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Advanced Organizer
• Read the chapter first
• Have access to the supplemental materials in Blackboard
Theory Basics
• Explains/predicts behavior
• Plan interventions
• Evaluating theory
• Parsimony, clear hypotheses, generates research
• See handout “Evaluating Theories” in Blackboard
Trait/Factor Theories
Parsons/Williamson
Holland’s RIASEC Theory
Person-Environment Correspondence Theory
Brown’s Values Theory
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
Parsons’ Theory: Three components to career
choice
True Reasoning
KnowledgeAboutSelf
KnowledgeAbout
Options
Williamson:Types of Career Problems
1. Uncertainty
2. No choice
3. Discrepancy between interests and abilities
4. Unwise
Williamson’s 6 Stages
1. Analysis (data)
2. Synthesis (strengths/weaknesses)
3. Diagnosis (problem/cause)
4. Prognosis (chance of success?)
5. Counseling
6. Follow-Up
Which Type? How Would you Counsel?
Andy is very interested in being an accountant. However, he keeps failing the CPA exam, even after hiring multiple tutors.
Carol has changed her major 6 times, doesn’t want to make a “bad” choice again so is delaying until summer to choose.
Ben is having difficulty narrowing down his career options.
Ellen wants to be a doctor because “they make a lot of $, everyone respects you, and it will make my parents so proud.”
Options:Uncertain
Discrepancy
No choiceUnwise
Which Type? How Would you Counsel?
Andy is very interested in being an accountant. However, he keeps failing the CPA exam, even after hiring multiple tutors.
Carol has changed her major 6 times, doesn’t want to make a “bad” choice again so is delaying until summer to choose.
Ben is having difficulty narrowing down his career options.
Ellen wants to be a doctor because “they make a lot of $, everyone respects you, and it will make my parents so proud.” Unwise
Uncertain
No choice
Discrepancy
RIASEC THEORYRealistic Investigative
Artistic
SocialEnterprising
Conventional
Basic Assumptions:
1. 6 types of personalities2. 6 types of “environments”3. We seek for environments that
will allow us to express our main personality.
4. Behavior is predictable.• Consistency, congruency
Person-Environment Correspondence (PEC)
Theory
• Dawis and Lofquist
• P-E interaction
• Basic idea: I must meet work demands, work must meet my demands
13
Consider...
13
A job I loved A job I hatedWhat aspects did you love?
What aspects did you hate or not care for?
Employer reinforcers? Employer reinforcers?
PEC MODELIndividual
Needs Abilities
Potential Occupational Reinforcers(working conditions)
Job Requirements
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction SatisfactorinessNot
Satisfactory
????? ??????
PEC MODELIndividual
Needs Abilities
Potential Occupational Reinforcers(working conditions)
Job Requirements
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction SatisfactorinessNot
Satisfactory
TENURED FIREDQUIT
Brown’s Value Based Theory
• Most important element in career choice?
• Crystallization• Can you label it?• Apply it to behavior?
• Culture based• Individual values and
employer values may differ
Cognitive Information ProcessingCognitive Information ProcessingPyramid of Information Processing Pyramid of Information Processing
DomainsDomains(Understanding What’s Involved in A Career Choice)(Understanding What’s Involved in A Career Choice)
Executive Processing
Domain
Knowledge Domains
Decision-Making Skills Domain
SelfKnowledg
e
Occupational
Knowledge
CASVE Cycle
Meta-cognition
s
CASVE CycleCommunicationCommunication
Identifying theIdentifying theproblem - the gapproblem - the gap
AnalysisAnalysisThinking about Thinking about
alternativesalternatives
ExecutionExecutionTaking action toTaking action to narrow the gap narrow the gap
SynthesisSynthesisGenerating likelyGenerating likely
alternatives alternatives
ValuingValuingPrioritizingPrioritizingalternativesalternatives
Readiness Model ComplexityComplexity (high) (high)
__________ readiness readiness ____________________ readinessreadiness
______________ readiness readiness ________________readinessreadiness
(low)(low)
Capability (low) (high)
Readiness Model ComplexityComplexity (high) (high)
LowLow readiness readiness ModerateModerate readinessreadiness
ModerateModerate readiness readiness HighHigh readiness readiness
(low)(low)
Capability (low) (high)