the target market and the products. It is recommended to clearly identify the target market and learn how
potential tourists find information about any tourism products. Common promotional media tools include
(but are not limited to):
Printed materials, such as brochures, posters, leaflets, and booklets;
Guidebooks;
Websites and social media;
Familiarization trips;
Exhibitions (also international); and
Tourism information points.
Development of Mangrove Tours in STREAM
Starting off through small scale promotion in several hotels and local travel agencies, STREAM
mangrove tour started to receive tourists joining the mangrove tours.Towards the end of 2013,
there was an increasing interest and demand from tourists and local tour operators for the
mangrove tour. Towards the mid of 2014, there were more than 200 commercial tourists
participated in adopting their own mangroves. These tours are already fully managed by a local
environmental group, Ilalang as the local community tour operator at Bulaksetra; STREAM expert
team only maintained close supervision or sometimes interpretation whenever necessary. The
commercial tourists are not only Indonesian tour groups, also few foreign individual travellers.
5.7 Integrating Adaptation Measures to Local Climate Change Strategies
5.7.1 Integrate and mainstream adaptation
Climate change can have impacts on many different areas and activities within a community. Some impacts
will only materialize in the near or distant future. Thus it is important to take projected climatic changes into
account when making planning or investment decisions. If a community development plan already exists, a
chapter on adaptation should be included. In a case a development plan has to be created, the activities
and goals should be designed in such a way that they take into account future climate change and impacts,
e.g. to avoid constructing buildings close to the sea shore.
5.7.2 Plan the activities and document them in an adaptation plan
The adaptation plan should contain a balanced portfolio of measures in order to support a sustainable and
well-structured approach towards adaptation. This includes the description of short-term and long-term
Integrating STREAM interventions with local strategies
In the pilot interventions of STREAM, strategic measures were undertaken with the local
stakeholders to link the measures towards their local climate change strategies.
1. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of Coral Adaptation Pilot STREAM signed a MoU together with the Bureau for Conservation and Natural Resource
West Java (BBKSDA) on the coral adaptation program. The MoU stipulates the
cooperation towards coral reef restoration program in Pangandaran, including planting of
coral fragments, capacity building of BBKSDA officers on coral restoration techniques,
and awareness raising.
2. MoU of the Conservation of Bulaksetra (site of STREAM mangrove planting) STREAM signed the MoU with Babakan village government on the mangrove planting
program. The MoU indicated the support of Babakan village government for STREAM
project; as well as to officially declare Bulaksetra as the conservation and green belt area
in Pangandaran. The MoU also specifies the development of an educational tourism area
in Babakan Village.
3. MoU with the participating hotels and restaurants Under the endorsement of the Hotel and Restaurant Association Pangandaran (PHRI),
STREAM signed MoUs with all the participating hotels and restaurant in the energy
efficiency program. Among others, the MoUs indicate the cooperation of the hotels and
restaurants to continuously monitor their energy performance. The MoU is in line with
PHRI’s strategy to reduce energy costs and promote energy efficiency among its
members.
measures for facing climate change. Short-term measures against the impact of extreme weather events
are accompanied by preventive measures for long-term changes, such as further sea level rise. Adaptation
is a long-term task with importance for decades to come. The plan should help to divide the long-term
requirements for adaptation into short and simple steps.
Essential parts of the plan include an introduction on why the community is dealing with climate change
adaptation and what goals they are pursuing with the plan. The plan should also provide an overview of the
most pressing climate risks that the community is facing. The most important part of the plan is the detailed
description of selected adaptation measures which the community wants to implement: Each description of
a planned adaptation measure or activity provides details on the objectives and expected benefits of the
measure, technical details, the person responsible, investment, operation and maintenance costs as well
as an implementation timeline.
These pieces of information should be documented in a formal plan. The plan can have the similar
structure as mentioned in Annex 7.5, and describing the planning measures in detail. The documentation of
adaptation knowledge and activities supports the traceability of community decisions for every step of the
process. This strengthens robustness - The plan becomes independent of single individuals and thus can
still be in effect if these individuals carry on with other tasks. Decisions can also be better legitimized for
involved community members, although uncertainties might still exist, and the acceptance for the planned
measures within the community will be strengthened.
6. Engagement of local stakeholders
Engagement or participation of local stakeholders is very important not only for the success of the project,
but moreover to the sustainability of any adaptation and mitigation measures. If engagement is meant as a
tool for a project, it means that such engagement aims to assist or ensure that the objective of a process is
accomplished. In this case, the output of the project is more important than the outcome. If the engagement
is meant as an end for a project, it means that such engagement is part of an effort to improve the
awareness, knowledge, and capacity of stakeholders in the long term. In this case, the output for
stakeholders is the ultimate goal of engagement. In many cases, it serves both.
Particularly in combating climate change, it is crucial to involve local stakeholders for many reasons, among
others:
Impacts of anthropogenic climate change may be slow to become apparent, yet the impacts create
massive damage to the environment and society
Adaptation measures need to be continued, expanded, replicated, and escalated to be able to
create significant impact. This is especially the case for the ecosystem-based measures which
need considerable time to grow before they can actually function as carbon sinks; they need to be
maintained, nurtured, monitored, and often re-planted.
In order for any adaptation and mitigation measure to be effective, the engagement and active participation
of local stakeholders are key components. The engagement of local stakeholders should be considered as
the first phase in the process of promoting a long-term sustainable tourism development strategy. This
process focuses on the improvement of awareness, knowledge and capacity of local stakeholders.
In particular, the two bullet points below can illustrate the importance of the role of local stakeholders in
tackling climate change, together with the advantages of their direct engagement in the process:
The consequences of anthropogenic climate change generally arise in the long-term, as
demonstrated by the impacts of rising sea levels, changes in temperature and weather patterns, as
well as the occurrence of extreme weather events. And these impacts can bring about massive
collateral damage to the local economy, environment and society as a whole. This is why
awareness, knowledge and capacity building actions targeting local communities can have
remarkable results
Adaptation measures shall be conceived as enduring ones and be supported by inclusive policies
and activities aimed at their expansion, replication, and scale-up to then enable local communities
to achieve substantial, positive results for the society, the economy and the environment. This is
especially the case for ecosystem-based measures like, for example, reforestation and tree
planting, which need long periods of time before they can show concrete carbon sequestration
capacity (carbon sinks). Like in the case of Pangandaran, in order to maintain their function as
carbon sinks, mangroves need to be maintained, nurtured, monitored, and often re-planted.
The engagement of stakeholders is time consuming, involves many people and might cover a wide
geographical area. Thus, a detailed planning is required. In order to engage a community, there are some
initial steps that aim to minimize exclusion and to establish who should participate at what stage. In many
cases, when adaptation and mitigation measures are planned or commissioned as a project, then relevant
stakeholders are chosen by project clients who sometimes reserve the rights to suggest the participants. In
order to minimize the risk of excluding key actors, some tools described below will help determine who
participates and to what end. These steps5 are:
5 The steps are developed and described at Tools for Minimizing Exclusion from “The Entrepreneurial Enterprise: Urban Design Handbook” by
Babar Mumtaz
Role of STREAM Local Stakeholders
To ensure the sustainability of the efforts initiated in STREAM, both for the mitigation and
adaptation pilot measures, STREAM built the capacity and engaged the following local
stakeholders:
LWG (Local Working Group): established since the previous Indonesian project, local focal points to represent the society towards sustainable tourism development. “Volunteers” that carry out the monitoring and engagement of projects once it is over
PHRI (Hotel and Restaurant Association Pangandaran), umbrella body that is dedicated and supported in bringing together members of hotels and restaurant to participate in STREAM
Ilalang Group, local environmental group that is managing and operating the mangrove planting program, as well as handling the mangrove tours.
Babakan village government, village government that STREAM handed over the
mangrove program as owner, signed MoU for the 17 ha green belt are where the mangroves are planted, established an institutional council (LP2B) to oversee the mangrove program and appointed Ilalang Group as the organization to operate the
mangrove program
Bureau for Conservation and Natural Resource West Java (BBKSDA), governmental agency that is sustaining the efforts of the coral rehabilitation and planting program of
STREAM
Technical Unit of Education Office Pangandaran Regency, focal point of the Ministry
of Education to collaborate on the Mangrove Planting Programme among schools in Pangandaran, assimilating the mangrove programme as part of the curricular activities, and integrating environmental studies among schools.
a) The HU-ZU Analysis is a tool used to determine the ‘who is who’ in a project: It is important to all those
involved in the activities or who have specific interests in the activities of a project and its outcomes.
This analysis consists of two simple steps:
1. Identify all possible groups of stakeholders in the community, such as users, beneficiaries,
regulators, etc.;
2. Identify all stakeholders belonging to these groups in the community where the project is to be
implemented, such as, for example fishermen who are the beneficiaries of the coral restoration
program because, once corals are restore and brought back to healthy conditions, this will
increase the fish stock in the area; another example is BBKSDA, the users (beneficiaries) of
the program.
b) The Force Field Analysis allows to asses who actions are in favour and who they are against:
This analysis is used to identify the program’s friends and opponents, as well their ability to influence
any intervention performed by the program.
c) The Power Interest Grid is used to assess the interests and respective influence of each identified
stakeholder (developed by Aubrey Mendelow, Kent University, 1991). This analysis utilizes a simple
matrix to include all stakeholders and crosscheck their power against their interests. This analysis is
useful to determine any outreach program targeted to each stakeholders group. For instance, for
stakeholders who have low interests but high power, an outreach is necessary to make them aware of
the program. If the Project’s outreach initiatives fail to do so, some stakeholders might end up
jeopardizing the entire program because of a lack of knowledge about its impacts.
6.1 Human Resource Development
An adaptation and mitigation plan should address building capacity. Building adaptive capacity aims at
enhancing the knowledge about climate change and its impacts on the community, and understanding the
possible actions. This means that individuals in the community learn about climate change, its causes and
projected future trends. It also comprises organizational structures like responsibilities in the village on
coordinating actions to increase climate resilience.
To develop a comprehensive capacity building plan, the first step is to identify the required capacity needed
to implement and to sustain measures. It should be continued by assessing the existing capacity available
in the stakeholders. This should not be limited to local community; but also to local government and private
sectors which are related and required to ensure sustainability of the measures. With these data, we can
conduct capacity gap analysis and develop a capacity building plan.
Capacity Building on STREAM’s Mangrove Planting at Bulaksetra and Coral Planting
at Pananjung
Capacity on mangrove planting and coral planting exists already at the local community.
Nevertheless, the capacity serves only as local knowledge, and would therefore need to be
completed with further technical skills. The required capacities are described at Table 7:
Mangrove Planting Coral Planting
1 Understanding on mangrove ecosystem (bio physic of mangrove, benefits, function, components, etc.)
1 Understanding on coral reef ecosystem (bio physic of coral, benefits, function, components, etc.)
2 Technical skills on seedling and planting of mangrove
2 Diving technique
3 Technical skills on nurturing mangrove 3 Technical skills on coral monitoring (methods for monitoring coral reef ecosystem)
4 Technical skills on monitoring and evaluation of mangrove growth
4 Technical skills on coral transplanting
5 Technical skills on monitoring and
evaluation of coral growth Table 7: Capacity required for mangrove planting and coral planting for STREAM
Understanding the require capacity among local stakeholders, STREAM has provided
capacity building programs in:
Training for Local Government; which serves as awareness raising on climate
change and sustainable tourism
Training to support coral planting include awareness raising, basic technique for
coral transplantation,
Training to support mangrove planting include basic technique for seedling, planting,
and monitoring
Training to develop tour packages which combine mangrove planting, trekking,
visiting village, and river tubing or canoeing
6.2 Awareness Raising for Local Stakeholders and Wider Public (including tourists)
The awareness level of climate change issues varies across areas and regions. It is therefore necessary to
identify the group of people and to increase its awareness on the topic, the way they acquire information
and communicate to each other, and then design the awareness-raising program accordingly. In general,
an awareness-raising program for climate change issues in a tourism destination targets local stakeholders,
local communities and tourists that visit the destination.
For local stakeholders, capacity building activities described in the previous chapters raise the awareness
towards climate change issues and their action towards it, thus are very powerful tools for awareness
raising. Yet, there are many local stakeholders who are not or cannot be technically engaged in the
activities but that can influence the future of any climate change measure. One example can be the local
government that will create and issue local regulation on climate change. These stakeholders also need to
be reached through other media tools, such as presentations or publications.
Similarly, for local communities, there might be community members who are not engaged in the capacity
building, such as women groups or school children. Children are particularly important for adaptation
measures; as such measures will take long time to yield. Mangrove trees will take months to grow an inch,
while corals will take even years to do so. Thus, a fully aware young generation on climate change
measures is an incomparable investment. For tourists visiting the particular tourist destination it is also
important to be informed, because they – through their activities – are major producers of green house
gases, which cause climate change. Once they are aware, they can also be directly engaged and play an
active role in climate change measures.
6.3 Community Based Tourism Planning: Ensuring Sustainability
Adaptation measures, particularly ecosystem-based measures, require continuous and consistent efforts
from participating stakeholders.
Planning of Babakan Tourism Village, Pangandaran
Environmental degradation is apparent problems faced by this area. Conservation initiatives by local
government, donor, or communities need to be disseminated to wider public. Coastal conservation should
be one crucial element of education at home and at schools. Environmental rehabilitation is part of
adaptation measures against climate change impact. Babakan village should be the showcase of
Pangandaran for community based tourism which supports and links environmental conservation. On the
STREAM awareness raising activities
1. Media or news (DW-TV, Metro TV, local newspaper).
The local newspaper is a powerful publication in Pangandaran, particularly for local
government and businesses. STREAM has maintained good exposure on the local
newspaper. However, in order to obtain wider support, television as a vehicle to disseminate
more information is a better tool. Once the program was broadcasted on national TV, it also
increased the pride of local stakeholders who then in return increased their support towards
the measures. The DW-TV (Deutche Welle) documentary made an important contribution by
broadcasting STREAM to an international audience. The documentary was then re-
broadcasted by national TVs.
2. Mangrove Ambassador Program, engage through Education Office and local schools:
The Mangrove Ambassador program was promoted to involve children since STREAM’s the
early stages. The Project partnered with 18 schools in Pangandaran. More than 350
students from the schools participated as Mangrove Ambassadors and joined monitoring
activities. They learned about mangrove growth and coastal protection. Furthermore, several
schools took further this initiative and made it as their regular school activities.
3. Social Media (also engaging tourists)
Social media is the current phenomenon, including in Pangandaran. Everybody from
fishermen, students, to local government have social media account. It had provided
manager of Bulaksetra a way to inform adopters about their trees; and provided a friendly flat
form for all local communities and tourists to interact and connected to each other even after
their visit.
other hand, it is located just next to a growing destination, yet only get small benefits out of tourism.
Tourism offers opportunities to solve these challenges by linking tourism with conservation initiatives. Thus,
it will create a mutual relation between tourism and environment.
Tourism development at Babakan village should support sustainable village development. Its development
is directed towards:
Conserving protected areas and coastal areas, particularly mangrove ecosystem along the rivers
(Ciputrapinggan, Cikidang, and Cibuntung)
Linking tourism with education and environmental conservation initiatives
The approach of establishing a Local Working Group (LWG) proved to be successful for the implementation
of sustainable tourism development. LWG is a unit that represents different community groups of a tourism
destination, and their diverse background provides multiple functions on various issues in sustainable
tourism development.
Role of LWG in STREAM
In Pangandaran, LWG is particularly unique in ensuring the sustainability of efforts in STREAM.
The roles of LWG in the pilot measures of STREAM include:
Facilitating village planning (data collection, discussion, dissemination)
By receiving capacity building in technical skills on adaptation measures, ensuring such
skills exist in the community
Supervision and monitoring role over community groups (Ilalang group )
Facilitation and technical support for village government on village planning
Awareness raising to local government, village government, community members
STREAM handover to local stakeholders
In the beginning of the program, a local environmental group, Ilalang was selected to carry out the
mangrove planting activities, manage the mangrove area, and handle the mangrove tours.
However, as part of the STREAM project’s handover mechanism to local institutions, the Babakan
village government, which owns the mangrove planting area, established an institutional council to
implement and further manage both the mangrove rehabilitation and the tourism development
program associated with it. Tourism development requires involvement of more actors, such as
village government and village council. Nevertheless, Ilalang, as initiator of the initiative, became
part of the council.
7. Annex
7.1 Other publications and outputs of the STREAM project
7.1.1 Guidebook on Energy and Climate Management System for Hotels
The guidebook that describes the mechanism of a Plan-Do-Check-Act system to manage and save energy
in hotels. Training with Pangandaran hotel management and staffs were conducted along with the release
of the guidebook.
7.1.2 Low Carbon Planning Software Tool
The toolkit for local planners to visualize and plan scenarios towards low carbon tourism development. The
tool uses baseline energy and GHG data for hotels, restaurants, and shops in the project scope, visualizing
scenarios of low carbon development strategies to reduce GHG emissions.
7.1.3 Local Climate Change Adaptation Guide for Pangandaran
The locally developed guide offering a structured approach to adaptation with four main sections: (1)
Climate change observations and projections (2) Identify and assess climate impacts on key livelihoods (3)
Identify and assess adaptation options for climate impacts (4) Adaptation plan, operation and monitoring.
7.1.4 Mangrove Monitoring Book
The book to facilitate school children in the monitoring of the mangroves planted in the STREAM project.
The book includes measuring water temperature, salinity, growth, among others, to instill the interest and
belongingness of mangroves amongst the children.
7.1.5 Guide for Visiting Coral Reefs in Pangandaran
The pocket-sized guide comprises of three main sections: (a) 10 steps to preserve and protect coral reefs
(b) Descriptions on the coral restoration programme of STREAM (c) Steps of actions for restoring coral
reefs.
7.2 Standard Operational Procedure for STREAM’s Renewable Energy Management
in Bulaksetra
STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
RENEWABLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN BULAKSETRA
Start up Procedure
Only technician and authorized persons are allowed to do the start up procedure. Please call
your installer for help in doing this procedure.
1) Connect 2 NH-FUSE connector
Check the indicator (led lamp) in Charge Controller (MPPT Morning Star). When the
indicator (led lamp) is flashing in yellow mean it is in initialization. If the led lamp is flashing
in green mean the charge controller is ready / full
2) Press 4 lever switch of MCB connector in Combiner BOX to (I) ON position.
3) Push inverter switch to ON position
4) Press MCB KWH lever switch to (I) ON position. In this condition, the AC~220 Voltage is
flowing on cable network
Shutdown Procedure
If the system is not normal or you feel that the system generator is not well operated, then the
system needs to be shut. For shutting the system, follow this step below:
1) Press MCB KWH lever switch to (0) OFF. In this condition, the AC~220 Voltage is been cut
off or not flowing on cable network
2) Press inverter switch to OFF position
3) Press 4 lever switch of MCB connector in Combiner BOX to (0) OFF position
4) Unplug 2 NH-FUSE connector
7.3 Sample of Standard Operational Procedure for Maintaining Solar PV
STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
Solar Panel Maintenance
Maintenance is an activity to maintain the solar panel (PV Module, Charge Controller, Battery) in
a good condition (ready to use).Inspection must be done per month on the installation, from
grounding to power source (PV module). The maintenance mechanism is as follow:
Check and make sure the module / PV panel between 9AM until 3PM is not covered by
anything (plantation or building, etc.). If necessary, remove the obstacle.
Check visually the module / solar panel start from the bottom / grounding. Solar panel module
has a cover glass that can hold load to 50 pound/ft2. If the cover glass is broken (while in ON /
running condition) then immediately do the shutdown procedure (turn off the system)
Optional: check the cover glass surface if there is any dust or dirt. Seasonal rain may clean
the cover glass, but it better if you clean it manually. First, make sure that the solar panel is
not broke, then spray it with water
Dont clean the cover glass when the glass is still hot. Sudden cleaning the glass cover with
water (cold water on hot glass cover) will break the glass. Only clean the cover glass when in
dawn or dusk when the module is cold.
Solar panel model have a cover glass. If the cover glass is broke, then there will be a
dangerous condition (electric shock and fire). The module can’t be fixed, but replaced with the
new one. If you have a broken module, immediately do the shutdown procedure.
7.4 Pangandaran: Past climate and weather impacts
Climatic
change experienced, extreme weather event
Impact on the community, main problems caused Livelihoods / sectors
/eco-systems affected worst
Sea level rise Has been causing floods on the rice fields and gardens that are located around the beach whenever the sea water level roseparticularly at Babakan village).
Has been causing floods in the fisherman settlements (located
close to beach) when the sea level rose (particularly at Babakan village).
Has been causing difficulty to find parking space; as the boats have to be parked far in land (in many cases the boats have
been carried away by waves when they were parked on the beach).
Has been causing abrasion.
Has been causing the reducing of the width of space to do activities related to the beach.
Has been causing the sinking of the estuary that many years ago, the local guides used to see the sunset with their guests.
Has been causing changes in the wind pattern that affected the
demand of water activities on the beach. It affected the income of watersports facility entrepreneurs.
Agriculture
Fisheries
Coastal ecosystems
Tourism
Changing
precipitation patterns (“unpredicted-table rainfall”)
Has been causing difficulties to plan planting as the weather
forecast was not right. Actual weather did not match with the planting schedule and seasonal calendar.
Has been causing harvest to fail because the weather forecast missed out (the rice suffered either to drought or flood).
Has been causing decreased yields of up to 30-40%.
Has been causing difficulties to predict the weather before going
fishing (extreme weather changes in very short periods of time), which is dangerous for fishermen – as a consequence, there has been a decrease in fish catch.
Agriculture
Fisheries
Heavy rainfall
and floods Heavy rainfall has been causing floods to the rice fields. It was
caused by long periods of rain, thus the rice is rotten. In local language this situation is called “puso”.
Floods have been causing damage on the irrigation infrastructure of the rice fields.
Has been causing the decay of rice: It cannot be dried out due to the long period of rain after harvesting time.
Agriculture
Has also been causing difficulties for turning fish yields into salty fish or anchovy.
Believed to have caused many species of local fish to swim away from the shore or to dive deeper (difficult to catch).
Has been causing the fishermen to not go fishing, because the situation off shore was uncomfortable (too wet and too cold).
High sedimentation flow to the sea from the river has been causing destruction of the coral reef.
High volume of fresh water flow from the river has been causing a lower level of salinity and reduced manggrove growth.
Fisheries
Ecosystem
High temperature
Has been causing easier dry out of crops due to hot temperature.
Has been causing the spread of bugs and other plant diseases
-> leafs of crops became white and then fell off
Has been causing the growth population of plant bugs i.e. brown plant hoppers, rats, etc. which attacked rice and crops
Has been causing an increase of Malaria cases and Cikunguya
(threat of diseases caused by the growing population of disease vectors such as mosquitos, rats, etc.).
The increasing sea water temperature has been causing the bleach of coral reefs.
Has been changing the behavior of tourists who asked the owners of homestays to provide air conditioners.
Agriculture
Health Ecosystem
Tourism
High fluctuation
between day
and night time
temperatures
Has been causing a decrease in the productivity of fishermen:
The fishermen easily got acute respiration infection problems,
malaria, dengue fever, etc.
Health, Fisheries
7.5 General Climate Change Adaptation Options
Sector/
livelihood
Type of measure Description
Agriculture &
fisheries
Improve agriculture
techniques
Encourage the use of sustainable agriculture
techniques to improve food security during dry
periods.
Introduction of salt
resistant crops
Introduce more drought-, flood- or salt-resistant
crops such as maize and grass. This requires
technical assistance to introduce farmers to the
management of the new varieties.
Aquaculture Sustainable aquaculture such as fish farming in
ponds using crop by-products for feed and
integrated livestock-fish farming to improve the
supply of protein-rich food in the area.
Mangrove protection Encourage communities to conserve coastal
mangroves to reduce erosion and protect fish
breeding grounds. This also provides barriers to the
storm surges
Sustainable fishing Raise awareness of fishermen on fishing techniques
avoiding destruction of coral reefs and protecting
fish breeding locations
Tourism Waste management in
hotels
Introducing waste management systems and
recycling in hotels in order to minimize waste and
protect adjacent ecosystems from pollution
Staff and operator
trainings on adaptation
Workshops on natural conservation and economic
value of coastal ecosystems (i.e. mangroves, coral
reefs) for tourism
Water
management
Reduce pollution of water
resources
Protect water sources and communal water points
from pollution, especially from spill-over after floods.
Water flow and irrigation
efficient techniques
Use agricultural techniques such as contour bunding
(i.e. placing stone or little walls around a manure) to
delay the flow of rainwater and improve infiltration.
Drainage routes for
heavy rainfall
Maintain grass waterways to conserve run-off or
drain floods. The purpose of the waterway is to carry
runoff water from anarea.
Biodiversity/
ecosystems
Coastal wetland
protection and restoration
Re-establish and enhance mangrove plantations in
coastal areas to provide a natural barrier between
the sea and land, for flood protection.
Coral reef rehabilitation Re-establish coral ecosystems by planting suitable
corals, supporting growth with necessary
infrastructure. It is important to reduce external
impediments to growth of coral reefs.
Health Sanitary capacity Public health & hygiene campaigns on water
collection, conservation, non-contamination and
coping with drought.
Preparedness against
cyclones, storms or any
extreme event
Help community to prepare for extreme weather
events and hazards: building storm shelters; building
raised embankments to act as escape routes during
a flood; developing emergency evacuation plans and
health protection measures.
Infrastructure Adapting building design Raising buildings on stilts or earth mounds. This can
be a cost-efficient way to avoid losses in assets and
reduce rebuilding costs after floods.
Reduce the vulnerability
of houses to storms
Basic measures to help reduce the impact of storms
and cyclones on houses likeexternal walls, roofs.
The roof pitch angle and roof covering play a key
role in the resistance of a house against storms and
heavy rain falls.
Awareness and
knowledge sharing
Awareness raisingfor key stakeholder groups on
drought and flood adaptation options. It will support
activities on information exchange, education and
creating a network
(Sources: adelphi Facilitators Manual CapCoast V1.0; UNFCCC Database http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/adaptation/)
7.6 Ideas for Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Pangandaran
The following table provides a summary of potential adaptation activities for Pangandaran, documented
during stakeholder meetings in August / September 2011.
Sector /
livelihood
Climate change impact addressed
(in brief)
Possible adaptation measures
Agriculture
(farmers and
peasents)
Sea level rise causing flooding with
sea water
Repairing irrigation system with water gate
mechanism (currently the irrigation system
only uses water canals without water gate)
Planting of mangrove and other beach
plants
High rain fall
Repairing irrigation system with water gate
mechanism (currently the irrigation system
only use water canals without water gate)
Improving sanitation at living /household
environment
Using specific variety of rice seed which
are less vulnerable to flooding
High temperature surface water
easily dries out
Optimizing the existing agricultural
land through the proper use of
fertilizers, seed selection,water
or irrigation channel
settings and pest eradication
Using specific variety of rice seeds which
are less vulnerable to drought
Better water management using water-
gate irrigation system
Improving sanitation to reduce the threat
of disease vector (mosquito) of malaria,
Cikunguya, and dengue fever
“Unpredictable weather” (extreme
weather events / irregular weather
patterns)
Using special variety of rice seed, which
are more resistant to extreme weather
(e.g. immersion/flood and drought)
Fishery
(fishermen)
Sea level rise creates sea water
flooding and erosion
Planting trees at the beach against
erosion
Repairing drainage at living environment
Making safer parking system (the
technique is still debatable)
High rain fall Repairing sanitation and drainage system
Adopting appropriate technology tocook
fish catch regardless of rainfall condition
(i.e. using dryng machine, etc.)
Hotel &
restaurant
employees
Sea level rise caused flash floods
Building dykes and water breakers along
the east coast
Planting trees to reduce erosion
High rainfall during the rainy season and
quick dry-out during the dry season
Improving neighborhood drainage and
water catchment areas to reduce flooding
Providing awareness to the public about
the importance of saving water (and
saving electricity)
Hot air temperature Increasing the amount of protective plants
around hotels and restaurants
Reforestation of beach area
“Unpredictable changes in
weather”/climate extremes
Minimizing the impact of disasters to the
tourists through the information on
evacuation routes
Guides &
operator
(Tourism
services)
“Unpredictable changes in weather” Preparing an alternative tourist attractions
in anticipation when at some time other
tourist attractions are affected by climate
change (e.g. floods, landslide or other
disasters)
Vendor
(tourism related
Hot air temperature
Conducting reforestation around the
beach
“Erratic weather changes” Finding alternative business opportunities
Public and
private
employees
Climate change Giving information to the public about
climate change. It will raise awareness of
the community about the impacts and
readiness to fight them (incrase adaptive
capacity).
8. Bibliography
IPCC (2007a). Glossary of Terms used in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf
IPCC (2007b). Working Group 1. Contribution to the 4th Assessment Report, the Physical Science
Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC (2014). Summary for Policymakers, In: Climate Change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change.
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A.
Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow,
T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA. Figure SPM.X
MoE Indonesia (2010). Indonesia Second National Communication under the UNFCCC. Ministry of
Environment, Republic of Indonesia. http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-
annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/indonesia_snc.pdf
UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO (2008). Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the
Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices.
World Bank (2013). Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for
Resilience, The World Bank Group.
