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Tropical Diseases

• Tropical diseases encompass alldiseases that occur solely, or

principally, in the tropics. In practice,the term is often taken to refer toinfectious diseases that thrive in hot,

humid conditions, such as malaria,,schistosomiasis, and dengue.

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!limate change integratedframework

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Why climate change impacts tropical diseases? Elevated temperature

• "hortening the develop cycle of pathogen• #ot weather $ !%& ' biomass, shelter • (nhancement of bacterial survivals

Increased rainfall

• "urvival and transmission of water)borne diseases• *reeding sites Drought and flood• +ater contaminated by fecal and rat urine• ack of food and fresh water, physical damage,

overcrowding

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-alaria

• -alaria is caused by a one)celledparasite. emale mos/uitoes pick up theparasite from infected people when theybite to obtain blood needed to nurture theireggs. Inside the mos/uito the parasitesdevelop and reproduce. +hen themos/uito bites again, the parasites miwith its saliva and pass into the blood ofthe person being bitten.

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"ymptoms

• -alaria parasites multiply rapidly in theliver and then in red blood cells of theinfected person. %ne to two weeks after aperson is infected the first symptoms ofmalaria appear0 usually fever, headache,chills and vomiting. If not treated promptlywith effective medicines, malaria can kill byinfecting and destroying red blood cellsand by clogging the capillaries that carryblood to the brain or other vital organs.

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Dengue

• Dengue is transmitted by the bite of an 1edesmos/uito infected with any one of the fourdengue viruses. "ymptoms appear in 2345 days

6average 537 days8 after the infective bite.Dengue fever is a severe, flu)like illness thataffects infants, young children and adults. Thereis no specific treatment for dengue fever.Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a potentiallylethal complication but early clinical diagnosisand careful clinical management by e periencedphysicians and nurses often save lives.

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Dengue 6cont8

• -ore than 79: of the disease burden is in"outh)(ast 1sia and the +estern ;acific area.

1frica and the (astern -editerranean are much

less affected. In atin 1merica and the!aribbean, the incidence and severity of diseaseare increasing rapidly. Increase in internationalair travel is facilitating the rapid globalmovement of dengue viruses. This increases therisk of dengue haemorrhagic fever epidemics byintroducing new dengue viruses into susceptiblepopulations.

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eprosy• Leprosy is a chronic disease

caused by a bacillus,Mycobacterium leprae .Official figures show thatmore than !" ### people

mainly in $sia and $frica areinfected, with appro%imately&' ### new cases reported

in ##(.• Leprosy is not highly

infectious. It is transmittedvia droplets, from the noseand mouth, during close andfre)uent contacts withuntreated cases.

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"chistosomiasis• "chistosomiasis is a chronic

disease caused by parasiticworms.

• 1n estimated 799 millionpeople worldwide may be atrisk of infection as theiragricultural, domestic andrecreational activities e posethem to infested water.

• -ore than &97 million people

are infected worldwide 3 mostlive in poor communitieswithout access to safe drinkingwater and ade/uate sanitation.

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*holera

• *holera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can +illwithin hours if left untreated.

• here are an estimated "- million cholera casesand !## ###-! # ### deaths due to cholera every

year. • /p to (#0 of cases can be successfully treated withoral rehydration salts.

• 1rovision of safe water and sanitation is critical inreducing the impact of cholera and other waterborne

diseases.• Oral cholera vaccines are considered an additionalmeans to control cholera, but should not replaceconventional control measures.

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2ellow fever

• 2ellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagicdisease transmitted by infected mos)uitoes.

he 3yellow3 in the name refers to the 4aundice that affects some patients.

• /p to #0 of severely affected personswithout treatment will die from yellow fever.

• here are an estimated ## ### cases ofyellow fever, causing "# ### deaths,

worldwide each year. • he virus is endemic in tropical areas of$frica and Latin $merica, with a combinedpopulation of over '## million people.

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he 5lobal Outbrea+ $lert and6esponse 7etwor+

• Ob4ectives• The >www.who.int>csr>outbreaknetwork>en>