Porturi fluviale in Romania

7/30/2019 Porturi fluviale in Romania

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2/44

_HAIW\_X ]@_\X_I LXKN_H

]@_\X_I FBXVI@#CN_I\ICH

ANBN\I O_NIBN \XBGHN]@_\X_I FBXVINBH

CX_FN\BN_ CHLAILIN GH_KNV@LN GNBN_NWI @B\HKI\N AIX_AIX GH\N\H G@_NOIN OHGJH\ GNBNFN\ L_@OH\N \X_KX WHVH_IK @_W@VN C@BL@VN VHGJH


3/44

]@_XB ANBN\IB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc >6= bn dc >


4/44

Gnbh fhrn|n gx hgnr|nchk| bnra # ik bxkaxb lnkhb`r lh `}hrnrh]xkg| lh |nrifnrh gnbh fhrn|n

_x|ihr # G`khzixkh gx wiw|hcxb rx|ihr kn|i`knb4 liw|nk|n }nkn bn nx|`w|rnln#>?=dc

]nrgnrh nwiaxrn|n }hk|rx gnci`nkh5 >>Fnz5 $=?767=1?>>Hcnib5 `ffighMwka+r Qhowi|h5 qqq+lnchk+r`

Oir`x Vncnb Nlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr >6>" :=?>>" Anbn|i


5/44

\hbhf`k5 $=?76>67Fnz5 $=?76>67

W|n|iw|igi \rnfig

]`r|xnr\rnfig Fbxvinb \rnfig Cnri|ic \`|nb

NkxbCii |`kh Kr+ Knvh Cii |`kh Kr+ Knvh Cii |`kh Kr+ Knvh

>99: :+1>6 196 ? 8+91>

>999 1+:89 = +>9> 9

?=>=WHC+ I

>+99= >+=:6 9+7??

C`lnb w}bi| #]r`ihg|h lh

lhuv`b|nrh

_hghk| fiknbiun|h5 GN]_IG@\hrciknbxb lh g`k|nikhrh # Onuikxb L`gxri

Ik lhrxbnrh 5 QNKLNLh }hrw}hg|ivn5 #


6/44

Hg`k`cih/Iklxw|rih

Bxnkl gn iklign|`r }r`lxwhbh iklxw|rinbh" exlh|xb Anbn|i hw|h ghb lh#nb }n|rxbhn ghk|rxiklxw|rinb nb _`cnkihi gn cnrich+W|rxg|xrn }rikgi}nbhb`r rncxri iklxw|rinbh hw|h xrcn|`nrhn5 iklxw|rih wi g`kw|rxg|ii 9(+

]rikgi}nbhbh whg|`nrh iklxw|rinbh wxk| ch|nbxrain wi g`kw|rxg|iibh knvnbh+

Ch|nbxrain ng`}hrn 88"6( lik }r`lxg|in lh `|hb n _`cnkihi" 88( lik }r`lxg|ih fiikl wxo

f`rcn lh }r`lxwh bncikn|h wi 9="


7/44

]@_XB O_NIBNB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc >6= bn dc >18":=Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Cnri|ich

Anbn|i

Lirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Cijni @gjinbohwgx

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr+ 7+ c


8/44

Gnbh fhrn|n gx hgnr|nchk| bnra # ik bxkaxb lnkhb`r lh `}hrnrh]xkg| lh |nrifnrh gnbh fhrn|n

_x|ihr # G`khzixkh gx wiw|hcxb rx|ihr kn|i`knb4 liw|nk|n }nkn bn nx|`w|rnln#> dc]nrgnrh nwiaxrn|n }hk|rx gnci`nkh5 >= b`gxri

Fngibi|n|i `}hrnrhwi hgji}nchk|h

Wibù }hk|rx ghrhnbh |hrciknb ghrhnbh4 ]xkg| vncnb4 Wnk|ihrxb knvnb /NDH_/4 Fngibi|n|i }hk|rx ik|rh|ikhrhn knvhb`r" gxrn|nrhn cnanuiib`r wi n w}n|iib`r lhlh}ùi|nrh knvh" fngibi|n|i oxkdhrne4 Gxrn|nrhn wi lhanunrhn |nkgxrib`r lh g`coxw|ioib4

Hgji}nchk|h>? cngnrnbh lh gjhx *gn}ngi|n|h rilignrh 3 8#>6 |`): cngnrnbh còibh *gn}ngi|n|h rilignrh 3 >6#?8 |`)? cngnrnbh }bx|i|`nrh *gn}ngi|n|h rilignrh 3 >6#7= |`)6 c`|`w|ivxi|`nrh *wxo 7 |)8 rhngj w|ngdhr8 ohkui |rnkw}`r|n|`nrh8 hgji}nchk|h }khxcn|igh

Gn}ngi|n|i

lh}ùi|nrh

Lh}ùi| ng`}hri|3 >=+:=< c}Lh}ùi| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 ?8=+78= c}

Gn}ngi|n|h wibùxri ??18= c gxoi *ghrhnbh)" 6+=== c gxoi *ikarnwncik|h)@}hrn|`ri

}`r|xnri

W+G Jhrgxbhw W+N Ornibn

j||}5qqq+jhrgxbhw#ornibn+r W+G \rnkw Hxr`}h ]`r| W_B Anbn|ij||}5qqq+|hx#ar`x}+r

W+G Ghrhnbg`c W+N OrnibnW+G _`cnkhb W+N Ornibn

j||}5qqq+r`cnkhb+r`Wnk|ihr knvnb WG Ndhr Ornibn WN

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln Ghbxbùhi > N" Ornibn" :>=?:?\hbhf`k5 $=?79+6=1===Fnz5 $=?79 6=1==7Hcnib5 =ffigh+ornibnMndhrynrlw+g`c

Qhowi|h5 qqq+ndhrornibn+rÒir`x Vncnb Nlrhwn5 W|rnln Vnlxb Ajhgh|xbxikr+6" Ornibn" _`cnkin

\hbhf`k5 $=?79 6>=> :18 1>=

?==6 ?+=6? >+:1< ?61 98 ?+7?9 >+969


9/44

Hg`k`cih/iklxw|rih

Lik|rh ng|ivi|ibh iklxw|rinbh nbh cxkigi}ixbxi Oribn gx rhbhvnkwxk|5 g`kfhgiibh" g`kw|rxgiibh ch|nbigh" ch|nbxraih" cniki i hgji}nchk|h"}r`lxgin i liw|rioxin lh hkhraih hbhg|rig" nbichk|nri ox|xri" còibihr inr|ig`bh lh còib" h|g+

?==1 ?+787 ?+=?6 ?81 >=? ?+6>= ?+>?:

?==: ?+77= >+9:9 ?1> 99 ?+6== ?+=::

?==9 >+:6< >+7? ?+?:7 >+6==

WHC+ I

667 87= 7>9 98 9:? 6?8

C`lnb w}bi| #]rìhg|h lh

lhuv`b|nrh

_hghk| fiknbiun|h5 GN]_IG@Ik lhrxbnrh 5 QNKLNLh }hrw}hg|ivn5 #

Wxrwn5qqq+r`cnkink#}`r|w+r`


10/44

]@_XB \XBGHNB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb lrh}| nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 1= bn dc 17"8=Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Cnri|ich

Anbn|i

Lirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Cijni @gjinbohwgx

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr+ 7


11/44

_x|ihr # G`khzixkh gx wiw|hcxb rx|ihr kn|i`knb4 liw|nk|n }nkn bn nx|`w|rnln#>==dc]nrgnrh nwiaxrn|n }hk|rx gnci`nkh5 ?8 b`gxri

Fngibi|n|i `}hrnrh wi

hgji}nchk|h Wibù }hk|rx ghrhnbh |hrciknb ghrhnbh4 ]xkg| vncnb4 Wnk|ihrxb knvnb /NDH_/4 \hrciknb lh }nwnahri Fngibi|n|i }hk|rx ik|rh|ikhrhn knvhb`r4 Gxrn|nrhn cnanuiib`r wi n w}n|iib`r lh lh}ùi|nrh lh }h knvh4 Fngibi|n|i }hk|rx |rnkw}`r|xb }nwnahrib`r ik Lhb|n Lxknrii

Hgji}nchk|h: cngnrnbh lh gjhx *gn}ngi|n|h rilignrh 3 8#>6 |`)? c`|`w|ivxi|`nrh *wxo 7 |)

Gn}ngi|n|i

lh}ùi|nrh

Lh}ùi| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 1=+== c}

@}hrn|`ri }`r|xnri W+G Lhb|nknv W+N \xbghn j||}5//qqq+lhb|nknv+r`

W+G Fria`rifhr \xbghn j||}5//qqq+fria`rifhr+r`

W+G Knvr`c#Lhb|n W+N \xbghn j||}5//qqq+knvr`c+z7c+r`

Wnk|ihr knvnb WG Ndhr \xbghn WNNlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr :" \xbghn" :?=?


12/44

Hg`k`cih/iklxw|rih

Ik cxkigi}ixb \xbghn ng|ivi|n|ibh iklxw|rinbh wh lhwfnw`nrn }h l`xn }bn|f`rch4 lh hw| wi lh vhw|+Ik }rhuhk| xki|n|ibh iklxw|rinbh gnrh now`ro ghn cni cnrh }nr|h n f`r|hi lh cxkgn ik cxkigi}ixwxk|5

|i} lh iklxw|rih khfhr`nwn" b`gnbiun|n ik }nr|hn lh vhw|+ |i} lh iklxw|rih knvnbn" b`gnbiun|n ik }nr|hn lh vhw| |i} lh iklxw|rih ch|nbxraign" wi|xn|n ik }nr|hn lh vhw|

Ng|ivi|n|ibh hg`k`cigh nbh `rnwxbxi \xbghn wxk| rh}rhuhk|n|h ik }rikgi}nb lh iklxw|rinch|nbxraign" g`kw|rxg|ii knvh" }rhbxgrnrhn cn|hrinbhb`r lh g`kw|rxg|ii" }rhbxgrnrhn bhckxbxi"iklxw|rin xw`nrn#g`kfhg|ii wi }ihbnrih" iklxw|rin nbichk|nrn#}hw|h" gnrkh" bng|n|h" vik" bhaxch"frxg|h+

Ng|ivi|n|ibh hg`k`cigh lik cxkigi}ix ikrhaiw|rhnun ` rhbn|ivn g`kw`bilnrh }rik }rhbxnrhn xk`r

ik|rh}riklhri cnri lh gn|rh ikvhw|i|`rii w|rniki+Wh rhcnrgn lhnwhchkhn ` g`kw`bilnrh n iklxw|rihi |hz|ibh" cxb|h lik|rh nghw|h xki|n|i bxgrnkl

?=>= >+>>6 87= ?? >= >+>7: 8


13/44

hzgbxwiv }hk|rx hz}`r|+

Hz|rnw # j||}5qqq+}ricnrin#|xbghn+r iklhz+}j}0}3ln|hPhg`k`cighNg|ivi|n|hn hg`k`cign n `rnwxbxi \xbghn hw|h rh}rhuhk|n|n ik }rikgi}nb lh iklxw|rinch|nbxraign" lh g`kw|rxg|ii" g`kw|rxg|ii lh knvh" iklxw|rin }rhbxgrnrii cn|hrinbhb`r lh

g`kw|rxg|ii" iklxw|rin }rhbxgrnrii bhckxbxi" iklxw|rin |hz|ibn *g`kfhg|ii wi }ihbnrih)" iklxw|rinnbichk|nrn *}hw|h" gnrkh" bng|n|h" vik" bhaxch" frxg|h)+

Ik hg`k`cin b`gnbn" narigxb|xrn lh|ikh ` cign }nr|h+ ]h lh nb|n }nr|h" whg|`nrhbh lh }hwgxi|xb wiiklxw|rin }rhbxgrnrii }hw|hbxi lh|ik xk ic}`r|nk| r`b ln|`ri|n gnrng|hriw|igib`r w}hginbh nbh u`khiwi }`ui|ihi ah`arnfigh+G`c}nkiibh g`chrginbh rh}rhuhk|n|ivh lik `rnwxb \xbghn wxk|5

W+G+ NDH_ W+N+ \xbghnNDH_ \XBGHN W+N+W|r+ ]`r|xbxi" kr+:" \xbghn" _@CNKIN

\hb+5 $


14/44

gn}ngi|n|h lh }rìhg|nrh lh|nbin|n f`b`wikl }hrw`knb gx ` gnbifignrh rilign|n wi w`f|qnrh}r`fhwi`knb lh }rìhg|nrh4

\i}xri lh knvh

\nkgxri }h|r`bihrh wi gjicigh4 ]`r|g`k|nikhr lh }nkn bn >99>G`l fiwgnb _?76=1+897+99? bhi\hb5 *=996 fircn Onbbi Ch|nb WN nlhvhki| ng|i`knr cne`ri|nr nb g`c}nkihi" lx}n gnw|ianrhn bigi|n|ihi }xobigh `rankiun|h ik gnlrxb}ràrncxbxi lh }rivn|iunrh g`klxw lh axvhrkxb _`cnkihi+

B@GN\IH WI B@AIW\IGNNbxc WN hw|h wi|xn| ik \xbghn" ik n}r`}ihrhn Lxknrii" ghhn gh }hrci|h |rnkw}`r|xb cn|hriib`r}rich wi nb }r`lxwxbxi fiki| gx nex|`rxb vn}`nrhb`r wnx onrehb`r+ Fnorign hw|h g`khg|n|n bnrh|hnxn fhr`vinrn kn|i`knbn" ghhn gh ii nwiaxrn wi |rnkw}`r|xb }h gnbh fhrn|n" lnr liw}xkh wi lh}r`}rixb }nrg nx|`+

WI\XN\IH GX_HK\NNbxc WN rh}rhuik|n xkn lik|rh l`vhuibh lh wxgghw nbh }r`ghwxbxi lh }rivn|iunrh lik _`cnkin+]rik|r#` g`coikn|ih lh ikvhw|i|ii" |rnikika wi n}bignrh n oxkhb`r }rng|igi cnknahrinbh" Onbbi n|rnkwf`rcn| ` fnorign ikvhgji|n ik|r#` ik|rh}riklhrh oikh `rankiun|n wi }r`w}hrn+

W+G+ GN_KI]_@L W+_+B+ \xbghn

WG GN_KI]_@L W+_+B+W|r+ \xbghn # Cxriaji`b" dc 7>997G+X+I+5


15/44

\hb5 =?86:9Fnz5 =?1?8:H#cnib5 gnrki}r`lMnr|hbhg`c+kh|

IK\_@LXGH_H

W+G+ GN_KI]_@L W+_+B+ hw|h ` w`gih|n|h ciz|n r`ck`#nxw|ringn" bn onun gnrhin w|n `w|rn|haih wic}bn 5 /wn }r`lxgn chuhbxri lh ` gnbi|n|h wx}hri`nrn gnrh wn fih bn knb|ichn ghb`rcni hziahk|h axw|xri/+ W+G+ GN_KI]_@L W+_+B+ n nvx| k vhlhrh" kgn lh bn kfiik|nrh"l`|nrhn gx x|ibneh wi ikw|nbn|ii lh xb|icn ahkhrn|ih ghhn gh n lh|hrcikn| ` }r`lxg|ih chlihuibkign rhnbiun|n k nkxb ?==< lh 78#79 |`kh fn|n lh 8 |`kh rhnbiun|n k nkxb >99:?7)+Gifrn lh nfnghri wh wi|xhnun bn ?7= 717 === cii bhi+Gn}ngi|n|hn lh }r`lxg|ih hw|h lh 7 === === oxgn|i nkxnb" lik gnrh 99( }hk|rx hz}`r|+Kxcnrxb lh wnbnrin|i5 ? === }hrw`nkh+

W+G+ FH_NB W+_+B+ \xbghnWG FH_NB W_B \XBGHN W|r+ \nohrhi" kr+ ?\hb5 =?


16/44

IW\@_IGIk nkxb >916 ikgh}h wn fxkg|i`khuh G`coikn|xb ch|nbxraig \xbghn" xkigxb }r`lxgn|`r lhfhr`nbineh lik wilhrxrain r`cnkhnwgn+ Bn >9 cnr|ih ?==?" lhvikh WG Fhrnb W_B \xbghn" nvnklgn nw`gin| xkig }h Fhrnb B\L Ehrhwy" g`k|ikxnkl wn }r`lxgn fhr`nbineh" lh nghnw|n c`lhrkiun|wi gx }ihwh lh lhwfnghrh ik |nri lik Hxr`}n" Nwin" Nfrign wi Nchrign+ Cn|hriibh }rich wh nlxg

n|n| lik _`cnkin gn| wi ic}`r|xri lik nb|h |nri+

WI\XN\IH GX_HK\NW`gih|n|hn g`k|ikh l`xn whg|ii5

Whg|in Fhr` > g`k|ikh 8 gx}|`nrh lik|rh gnrh < lh >6"8 CVN wi > gx}|`r lh ?>CVN gxhbhg|r`ui nx|`g`gwifignoibi+

Whg|in Fhr` ? g`k|ikh 8 gx}|`nrh lik|rh gnrh 7 gx}|`nrh lh 88CVN wi ? lh 77CVN" gxhbhg|r`ui nx|`g`gwifignoibi+

W`gih|n|hn nrh ik }rhuhk| xk kxcnr lh >?>997 G`l xkig5 >19> N|riox|xb fiwgnb5 _ F`rcn exrilign lh g`kw|i|xirh5 w`gih|n|h g`chrginbn gx rnw}xklhrh bici|n|n 4 Whlixb w`ginb 5 wn| Cikhri " g`cxkn W`c`vn" exlh|xb \xbghn *bn 6 dc lh cxkigi}ixb

\xbghn)4 Whg|ii lh }r`lxg|ih 5 l`xn *xkn ik b`g+ Cikhri wi nb|n ik cxkigi}ixb \xbghn ) Kn|xrn gn}i|nbxbxi 5 ]_IVN\ Gn}i|nbxb w`ginb 5 899 n ikgh}x| xk nc}bx }r`ghw lh ikvhw|i|ii" }rhg`kiun| n wh ik|iklh }h wnwh nki" gnrh

gx}riklh 5


17/44

bno`rn|`r }hk|rx g`k|r`bxb gnbi|n|ii }r`lxwhb`r lh }nkifign|ih wi }n|iwhrih 4 onun lh rhgh}|ih ghrhnbh 4 fnorigi lh oiwgxi|i" kn}`bi|nkh" }nw|h fnik`nwh 4 c`lhrkiunrh wi hz|iklhrh c`nrn 4 hz|iklhrh }nrg nx|` 4 }nrgnrh nx|`+

W+G+ ]BNW\HZ W+N+ \xbghn

]BNW\HZ \XBGHNNlrhwn 5 W|r+ Arnliknrib`r kr+ 1\hb 5 =?689=Fnz 5 =?88998 fiikl ik|harnb}rivn|iun|n+

k nkxb ?==> n f`w| iknxaxrn|n }ricn bikih lik _`ckin lh }r`lxg|ih n fibcxbxi oi`rihk|n| lik}`bi}r`}ibhkn *O@]])" xk }r`lxw gnrh rh}rhuik|n vrfxb |hjk`b`aihi wi gnbi|n|ii k l`chkix }h}bnk c`klinb+ Nghnw|n ic}`r|nk|n ikvhw|i|ih fngh gn ]bnw|hz W+N+ wn fih wikaxrxb }r`lxgn|`rik|hrk lh O@]]" nvkl ` gn}ngi|n|h nkxnbn lh 8?== |`kh+

WI\XN\IH GX_HK\N

]bnw|hz W+N+ \xbghn }r`lxgh ` ancn bnran lh }r`lxwh lik }`bih|ibhkn lh e`nwn" chlih wi knb|nlhkwi|n|h wi lik }`bi}r`}ibhkn5

fibc oi`rihk|n| lik }`bi}r`}ibhkn kn|xr khic}ricn| wnx ic}ricn|4 f`bii wi fibch lik }`bi}r`}ibhkn kn|xr" g`b`r" khic}ricn|h wnx ic}ricn|h4 }xkai lik }`bi}r`}ibhkn nviun|h lh Cikiw|hrxb Wnkn|n|ii" }hk|rx iklxw|rin nbichk|nrn wi

iklxw|rin |hz|ibn5 wic}bh" gx }bix" gx gbn}h|n nlhuivn|n" }hrf`rn|h" kn|xr" khic}ricn|hwnx ic}ricn|h4 fir fioribn| wi onkln h|irn|n lik }`bi}r`}ibhkn4 f`bih |hrc`g`k|rng|ioibn lik }`bih|ibhkn4 }xkai lik }`bih|ibhkn5 wic}bh" gx onun r`|xkln" kn|xr" g`b`r" khic}ricn|h wnx

ic}ricn|h4 wng`wh |i} onknkn wi wng`wh |i} cnihx lik }`bih|ibhkn lh e`nwn wnx chlih lhkwi|n|h5 nbo

cn|" g`b`r" khic}ricn|h wnx ic}ricn|h4 wngi lik }`bih|ibhkn lh e`nwn wi chlih lhkwi|n|h5 wic}bi" chknehri" hxr`}xohbn4 cn}h lik }`bih|ibhkn5 kn|xr" nbo cn|" g`b`r" khic}ricn|h wnx ic}ricn|h4 w`r|xri lh xkign f`b`wik|n lik }`bih|ibhkn lh e`nwn lhkwi|n|h" }hk|rx iklxw|rin nbichk|nrn+

Bn w`bigi|nrhn gbihk|ib`r" ]bnw|hz W+N+ `fhrn whrvigii g`c}bh|h lh g`kgh}|ih wi }r`lxg|ih n


18/44

arnfigii" }rhgxc wi g`kwibihrh lh w}hginbi|n|h }rivikl |i}xribh lh nconbne rhg`cnkln|h fihgnrxil`chkix lh ng|ivi|n|h+

Nw|fhb gx ` o`an|n hz}hrihk|n k l`chkix" ]bnw|hz W+N+ n lhvhki| xk kxch oikh gxk`wgx| }h}in|n nconbnehb`r fbhzioibh" `fhrikl gbihk|ib`r wni }`wioibi|n|hn lh n coxkn|n|i icnaikhn

}r`lxwhb`r }r`}rii }rik }rhuhk|nrhn b`r k nconbneh rhnbiun|h g`kf`rc ghb`r cni knb|hw|nklnrlh ggilhk|nbh+

W+G+ WGX\ W+N+ \xbghn

WG WGX\ WN \XBGHNW|r+ ]`r|xbxi" Kr+7" 8>78>7Fnz5 =?::>99>GF5 _ 7=8


19/44

H#cnib 5 |ino|bMcnib+z7c+r`G`k|5_@>6O_LH71=WV=>67:88+=99>4 hw|h fircn gx gn}i|nb ik|harnb}rivn| 4 whlixb w`ginb nb w`gih|n|ii wh nfbn ik Oxgxrhw|i " w|r+]ig|`r Nr|jxr Vhr`kn " kr+>1 " whg|`r> " |hb+=>?>?>=??8? " fnz =>?>=??8< " h#cnib 5 |inownM}gkh|+r`4

Whlixb wxgxrwnbhi \xbghn 5 w|r+ ]ngii " kr+ >>1 4|hb+ =?=78? " fnz =?=?99?4

Ik g`kf`rci|n|h gx ghbh }rhvnux|h ik G`k|rng|xb w`gih|n|ii " nx|hk|ifign| gx kr+>779??9+=7+>998

" w`gih|n|hn nrh gn l`chkii lh ng|ivi|n|h " }rik|rh nb|hbh5

ikw|nbn|ii hbhg|righ lh chlih wi e`nwn |hkwixkh4 ikw|nbn|ii lh nx|`cn|iunrh4 ikw|nbn|ii }hk|rx nbichk|nri gx n}n wi gnknbiunri4 bxgrnri lh g`kw|rxg|ii wi nchknenri g`kw|rxg|ivh+

W`gih|n|hn n hzhgx|n| lh#n bxkaxb |ic}xbxi bxgrnri bn kxchr`nwh òihg|ivh lik |nrn wi w|rnikn|n|h+ Lik|rh bxgrnribh hzhgx|n|h ik exlh|xb \xbghn hkxchrnc 5

nbichk|nrh gx n}n `rnw Cngik " Ononlna " nbich|nrh gx n}n Wf+ Ajh`rajh Lhb|n *}rìhg|F+_+L+W)"nbichk|nrh gx n}n g`c+\xrg`nin" nbichk|nrh gx n}n wn| Vig|`rin

c`lhrkiunri w|n|ii ]HG@ \xbghn " Ononlna " Cngik wi Onin 4 c`lhrkiunri ikw|nbn|ii |hjk`bàigh ]BNW\HZ # *rh|hjk`bàiunrh)4 c`lhrkiunrhn gx}|`rxbxi lh gnbgiknrh NBXC W+N 4 bxgrnri lh ikw|nbn|ii wi rh}nrn|ii bn ikw|nbn|ii FH_NB " \_HCNA " \NOG@

GNC]@F_I@+

Bxgrnribh hzhgx|n|h ng`}hrn ` ancn bnran lh }r`fibh lh bxgrnri " }h |`| |hri|`rixb |nrii+

Ik g`kf`rci|n|h gx Bhahn kr+>=>998 " Bhahn Gnbi|n|ii ik G`kw|rxg|ii " W`gih|n|hn \INO WN wi#n

}rìhg|n| wi ic}bhchk|n| xk wiw|hc }r`}rix lh g`klxghrh wi `rankiunrh onun| }h Nwiaxrnrhn wiG`k|r`bxb Gnbi|n|ii " g`kf`rc ghrik|hb`r w}hgifign|h lik w|nklnrlxb lh rhfhrik|n W_#HK#IW@9==> ilhk|ifign|h gn n}bign|iibh ik ng|ivi|n|hn w`gih|n|ii+

Ik lhgxrwxb nkib`r " w`gih|n|hn n rhnbiun| bxgrnri }hk|rx gn|hvn cii lh ohkhfiginri ik|hrki }rhgxcwi }hk|rx cxb|i ohkhfiginri hz|hrki 4 bxgrnribh wh rhcnrgn }rik|r#xk kivhb rilign| lh }hrf`rcnk|n "khhziw|nkl k`|ifignri }rivikl khic}bikirhn òbian|iib`r g`k|rng|xnbh fn|n lh ohkhfiginrii k`w|ri+

Kh hz}ricnc g`kvikahrhn gn " onunklx#kh }h gnbi|n|ibh w}hginbiw|ib`r g`c}nkihi k`nw|rh " v`crhxwi wn `k`rnc kxchbh firchi }rik rhnbiunri lh }rhw|iaix+


20/44

W+G+ \XBG@ W+N+ \xbghn

WG \XBG@ WN \XBGHNW|r+ ]`r|xbxi" Kr+=>=?=7Fnz5 =?9===H#cnib5 |xbg`Mz7c+r`

IK\_@LXGH_HW`gih|n|hn g`chrginbn \XBG@ WN \xbghn hw|h w`gih|n|h }h ng|ixki gx gn}i|nb }rivn| wi hw|hb`gnbiun|n ik \xbghn" }h cnbxb lrh}| nb Lxknrii" ik nvnb lh ghk|rxb `rnwxbxi+

@rnw gx iw|`rih nk|ign" }`nr|n lh ik|rnrh ik Lhb|n Lxknrii" \xbghn n lhvhki| lh#n bxkaxb |ic}xbxighb cni ic}`r|nk| ghk|rx nb }rhbxgrnrii }hw|hbxi lik _`cnkin+

WI\XN\IH GX_HK\N@oihg|xb }rikgi}nb nb ng|ivi|n|ii ib rh}rhuik|n fnorignrhn g`kwhrvhb`r wi whcig`kwhrvhb`r lh}hw|h" fnikii lh }hw|h wi nconbnehb`r ch|nbigh" ik xb|icii nki hz|ikunklx#wi ng|ivi|n|hn wi nwx}rn}r`lxg|ihi lh g`kwhrvh lh gnrkh wi g`kwhrvh ciz|h+

]r`lxg|in wh rhnbiuhnun ik }hw|h >== lh w`r|ichk|h gnrng|hriun|h }rik gnbi|n|h wi |rnli|ihanw|`k`cign r`cnkhnwgn" inr l`|nrhn |hjkign wi |hjk`bàiibh hziw|hk|h" }rhgxc wi gnbi|n|hn}hrw`knbxbxi nkanen|" wxk| ik cnwxrn wn wn|iwfngn `righ ghrik|n n }nr|hkhrib`r wni }h onunrh|h|hb`r }r`}rii wnx }r`}xwh lh gn|rh nghw|in+

Lh nwhchkhn l`rik|n lh n gxk`nw|h wi }n|rxklh }h kì }ih|h lh lhwfnghrh" wxk| rhfbhg|n|h ikliw}`kioibi|n|hn }hk|rx `righ f`rcn lh g`bno`rnrh rhgi}r`g nvnk|ne`nwn" gnrh wn g`klxgn bnw|noibirhn lh rhbn|ii g`chrginbh" nw`gihrh" g`kw|i|xirhn lh w`gih|n|i ciz|h wi }rhw|nrhn wh whrvigiiw}hgifigh l`|nrii wi òihg|xbxi wnx lh ng|ivi|n|h+


21/44

]@_XB CX_FN\BN_B`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb lrh}| nb Lxknrii" bn dc ?8Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in Gnib`r Knvianoibh WN

G`kw|nk|un

Lirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Vnbhk|ik Uhigx

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln Hgbxuhi kr+>" Naiahn" G`l }`w|nb 9=1=>8

\hb+fnz5 $41711>>417:89141:7?17417:=?66 c}Lh}`ui| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 >7+9>7 c}

@}hrn|`ri

}`r|xnri

#

Wnk|ihr knvnb #W|n|iw|igi #

]r`ihg|h lhlhuv`b|nrh _hghk| fiknbiun|h5Ik lhrxbnrh 5Lh }hrw}hg|ivn5 #


22/44

]@_XB CHLAILINB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb lrh}| nb Lxknrii" bn dc 71"8Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in Gnib`r Knvianoibh WN

G`kw|nk|un

Lirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Vnbhk|ik Uhigx

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln Hgbxuhi kr+>" Naiahn" G`l }`w|nb 9=1=>8

\hb+fnz5 $41711>>417:89141:7?17417:=


23/44


24/44

wi hgji}nchk|h 7 cngnrnbh lh gjhx" gn}ngi|n|h 3 >6 |`

Gn}ngi|n|i

lh}ùi|nrh

Lh}ùi| ng`}hri|3?"=== c}Lh}ùi| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 ?=+=== c}

@}hrn|`ri

}`r|xnri

L@O_@]@_\ WN Ghrknv`ln

Nlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr >" Ghrknv`ln\hb5$=??7:91:

Wnk|ihr knvnb WG N_A@W WN GH_KNV@LNNlrhwn5 W|rnln Gnknbxbxi kr >>" Ghrknv`ln\hb5$=??7:


25/44

]@_XB GNBN_NWIB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc


26/44

\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4

Hcnib5 whgrh|nrin|Mn}lf+r 4 chlixMn}lf+r 4ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r

Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh

}`r|

Ln|h|hjkigh

G`kw|rxirhn }`r|xbxi n ikgh}x| bn wfnrwi|xb whg+ ZIZ+

C`lhrkiunrhn }`r|xbxi w#n fngx| lx}n nkxb >9== gnkl nx ikgh}x| wn wh g`kw|rxinwgn gjhxblh }in|rn ikgbikn|" }bn|f`rcn }`r|xnrn lh lh}ùi|nrh" cnanuii wi whlii nlcikiw|rn|ivh+ Cni|nruix n f`w| g`kw|rxi|n gnbhn fhrn|n" wibùxb wi nx f`w| c`k|n|h cngnrnbhbh lh gjhx+

]`r|xb hw|h g`c}xw lik gjhx ikgbikn| ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh ggn+ 18= c wi l`|n| gx5# rnc}n }hk|rx cnki}xbnrhn }ihwhb`r arhbh nanonri|igh4# lnkh }hk|rx }nwnahri ik bxkaich lh ?8= c l`|n|h gx }`k|`nkh lh ng`w|nrh" cirnjilr`ch|ign wi whlii nbh nx|`ri|n|ib`r }`r|xnrh4# lnkh g`chrginbh ik nvnb lh lnkhbh }hk|rx }nwnahri ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh 7== c l`|n|h gxcngnrnbh lh gjhx 8 |fz7?c" }bn|f`rcn }`r|xnrn gx wx}rnfn|n lh lh}ùi|nrh lh 7>=== c}"cnanuii wi wibù4

Nlnkgichn cikicn bn gjhx ik ]`r|xb @b|hki|n # 7 c+

Whrvigiibh }`r|xnrh wxk|5 }`w|n" |hbhf`k" n}r`viui`knrh n}n }`|noibn" rh}nrn|ii knvh+

Ngghwxb ik }`r| wh fngh }h gnbh fhrn|n wi lrxcxri rx|ihrh+Cn}

qqq+n}lf+r`


27/44

]@_XB @B\HKI\NB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 7>> =8 ?>4

Hcnib5 whgrh|nrin|Mn}lf+r 4 chlixMn}lf+r 4

ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r`Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r

Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh

}`r|

Ln|h |hjkigh G`kw|rxirhn }`r|xbxi n ikgh}x| bn wfnrwi|xb whg+ ZIZ+

C`lhrkiunrhn }`r|xbxi w#n fngx| lx}n nkxb >9== gnkl nx ikgh}x| wn wh g`kw|rxinwgngjhxb lh }in|rn ikgbikn|" }bn|f`rcn }`r|xnrn lh lh}ùi|nrh" cnanuii wi whliinlcikiw|rn|ivh+ Cni |nruix n f`w| g`kw|rxi|n gnbhn fhrn|n" wibùxb wi nx f`w| c`k|n|h

cngnrnbhbh lh gjhx+

]`r|xb hw|h g`c}xw lik gjhx ikgbikn| ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh ggn+ 18= c wi l`|n| gx5# rnc}n }hk|rx cnki}xbnrhn }ihwhb`r arhbh nanonri|igh4# lnkh }hk|rx }nwnahri ik bxkaich lh ?8= c l`|n|h gx }`k|`nkh lh ng`w|nrh" cirnjilr`ch|ign wi whlii nbh nx|`ri|n|ib`r }`r|xnrh4# lnkh g`chrginbh ik nvnb lh lnkhbh }hk|rx }nwnahri ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh 7== c l`|n|hgx cngnrnbh lh gjhx 8 |fz7?c" }bn|f`rcn }`r|xnrn gx wx}rnfn|n lh lh}ùi|nrh lh7>=== c}" cnanuii wi wibù4

Nlnkgichn cikicn bn gjhx ik ]`r|xb @b|hki|n # 7 c+

Whrvigiibh }`r|xnrh wxk|5 }`w|n" |hbhf`k" n}r`viui`knrh n}n }`|noibn" rh}nrn|ii knvh+

Ngghwxb ik }`r| wh fngh }h gnbh fhrn|n wi lrxcxri rx|ihrh+


28/44

Cn}

qqq+n}lf+r`


29/44

]@_XB AIX_AIXB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" bn dc 7>> =8 ?>4

Hcnib5 whgrh|nrin|Mn}lf+r 4 chlixMn}lf+r 4ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r`

Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r

Gn}i|nkin Aixraix *Nx|`ri|n|hn Knvnbn _`cnkn)Nlrhwn 5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr >" Aixraix\hb5 $=?>=>8

Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh }`r|

Wx}rnfn|n |`|nbn 79


30/44

nfbn k g`kwhrvnrh fhrry#o`n|xb Aixraix#_xwwh hzhgx|n| k }hri`nln >99+

WHG\@_ _NCNLNK

>>== cb gjhxri }hrhn|h ik ]`r|xb _ncnlnk# fr`k| bn Lxknrh# g`chrginb wi lh}nwnahri# Ngghwxb }h n}n hw|h nwiaxrn| lirhg| lik whknbxb knvianoib 4# Nlnkgichn lh ng`w|nrh hw|h lh #7"8= c bn Lxknrh4# Fr`k|xb lh ng`w|nrh liw}xkh lh gjhxri }hrhn|h gx lhw|ikn|in xrcn|`nrh *liknc`k|h w}rh nvnb)4` cngnrnbh }`r|ig lh gjhx lh >6|f z 7? c+# Gn}ngi|n|h lh |rnfig5 99+

ONUIKXB ]BNK\HB@_

# >>9= cb ik Onuikxb ]bnk|hb`r gx}rikukl fr`k|xri nchknen|h gx gjhx vhr|ignb wi

}hrhx }hk|rx `}hrnrhn cnrfxrib`r lh cnwn *onbnw|" ghrhnbh h|g+)+# ]`r|xb Onuikxb ]bnk|hb`r *dc>9= c) hw|h g`kw|i|xi| lik >? lnkh" liw}xwh lx}n gxc

xrchnun" ikgh}nkl lik nc`k|h5# fr`k|xb lh girgn


31/44

4# ? lnkh *{>1= c bxkaich) fr`k| `}hrn|iv gjhxri vhr|ignbh" }hk|rx narhan|h*}r`lxwh lh onbnw|ihrn wi gnrihrn) 4 Gjhxb hw|h }rhvnux| gx gnbh lh rxbnrhcngnrnbh wi gx gnbh fhrn|n4# >1= c *? lnkh) fr`k| `}hrn|iv " gjhxri }hrhn|h" }hk|rx ghrhnbh lh wibù4

# :8= c *: lnkh) fr`k|xri khnchknen|h" gnrh `gnui`knb wxk| f`b`wi|h gn ihrkn|igwnx wh bxgrhnun bn ? lnkh }hk|rx lhwgnrgnri narhan|h bn cnb kn|xrnb4# >1= c gjhx lik|r#` w|rxg|xrn lik oh|`k nrcn|4# }h cnbxb `}xw wh nfbn xk fr`k| lh ng`w|nrh ik bxkaich lh >6= c # lnkh lhonbnw|"# Wx}rnfn|n }bn|f`rchi lh lh}ùi|nrh# ?9+=== c}4# Hgji}nchk|h lh `}hrnrh5#? cngnrnbh }`r|ig lh gjhx lh 8|f z 7? c4#7 cngnrnbh }`r|ig lh gjhx lh >6|f z 7? c+# Gn}ngi|n|h lh |rnfig#>+7?= cii |nk4

]@_\ ]H\_@BIH_

Aixraix wi|xn| }h `w|r`vxb Gi`rìx hw|h lh |i} fbxvinb" }hrci|nkl ng`w|nrhnonrehb`r lh }nkn bncnz+ ?=== |4# Ngghwxb }h n}n hw|h nwiaxrn| lirhg| lik whknbxb knvianoib 4# Nlnkgichn lh ng`w|nrh hw|h lh #7"8= c 4# Fr`k|xb lh ng`w|nrh ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh 6:= cb hw|h nchknen| gx }hrhx liklnbh# @}hrn|iibh bn knvh wh rhnbiuhnun }rik }`c}nrhn }r`lxwhb`r }h|r`bihrh likrhuhrv`nrhbh nfbn|h }h cnb4# Gn}ngi|n|h lh |rnfig5 88= cii |nk4

Ngghwxb }h n}n hw|h nwiaxrn| }h Lxknrh }hk|rx whg|`nrhbh _ncnlnk wi Gi`rìx wirhw}hg|iv }rik Orn|xb Wcnrln ik Onuikxb ]bnk|hb`r 4Wx}rnfn|n |`|nbn n ikgik|hi }`r|xnrh hw|h lh 89 jn" lik gnrh g`kw|rxi|n 1=+=== c}4Gn}ngi|n|h lh |rnfig#?+7=8 cii |nk4]`r|xb liw}xkh lh fngibi|n|i }rivikl nbichk|nrhn gx hkhraih hbhg|rign" n}n wignknbiunrh4Gni lh g`cxkign|ii5

# }`r|xb nrh ngghw rx|ihr lik rh|hnxn w|rnlnbn n `rnwxbxi wi ik g`k|ikxnrh bhan|xribn LE 8=


32/44

Fngibi|n|i `}hrnrh

wi hgji}nchk|h

Hgji}nchk|h: cngnrnbh lh gjhx *gn}ngi|n|h rilignrh 3 >6 |`): cngnrnbh Bxffika#wbhqika? c`|`w|ivxi|`nrh *ik|rh 7#8 |`)6 c`|`w|ivxi|`nrh *}hw|h 8 |`)

: rhngj w|ngdhrGn}ngi|n|i

lh}ùi|nrh

Lh}ùi| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 >7+>?= c}

Gn}ngi|n|h wibùxri :+=== c gxoi *ghrhnbh)@}hrn|`ri

}`r|xnri

WGNH] Aixraix ]`r| * j||}5qqq+aixraix#}`r|+r`)WG LXKN]_HF WN *j||}5qqq+lxkn}rhf+r`)GKF AIX_AIX KNV WNCNIK_@C BIKH *qqq+cnikr`cbikh+g`c)U@KN BIOH_N AIX_AIX *qqq+uba+r`)

Wnk|ihr knvnb WG Wji}ynrl N\A Aixraix W_BNlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|xbxi ?" Aixraix

\hbhf`k5 $=?=9Fnz5 $=?7:6=Hcnib5 ffighMwji}ynrl n|a+r`Qhowi|h5 qqq+wji}ynrln|a+r`

W|n|iw|igi #]rìhg|h lh

lhuv`b|nrh

_hghk| fiknbiun|h5Ik lhrxbnrh 5 QNKLNLh }hrw}hg|ivn5 #

Wxrwn5 j||}5qqq+n}lf+ràixraix+j|cb


33/44

]@_XB GH\N\HNB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" ik|rh dc :>= # :>7Nx|`ri|n|i

G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Fbxvinbh WNAixraix

Lirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Griw|ink Khc|hwgxWhlix }rikgi}nb AixraixNlrhwn5 W`w+ ]`r|xbxi" kr+ >" Aixraix4

Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4


ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r

Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh }`r|

Ln|h |hjkigh _nln ]`r|xnrn Dc fb+5 :>= #:>7Wx}rnfn|n # 98 6:9 c}+

@}hrn|`r }rikgi}nb5 WG ]@_\ GH\N\H W_B

]`r|xb Gxb|xrnb Gh|n|h hw|h ghk|rxb gxb|xrnb }h gnrh Fxkln|in }hk|rx ]`huih /Cirghn Likhwgx/b#n `rankiun| }h cnbxb Lxknrii" k wxl#vhw|xb _`ckihi" k n}r`}ihrhn b`gnbi|n|ii Gh|n|h"

exlh|xb L`be+

]`r|xb liw}xkh lh gjhixri }hrhn|h lik }in|rn orx|n uili|n }h ` bxkaich lh >=== cb" wi }`n|h fi}xw bn liw}`ui|in |x|xr`r nahk|ib`r hg`k`cigi }hk|rx ng|ivi|n|i g`chrginbh wi lh |xriwc+

Gni lh g`cxkign|ii5# ngghw rx|ihr bn rh|hnxn lh lrxcxri kn|i`knbh *LK 86N Gnbnfn|# \xrkx Whvhrik)+

Ngghwxb ik }`r| wh fngh kxcni }h lrxcxri rx|ihrh+


34/44

]@_\XB G@_NOINB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" ik|rh dc 6?:$6== wi dc 67=Nx|`ri|n|i



Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4



Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh }`r|

Ln|h |hjkigh ]`r|xb liw}xkh lh xk gjhx lh }in|rn ikgbikn| # >8= c bxkaich" l`|n|n gx wib`u gx ` gn}ngi|n|h lh 6=== |`kh wihw|ngnln }hk|rx ikgnrgnrh knvh4# lnkn lh nw|h}|nrh knvh # >?= c bxkaich l`|n|n gx ikw|nbn|ii lh ng`w|nrh n knvhb`r4# lnkh `}hrn|ivh }hk|rx cnrfxri ahkhrnbh # >?= c bxkaich4

Nlnkgichn cikicn ik lnkh vnrinun ik|rh # ?"6c wi # 6 c gx u`kh lh g`bcn|nrh+

Nb|h l`|nri nbh }`r|xbxi5 cnanuii wi }bn|f`rcn lh}`ui|nrh cnrfxri ik wx}rnfn|n |`|nbn lh?==== c}+

Ngghwxb ik }`r| wh fngh }h lrxcxri rx|ihrh wi gnbh fhrn|n+

Nx|`ri|n|i }`r|xnrh5# Gn}i|nkin }`r|xbxi4# Nlcikiw|rn|in }`r|xbxi4# Vncn lh fr`k|ihrn4

# ]`bi|ih+

Whrvigii5# }`w|n#|hbhg`cxkign|ii4# fi|`wnki|nr4# cnwxrn|`ri jilr`ch|righ+


35/44

Cn}

qqq+n}lf+r`


36/44

]@_\XB OHGJH\B`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 619Nx|`ri|n|i



Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4



Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh }`r|

Ln|h |hjkigh ]`r|xb Ohgjh| liw}xkh lh l`xn gjhxri5

>+ Gjhx lh }in|rn ikgbikn| *}hrhx) ik bxkaich |`|nbn lh 6== c+?+ Gjhx vhr|ignb 1= c bxkaich+

]rikgi}nbhbh lnkh lik }`r|5

lnkn lh ghrhnbh # >== c bxkaikh4 lnkn }hk|rx cnrfxri ahkhrnbh # ?== c4 lnkn |hrciknb }h|r`bihr # 7== c4

L`|nri5# cnanuii lh}`ui|nrh4# }bn|f`rcn lh lh}`ui|nrh # >?+=== c}4# |hrciknb }h|r`bihr4# g`klxg|n ikar`}n|n4 # whlii nx|`ri|n|i }`r|xnrh *gn}i|nkih" nlcikiw|rn|ih" vncn lhfr`k|ihrn" }`bi|ih+

Whrvigii5# }`w|n#|hbhg`cxkign|ii4# fi|`wnki|nr4# cnwxrn|`ri jilr`ch|righ+

Gn}ngi|n|hn cnzicn n knvhb`r hw|h ?=== |`kh+

\rnfigxb lh cnrfxri hw|h lh 8==== |`khnk+

Ngghwxb ik }`r| wh fngh kxcni }h lrxcxri rx|ihrh+


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Cn}

qqq+n}lf+r`


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]@_\XB GNBNFN\B`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 198

Nx|`ri|n|i

G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Fbxvinbh WN AixraixLirhg|`r Ahkhrnb5 Griw|ink Khc|hwgxWhlix }rikgi}nb AixraixNlrhwn5 W`w+ ]`r|xbxi" kr+ >" Aixraix4

Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74

Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4Hcnib5 whgrh|nrin|Mn}lf+r 4 chlixMn}lf+r`4ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r


ahkhrnbh

}`r|

Ln|h|hjkigh

]`r|xb nrh xk gjhx lh }in|rn ikgbikn|" lh#n bxkaxb cnbxbxi Lxknrii wi hw|h f`rcn| lik5# lnkn ng`w|nrh knvh ik nw|h}|nrh # >== c bxkaich4

# lnkn }hk|rx }nwnahri" }rhvnux|n gx }`k|`nkh lh ng`w|nrh4# lnkh }hk|rx cnrfxri" ik bxkaich lh 78= c lik gnrh >== c lik bxkaichn gjhxbxi hw|h}rhvnux|n gx l`xn cngnrnbh lh 8 |f4# fr`k| kh`}hrn|iv ik bxkaich lh >8= c+

Ik nc`k|h wh nfbn nchknen|n ` rnc}n }hk|rx ng`w|nrh" ikgnrgnrh#lhwgnrgnrh nx|` }h ongxblh |rnvhrwnrh" gnrh fngh bhan|xrn gx }`r|xb Vilik+

Ik nvnb wh nfbn ikw|nbn|in }hk|rx |rnkwo`rlnrhn vna`nkhb`r+Nlnkgichn bn gjhx hw|h cikic # 7 c+

Ik nc`k|h wh nfbn nchknen|n ` rnc}n }hk|rx ng`w|nrh" ikgnrgnrh#lhwgnrgnrh nx|` }h ongxblh |rnvhrwnrh" gnrh fngh bhan|xrn gx }`r|xb Vilik+

Ik nvnb wh nfbn ikw|nbn|in }hk|rx |rnkwo`rlnrhn vna`nkhb`r+Nlnkgichn bn gjhx hw|h cikic # 7 c+

X|ibi|n|i wi fngibi|n|i }`r|xnrh5 hkhraih hbhg|rign" n}n gxrhk|n" gnknbiunrh *f`wn }r`}rih)" b`g}hk|rx ihrkn|ig+

Ng|ivi|n|i g`chrginbh 5# }ricirh" cnki}xbnrh wi lh}`ui|nrh cnrfxri" lhwgnrgnrh ghrhnbh gx ohkui |rnkw}`r|`nrh"ikgjirihrh w}n|ii g`chrginbh+


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Cn}

qqq+n}lf+r`


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L_@OH\N \X_KX WHVH_IKB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 9?1 bn dc 977"?8Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Fbxvinbh WN

Aixraix


Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4


Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r

Wxgxrwnbn Lròh|n \xrkx WhvhrikW|rnln ]`r|xbxi kr 7" Chjhlik|i\hb5 $=?8? 7>>1=>9Hcnib5 n}lfMwhvhrik+rlwkh|+r

Ikf`rcn|ii

ahkhrnbh }`r|

Wx}rnfn|n |`|nbn >>7+6 |`> cngnrn bxffika#wbhqika" gn}ngi|n|h 6== |`> c`|`w|ivxi|`r *ik|rh 7#8 |`)

Gn}ngi|n|i

lh}ùi|nrh

Lh}ùi| khng`}hri|lhwgjiw 3 >7+1?8 c}

@}hrn|`ri

}`r|xnri

\_NKWHX_@]N ]@_\ WN ANBN\I" Wxgxrwnbn Lròh|n \xrkx WhvhrikNlrhwn5 W|rnln ]`r|ibh lh Fihr k` ?" Lròh|n \xrkx Whvhrik

\hb5$=?8?7>989>Fnz5 $=?8?79989=


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WG _\W G`c}nky W_B\hb5 $=?8?7>8:=8Hcnib5`ffighMr|wg`c}nky+r`Qhowi|h5qqq+r|wg`c}nky+r`

Wnk|ihr knvnb WHVH_HKNW WN Wji}ynrl Lr`oh|n \xrkx WhvhrikNlrhwn5 W|rnln \iciw`nrhi kr ?=


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@_W@VNB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" lh bn dc 987 bn dc 981Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Fbxvinbh WN

Aixraix


Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4



ahkhrnbh }`r|

Wx}rnfn|n |`|nbn ?9>Fnz5 $=?8?767619Hcnib5wgh}M}`r|#`rw`vn+r`qqq+}`r|#`rw`vn+r`

Wnk|ihr knvnb Wnk|ihrxb Knvnb @rw`vn WNNlrhwn5 W|rnln \xfnri kr


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]@_XB C@BL@VN VHGJHB`gnbiunrh }h cnbxb w|nka nb Lxknrii" bn dc >=8=Nx|`ri|n|i G`c}nkin Kn|i`knbn Nlcikiw|rn|in ]`r|xrib`r Lxknrii Fbxvinbh

WN Aixraix


Whgrh|nrin|\hb5 =?7 ==74Fnz5 =?> 7>> =8 ?>4

Hcnib5 whgrh|nrin|Mn}lf+r 4 chlixMn}lf+r 4ngjiui|iiMn}lf+r`4 |hjkigMn}lf+r 4 cnrdh|ikaMn}lf+r

Qhowi|h5 qqq+n}lf+r

Wxgxrwnbn C`bl`vN Vhgjh\hb5 $=?88 ?888


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_IN]BN\IKN?=>=#?=>>

Wnk|ihr knvnb #W|n|iw|igi #]r`ihg|h lh

lhuv`b|nrh

_hghk| fiknbiun|h5Ik lhrxbnrh 5Lh }hrw}hg|ivn5 #

F`|`/jnr|n }`r|

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