P O P U L A T IO N G R O W T H AND ITS IM PA C T O N JA M M U &

K A SH M IR STATE

X

P O P U L A T I O N G R O W T H A N D IT S IM P A C T O N

J A M M U A N D K A S H M I R S T A T E

4.1 G eograp h ica l F eatu res o f the Jam m u and K ash m ir State

T h e S ta te o f Jamm u and K ash m ir has a unique g eog ra p h ica l en tity . It

is w e l l en d o w ed in ren ew a b le natural resources. I t ’ s m igh ty r ive rs , ev e rg reen

fo rests , s n o w -c o v e re d peaks, in v igo ra t in g c lim a te and hum ane p opu la tion are

u n para lle l in the coun try . It is the northern m ost state o f the co im try bounded

in th e north -east by C h ina , in the n orth -w est by A fgh a n is tan , and in the w est

b y Pak is tan . T h e southern boundary is con tigu ou s w ith the states o f Punjab

and H im a ch a l Pradesh . In v ie w o f it ’ s lo ca tion , it has a v ita l strateg ic

im portan ce . “ It stretches b e tw een 3 2 °-1 7 ' N o r th to 36®-58' N o r th latitude and

7 3 °-2 6 ' East to 80” -30^ East lon g itu d es and is situated in the transverse

segm en t o f th e H im a la yas w h ich is kn ow n as K ash m ir and Punjab

H im a la ya s ” . ' Jamm u and K a sh m ir State has a g eog ra p h ica l area o f “ 2,22 ,236

square k ilo m e te rs co m p ris in g 6.93 percen t o f the to ta l Ind ian te rr ito ry w h ich

in c lu d es 78114 sq. km s. under occu p a tion o f Pakistan and 5180 sq. kms.

i l le g a l ly handed o v e r by Pak is tan to Ch ina and 37555 sq. kms. under ille g a l

o ccu p a tion o f C h ina in L eh (L a d a k h ) d is tr ic t” . ̂ O f the actual area o f In d ia ’ s

com m and (1 0 1 ,3 8 7 sq. k m s .) Ladakh a lon e c o ve rs 58 percen t, Jammu reg ion

co ve rs 26 pe r cent and K a sh m ir re g io n accounts fo r the rem a in in g 16 per

cent. T h e S tate o f Jammu and K ash m ir is dem arcated into 14 districts , 59

tehsils, 121 C .D . b lo ck s , 2661 panchayats, 6652 v illa g e s , 75 urban areas

in c lu d in g 7 urban a gg lo m e ra t io n s ” .̂

81

T h e State has no ph ys ica l m on oton y but presents an in teresting

m o rp h o lo g y w h ich g iv e s it a ch an g in g co lou r. T h e im m ense d iv e rs ity o f the

S tate can be b road ly g rou p ed in to three m ain reg ion s , nam ely Jammu,

K ash m ir and Ladakh , re c o g n ize d by its constitu tion . G eo gra p h ica lly , the P ir

Panchal ran ge separates Jammu from K ash m ir V a lle y , w h ile the Z o ji la

in terven es b e tw een the latter and Ladakh.

4.1.1 Jammu

T h e Jammu re g io n con s is ts m ostly o f the sub-m ountain and sem i-

m ou n ta inou s tract co n tigu ou s to Pun jab and brok en K an d i area sk irtin g the

P ir -P a n ja l ran ges and a lso the ou te r h ills south o f the m ountain ranges

co m m o n ly k n ow n as the S iw a lik s , b e lo w the h ills in the ou ter p la in area

con stitu tin g parts o f Kathua. H iran aga r, Sam ba and R .S . P o ra consis t o f

p la in lands u pto an a ltitu d e o f about 1200 fe e t a b o v e the sea le v e l.

A c c o rd in g to the census o f 1941, “ its p opu la tion w as 1981, 433 against

1464 ,034 o f the v a lle y . But, as a result o f the d iv is io n o f the S tate in 1947,

it lo s t its n u m erica l su p erio r ity . F o r th e sam e reason , its M u s lim m a jo rity

w as red u ced to a m in o r ity ” .■* T h e presen t area o f Jamm u bounded by the

r iv e r R a v i and the P ir -P a n ja l ran ge , is o v e r 26 ,000 sq. kms. A c c o rd in g to

the census o f 2001 , “ the p op u la tion o f Jammu p ro v in ce w as about 44 lakhs,

w h ich con stitu ted 43 .6 pe r cent o f the S tate ’ s to ta l p opu la tion ” . ̂ A s the

recen t fig u re s o f r e lig io u s co m p os it ion in the S tate w ere not a va ilab le .

H o w e v e r , “ 1981 census report revea led that out o f total popu lation in Jammu

p rov in ce , H indus constitu ted about 56 per cent o f it, w h ile 40.35 per cent w ere

M u slim s, 2 .80 percen t Sikhs, 0.04 per cent Buddhist and 0.07 per cent

o th ers .” * T h e p redom inan t in flu en ce on the pe rson a lity o f Jammu is,

o f cou rse , o f the D o g ra s . W h ile D o g r i is sp oken by the s in g le largest

com m u n ity , it is th e reco rd ed m oth er ton gu e o f 54.5 per cent o f popu la tion

o f the reg ion .

82

T h e v a l le y o f K ash m ir, nested in north -w estern fo ld s o f the

H im a layas , is surrounded on a lm ost a ll s ides by m ountain ranges and sn ow

c o ve re d lo f ty peaks. T h e m ountain range r is in g to a heigh t o f 5,550 m eters

on the north-east d ip -d ow n to about 2,770 m eters in the South, w h ere the

B an ihal pass (Jaw ahar T u n n e l) a ffo rd s an e x it from the va lle y . “ T h e o va l

shaped v a l le y is 134 km s. lon g fro m N orth -E ast to Sou th -W est and 32 to 40

km s. broad , b e tw een 33® to 34® 3S ' and 74“-8 ' to 75 °-25 'E and ranges in

a ltitude fro m 5 ,200 fe e t to 6 ,000 fe e t a b ove the sea le v e l” .’ K ash m ir is the

la rgest v a l le y in the lap o f the largest m ountains in the w orld .

G eo g ra p h ic a lly , it b e lon gs to that part o f C en tra l A s ia w h ich at one tim e w as

'th e c le a r in g house o f seve ra l c iv il iz a t io n s ’ . T h e va lle y o f K ash m ir o ften

been term ed as ‘ the parad ise on earth ’ is fam ous fo r its lakes, c lea r streams,

g reen tu rf, m agn ificen t trees, m igh ty m ountains, c o o l a ir, sw ee t-w a te r and

h ig h ly p rod u c tiv e so il, g ro w in g paddy, apples, a lm onds and sa ffron .

G eo g ra p h ic a lly , the va lle y o f K ash m ir ho lds a p iv o ta l pos ition in the

State. “ W ith an area o f 15948 sq. km s., it is the sm allest reg ion in the State.

B ut, its d en s ity o f popu la tion w as the h ighest, i.e. 341 souls per sq. km.

aga inst the a ve ra g e o f 99 fo r the w h o le Sate W h ile it com p rises ju st o ver

16 pe r cent o f the to ta l S ta te ’ s area, i t ’ s popu la tion o f o v e r 54.41 lakhs was

54 pe r cen t o f the to ta l popu la tion o f the State, (C ensus o f Ind ia 2001 ).

C u ltu ra lly , K ash m ir is the m ost h om ogenou s reg io n in the State, least

a ffe c ted by its d iv is ion . 95 per cent o f its p eop le are M u slim s and K ashm iri

is the m other ton gu e o f o v e r 89 pe r cent o f them.

G eo gra p h ica l com pactness, lon g and rich heritage, unbroken h istorical

con tin u ity , reg ion a l con cep t o f h is tory , cu ltural h om ogen e ity , and p roverb ia l

beauty o f K ash m ir has m ade it ’ s p eop le consc iou s and proud o f their distinct

identity .

4 .1 .2 K a s h m ir

83

4.1.3 Ladakh

T h e th ird reg io n o f the S tate, Ladakh, is on e o f the lo ft ie s t inhabited

part o f the w o r ld . B ou nded by Karalcoram ran ge in the north and H im a laya in

the South, its a ltitu de ranges fro m 11,000 fe e t to 17,000 fe et w ith som e o f the

m ounta in peaks reach in g the he igh t o f 25 ,000 feet. Th is co ld -desert is m ostly

fo rm ed o f m ech an ica lly w ea th ered rocks and gran ite dust. It is o ften been

term ed as the ‘ R o o f o f the W o r ld ’ w h ere p e o p le liv e at heigh ts ranging

b e tw een 2800 to 5000 m eters a b ove the sea -le ve l. C om p ris in g o v e r 58 per

cent area o f the State, it has o n ly 2.3 per cent o f its popu lation . " I t ’ s

p opu la tion o f ju s t 2 .32 Lakhs is scattered o v e r 239 v illa g e s in an area o f

abou t 60 thousand sq. km s. Its den s ity o f a lm ost 4 persons per sq.km . is

lo w es t in the cou n try and is in g la r in g contrast to o v e r 341 o f the K ash m ir

V a l le y ” .’

L a d a k h ’ s rac ia l stock is eq u a lly d istinct from other reg ion s o f the

State. I t ’ s p e o p le b e lon g to M o n g o lo id and A ry a n races. A s per 1981 census,

it has about 51 per cent Buddhists , 46 pe r cent M u slim s and 2.6 per cent

H indus. T h e d is tr ic t o f L eh has h ighest concen tra tion o f Buddhists, w h ile

K a rg il d is tr ic t is dom in ated b y M u slim s.

4.2 N atu re o f P op u la tion G row th in Jam m u & K ash m ir State

T h e h is tory o f popu la tion g row th in Jammu and K ash m ir State is a

record o f constant im pu lses o f im m igra tion from the north -w est, w est-south

and east d irections. T h e a lien races, ethn ic groups and variou s re lig io n s have

in flu enced the cu ltural ethos and m ode o f l i fe o f p eop le o f this reg ion . Th e

S tate o f Jamm u and K ash m ir has great d iv e rs ity in its terrain, c lim a tic

con d ition s and resource base. T h ese va ria tion s h ave resu lted into uneven

d is tr ibu tion o f popu lation . T h e State has a lso reg is tered h eavy increase o f

popu la tion in the past decades w h ich re fle c ts in tab le 3.1.

84

Population Growth in Jammu Kashmir State (1941-2001) (in lakhs)

T a b le 3.1

Ye a r T o U l

PopulatioDM ale % age Female Veage Rural •/•age Urban %age

1941 29.46 15.77 53.51 13.69 46.49 25.60 86.88 3.86 13.12

1951 32.53 17.36 53.36 15.17 46.64 27.96 85.95 4.57 14.05

1961 35.60 18.96 53.25 16.64 46.75 29.67 83.34 5.93 16.66

1971 46.16 24.58 53.25 21.58 46.76 37.58 81.41 8.58 18.59

1981 59.87 31.64 52.84 28.22 47.16 47.26 78.95 12.60 21.05

1991^ 77.18 40.14 52.00 37.04 48.00 58.79 76.17 18.39 23.83

2 0 0 1 (P ) 100.69 53.00 52.63 47.69 47.36 75.64 75.12 25.05 24.88

Source; 1. Census o f India 1981, pp. 45,50

2. Digest o f Statistics 2000-0/. Government o f Jammu and Kashmir, p.9.

N o te :

( i ) 1951 figures o f population are the arithmetical mean o f 1941 & 1961 populations, as in 1951, Census was not held in Jammu and Kashmir State.

( i i ) • The 1991 Census was not held in Jammu and Kashmir. The populationfigures are as projected by the Standing Committee o f Experts on Population Projections (October 1989)

( i i ) P: Provisional

( iv ) There are certain lim itations, inconsistencies and contradictions in theCensus figures available. Some figures are projected and some are totally contradicting the actual positions. But. the researcher h a ^ to rely upon these figures because no other source o f in form ationft#«*available. H owever, at the time o f conclusion, we w ill not depend totally on Census data.

P rio r to 1921, the popu lation o f the State g rew at a s low rate. T h e reason

being that the State experienced a number o f fam ines & ep idem ics. A fte r 1921,

how ever, the popu lation increased steadily. In 1941, the population o f the Stale

w as 29.46 lakhs, out o f w hich 15.77 lakhs (53.51 per cen t) w ere males and

13.69 (46 .49 per cen t) fem ales. In 1951, soon a fter the partition, the

population o f the State reached to 32.53 lakhs. During 1961-71, the population

o f the State m creased from 35.60 lakhs to 46.16 lakhs, thus show ing an increase

85

o f 10.56 lakhs (lu ring the decade. A s per 1981 Census, the total population o f

the State w as 59.87 lakhs w ith 52.84 per cent m ales and 47.16 per cent fem ales.

1991 estim ates indicated that the popu lation o f the State has reached to 77.18

lakhs, out o f w h ich 52 per cent w ere m ales and 48 per cent fem ales. The

p rov is ion a l figu res o f 2001 Census show ed that the popu lation o f the Stale

crossed one crore mark sh ow in g a total population o f 10069917 persons w ith

5300574 m ales (52 .63 per cen t) and 4769343 fem ales (47 .36 per cent). Thus it

becom es clear fixim the data that popu lation in the State has increased by 71.23

lakhs from 1941-2001. Popu lation o f the State constitutes on ly 0.98 per cent o f

the tota l popu lation o f the country. It ranks 19"’ in respect o f population and 6"'

in respect o f area w hen com pared to other States and U n ion Territo ries o f India.

In Jammu and Kashm ir agriculture is the m ain stay o f econom y, thus

m ajo rity o f popu lation liv e in the rural areas. T h e rural population in the State is

three tim es m ore than the urban popu lation as show n in T a b le 3.1. A cco rd in g to

the Census report o f 1941, 86.88 per cent o f the total popu lation o f the State was

res id ing in the v illa g es and the rem ain ing 13.12 per cent in urban areas. The

percen tage o f tota l popu lation liv in g in v illa g es has declined from decade to

decade. T h is does not m ean that the popu lation grow th in the urban areas

rem ained h igher than the rural areas o f the State. In fact, peop le from rural areas

have m igra ted to urban areas because o f security reasons, education, m edical

fa c ilit ies and em p loym ent opportunities. D uring 1961-71, the percentage o f

urban popu lation increased from 16.66 per cent to 18.59 per cent and the trend

continued as show n in the table 3.1. A cco rd in g to 1991 estimates, the ratio o f

rural popu lation w as 76.17 per cent w h ile as that o f urban popu lation w as 23.83

f>er cent. T h e Census o f 2001, show ed that the ratio o f rural population was

75.12 per cent w h ile as the urban popu lation was 24.88 per cent. Th e ratio o f

rural popu lation w as m ore in Kashm ir than in Jammu province.

4.2.1 P o p u la tion G ro w th in D iffe ren t D istricts o f Jam m u and K a sh m ir State

S in ce 1941, popu la tion has g row n rap id ly at the State as w e ll as at the

d istrict le v e l. T h e latest figu res o f Census 2001, revea led that am ong

86

d iffe ren t d istricts o f the S la te , Jammu district has the m axim um popu lation o f

15.71 lakhs w h ich constitu ted 15.6 per cent o f S tate ’ s popu lation , w h ile as

d is tric t K a rg il has the m in im um popu la tion o f 1.15 lakhs w h ich constituted

1.14 pe r cen t o f the to ta l popu la tion o f the State. D u ring 1941-2001, Jammu

d is tric t has sh ow n an increase o f 11.51 lakh popu la tion w h ile the popu lation

o f K a rg il d is tr ic t has increased b y on ly 77 thousands during the sam e period.

O ther d is tr ic ts o f the S tate have a lso sh ow n a sharp increase in their

popu lation . T h e p opu la tion g row th fro m 1941-2 0 0 1 in d iffe ren t d istricts o f

Jammu and K ash m ir State is sh ow n in tab le 3.2.

Table 3.2Population Growth in D ifferen t Districts o f J& K State (I941-200I)

(in lakhs)State/District 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991* 2001(P) Total

increase from 1941-2001

J & K 29.4 32.5 35.6 46.1 59.8 77.1 100.6 71.2

Anantnag 3.2 3.6 4.0 5.1 6.5 8.2 11.7 8.5

Pulwama 1.9 2.2 2.4 3.1 4.0 5.1 6.4 4.5

Srinagar 3.4 3.9 4.4 5.6 7.0 8.9 11.8 8.4

Badgam 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.6 4.9 6.3 4.7

Baramulla 3.2 3.5 3.9 5.1 6.7 8.6 11.6 8.4

Kupwara 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.1 6.4 4.7

Kargil 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.53 0.65 0.81 1.15 0.77

Leh (Ladakh) 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.51 0.68 0.89 1.17 0.80

Doda 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.2 6.9 5.0

Udhampur 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.4 4.5 6.0 7.3 5.2

Kathua 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 3.6 4.9 5.4 3.6

Jammu 4.2 4.6 5.1 7.2 9.4 12.07 15.71 11.51

Rajouri 1.8 >•7 1.7 2.1 3.0 4.1 4.7 2.9

Poonch 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.2 2.9 3.7 2.3

Source:

• 1991 PopulatiMi figures are intorpolaled as no Census was oonducta) in the Stale in 1991.P: Provisional figures.

1. Census o f India J 981, pp. l02-\04.2. Digest o f Statistics 2000-01.. Directorate o f Economics &Statistics, Planning &

Developm ent Department, Government o f Jammu and Kashmir, p. 9.

87

T h e figu res c le a r ly sh ow that popu la tion in a ll the 14 d istricts o f the

S tate has g ro w n rap id ly . T h is rap id increase o f popu la tion in the S tate has

a d ve rse ly a ffe c te d the eco n o m ic g ro w th lead in g to the pressure on natural

resources.

4.2.2 Growth Rate of PopulatioD in Different Districts of Jammu and Kashmir State

Th e population o f Jammu and Kashmir State has increased from 29.46 lakhs in

1941 to 100.69 lakhs in 2001 showing a total increase o f 71.23 lakhs Le. 242.1 percent

during these 60 years. The m aximum decadal growth rate o f 30.84 per cent o f

population was observed during the decade 1981-91 as shown in the table 3.3.

T a b le 3.3

Percentage Decadal Variation in Population (1941-2001)(+ For Increase, - For Decrease)

State/District I94I-SI 1951-61 1961-71 1971-SI 1981-91* 1991-2001 Totalvariation1941-2001

Jammu & Kashmir

+ 10.42 +9 .4 4 +29 .65 +29 .69 +3 0 .8 4 29.04 +242.1

A n an tn ag + 12.15 + 10.84 + 2 9 .0 6 +2 6 .6 8 +34 .32 +32 .70 +265 .6

P u lw am a + 12.15 + 10.84 +26 .85 +2 8 .6 2 +2 5 .6 9 +24 .49 +236 .8

S rin agar + 14.44 + 12.62 +28.21 +2 5 .5 2 + 3 3 .02 +31.45 +247 .0

Badgam + 14.49 + 12.66 +25 .76 +36.51 +27.81 +26 .50 +293 .7

B aram u lla + 9 .9 9 + 9 .0 9 +30.61 +30 .82 +32 .72 +31 .18 +262.5

K u p w ara + 9 .9 9 +9 .0 9 +2 6 .3 4 +27.51 +40 .47 +38 .59 +276 .4

K a rg il + 8 .3 0 +7 .66 + 18.50 +23 .58 +32 .89 +31 .39 +202 .6

L e h (L a d a k h ) + 8 .3 0 +7 .66 + 19.05 +31 .78 +31.91 +30 .42 +216 .2

D oda + 16.52 + 14.18 +30 .38 +24 .27 +28 .09 +26 .76 +263.1

U dham pur + 10.28 + 9 .3 2 +31.61 +32 .37 +28 .32 +26 .95 +247 .6

Kathua + 8 .4 0 +7 .75 +31 .74 +32.91 +21 .94 +20.91 +200 .0

Jammu + 10.23 +9 .2 8 +41 .25 +30 .16 +29 .78 +28 .39 +274 .0

R a jou ri -3 .40 -3.52 +26.73 +39 .16 +26 .38 +25 .19 + 161.1

Poon ch +5.01 +4 .78 + 10.52 +31 .27 +29 .40 +28.08 + 164.2

* A s per

Source: Census

projected population o f 1991.

o f India. 2001. Series 2, J&K. p. 37.

88

D u rin g 1991-2001, the decada l g row th rate o f popu la tion in Jammu

and K ash m ir State d ec lin ed to 29 .04 per cent w ith an a vera ge annual g row th

rate o f 2.55 pe r cent. In Ind ia , the decada l g row th rate rem ained at 21.34 per

cent w ith an a ve ra g e annual grovrth rate o f 1.93 pe r cent during the same

period .

T a b le 3.3 c le a r ly ind icates that, am ong d if fe re n t d istricts o f Jammu

and K ash m ir State— B ad gam d is tric t has sh ow n the h ighest popu lation

increase o f 293.7 per cent during 1941-2001, fo llo w e d by K u pw ara district

w ith 276.4 per cent.

R a jou ri w as the o n ly d is tric t w here m ax im u m va r iab ility in the

popu la tion g row th w as ob served . D u rin g 1941-1961, the g row th rate o f

p opu la tion in th is d is tr ic t not o n ly decreased but show ed a n ega tive trend. It

o b se rv ed the h ighest g row th rate o f 39.16 per cent du ring the decade 1971-

81. T h e to ta l va r ia tion in popu la tion during 1941-2001 in the d is tric t was

161.1 pe r cent w h ich w as the low es t g row th rate as com pared to other

d istr ic ts o f the State.

Jammu and Kashm ir, like, som e o f the other States o f India v iz . H im achal

Pradesh, Punjab, M eghalaya, Orissa, M adhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

G oa, K ere la and Tam il Nadu, has shown a decline in the grow th rate o f

population during 1991-2001 as compared to the previous decade.

4.3 D em ograph ic C haracteristics o f Jam m u and K ashm ir State

T h e study o f popu la tion d istribu tion and its characteristics has

assum ed g rea te r s ign ifica n ce not o n ly in Jammu and K ash m ir State but all

o v e r the w orld . D em ogra p h ic features o f an area tend to re fle c t the

institu tional d eve lop m en t, thus the study o f dem ograph ic characteristics is

l ik e ly to d isc lo se a va r ie ty o f so c ia l and other d eve lopm en ta l a ctiv it ies that

an area has ach ieved .

Th e dem ograph ic characteristics o f Jammu and Kashm ir State have to be

studied properly, as the environm ental constraints and large-scale social and

89

econom ic d iversities am ong the spatial units o f the State exhibit sharp constraints.

B irth & death rates, density o f population, sex ratio, relig ious com position ,

literacy, m arital status etc., are the m ajor dem ograph ic characteristics o f

population w h ich determ ine the econom ic developm en t and social w e ll being o f

the respective population. In the fo llo w in g paras, an attempt has been made lo

exam ine the dem ograph ic characteristics o f Jammu and Kashm ir State.

4.3.1 Birth and Death Rate

T h e grovrth rate o f popu lation in the State is d irectly the ou tcom e o f

births and deaths. T h e latest estim ates drawn out by the Sam ple R egistra tion

Schem e (S R S ) o f the R eg istrar G enera l o f India, show little im pact o f the

F am ily W e lfa re P rogram m e upon the crude birth rate in d iffe ren t states o f India.

T h e annual b irth and death rates in the J & K State shovra in the table 3.4 indicate

r is ing birth rate, fa llin g death rate and a w iden in g gap betw een the tw o.

Table 3.4Annua l B irth and Death Rates P e r MHle

Y e a r B ir th ra te D ea th R a te G a p1970 21.95 7.87 14.081971 21.44 7.19 14.251972 31.70 10.80 20.901973 32.50 10.30 22.201974 29.50 10.10 19.40

1975 31.90 12.70 19.201977 31.60 11.30 20.301978 31.80 11.70 20.101979 31.10 9.30 21.801980 31.30 9.60 21.701981 31.60 9.00 22.601984 33.50 10.10 23.401985 33.40 9.00 24.401987 30.40 8.00 22.40

1988 32.60 8.30 24.30

1989 31.10 7.60 23.50

1990 3 1 .4 0 (a ) 7 .9 0 (a ) 23.50

1998 19.90 5.40 14.50

N ote : (a ) M ille - 1000

(b ) Figures are based on average o f the previous three years since SRS was out o f order

from 1990 lo 1998. H en ce no information is available for the years 1991-1997.

Source: Registrar G en o^ l o f India, vide Digest o f Statistics 2000-01. J& K Govt., p. 329^30.

90

Tab le 3.4 shows that during 1970, birth rate was 21.95 per thousand

population w h ile as death rate w as 7.87 per thousand population, thereby showing

a gap o f 14.08. U pto 1990, there w as a considerable increase in the birth rate

w h ile as the death rate remained almost declin ing. 1998 figures indicate that the

State has observed a considerable decline in birth as w ell as death rate.

A lthough the birth rate was low in the Sate, the death rate has also show-n

considerable decline because o f im proved health fecilities. The number o f medical

units is being enlarged every year and medical facilities are provided even in the

ferthest com ers o f the State. Unless birth rate is immediately brought under control

and then its trend reversed downward, the gap m ight becom e alarming.

4.3.2 Density o f Population

T h e gross density o f population re flected marked variations am ong the

regions o f Jammu, Kashm ir and Ladakh. A s a result o f rapid population growth,

density has gon e up in all the districts o f the Sate, as shown in table 3.5:

Table 3.5Density o f Population in J& K State (1981-2001)

Slate/D istrict A rea sq. kms.Density (Persons per Sq .K m o f a rea )

1981 1991 2001

Jammu & K ash m ir 222 236* 59 (a ) 7 6 (a ) 9 9 (a )A n a a tn a g 3984 165 207 294Pu lw am a 1398 289 369 464Srinagar 2228 318 401 531

B adgam 1371 268 263 461

Baram u lla 4588 146 188 252

K u pw ara 2379 138 175 269L eh (L a d a k h ) 82665* 2 (a ) 2 (a ) 3 (a )K a rg il 14036 5 6 8

Jammu 3097 305 390 508

U dham pur 4550 100 132 162

D oda 1 1691 36 45 59

Kathua 2651 139 186 205

R a jou ri 2630 115 159 182

Poonch 1674 134 175 _ 222

C h ina and 37555 sq. kms. under occupation o f C h in a in Leh (L a d a k h ) district,

(a ) D en s ity has been w orked out on com parab le area.

Source: Census o f India 1981, J&K (p .9 ), I99 1 (p . 2), & 200I(P*9).

91

A ga in s t the national density o f 324 souls per sq. km ., it w as 99 souls

in Jammu and K ash m ir State in 2001. S ince 1981, Srinagar w as the most

th ick ly popu la ted d is tric t fo l lo w e d by Jammu d istrict. A s per 2001 Census,

Srinagar d is tr ic t has 531 sou ls p e r sq. km , w h ile as Jammu has 508 souls per

sq.km . L eh has the lo w es t density o f 3 souls per sq.km . fo llo w e d by K a rg il

d is tric t w ith 8 sou ls p e r sq.km .

T a b le 3.5 a lso sh ow s that S rinagar, Jammu, Pu lw am a and B adgam

d istricts , constitu te the zon e o f h ighest density in the State. T h is is due to

v a r ie ty o f fa c to rs such as le v e l o f land, fe r tile character o f the so il, m oderate

c lim a te and a v a ila b ility o f adequ ate ir r iga tion a l fa c ilit ie s besides h igher le v e l

o f e c o n o m ic d eve lop m en t.

4.3.3 Sex Composition

S ex co m p o s it io n (S e x ra t io ) is usually re fe rred to as the num ber o f

fem a le s pe r 1000 m ales. A s pe r the Census 1941, the sex ratio in Jammu and

K a sh m ir S tate w as 869 fem a les per 1000 m ales as com pared to 900

fem ales/1000 m ales in 2001, thus sh ow in g an upward trend. A t the national

le v e l, the sex ra tio in 2001 w as 933 fem ales/1000 m ales i.e . h igher than the

state le v e l.

T h e figu res bo th at the State as w e ll as at the national le v e l revea l that

sex ra tio in the p opu la tion has g o n e in fa vo u r o f fem ales, th ereby the gender

gap narrow s. A c c o rd in g to ob serves , the ch ange seem ed to occu r as the

gove rn m en t and n on -govern m en t organ iza tion s had launched a series o f

aw areness-ra is ing cam pa igns a im ed at erod in g the bias fo r m ale ch ildren in

India , w h ere fem a le in fan tic id e and e sp ec ia lly fo e t ic id e , still rem ained

w idespread .

T h e sp a tia l d is tr ib u tion o f S e x ra tio in d if fe re n t d is tr ic ts o f Jammu

and K a sh m ir S ta te re v ea ls a h igh d e g re e o f va r ia t io n as sh ow n in

tab le 3.6.

92

Table 3.6

D istrict-w ise Trends in Sex Ratio (Females p e r 1000 M ales)

State/District

Janunu & Kashmir

Anantnag

1941

869

837

1951

873

853

1961

878

867

1971

878

847

1981

892

888

1991*

896

905

2001

900

922

Pulwama 837 843 848 850 896 917 938

Srinagar 837 846 852 852 873 872 871

Badgam 837 838 840 845 880 899 918

Baramulla 864 858 853 851 870 890 909

Kupwara 864 874 882 841 858 893 929

K arg il 1011 970 935 949 853 873 901

Leh (Ladakh ) 1012 1011 1010 1002 886 845 805

Doda 909 904 901 886 904 905 905

Udhampur 903 907 912 908 906 888 871

Kathua 887 896 905 921 917 912 907

Jammu 850 870 886 920 918 899 881

Rajouri 922 911 900 900 906 898 891

Poonch 908 905 902 903 889 902 916

* 1991 Hgures are interpolated as no Census was conducted in the State in 1991.

Source:

1. Census o f India 1981. Series 8— Jammu and Kashmir Part Il-A , p 100.

2. Census o f India 200!, Series2, Jammu and Kashmir p. 36.

T h e p ro v is io n a l fig u re s o f Census 2001 rev ea led that there has been

an u pw ard trend in sex ra tio in a ll the d is tr ic ts o f Jammu and K ash m ir State

ex cep t L eh , U dham pu r, Kathua and Jammu. L eh w as the o n ly d is tr ic t in the

S tate w h ere fe m a le s ou t-n u m bered the m ales up to 1971, but a d ec lin e started

fro m 1981 w h en sex ra tio w as reco rd ed at 886 fem a les per thousand m ales

w h ich fu rther d ip p ed to 845 in 1991 and touched a ll t im e low , 805 in 2001.

93

Th is is m a in ly due to h eavy in flu x o f m ale popu lation from outside the

d istrict e ith er fo r em p loym en t o r trade during the period.

It is w orth w h ile to m en tion here that, a cco rd in g to 2001 Census

report, the sex ratio o f 938 fem a les per thousand m ales w as highest in

Pu lw am a d is tric t, w h ile as L eh w ith a sex ratio o f 805 stands at the low est in

the State. T h e m ain cause respon s ib le fo r the va ried sex ratio is the changing

trends in fe r t i l ity and m orta lity rates. M o re o ve r , the reason fo r lo w er sex

ratio is that fem a le bab ies are not p rop erly cared w h ich leads to their h igh

m orta lity rate.

4.3.4 Religious Composition

R e lig io n is an im portan t featu re o f popu lation . It has been a d iverse as

w e ll as u n ify in g fo rc e . K ash m ir is the h om e o f d iffe re n t races and re lig ion s .

T h e m a jo rity o f the popu la tion in the state p ro fess Is la m as their re lig ion .

M u s lim s dom in ate K ash m ir d iv is ion . H indus fo rm the second re lig iou s group

w ith h ighest concen tra tion in the Jammu reg ion , w h ile Buddhists occu py the

Ladakh reg io n o f the State. T h e p roportion o f other com m u n ities v iz . Jains

and C hristians is v e ry sm all. It is im portant to m ention here that the latest

Census o f 2001, has not m entioned the re lig iou s figu re o f the State, h ow ever

1961-81 figu res are sh ow n b e lo w in the tab le;

T a b l e dReligious Composition o f Jammu and Kashmir State (1961-81)

(Percentage)Dfvisioo Muslims Hindus SUdLS Buddhists Others

1961 1971 1961 1961 1971 1981 1961 1971 1961 1961 1971 1961 1961 1971 1981

Kashmir 94.41 94.00 9S35 4.69 4.72 3.55 0.89 1.20 1.06 • 0.05 0.02 - 0.2

Janunu 38.08 33.81 4035 58.67 62.06 56.74 2.92 3.67 2.80 0.07 o .n 0.04 0.25 0.14 0.07

Ladakh 44.94 46.66 46.05 1.12 1.09 2.63 0.24 53.81 51.82 50.88 - - 0.2

Total 6 8 ^ 65.85 64.19 28.45 30.41 32.24 1.77 2.29 2-23 1J8 1.25 1.17 0.11 0.17 0.16

- N o l available

Souree: ( i ) /977-7S. Cjovcmmcnt ofjanunuand Kashmir, pp. 11, 12.

(ii) Digesi o/Slatiaics 1991-92. op ciL.p. 24.

94

T h e percen tage distribution o f the popu lation by various reHgions shows

that M u slim s constitu ted 68.29 percent o f the total popu lation o f the State in

1961 w h ich decreased to 64.19 percent in 1981. H indus rank second w ith 28.45

per cent in 1961 w h ich increased to 32.24 per cent in 1981. Sikhs rank at third

w ith 1.77 per cent in 1961 w h ich increased to 2.23 per cent in 1981.

T h ere has been a con tin uou s fa ll in the M u s lim popu la tion in Jammu

and K a sh m ir and sim u ltaneous r ise in the n on -M u s lim (e s p e c ia lly H ind u s ) in

the post-194 7 p e r iod . I f th is trend o f p op u la tion con tinues fo r fe w decades

m ore , it m ay lead to a s ign ifica n t red u ction in the dom inant M u s lim

popu la tion in the State. It is im portan t as w e ll as in terestin g to kn ow that,

th is d ecrea se in the M u s lim P op u la tion in J & K State has happened desp ite

the fact that the g ro w th rates have rem a ined h igh er in the State in com p arison

to the a ve ra g e g ro w th rates at a ll- In d ia le v e l. “ Thus, an im portan t question

arises i.e . w h eth er the con tin uou s decrease in the M u s lim popu la tion in J & K

State is a d em ogra p h ic rea lity o r a m an ipu lated e f fo r t ? T h e K ash m ir i

in te llig en ts ia b e lie v e s in the la tter..

T h o u g h M u s lim s h ave an o v e ra ll m a jo rity in the S tate but Jammu

d iv is io n ha-; a v e r y h igh con cen tra tion o f H indus and in Ladakh Buddhists

constitu te the dom in an t r e lig io u s group . 1981 Census report revea led that in

the K a sh m ir d iv is io n , abou t 95 pe r cent o f the popu la tion w as M u s lim by

fa ith , H indu s and S ikhs co m e next w ith 3.55 per cent and 1.06 per cent

res p ec tiv e ly .

In the Jamm u d iv is io n , e s p e c ia lly the Southern p la ins are dom inated

by H indus. 1981 Census report revea led that H indus constitu ted 56.74 per

cent o f the to ta l popu la tion o f the reg io n fo l lo w e d by M u slim s w ith 40.35 per

cent and S ik h s w ith 2 .80 per cent.

Ladakh is v e ry sparsely popu lated . Th is d iv is io n had about 51 per

cent Buddhists, 46 pe r cent M u slim s and 2.63 per cent H indus as per Census

figu res o f 1981. T h e d is tr ic t o f L eh has h igh concen tra tion o f Buddhists,

w h ile K a rg il d is tr ic t is dom in ated by M u s lim popu lation .

95

It is w o rth w h ile to m en tion here that the c o n flic t situation in the S tale

has not le ft i t ’ s r e lig io u s co m p o s it io n untouched. “ S om e 100,000 o f the

a p p rox im a te ly 140,000 strong P a n d il com m u n ity o f the K ash m ir v a lle y have

m o ved to Jammu, D e lh i and other location s sin ce uprising began in 1989-

90” " M o s t o f the exodu s occu rred w ith in a span o f fe w m onths during Ni.. » '

1990. T h ere is a d eep co n tro v e rsy rega rd in g the exodu s o f the P a n d its as

d iffe re n t p e o p le are g iv in g d if fe re n t v ie w s . H o w e v e r , “ the os ten s ib le catalyst

w as the k il l in g o f se ve ra l d o ze n persons b e lon g in g to th is grou p by m ilitan ts

b e tw een Sep tem ber 1989 and M a rch 1990” '^ D esp ite va riou s ca lls by

d if fe re n t m ilitan t o rgan iza tio n s to the P a n d it m igrants, they re fused to com e

back because o f the secu rity reasons.

L ik e K a s h m ir i P a n d its , a la rg e nu m ber o f P u n ja b i traders and

s e v e ra l M u s lim fa m il ie s a lso fe lt to the m ig ra t io n sp ree. F ac ts c o lle c te d

fr o m va r io u s so u rces r e v e a le d that “ fro m Ju ly to N o v e m b e r 1990 as m any

as 10 ,000 p e o p le m o s t ly M u s lim s rea ch ed D e lh i and so m e o f them jo in e d

th e ir r e la t iv e s in B o m b a y (M u m b i) and C a lcu tta ” . ' ’ T h ese M u s lim s

m en tio n e d that “ the P a n d its w e r e o n ly v ic t im iz e d by m ilita n ts , but they

h a ve b een cau gh t in a ‘ c le f t s t ic k ’ . I f th ey are s o ft to the m ilitan ts , the

s e cu r ity fo rc e s c ra ck d o w n them and i f th ey try to h e lp the secu rity fo rc es ,

the m ilita n ts g e t th em ” . ' ' ' S im ila r ly , thou sands o f M u s lim fa m ilie s in the

b o rd e r areas o f U r i , K e ra n , T a n g d e r , M a c h e l, K u p w a ra , P o on ch , R a jo u r i

and M en d h ar f le d to Pa k is ta n a d m in is te red K a sh m ir due to the fear o f

In d ia n se cu r ity fo rc e s .

4 J .5 Literacy

L ite ra c y , is a re lia b le in d ex o f soc ia l, cu ltural and econ om ic

d eve lop m en t o f in d iv idu a ls and the so c ie ty . L ite ra c y m eans the a b ility to

read, w rite and to understand at least one language. T h e literacy rate o f

Jammu and K a sh m ir State is g iv e n in the tab le 3.8.

96

Table 3.8Level o f L iteracy A ccord ing to Population Census (1961-2001)

(P e rc en ta g e o f L ite ra c y to to ta l Po p u la tion )

Statc/District Persons

1961 1971 1981 2001 1961 1971 1981 2001

M ale Female

1961 1971 1981 2001

Anantnag 8.04 22.93 31.51

Pulwama 30.56 58.87

Srinagar

Badgam

Baramulla

Kupwara 53.55

Leh (Ladakh) 62.24

Karg il 18.86 58.21 40.96

Jammu 30.34 84.92

Udhampur 23.52 54.16 66.43 3.48

Doda 8.69 13.88 14.77 22.21

Kathua 31.90 65.29 41.24 21.25 3.92

Rajouri 7.37 14.43 24.73 12.15 22.21 69.64 2.05

Poonch 8.47 14.62 23.39 51.07 14.19 23.26 34.20 65.41 2.14 5.05 11.24 J5.30

N ote: LItcracy rale is Ihc percentage o f Lheraics lo population aged 7 years and aix>ve.

not available.

Sourccs:

1. Cupla, S.P. P opu la tion Grow th and the P rob lem o f Unemployment (1990. New Delhi. Anm ol Publications), pp. 56. 57.

2. Census o f Ind ia 2001. Scries 2, Jammu and Kashmir, p. 55.

A n exam in a tion o f the tab le 3.8 show s that the State has made

considerab le p rogress in literacy . It w as 11.03 per cent in 1961, 18.58 per

cent in 1971, 26 .67 pe r cen t in 1981 and 54.46 per cent in 2001, thereby

sh ow in g an increase o f f iv e - fo ld during last 40 years. T h e State is, h ow ever.

97

m uch b e lo w the national a ve ra g e w h ich is 65 .38 per cent. L o w lev e l o f

lite racy in the State cou ld be due to rapid popu la tion g row th , p overty ,

ignorance , lo w le v e l o f u rban iza tion and industria liza tion .

A com p arison at the d is tr ic t le v e l re v ea led that Jammu d is tric t has the

h ighest lite racy rate o f 77.30 per cent, th ereby crossed the national a verage.

N e x t to Jammu is Kathua d is tr ic t w h ich has recorded 65 .29 per cen t literacy

in 2001. T h e lo w es t lite ra cy rate o f 39.54 pe r cent has been ob served in

B u d gam d is tric t, fo l lo w e d by K u pw ara w ith 40 .80 per cent.

So fa r as the p rop o rtio n o f m ale and fem a le literacy in J & K State is

con cern ed , it increased fro m 16.97 per cent in 1961 to 65.75 per cent in 2001

am ong m ales, th ereb y sh ow in g an increase o f 4 - fo ld during the period . O n

the other, fe m a le lite ra cy in the State increased from 4 .26 per cent to 41.82

p e r cen t du ring the sam e p e r iod (1 9 6 1 -2 0 0 1 ), th ereb y sh o w in g an increase o f

1 0 -fo ld . T h e figu res dep ic t that parents are n o w m ore serious about the

ed u ca tion o f th e ir daughters. H o w e v e r , these rates are m uch lo w e r than the

n ational le v e l w h ich s tood at 75.85 per cent am ong m ales and 54.16 per cent

a m on g fem a le s as pe r the census report o f 2001.

T a b le 3.8 a lso rev ea ls that Jammu d is tric t topp ed the list in the

lite ra cy rate am ong m ale and fem a le popu la tion in the state. It show s a m ale

lite racy o f 84.92 pe r cent and fem a le literacy o f 68.75 per cent, as per the

C ensus rep ort o f 2001. T h e lo w es t m ale lite racy o f 51.23 per cent, and

fe m a le lite racy o f 26 .60 per cen t w as found in B ad gam d is tric t. Sam e is the

case w ith K u p w a ra d istrict.

T h e p ro v is ion a l Census data about lite racy situation in the State,

seem s in terestin g. T h ou gh the o v e ra ll lite racy rate in the State has increased,

it has not b en efited a ll reg io n s equ a lly . W h ile the Jammu reg ion has a ch ieved

h igher lite racy rates, the K ash m ir reg io n sh ow s r e la t iv e ly p o o r perform an ce

in th is regard . T h e Ladakh reg io n has also im p roved s ign ifica n tly the rate o f

literacy . T h e Census figu res rega rd in g lite racy in Jammu and K ash m ir State

r ev ea l c le a r ly that the perfo rm an ce o f K ash m ir reg ion is m iserable . In som e

9 8

cases, the pe rfo rm an ce is w orse than it is in B ihar. T h e disastrous

perform an ce o f K ash m ir a lso revea ls in the literacy rate in Srinagar district

(the sum m er cap ita l o f the S tate ) w h ich is lesser even than L eh d istrict. Other

d istricts o f K ash m ir reg ion to o have perform ed m iserably. A l l this poor

perform an ce cou ld be rela ted to one s in g le m ost im portant fa ctor o f con flic t

situation p re va ilin g in the v a lle y during the last one decade.

4 J .6 Marital Status

In a very broader sense, marital status means whether one is married or

not. In the present investigation, it has been discussed under the fo llow in g sub

headings; n ever married, married, w id ow ed and d ivorced. Tak ing Jammu and

Kashm ir State as a w hole , the Census report o f 1981 observed that 67.85 per

cent o f m ales w ere never m arried in the age group o f 0-14 years, whereas the

corresponding percentage in case o f fem ales w as 81.83 in the same age group.

Th e percentage o f never married m ales in the rem aining age-groups ranged

betw een 25.99 per cent in 15-24 age group and 0.13 per cent in the age group o f

65 and above. Th e corresponding figu res in case o f fem ales ranged from 17.37

per cent to 0.02 per cent in the same age group as shown in table 3.9:

Table 3.9Percentage Distribution o f Population Accord ing to M arita l Status in

J& K State (1981)A ge N e ve r marrieci m arried W idow ed D ivorced Tota l

years M a le Fem ale M a le Female M ale Female M a le Female M ale Female

0-14 67.85 81.83 0.19 0.47 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.89 39.77 42.36

15-24 25.99 17.37 9.52 22.36 0.99 0.88 11.22 31.83 18.99 18.62

25-34 4.54 0.60 28.02 32.04 5.54 3.25 29.19 33.97 13.56 14.21

35-44 0.87 0.10 26.34 23.59 13.48 10.01 27.80 17.49 11.03 10.70

45-54 0.41 0.05 18.79 13.89 22.05 22.84 17.48 9.35 8.14 7.25

55-64 0.21 0.03 10.55 5.52 24.05 28.05 8.72 4.50 4.93 3.96

65+ 0.13 0.02 6.59 2.13 33.73 34.93 5.50 2.47 3.68 2.90

Source: Gupta. S.P. Population Growth and the Problem o f Unemployment (1990, New

Delhi. Anmol Publications), p. 97.

99

It was further observed that about 0.19 per cent o f married males and 0.47

per cent o f married fem ales w ere found in the age group o f 0-14 years. Howe\ er,

there w as a steep rise in the percentage o f married males and fem ales in the next

tw o age groups i.e. 15-24 and 25-34 years.

R egard in g w id ow sh ip , the percen tage increased in ascending order o f

age i.e . w ith increase in the a ge group , their percen tage a lso increased. Th e

num ber o f w id o w e rs w as lo w es t in the age grou p o f 0-14 years and h ighest in

the a ge grou p o f 65 and a b ove . A s im ila r trend w as ob served in the case o f

w id ow s . In the last fou r age groups as g iv e n in tab le 3.9, the percen tage w as

s ign ifica n tly h igh er than rest o f the age groups.

In case o f d iv o rced , the in s ign ifican t percen tages w ere found in both

the sexes in 0-14 a ge group. In the next a ge group i.e. 15-24 years, the

percen tage o f d iv o rce d fem a les w as a lm ost trip le. H o w ev e r , in the age group

o f 25-34 years, the percen tage o f m ale and fem a le d iv o rced seem to be equal.

In c id en ta lly , the d iv o rce s am ong m ales w ere s ign ifica n tly h igher than

fem a les in the a ge grou p o f 35-44 years to 65 years and above.

4.4 Im pact o f P opulation G row th on Jam m u and K ashm ir State

T h e so c ia l im p lica tion s o f rap id popu la tion g row th in various parts o f

the country is a fa vou rite top ic o f study am ong the soc ia l scientists in general

and dem ograph ers and so c io lo g is ts in particular. Th is aspect o f the K ashm iri

so c ie ty cou ld not be studied so far. In fact, the en tire K ash m iri S oc ie ty is still

unexp lored so c io lo g ic a lly . T h ere w as no o rgan ized o r system atic e ffo r t in

this regard on the part o f academ icians in the State. K eep in g this lacuna in

v ie w , an attem pt has been m ade to in vestiga te the im pact o f rapid popu lation

g row th on Jammu and K ash m ir State in the fo llo w in g pages:

4.4.1 P o p u la t io n G ro w th and H ea lth

Persisten t h igh fe r tility causes numerous health prob lem s not on ly

because econ om ic im provem en ts w h ich are essentia l fo r g o o d health get

restricted , but a lso because it poses an im m edia te health prob lem fo r the

100

m other and the ch ild . In Jamm u and K ash m ir State, about 54 per cent o f

m arried w o m en a ged 15-34 yea rs are ch aracterized b y continuous nutritional

dra in fro m rep ea ted p regn an c ies and lacta tion resu lting in m aternal d ep le tion

and in creased risk o f m aternal m orta lity . Prem ature cu rta ilm ent o f breast­

fe e d in g and in fan t ca re by an in terven in g p regn ancy are im portan t factors

con trib u tin g to h igh in fant m orta lity . A ga in , ch ild ren w h o su rv ive in fa m ilie s

w h ere there are to o m any ch ild ren a rr iv in g to o fast are l ik e ly to be stunted

p rem atu rely in th e ir g ro w th and u n d erd eve lop ed due to lack o f n u tritive food .

R e ta rded d eve lop m en t and p o o r health are respon s ib le fo r lo w stam ina and

lo w p h ys ica l a c t iv ity resu lting in lo w p rod u c tiv ity , w h ich in turn causes m ore

p o verty .

H ea lth p rob lem s in the S tate, lik e o th er parts o f the country, are

attribu ted to va r iou s fa ctors . T h e dom in ant fa c to r is the rap id increase o f

popu la tion . T h e oth er re la ted fa c to rs are lo w - in c o m e o f the fa m ily , early

m arr ia ge , la ck o f ed u cation , p o o r d ie t and lack o f san itary and d rin k in g w ater

fa c ilit ie s . A s pe r the D ig es t o f S tatistics (2 0 0 0 -0 1 ), G overn m en t o f Jammu

and K a sh m ir has p ro v id e d po rtab le w a ter fa c il ity to 6477 v il la g e s thereby

b en e fited 47 .27 La k h (4 6 per c e n t ) o f popu lation . But, m a jo rity o f the

p opu la tion p a rticu la r ly in rural areas use r iv e r w a ter w h ich bad ly a ffe c ts their

health.

In o r d e r to p r o v id e p ro p e r m e d ic a l fa c i l i t ie s to the ra p id ly

g r o w in g p o p u la t io n , th e S ta te g o v e rn m e n t has tak en va r io u s s tep s . T h e

n u m b er o f h ea lth in s titu t io n s has in c re a s e d fro m 124 in 1950-51 to

3 7 38 in 2 0 0 0 -0 1 . D u r in g th e sam e p e r io d , th e n u m b er o f d o c to r s

a v a i la b le in th e S ta te in c re a s ed fr o m 184 to 4 7 8 8 ” . ’ ’ T h e ta b le 3 .10

g iv e s us a c le a r p ic tu re r e g a rd in g a v a i la b i l i t y o f m e d ic a l fa c i l i t ie s in

th e S ta te .

lOI

Table 3.10Availability o f M ed ica l F acilities in Jammu and Kashm ir State.

C a t e g o r y N u m b e r (1 9 6 5 ) N u m b e r (2 0 0 1 )M e d ic a l C o lle g e s 02 03H osp ita ls (D is tric t/S u b D is tt .) 20 109P r im a ry H e la th C en tre s (P H C s ) 53 360

Sub-cen tres 66 256

F a m ily P la n n in g C en tres 07 1654

D octo rs 788 4788

N u rses 231 2465

M id -w iv e s 77 642

C om p ou n d ers 545 2896

S an ita ry in spectors 92 157

B eds 3714 1 1351

Sou rce: 1. Gupta, Ib id ; p. 2452. Digest o f Statistics. 2000-01, Government o f J& K , pp. 346-350.

T a b le 3.10 show s that the num ber o f district and sub-district hospitals in

the State has increased from 20 in 1965 to 109 in 2001. T h e num ber o f Prim ary

H ea lth C en tres increased from 53 to 360 during the period . Th ere w ere on ly 07

F a m ily P lan n in g Centres in 1965 w h ich increased to 1654 in 2001. D u ring 1965,

there w ere o n ly 788 doctors a va ilab le in the State, sh ow in g a patien t-doctor ratio

o f 5188 persons/doctor. D u ring 2001, the num ber o f doctors in the State

increased to 4788, thereby sh ow in g 2103 persons per doctor. T h e number o f

beds ava ilab le in d iffe ren t hospitals o f the State increased from 3714 in 1965 to

11351 in 2001. Th ese figu res revea l that there has been a sharp increase in the

a va ila b ility o f m ed ica l fa c ilit ies in the State.

H o w e v e r , the S tate gove rn m en t has taken b o ld steps to con tro l the

b irth and death rates. T h e in fo rm a tion p ro v id e d b y D irec to ra te o f E con om ics

and S ta tistics , P la n n in g and D e v e lo p m en t D epartm en t, J & K G overn m en t,

re v ea led that “ du ring 1998 birth rate at the S tate le v e l w as 19.90 per

thousand w h ile as the death rate w as 5.40 per thousand popu la tion . A t the

na tiona l le v e l , the figu res w e re 26 .50 and 9 per thousand res p ec tiv e ly . In fant

m orta lity rate at the S tate le v e l w as 72 per thousand l iv e births as com pared

to 70 at th e na tiona l le v e l. T h e ex p ec ta tion o f l i fe at b irth, at the S tate le v e l

w as 60 .6 years, (6 0 .2 fo r m ales & 60 .7 fem a le s ) and at the national le v e l, it

w as 60.1 y ea rs (6 0 .4 m ales, 60.8 fo r fem a le s ). '^102

So, in order to bring lurtlier decline in the vita l rates, rapid grow th o f

population has to be stopped w hich increased the demands fo r the State

governm ent to im prove the m ed ica l facilities. Thus, it is not w rong to in fer that

rapid g row th o f popu lation has led to health problem s o f various dimensions.

4.4.2 P o p u la t io n G r o w th a n d F o o d S u p p ly

F o o d p rob lem is another area o f serious con cern on account o f rapid

popu la tion g row th . In Jammu and K ash m ir State, the m ain im pact o f rapid

popu la tion g ro w th is on fo o d supp ly. T h e fe r t ility o f land is lim ited and the

p opu la tion g ro w th rates are h igh . T h e va r ia tion in abso lu te area and

p opu la tion s iz e in d if fe re n t parts o f the State is o v e rw h e lm in g . “ Out o f the

to ta l area o f 2 .23 lakh square k ilo m e te rs o f the S tate, o n ly 30 per cent o f the

land is a va ila b le fo r cu lt iva tion .” ” A t the State le v e l a lso , there has been a

g ro w in g co n ce rn abou t the im ba lan ce b e tw een popu la tion g row th and fo od

su pp ly . N o doub t, n ew te ch n o lo g y and fe r t iliz e rs are used in o rd e r to increase

the fo o d p rod u c tio n but, im fortu n ate ly , the pace o f popu la tion g row th is m ore

w h ich en han ced the fo o d scarc ity in the state. T a b le 3.11 g iv e s the figu res on

g ro w th in agricu ltu ra l p rod u c tion and popu la tion in the State.

T a b le 3.11Production o f Food Cereals in J&K State from I95I-200I ((in 000 QHs)

Year Rice Maize Wheat Other Food ce reals

TotaJ Food grains

Pcrccotage variation of food erains

Percentage variation of population

1951-52 2288 989 409 581 4267 - -

1961-62 3563 2833 930 630 7976 +86 .00 +9.441971-72 3701 3633 1676 280 9290 + 16.47 +29.651981-82 5507 4613 2037 252 12409 +33 .57 +29 .691 9 9 1 -9 2 ** 5 50 1* 5 04 3* 3110 226 13880 + 11.85 +28.922 0 0 0 -0 U P )Kashmir region 2278 1020 16 57 3371

Jammu r ^ o n 1875 4238 1435 181 7729

L eh & K a rg Udistrict

- - 36 60 96

T o ta l S tate 4153 5258 1487 298 1 1196 -19.33 +29.04

* E xc lu d in g L eh &. K a rg il.* • F igu res o f 1991-92 are p ro jec ted .P : P ro v is ion a l.

Sources: I . V a r iou s Economic <S Slalislica/ Digests. G ove rn m en t o f J&K.

2. Digest o/Slalislics. 2000-01 . p. 85.

103

It b e com es e v id e n t fro m the a b ove tab le that during 1961-62 and

1981-82, fo o d p rod u c tio n w as m ore than the popu la tion g ro w th in the State,

But, du rin g 1971-72, 1991-92 and p a rticu la r ly du ring 2000 -01 , the trend

rem a in ed that the rate o f p o p u la tion g ro w th w en t ahead o f fo o d production . It

is im portan t to m en tion here that p ro v is io n a l figu res m en tion ed in D ig es t o f

S ta tistics 20 00 -01 , sh o w a drastic d e c lin e in the fo o d p rod u ction than the

p op u la tion g ro w th o f the S tate, th ereby r e f le c t in g the fo o d su pp ly dem and.

T h e sc a rc ity o f fo o d in the S tate w as brought abou t by the crop fa ilu re and

da m ages resu lt in g fro m va r iou s natural ca lam ities . “ In o rd e r to m eet ou t this

sh orta ge , the S tate go ve rn m en t purchased 1.11 lakh torm es o f fo o d grains

fro m P im ja b . O n e m e rg e n cy basis, these fo o d gra ins w ere d is tr ibu ted am ong

84 p e r cen t o f the S ta te ’ s p op u la tion e ith er fre e o r on su b s id ized rates” . '*

A n o th e r p ro b lem is that the a va ila b le fo o d supp lies in the S tate are

in adequ ate in n u tr it iv e quan tity fo r a hea lthy and a c t iv e l i fe . So, pers isting

h igh in fan t m o rta lity rates fro m m aln u trition and the p ro b lem o f nu tritive

fo o d a v a ila b il ity in adequ ate quan tity requ ires im m ed ia te so lu tion . A part

fro m the lo w le v e l o f in com e, the in a b ility o f the p e o p le to have su ffic ien t

fo o d and a b a lan ced d ie t is a lso re la ted to o ver-p op u la tion .

4.4.3 Population Growth and Housing

R a p id g ro w th o f p op u la tion has created hou sin g dem and o f enorm ous

p rop ortion s , not o n ly at the cou n try le v e l but at the S tate le v e l as w e ll. T h e

la test figu res in th is rega rd are not a va ila b le , but “ a cco rd in g to 1981 Census

rep ort, the to ta l num ber o f persons in the a ge g rou p o f 15-34 years w as

19 ,53,489 th ereb y con stitu tin g 30.63 per cent o f the to ta l popu la tion o f the

S ta te .” ” A ft e r m arria ge , these p e o p le svould like to estab lish their ow n

hom es, thus g iv in g rise to the hou sin g p rob lem .

A n o th e r im portan t feature o f the dem ogra p h ic situation in the State is

the in creas in g rate o f in ternal m ig ra tion to urban areas and rap id g row th o f

tow ns. T h e p rob lem o f hou sin g is not o n ly conH ned to the shortage o f l iv in g

a ccom m od a tion , it has another d im en sion i.e . the p o o r q u a lity o f ex is tin g

104

structures. A la rge num ber o f houses in the S ta te are bad ly in need o f repa ir

and recon stru c tion and are not co n d u c iv e fo r hea lthy liv in g . A s per Census

1971, “ th ere w e re 6 .67 lakh o ccu p ied res id en tia l houses fo r a to ta l o f 7.63

lakh h ou se-h o ld s in the S tate, lea v in g about 0 .96 lakh hou se-ho lds, house­

less o r in shared a cco m m o d a t io n and thus the requ irem en t o f add ition a l

d w e llin g units due to increase in p op u la tion w as 1.11 lakh units” .

T h e C ensu s rep ort o f 1981, re v ea led that “ on an a ve ra g e the num ber

o f person s p e r o c cu p ied census hou se in the S tate w as 7.31. T h e a vera ge fo r

rural areas w as lo w e r (7 .1 4 ) but in case o f urban sector, it w as s ign if ica n t ly

h igh (8 .0 4 )” .^' S r in a gar d is tr ic t w h ich in c lu des the la rgest urban area o f the

State, n am ely S rin a gar m u n ic ip a lity , has reg is te red an a ve ra g e o f 9.01

person s p e r o c cu p ied census hou se w h ich w as the h ighest w hen com p ared to

o th er d is tr ic ts o f the S tate, Ladakh w as h a v in g the lo w es t a ve ra g e o f 4 .87

person s p e r o c cu p ied census house. T h e figu res a lso sh ow that “ there w ere

10,792 hou se less p op u la tion and 40 ,0 90 institu tional p opu la tion in the State

w h ich need 2215 and 3614 h ou seholds r e s p e c t iv e ly ” .^ ̂ D esp ite , the best

e f fo r ts o f the S tate, the hou sin g p rob lem rem a in ed as acute as ever. In fact, in

the past 50 years, the gap b e tw een the dem and fo r housing and the supp ly fo r

hou sin g has been s tea d ily w id en in g , and the dom inant fa c to r is the rap id

in crease o f p o p u la tion in the State.

I f w e w i l l take the q u a lity aspect o f hou sin g in to account, the shortage

o f hou sin g w o u ld assum e g ig a n t ic p rop ortion s . T h e p ro b lem o f housing is

r e la t iv e ly m ore acu te in rural areas than in urban areas. S eco n d ly , the basic

am en it ies l ik e sa fe d r in k in g w ater , to ile t and e le c tr ic ity fa c il it ie s w h ich

g e n e ra lly g o w ith h ou sin g are con cen tra ted m ain ly in urban areas, the rural

hou sin g s t ill has to g o a lon g w a y in g e ttin g such am en ities . T h ird ly , a ve ry

la rge p ro p o rtio n o f houses in the S tate are K a ch a houses w h ich are unable to

w ithstand natural ca la m ities lik e flo o d s , earthquakes etc. N o w , w hat is

im p era tive , is to co n tro l the rap id increase o f popu la tion w h ich can g iv e us u

r e l ie f in o rd e r to s o lv e the housing p rob lem .

105

4.4 .4 P o p u la t io n G r o w th a n d D e p e n d e n c y R a t io

O n e o f the m ain im p lica tions o f rapid popu lation g row th is the high

dependency ratio o f n on -w ork in g dependents to w ork in g popu lation. T h e ratio

o f non -w ork in g dependent popu lation (a ge d under 14 and o v e r 65 years ) to the

total popu la tion is h igher in Jammu and K ash m ir State lik e other States in the

country. A cco rd in g to 197! Census report, ‘ -42.89 percent o f th e tota l popu lation

w as b e lo w 15 years and o n ly 5.55 per cent a b ove the age o f 65 years ’ ’ .’ ̂ In other

w ords, 51.56 pe r cent o f the tota l popu lation w as in a c t ive a ge group (15 -64

yea rs ) and 48 .44 per cent w as the n on -w ork in g popu lation. 1981 Census report

revea led that “ the w o rk in g popu la tion has reached to 55.71 per cent o f t h e total

popu lation in the State, thus sh ow in g a decrease o f dependent popu lation to

44 .29 p e r cen t” .̂ '* L it t le d ec lin e in dependency ratio can be expected in the

com in g years i f a m ajo r d ec lin e in fe r tility rate takes place.

A high dependency ratio has serious im plications fo r econom ic

developm en t as there is considerable lack o f socia l w e lfe re services availab le in the

State. First, it im plies that a substantia] proportion o f resources must be diverted to

prov ide nutrition, m edical care, education etc. fo r the new generations. Secondly,

elderly persons m ake a considerable demand on health and socia l services. Thus a

large proportion o f house-hold ’ s incom e is consum ed by the dependent population.

4 .4 .S P o p u la t io n G r o w th a n d U n e m p lo y m e n t

Popu lation is one o f the basic prem ises w hich determines the leve l o f

unem ploym ent ava ilab le in a particular country. Rapid population grow th has

brought about unlim ited problem s and hardships to the peop le in the form o f

unem ploym ent, underem ploym ent and other social problem s. Though the

governm ent in various fiv e year plans ha:S; created a number o f jo b opportunities,

they have been overshadow ed by the grow in g population which has m itigated the

im pact o f additional jo b creation. T h e ever w iden ing g u l f betw een econom ic

grow th and surplus m an-pow er adding to the back log o f unemployment has

intensified the problem further.

T h e u n em p loym en t p rob lem is ge ttin g m ore and m ore in ten s ified in

the S tate as in rest o f the country . E m p loym en t exch an ges w ere estab lished at

106

Srinagar and Jam m u fo r the reg is tra tion o f u n -em p loyed persons in 1958-59.

S in ce then the nu m ber o f ex ch a n ges in the S tate has g o n e up to seven teen .

Th ou gh the exact m agnitude o f the un-em ployed prob lem is not known,

the sym ptom s are ve ry clear. A s per 1981 estimates, there w ere 1.89 lakh people

unem ployed in the State. A n attempt has been made to estimate the leve l o f

unem ploym ent in a ll the d istricts o f the State fo r the year 1985, 1988 and 1991.

‘T h e estim ated unem ploym ent in the State during 1985-86 has been w orked out at

2.10 lakhs. T h e m axim um unem ploym ent o f 0.33 lakhs w as observed in the

district o f Jammu w h ich account fo r about 14 per cent o f the total unem ploym ent

in the State, fo llo w e d b y Srinagar district w ith 0.25 lakhs o f unem ployed persons.

It has been estim ated that the lev e l o f unem ploym ent in the State during the past

decades has increased. T h e unem ploym ent has increased to the lev e l o f 2.32 lakhs

during 1988 and 2.55 lakhs during 1991” .^ .̂ So far as the registration o f

unem ployed persons in the State is concerned, “ during 1991, 67.59 thousand

persons w ere reg istered in Jammu d iv is ion and 78.66 thousand in Kashm ir

d iv is ion . D uring 2000, the corresponding figu res w ere 101.63 thousand and 65.60

thousand resp ec tiv e ly ” .^* T h e table 3.12 g iv e s us a clear picture regard ing

qu a lifica tion -w ise num ber o f unem ployed persons w ho w ere registered in

d iffe ren t em p loym en t exchanges o f the State.

Table 3.12Q ualification-w ise N um ber o f Unemployed Persons on L ive Register.

C a te g o r y N u m b e r as on last d a y o f the y e a r1971 1980 1991 2000

Illiterate 12645 13992 29150 21301Below Matric 2740 7274 23893 31128M aine and above 6875 12244 55723 61507

Graduates 1728 5849 14542 21823

Post-Graduates 409 1649 3080 8275

Medicine 190 - - -

Degree Engineers 166 255 917 4772

Diploma Engineers 268 259 919 4639

I.T.I. Trained 273 1601 3487 4619

Skilled (other than m & odios) - 8061 14542 9174

Total 25294 51184 146253 167238

Source: Digest o f Statistics. 2000-01. Government o f Jammu and Kashmir, pp. 220,221.

107

T h e tab le 3.12 sh ow s that during 1991, tota l number o f unem ployed

persons reg is tered in d iffe ren t em p loym en t exchanges w as 146253 w hich

increased to 167238 in 2000, thereby sh ow in g an increase o f 14.34 per cent

during the decade. T h e ratio o f u n em ployed post-graduates increased by 168 per

cent, d eg re e en gin eers by 420 per cent and l .T .I trained by 32 per cent during

1991-2000. Thus, the em p loym en t exchange data ind icates large m agnitude o f

jo b seekers as the num ber o f such persons has been sw e llin g ve ry fast. It is

im portant to m en tion here that the figu res g iv e n in the tab le do not g iv e us exact

m agn itude o f the u n-em ploym ent in the State. It has tw o m ain defects. F irstly,

a ll the u n em ployed persons do not get them selves reg istered w ith the

em p loym en t exchanges. S econ d ly , som e o f the reg istered m ay not be actually

u n em ployed but o n ly in search o f better job s . K eep in g the rap id increase o f

popu la tion in v ie w , the need fo r expand ing em p loym en t opportunities fo r the

g ro w in g num ber o f you n g p eop le w ill becom e ev en m ore urgent in the future.

Th u s, rap id p op u la tion g ro w th p la ces g rea te r pressure on the capac ity

o f the S ta te ’ s e c o n o m y to p ro v id e m ore jo b s . In the ligh t o f these facts, there

is a ll the m ore p ress in g need to take such steps w h ich seek to reduce the s ize

o f labou r fo rc e on the on e hand and crea tion o f m ore jo b s in the w ak e o f

h igh er le v e l o f s o c io -e c o n o m ic d e ve lo p m en t on the other. U n less e f fo r ts are

m ade on bo th these fron ts , the e x p lo s iv e situ ation w h ich is lik e ly to pose

serious threat to the s ta b ility o f S ta te ’ s e c o n o m y can not be averted .

4.4.6 Population Growth and Education

A n oth er m ajor p rob lem is that o f p rov id in g schoo lin g to the g row in g

num ber o f sch oo l-g o in g ch ild ren in the State. R ap id popu lation g row th has

increased the m agn itude o f the task o f expand ing and upgrading the education

system . A cco rd in g to 1981 Census, “ the popu lation in 0-14 age group accounted

fo r 41 per cent o f the tota l popu lation in the State” ’̂ and the m ajor p rob lem w as

that o f p ro v id in g sch oo lin g to the g ro w in g num ber o f th is age group. ‘ The

p rov is ion a l figu res o f 2001 Census sh ow the ch ild popu lation (0 -6 years ) o f

14.31 lakhs w h ich account fo r 14.21 per cent o f the tota l popu la tion ."-*

108

So, in the com in g years. State governm ent has to provide m ore funds fo r the

educational deve lopm en t o f the new generations. In the State, a number o f

educational schem es have been undertaken as a measure to eradicate illiteracy.

A s a result o f trem endous efforts, the enrolm ent ratio in all the age groups has

increased. D uring 1950-51, the enrolment ratio o f (6 -1 1 ) age group w'as 17 per

cent w h ich increased to 76 per cent during 1980-81. S im ilarly , in 11-14 age

group, the enrolm ent ratio increased from 10 per cent during 1950-51 to 44 per

cent during 1980-81. T a b le 3.13 clearly reflects the m agnitude o f educational

developm en t in the State.

T a b l e 3 .1 3

Magnitude o f Educational Development in J& K State.

Education Unit 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1999-

2000(P)

a ) N u m ber o f Schools/Teachers.

Primary schools N o 1115 2859 5133 7406 9242 10860

Teachers N o 2162 4404 6340 10659 16440 25369

M idd le Schools N o 139 533 1454 2046 2368 3487

Teachers N o 1178 2412 5964 13228 17185 30054

High/Higher Sec.

Schools

N o 55 250 561 813 1220 1511

Teachers N o 921 3514 7920 14868 21550 28212

b) EDrolm ent

Upto V Lakhs 0.79 2.30 3.89 5.49 7.62 10.63

V I to V II Lakhs 0.20 0.60 1.14 1.67 3.07 4.24

IX to X I I Lakhs 0.06 0.22 0.56 0.84 1.64 3.04

c ) E nrolm ent Ratios

6-11 (age group) % 17 41 63 76 - -

11-14 (age group) % 10 28 35 44 - -

14-17 (age group) % 03 10 19 26 - -

- Not available

P; provisional.Source: 1. IndicaJors o f Economic Development^ Government o f Jammu and Kashmir

(1984-85), pp. 18,19.2. Digest o f Statistics 2000-01. Government o f Jammu and Kashmir, pp 293-299.

109

T h e to ta l num ber o f p rim ary schoo ls in the state during 1950-51, was

1115 w h ich increased to 10860 during 1999-2000, w h ile as the num ber o f

p rim ary sch oo l teachers increased from 2162 to 25369. A cco rd in g ly , the

num ber o f m idd le sch oo ls increased fi-om 139 (w ith 1178 teachers) to 3487

(w ith 30054 teachers ). D u rin g 1950-51, the num ber o f h igh/higher secondary

S ch oo ls w as 55 w h ich increased to 1511 during 1999-2000. T h e teach ing

s ta f f in such sch oo ls increased from 921 to 28212 during these 50 years.

In sp ite o f the e f fo r ts m ade by the State governm en t to eradicate

illite ra cy , the abso lu te num ber o f illitera tes sh ow a little declin e . A cco rd in g

to 1981 reports , "th e to ta l num ber o f illite ra tes in the State w as 43.91 lakhs

(73 .33 pe r cen t), out o f w h ich 20-16 lakhs (63.71 per cen t) w ere m ales and

23.75 lakhs (84 .1 2 per cen t) w ere fem a les ” .^’ A cco rd in g to prov is ion al

Census figu res o f 2001, the abso lu te num ber o f illitera tes in the State was

39.34 lakhs (45 .5 per cen t), w ith a ratio o f 34.25 per cent m ales and 58.18

pe r cent fem a le s ” .̂ ®

Thus, it is not w ro n g to in fer that in Jammu and K ash m ir State, the

constraint on the educationa l system is due to the rap id increase o f schoo l

age ch ild ren and as the fe r t ility rate declin es, there is less constraint on the

educationa l system . Thus the rate o f popu la tion g row th la rge ly determ ines

the pace o f advance in education.

4.4.7 Population Growth and the Family

R ap id popu la tion g row th has brought changes in the nature and ro le o f

fa m ily . It increases the s ize o f the fa m ily and an increase in the fam ily s ize

dem ands m ore l iv in g space. It is d if f ic u lt fo r a fa m ily to accom m odate m ore

and m ore ch ildren . In order to so lve the accorrm iodation prob lem , new

houses are to be constructed, w h ich need m ore investm ent. M o reove r , ihe

o v e rc ro w d in g o f houses in v ites a number o f prob lem s w h ich are d ifficu lt to

face. O n the other hand, increase in the fa m ily s ize usually results in

con traction in per-cap ita in com e w ith in the fa m ily , thereby g iv in g rise to

various so c io -e con o m ic prob lem s. Th is g en era lly results into a sh ift from the

110

trad itiona l jo in t and la rge fa m ily to the m odern sm all and in d iv idu a listic

fa m ily . B rea k d ow n o f the fa m ily m ay also a ffe c t the s ize o f landholding^as it

w i l l g e t fragm en ted i f each son is to have a p iece o f land. T h is fragm entation

o f land on one hand and increase o f fa m ily s ize on the other, decreases the

per cap ita land h o ld in g . In som e rural areas o f the State, it has com p elled the

m em bers o f fa m ily fo r d e fo resta tion and to con vert it into usable land.

R ap id popu la tion g row th not o n ly a ffe c ted the fa m ily but the w h o le

s o c ie ty as w e ll. D ue to rapid popu la tion g row th in the State, density o f

popu lation increased and p eop le m igrated from h igher density areas to the

lo w e r den s ity areas. N o t o n ly the m igra tion but prob lem s o f d rink ing w ater,

s ew a ge d isposal, sanitation, p o llu tion , transport and com m u nication etc.

b ecam e m ore acute, and they requ ire la rge investm ents. So, the State has to

transfer the resources from one sector o f so c ie ty to another.

I l l

References

1. Husain, M ajid, Geography o f Jammu and Kashm ir (Delh i, 1987, Rajesh

Publications), p.3.

2. Census o f Ind ia 2001, Series 2, Jammu am/Kushmir. P. \v.

3. D igest o f S la tis lics 2000-01, Government o f Jammu and Kashmir (Directorate

o f Economics and Statistics, Planning & Development

Department), p. 3.

4. Gupta, N .S ., S ocio -E con om ic Developm ent o f Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu,

1988, Jay Kay Book House), P. 10.

5. Census o f Ind ia 2001. J&K. ib id : p. 36.

6. D iges t o f Statistics 2000-0J, op. cit., p. 27.

7. Sudan, Kanan K., B io -D em ograph ic Study o f Kashmir. (Delh i, 1987, Gian

Publishing House), p. 17.

8. D igest o f Statistics 2000-01. op. cit.. p. 9.

9. Ib id : p. 9.

10. Bashir-ul Haq, “ Demographic changes in Kashmir” M uslim India (N ew Delhi)

Vol. No. X II No. 135 March 1994, p. 115.

11. Bose, Sumentra, The Challenge in Kashm ir Democracy, Self-determ ination and

Just Peace (N ew Delhi, 1997, Sage Publications), p. 71.

12. Ib id : p. 71.

13. Kak, M .L , “ Many Muslims also Leave V a lley ” , The Tribune. Novem ber 19,

1990.

14. Mandlekar, Vendanan. “ Kashmiri Muslims on the Run too” The Sunday Times

o f India. March, 10, 1991.

15. D igest o f Statistics 2000-01. op. cit., pp 346-350.

16. Ib id : pp. 329-333.

17. Husain, op. cit. p. 72.

112

18. D igest o f S la lis lics 2000-01, op. cH.. pp. 151-153.

19. Ib id : p. 25

20. Gupta., Op. c il. pp. 357, 358.

21. D igest o f Statistics 2000-01, op. cit., p. 58.

22. Ib id : p. 59.

23. Gupta , S.P., Popu la tion Grow th and the Prob lem o f Unemployment (N ew

Delhi, 1990, Anmol Publications), p. 123.

24. Ibid-, p. 133.

25. Ib id : p. 357,358.

26. D igest o f Statistics 2000-01, op. cit..p . 4.

27. Gupta, S.P., op. c il. p. 97.

28. D igest o f Statistics 2000-0J, op. cit.,p . 4.

29. Census o f Ind ia 1981. J& K p. 3.

30. Census o f Ind ia 2001, J&K. p. X V .

113