Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting Phase …...5 PV 30 PV 30 PV, 2 th 30 PV, 3 th 30 PV, 4 th 30 PV, 5 th 30 PV, 6 th N( l) ~ l-2.18 N (l) cluster length l (Pm) drainage 1 PV

Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge Programme in Clean Fossil Fuels

1

Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting

Phase Cluster Size Distribution as a Function of

Interfacial Tension

Apostolos Georgiadis1,2, Steffen Berg1, Geoffrey Maitland2 and Holger Ott1

1.Shell International Global Solutions BV, The Netherlands – [email protected]

2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom – [email protected]

TCCS-6 2011, Trondheim, Norway


2

Introduction

• Motivation: Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emission

• Shell – Imperial Collaboration on Clean Fossil Fuels

• Partially Miscible Phases of (aqueous + hydrocarbon + gas) systems

• Phase Behaviour and other Thermophysical Properties

• Interfacial Properties / Fluid Displacements in Porous Media

• Rock / Fluid Reactive Interactions (CO2 / H2S)

• Reservoir Conditions Experiments - Molecular Based (SAFT) Modelling

• Achieving More Realistic Reservoir Simulation

• Enhanced Oil recovery

• Carbon Storage / Capillary Trapping


3

Capillary Trapping

Enhanced Oil Recovery / CCS

Oil WaterTrapped Oil Surrounding Water

100μm

1. Dawe, R.A., Ala, M. & Royal School of Mines (Great Britain). (1990) Reservoir physics at the pore scale. Seventy-five years of progress in oil field

science and technology, p. 177

2. IPCC, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005 (http://www.ipcc.ch)

3. Courtesy of S. Iglauer and C. Pentland, Imperial College Lodnon, 2010.

1 2

3

http://www.ipcc.ch/


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Interfacial Tension

Young equationLaplace equation

Capillary Pressure


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Interfacial Tension

Capillary de-saturation

4. Lake, L. W. Enhanced Oil Recovery. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1980)

4

Surf1

Surf2

Larry Lake de-saturation curve Measured Interfacial Tensions


6

Secondment at Shell, Rijswijk, NL

Rock and Fluid Physics Group

Flow diagram of flooding apparatus

Shell IEP, Rijswijk, NL

Experimentally determined


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Results: μ-CT core flooding

Filtering and Thresholding

Filtered and segmented using ImageJ – visualization in Aviso.

Shell GSI, Rijswijk, NL

Resolution

11.3 μm/pixel


8


Filtering and Segmenting

Filtered and segmented using ImageJ – visualization in Aviso. Shell GSI, Rijswijk, NL

0 PV

1 PV

5 PV

200 PV


9


[H2O + DTAB] + n-decane

Direct Imbibition and Post-Saturation Imbibition Experiments


10




11




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Cluster Size Distribution

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

101

102

103

104

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

porosity

N-decane sat.

po

rosity,

sa

tura

tio

n

averaging window (mm)

RE

V

imbibition

5 PV

30 PV

30 PV, 2th

30 PV, 3th

30 PV, 4th

30 PV, 5th

30 PV, 6th

N(l)~l-2.18

N(l

)

cluster length l (m)

drainage

1 PV

5 PV

200 PV

sat

RE

V

pore

radius

distribution

pore

length

distr.

Invasion percolation theory:Representative Elementary Volume


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Largest Cluster Size

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.610

0

101

102

103

104

clu

ste

r le

ng

th (m

)

6th

1st

2nd

4th

5th

largest cluster

1st, drainage + imbibition, pos. 1

1st, drainage + imbibition, pos. 2

5th, imbibition, pos. 1

1st-6

th, imbibition 30 PV, pos. 1

vo

lum

e la

rge

st cl./to

tal vo

lum

e

3rd

decane saturation (PV)

5th, imbib, pos. 1 1

st, drain+imbib,

pos. 2

decane saturation (PV)

largest cluster

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

1th, drain+imbib, pos. 1

Increase of largest cluster with saturation

Decrease of next smaller ones


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Summary and Conclusions

• Interfacial tension – representative reservoir fluids range

• Flooding experiments at ambient conditions with micron resolution

• Interfacial tension influence on saturation – small dependence

Trends follow capillary de-saturation curve

• Cluster size distribution – power law (percolation theory)

• Largest cluster size – increase with saturation

Single cluster dominates the saturation (65 – 95 %)

• Next steps: different Ca – HPHT flooding with brine/CO2

sintered glass and sandstone


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Acknowledgments

Shell Global Solutions International BV

Rock & Fluid Physics Team

• John Coenen, Fons Marcelis, Kees De Kloe, Axel Makurat

Imperial College London

Department of Chemical Engineering

• Martin Trusler – Thermophysics Group

• Alexander Bismarck – PaCE Group

• George Jackson – MSE Group


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Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting

Phase Cluster Size Distribution as a Function of

Interfacial Tension

Apostolos Georgiadis1,2, Steffen Berg1, Geoffrey Maitland2 and Holger Ott1

1.Shell International Global Solutions BV, The Netherlands – [email protected]

2.Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom – [email protected]

TCCS-6 2011, Trondheim, Norway

Documents

Pore-Scale micro-CT imaging: Non-Wetting Phase …...5 PV 30 PV 30 PV, 2 th 30 PV, 3 th 30 PV, 4 th 30 PV, 5 th 30 PV, 6 th N( l) ~ l-2.18 N (l) cluster length l (Pm) drainage 1 PV