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7/29/2019 Power Quality LunchandLearn
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1
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Digital Meters - Power
Quality Monitoring andAnalysis
Bala VinayagamMar 21, 2006
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Contents
• Effects of power quality• Power Quality definitions revisited
• What is needed for PQ monitoring ?
• GE Multilin’s solution
o PQMII
o EPM9000 series
• Summary
Monitor and Analyze Power Disturbances, Disruptions & Harmonics
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ is a Business Problem
Power Quality issues cause business problems
such as:
• Lost productivity, idle people and equipment
• Lost orders, good will, customers and profits
• Lost transactions and orders not being processed• Revenue and accounting problems
• Customer and/or management dissatisfaction
• Overtime required to make up for lost work time
According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percentof All Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Is Power Quality Such a BigProblem?
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Why PQ is such a Big Problem?
• The sensitivity of today’s electronic equipment makes itsusceptible to power disturbances
• For some devices, a momentary disturbance can cause
o scrambled data
o interrupted communications
o a frozen mouse
o system crashes and equipment failure
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems are Expensive
• Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion Annual
Cost of Power Interruptions … Research News,Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005
• $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a resultsof power quality breakdowns …. Bank of AmericaReport
• A manufacturing company lost more than $3million one day last summer in Silicon Valleywhen the “lights went out.” … New York TimesJanuary 2000
• “A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a whole
day of production - $250,000 loss” … BusinessWeek, June 17,, 1996
• Half of all computer problems and one-third of alldata loss can be traced back to the power line …Contingency Planning Research, LAN Times
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Who is Affected?
• Lost production• Scrap
• Costs to restart
• Labor costs
• Equipment damage and repair
• Other costs
• High Cost Facilities
o Semiconductor plantso Pharmaceuticals
o Data centers
• Medium Cost Facilities
o Automotive manufacturing
o Glass plantso Plastics & Chemicals
o Textiles
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.
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10
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.
Momentary Interruptions 0.5 – 30 cycles
Temporary Interruptions 30 cycles – 3
sec.
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min
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12
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min
Voltage imbalance Steady state
Waveform Distortion
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13
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long DurationVariations
TypicalDuration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min
Voltage imbalance Steady state
Waveform Distortion
DC offset Steady state
Harmonics Steady state
Inter harmonics Steady state
For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Sources of PQ ProblemsUtility Sources
• Lightning• PF Correction
Equipment
• Faults
• Switching
Internal Sources
• Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators, Coolers,HVAC
• Uninterruptible Power Supplies
• Variable Frequency Drives
• Battery Chargers• Large Motors During Startup
• Electronic Dimming Systems
• Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)
• Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices• Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray
Machines
• Office Equipment and Computers
• Wiring
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
Random increase in harmonics levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
Random increase in harmonics levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flicker
Garbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currents
Inadequate wiring
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18
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
Random increase in harmonics levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flicker
Garbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currents
Inadequate wiring
Component failure
Dielectric breakdown
Lock-ups
Garbled data
Wavy CRTs
Impulses
EMI/RFI
Lightning
Load switching
Capacitor switching
Static discharge
Hand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing
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19
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Problems and Possible CausesTypical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral
Intermittent lock-upsFrequency deviations
Steady-state Shared neutrals
Improper or inadequate wiringHigh source impedanceSCR/Rectifiers and notchingHarmonics
Interruption
Garbled data
Random increase in harmonics levels
Utility faults
Inrush currents
Inadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-upsLights flicker
Garbled data
Sags/Swell Source voltage variationsInrush/surge currents
Inadequate wiring
Component failure
Dielectric breakdown
Lock-ups
Garbled data
Wavy CRTs
Impulses
EMI/RFI
Lightning
Load switching
Capacitor switching
Static discharge
Hand-held radiosLoose wiring/arcing
Overheated transformers and motors
Voltage and current distortions
Garbled data
Lock-ups
Harmonics Electronic loads
SCR/rectifier
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Major PQ Problems
Source: EPRI, 1994
Spikes, 7%
Sags, 56%
Outages,
6%
Swells,
31%
Sags (Dips)
Associated with system faultsSwitching of heavy loads
Starting of large motors
Swells
System fault conditionsSwitching on a large capacitor bank
Switching off a large load
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Cost of Voltage Sags
Textile Industry
Plastics Industry
Glass Industry
Process Industry
Semiconductors
$1k $10k $100k $1M$10M
Losses per Voltage Sag Event
Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Cost of Momentary Outages
Momentary Outages
create problems when
computers and clocks
reset, equipment stalls,
and work stops.
Category Minimum Maximum
Industrial
Semiconductor Manufacturing $20.0 $60.0
Electronics $8.0 $12.0
Automobile Manufacturing $5.0 $7.5
Pharmaceutical $5.0 $50.0
Glass $4.0 $6.0
Rubber and Plastics $3.0 $4.5Petrochemical $3.0 $5.0
Food Processing $3.0 $5.0
Textile $2.0 $4.0
Metal Fabrication $2.0 $4.0
Mining $2.0 $4.0
Paper $1.5 $2.5
Printing(Newspapers) $1.0 $2.0
Commercial
Hospitals, banks, civil service $2.0 $3.0
Communications, information processing $1.0 $10.0
Resturants, bars, hotels $0.5 $1.0
Commercial shops $0.1 $0.5
Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D 2003
Cost of Momentary Interup ti on
($/ kW Demand)
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
High Speed Waveform Capture
High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQTroubleshooting Tool
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring
Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads
to the Prevention of PQ Problems
• Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous
“Health Check” of a facility’s power system … for
example:
o Harmonic interaction between loads and
power conditioning equipment spotted
o High Inrush currents from equipment
startup detected
o Transients from load switching are seen
• It provides data to see, diagnose and avert
looming problems – “like squeaky brakes on a
car”
o Trends can be detected
o JIT equipment maintenance programscan be established
• It acts like a “Black Box” on an airplane to tell
you what, when, and where a Power Quality
event occurred … to prevent it from reoccurring
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
What is needed for PQ Monitoring?
PQ Monitors must detect and recordthe 7 types of PQ problems
• Transients
• Interruptions
• Sag/Under Voltage• Swell/Over Voltage
• Waveform Distortion
• Voltage Fluctuations
• Frequency Variations
These include Flicker andCompliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEEand ISO Standards
Plus they must …
• Be easy to use
• Be Suitable for continuously
monitoring indoors and outdoors
• Interface with standard PQ analysis
Software…PQDif format
• Be fast enough to capture high
speed events that produce
equipment problems
• Have enough storage to save the
waveforms you need• Have PQ analysis tools that
produce usable, actionable
recommendations
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
26
EPM 9000 / 9800• Up to 512 samples / cycle• Web server •.02 accuracy
•Flicker and transientsrecording
High Range PQ• Transients Flicker • High Sampling Rate• Utility Hardened
• Web Server • Ladder Logic I/O
PQM II• Power Quality parameters• Data logging• Control options
Mid Range PQ• Waveform• Events/Alarms• Data Logging• I/Os
EPM 60000.2 revenue class accuracy
New Additions: THD and KYZ pulse optionEPM 2000Low cost – panel mount
Single P/N PL2000
Basic Metering• 50+ Parameters
• 0.3% Accuracy
• I/Os
• THD, F, PF…..
EPM 1000 / EPM 4000•Wall/Panel mountable enclosure
•Power line carrier capability•Modbus communication
•Multi-Point monitoring capability
•Energy Aggregator support
Sub Metering• Tenant Metering• 10-20 Parameters
• .5 % Accuracy
Sub Meter Basic Metering Mid Range PQ High Range
Basic PQ Monitoring to Advanced PQ Monitoring, Detection & Analysis
Power & Power Quality Metering System
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
GE Power Quality Meters
High End PQ Meters
• Power professionals world-widerely on GE’s products for their
power monitoring and
communication applications.
• GE’s meters provide high speed
waveform capture, advanced
power quality, multiportcommunications and control.
PQMII EPM9800 EPM9450/9650
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
• All basic electrical parameters
• Data logging and waveform
• Voltage disturbance analyzer
• Analog outputs, digital inputs
• Control relays and KYZ pulses
• Multiple communication ports
• Easy to program and set-up…EnerVista
• Replaces multiple analog meters
GE Product Application Product Features
PQM II Power Quality Waveform, Data Logging, I/Os
Power Quality Meter – PQM II
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Power Quality with Advanced Voltage Disturbance Recorder
Key Features
• High accuracy, mid range Power Quality
with many advanced features.• Waveform capture using set-points for
PQ analysis. Waveform can be triggered byexternal equipment (motors) through digitalinputs for capturing start-up current etc….
• Control Relays can open and close atthe pre-programmed (min, max etc) set-
points for alarms and notifications.
• Analog outputs for power information toPLCs, RTU and other non digitalcommunication devices.
• VERY EASY to use , program and set-up – comes with free set-up and monitoringsoftware (launch pad).
• Voltage Disturbance Recording for electrical up to 500 sag & swell events
• Open Modbus and DNP 3.0protocol over RS 485 with multi portcommunication capability
Target Applications/Industries
• Ideal for circuit monitoring for control panels,switchboards, Motor Control Centers, Power Distribution Panels.
• Primary Monitoring of low and medium voltageapplication, requiring full metering with over 100different electrical parameters with data logging andoscillograph (waveform).
• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point
activation, Analog and digital I/Os.
• Heavy power users for need of clean power - DataCenters, Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas…….
• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..
Power Quality Meter – PQM II
Advanced PQ Meter EPM 9000/9800
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
GE Product Application Product Features
9450
Advanced Power Quality
Metering
512K Memory for Data-Logging,
waveform; Measures all ElectricalValues
9650
Advanced Power Quality
Metering with Flicker
2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging
and Waveform capture
9800
Socket Design - Advanced
Power Quality Metering withFlicker
2 or 4 Meg Memory for Data-Logging
and Waveform capture, local display
• Advance Power Quality with Revenue Metering
• Highest Grade Revenue Accuracy - 0.06%
Energy
• Advanced Waveform Recording and Analysis – 512 samples /cycle
• Built Ethernet 100 Base T – Total Web Solutions
• Advanced Control for Load Shedding and
Demand Control
Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy
Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800Key Features:
• High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16
to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unitrecords magnitude and duration of events includingthe captured waveform. All information is stored inthe on-board mass memory.
• Software and Hardware Triggers - The metersprovides both software and hardware triggers torecord waveform events. This allows the unit to beused for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoringand many other applications.
• Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time harmonic analysis to the 128thorder for every channel. This advanced harmonicrecording capability has been traditionally availableonly in high-end power quality recorders. RecordsTHD to the 255th order peak.
• Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitorsphase angles between the voltage and the currents.
•Web Server Capability – Data from meters isviewable over the web. Data from the ModBusdevices connected to the meter can also be viewed.
•Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control
Target App lications /Indus tr ies:
• Primary Monitoring of low medium and high voltageapplication, requiring full metering, with data logging,
controls and high speed oscillography (waveform).
• Remote monitoring over the web using web pages
• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-point
activation, Analog and digital I/Os.
• Heavy power users for need of clean power - Data
Centers, Microprocessor Chip Manufacturers Pulp and
Paper, Oil & Gas…….
• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers, Switchgear
manufacturers, Motor Control manufacturers…..
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32
GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Advance PQ Analysis with Revenue Class Accuracy
Advanced PQ Meter – EPM 9000/9800
Key Features:
• High Speed Waveform Recording - With up to 16 to 512 samples per cycle resolution. The unit records magnitude and duration of events
including the captured waveform. All information is stored in the on-board
mass memory.
• Software and Hardware Triggers - The meters provides both software
and hardware triggers to record waveform events. This allows the unit to
be used for fault analysis, system apparatus monitoring and many other
applications.
• Extensive Harmonics Analysis – This meter provides a real- time
harmonic analysis to the 128th order for every channel. This advanced harmonic recording capability has been traditionally available only in high-
end power quality recorders. Records THD to the 255 th order peak.
• Real Time Phasor Analyzer - The unit monitors phase angles between
the voltage and the currents.
•Web Server Capability – Data from meters is viewable over the web.
Data from the ModBus devices connected to the meter can also be
viewed.
•Expandable I/O Modules for Analysis and Control
Target Appl ic at ions/ Industr ies:
• Primary Monitoring of low medium and high
voltage application, requiring full metering, with
data logging, controls and high speed
oscillography (waveform).
• Remote monitoring over the web using web
pages
• Applications requiring Control Relays with set-
point activation, Analog and digital I/Os.
• Heavy power users for need of clean power -
Data Centers, Microprocessor Chip
Manufacturers Pulp and Paper, Oil & Gas…….
• OEMs, Electrical Panel Manufacturers,
Switchgear manufacturers, Motor Control
manufacturers…..
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Real Time Field Recorded Events
Source: AGA Brazil
Meter: EPM9650
Period: Jan 2005 – Dec2005
Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
PQ Meter ITI Capture
Equipment InterruptingVoltage Sags as Recorded
Damage Inducing VoltageSurges as Recorded
ITI Acceptable Power
Disturbance Envelope
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Instantaneous Sag Event
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Instantaneous Swell Event
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Harmonic & Interharmonic Spectrum
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Flicker Recording
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GE Consumer & IndustrialMultilin
26-Sep-13
Flicker Recording
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
26-Sep-13
Summary
GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ
disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions
Accurate Measurement to
determine actual state
Examinations
Remedial actionsRemedy
Feels the pulse of the
power system network
Symptoms
High resolution recordings
for longer durations
GE Communicator
software
Diagnosis
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Finally…
If You Can’t Measure it You Can’t Manageit
If You Can Measure it You Can Manageit