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PowerPoint® Lecture Slidesprepared by
Karen Dunbar KareivaIvy Tech Community College© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 7 Part A
The Skeleton
Why This Matters• Understanding the anatomy of the skeleton enables you to
anticipate problems such as pelvic dimensions that may affect labor and delivery
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Skeleton• The skeletal system, or skeleton, is composed of bones, cartilages,
joints, ligaments• Mostly bone• Cartilage occurs in isolated areas• Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints
• The skeleton accounts for 20% of body mass• Two major divisions
• Axial skeleton• Appendicular skeleton
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Part 1: The Axial Skeleton• Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions:
• Skull• Vertebral column• Thoracic cage
• Axial skeleton has three functions:1. Form longitudinal axis of body2. Support head, neck, and trunk3. Protect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1a The human skeleton.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
SternumRibHumerus
VertebraRadiusUlna
Carpals
PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella
Tibia
Fibula
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Skull
Thoracic cage(ribs, sternumand thoracicvertebrae)
Vertebralcolumn
Sacrum
Anterior view
Figure 7.1b The human skeleton.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
RibHumerus
VertebraRadiusUlna
Carpals
PhalangesMetacarpalsFemur
Tibia
Lowerlimb
Bones ofpelvic girdle
Upperlimb
Bones ofpectoralgirdle
Posterior view
Fibula
7.1 The Skull• Skull is most complex bony structure in body• Formed by two sets of bones:
1. Cranial bones (cranium) • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity • Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
7.1 The Skull2. Facial bones
• Form framework of face• Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell• Provide openings for air and food passage• Secure teeth• Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression
• Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible)• Joints are called sutures
• Have a serrated, saw-tooth appearance
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2a The skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of cranium
Coronalsuture
Squamoussuture
Facialbones
Lambdoidsuture
Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Overview of Skull Geography• Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium forming the rest of
skull• Cranium is divided into a vault and a base
• Cranial vault (calvaria) forms superior, lateral, and posterior portion of skull, as well as forehead
• Cranial base forms inferior aspect of skull• Internally base is divided into three “steps,” or fossae: anterior, middle, posterior fossae• Brain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium vault
• Area referred to as cranial cavity
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2b The skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior cranialfossa
Middle cranialfossa
Posterior cranialfossa
Superior view of the cranial fossae
Figure 7.2c The skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal lobeof cerebrum
Temporal lobeof cerebrumCerebellum
PosteriorMiddleAnterior
Cranialfossae
Lateral view of cranial fossae showing thecontained brain regions
Overview of Skull Geography (cont.)• Cranium also contains other cavities:
• Middle and internal ear cavities• Nasal cavity• Orbits that house eyeballs
• Skull has 85 named openings• Foramina, canals, fissures• Provide passageways for spinal cord, major blood vessels, and the 12 cranial
nerves
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontalbone
ZygomaticboneEthmoidboneInferior nasalconchaMaxillaVomerMandible
Oral cavity
OrbitOrbit
Cranial cavity
FrontalsinusEthmoidalair cellsMaxillarysinusNasalcavity
Cranium• Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones:
• Frontal bone• Parietal bones (two—left and right)• Occipital bone• Temporal bones (two—left and right)• Sphenoid bone• Ethmoid bone
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.)• Frontal bone: shell-shaped bone forms anterior portion of cranium
• Vertical part, called squamous region, is also known as the forehead• Inferior portion ends at supraorbital margins
• Area underneath eyebrows• Forms superior wall of the orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa• Supraorbital foramen (notch) allows supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to
forehead• Glabella is area of frontal bone between orbits
• Frontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parietal bone
Nasal bone
Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone
MaxillaInfraorbital foramen
Mandible
Anterior view
Frontal boneGlabellaFrontonasal sutureSupraorbital foramen (notch)
Supraorbital marginSuperior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal conchaVomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
Mandibularsymphysis
Mentalforamen
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Squamous part of frontal bone
Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cribriform foraminaLesser wingSphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
Occipital bone
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Greater wing
ViewCrista galli
Optic canal
Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerumInternal acoustic meatus
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)
Posteriorcranial fossa
Frontal boneEthmoidbone
Parietal bone
Foramen magnum
Cribriform plate
Figure 7.7b The base of the cranial cavity.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
View Frontal boneCribriform foramina
Lesser wingSphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
Parietal boneOccipital bone
Foramen magnumPhoto of superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Greater wing
Cribriform plateCrista galli
Optic canal
Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Foramen lacerum
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)
Posteriorcranial fossa
Ethmoidbone
Cranium (cont.)• Parietal bones and the major sutures
• Two large parietal bones form most of superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault
• Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
1. Coronal suture: between parietal bones and frontal bone
2. Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal bones
3. Lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bone
4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures: between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2a The skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bones of cranium
Coronalsuture
Squamoussuture
Facialbones
Lambdoidsuture
Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.Posterior view
Parietal bone Sagittal suture
Occipital bone
Suturalbone
Lambdoidsuture
Superior nuchallineExternaloccipitalprotuberanceOccipitomastoidsuture External
occipital crestOccipitalcondyle
Inferiornuchalline
Mastoidprocess oftemporalbone
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Occipitomastoid suture
External acoustic meatusMastoid processStyloid process
Zygomatic process
Squamous suture
Condylar processMandibular notchMandibular ramus
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Alveolar processes
MandibleMental foramen
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
External anatomy of the right sideof the skull
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Condylar process
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Occipital bone
Mastoid processStyloid process
Mandibular angle
Zygomatic processTemporal bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
MandibleMental foramenMandibular notchMandibular ramus
Coronoid process
Photograph of right side of skull
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatus
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Alveolarprocesses
Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parietal bone
Coronal sutureFrontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal sinusCrista galliNasal boneSphenoidal sinusEthmoid bone(perpendicular plate)
Vomer
MaxillaIncisive canal
Alveolar processes
Mandible
Palatine process of maxilla
Pterygoidprocess ofsphenoid boneMandibularforamenPalatine bone
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal occipitalprotuberanceInternal acousticmeatusSella turcicaof sphenoidbone
Squamoussuture
Lambdoidsuture
Temporalbone
Occipitalbone
GreaterwingLesserwing
Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull
Figure 7.5d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Greater wing ofsphenoid boneLesser wing ofsphenoid bone
Frontal sinusCrista galli
Ethmoid bone(perpendicular plate)
Palatine bone
Petrous partof temporalbone
External occipitalprotuberanceInternal acousticmeatusSella turcica andsphenoidal sinus
Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c)
Cranium (cont.)• Occipital bone
• Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa• Articulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones• Foramen magnum: “large hole” through which brain connects with spinal
cord• Flanked by pair of occipital condyles that articulate with 1st vertebra
• Hypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to pass through
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.)• External occipital protuberance: protrusion just superior to foramen magnum• External occipital crest: ridges that are site of attachment for ligamentum
nuchae • Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of attachment for many neck and back
muscles
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.Posterior view
Parietal bone Sagittal suture
Occipital bone
Suturalbone
Lambdoidsuture
Superior nuchallineExternaloccipitalprotuberanceOccipitomastoidsuture External
occipital crestOccipitalcondyle
Inferiornuchalline
Mastoidprocess oftemporalbone
Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Incisive fossa
Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramenMaxilla
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineOccipital bone
Styloid process
External occipital crest
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process
Parietal bone
Foramen spinosum
External occipitalprotuberance
Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Mandibularfossa
Temporal bone(zygomatic process)
Maxilla(palatine process)Palatine bone(horizontal plate)
Hardpalate
Stylomastoidforamen
Vomer
Basilar part of theoccipital bone
Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hard palate
Zygomaticarch
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
Styloid process
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Foramen spinosumMandibularfossa
Mastoidprocess
Foramen ovale
Superior nuchalline
Photo of inferior view of the skull
Cranium (cont.)• Temporal bones: paired bones that make up inferolateral aspects of
skull and parts of cranial base• Three major regions:
1. Squamous: zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and mandibular fossa makes up part of temporomandibular joint
2. Tympanic: surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.)3. Petrous: houses middle and internal ear cavities
• Makes up part of the middle cranial fossa• Several foramina penetrate petrous region:
• Jugular foramen allows passage of three cranial nerves• Carotid canal: passageway for internal carotid artery• Foramen lacerum: jagged opening covered by cartilage in living human• Internal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid foramen: cranial nerve passageways
• Mastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment of several neck and tongue muscles
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Occipitomastoid suture
External acoustic meatusMastoid processStyloid process
Zygomatic process
Squamous suture
Condylar processMandibular notchMandibular ramus
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Alveolar processes
MandibleMental foramen
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
External anatomy of the right sideof the skull
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Condylar process
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Occipital bone
Mastoid processStyloid process
Mandibular angle
Zygomatic processTemporal bone
Frontal bone
Ethmoid boneLacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
MandibleMental foramenMandibular notchMandibular ramus
Coronoid process
Photograph of right side of skull
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatus
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Alveolarprocesses
Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Squamouspart
External acousticmeatus
Petrouspart Mastoid process
Styloid processTympanicpart
Mandibularfossa
Zygomaticprocess
Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Incisive fossa
Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramenMaxilla
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerumCarotid canalExternal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyleInferior nuchal lineSuperior nuchal lineOccipital bone
Styloid process
External occipital crest
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process
Parietal bone
Foramen spinosum
External occipitalprotuberance
Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Mandibularfossa
Temporal bone(zygomatic process)
Maxilla(palatine process)Palatine bone(horizontal plate)
Hardpalate
Stylomastoidforamen
Vomer
Basilar part of theoccipital bone
Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cribriform foraminaLesser wingSphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
Occipital bone
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Greater wing
ViewCrista galli
Optic canal
Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerumInternal acoustic meatus
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Middle cranialfossaTemporal bone(petrous part)
Posteriorcranial fossa
Frontal boneEthmoidbone
Parietal bone
Foramen magnum
Cribriform plate
Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.1• Mastoid process contains cavities (sinuses) called mastoid air cells• Mastoiditis can develop if a middle ear infection spreads into mastoid
process area• Mastoid air cells are separated from brain by a very thin bony plate,
increasing chances that the infection could spread to brain
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cranium (cont.)• Sphenoid bone: complex, bat-shaped bone
• Keystone bone that articulates with all other cranial bones• Sphenoidal sinuses found within body of sphenoid• Body also includes sella turcica prominence that includes hypophyseal fossa
area enclosing the pituitary gland
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.