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Chapter 8
Political
Geography
Key Issue #1
Where are states located?
Defining States & Development of the
State Concept
Problems of defining states
Korea: one state or two?
China & Taiwan: one state or two?
Western Sahara
Varying sizes of states
Development of the state concept
Ancient & medieval states
Colonies
Key Words
State – an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an
established government that has control over its internal and
foreign affairs.
Sovereignty – independence from control of its internal
affairs by other states.
Korea – One State or Two? Korea was a colony of Japan for many years, until the end of
WWII.
The US and Soviet Union divided Korea into two zones after WWII as part of the Cold War.
Both Superpowers established governments and made the divisions permanent.
The countries went to war in the 1950’s with no one winning.
Both governments are committed to reunification.
N. Korea’s leader and the decision to build nuclear weapons has minimized the possibility.
North and South Korea
Nighttime satellite image shows the contrasting amounts of electric
lighting in South Korea compared to North Korea.
China and Taiwan: One state or two?
China claims that Taiwan is not a sovereign state. Taiwan
agreed until the 1990’s.
When the communists took over China, the Nationalists
leaders of China fled to Taiwan. They set up the government
there hoping to return to power in China.
When the US recognized the communists government as the
true rulers of China, Taiwan became the largest state not a
member of the UN.
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
Most African countries believe the Western Sahara is a
sovereign country, but Morocco lays claim that it is not.
After a UN cease fire agreement, Morocco controls most of
the land, however the Polisario Rebels control many parts of
the desert (about 1/5th of the country).
Two cities in Morocco – Cueta and Melilla are controlled by
Spain.
Varying sizes of states
Russia largest state by size, followed by China, Canada, US
and Brazil.
There are also several microstates. These are countries
with very small areas.
Smallest microstate in the UN is Monaco. The Vatican City is
not in the UN.
United Nations Members
Fig. 8-1: The UN has increased from 51 members in 1945 to 192 in 2007.
Sovereign
States
Antarctica
National
Claims
Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only
large land mass that
is not part of a state,
but several countries
claim portions of it.
Tonga
Tonga is a microstate, including 102,000 inhabitants and 169 islands.
Development of the State Concept
The state concept is new phenomena in the course of human
history.
Territories used to be categorized by city-state concept,
empires or tribes.
The development of the state takes place over time.
Ancient States
Civilization began in the area known as the Fertile Crescent,
especially in land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates).
This land is known as Mesopotamia.
Here the city-state concept was developed. Walls were built
around each city to protect from invaders. Every city was
ruled independently.
Egypt also evolved near this time as a larger form of empire.
A common religious belief led to this ethnic identity. This
empire lasted from 3000 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 400 B.C.
The Fertile Crescent
Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.
Early European States
The Roman Empire led to the emergence of the first
European states.
Their large empire led to the formation of the republics
where areas were locally controlled and then overseen by the
Roman emperors.
As the empire fell, the local rulers then joined forces over
time and several wars to create the modern kingdoms of the
medieval period.
Colonies
A colony is a territory that is legally tied to another country.
Some colonies are controlled completely by their colonial
power, in other cases the colonial power only controls the
military and foreign policy.
Colonialism is the process by which one country establishes
political, economic and cultural principals on another
territory.
There three basic reasons for colonialism
Promote Christianity
Obtain Resources
Military and power status.
Colonial Practices
Every country tried a different approach to colonialism.
French tried to assimilate the upper-class.
The British created different governments at different places
depending on the goal for every area.
The fighting over colonies was one of the major reasons for
World War I and eventually World War II. After World War II
most colonies achieved a measure of independence.
Colonial Possessions, 1914
Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world,
especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.
Image of British Colonialism
An 1840 painting of Queen Victoria receiving an emissary from Africa.
Few Remaining Colonies
Most remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific
Ocean or the Caribbean Sea.
When the British returned Honk Kong to China in 1997 and
Portugal returned Macao to China in 1999, the largest
colony is Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico has over 4 million inhabitants. They have
rejected previous attempts for statehood.
The smallest colony is Pitcarin Island. They have 54 people
and are controlled by the British. They were formed after a
famous mutiny on the Bounty.
Colonial Possessions, 2006
Fig. 8-5: Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean.
Maps of the World
Color code these maps as you would like with Blue for
bodies of water.
With a Star, classify the capital cities in as many countries as
you can. (Some countries to small on the maps)
Name Continents and Oceans.
Title all Maps.
Extra Credit – Name Mountain Ranges and Major Rivers.
Key Issue #2
Why do Boundaries Cause Problems
Boundaries & Boundary Problems
of States
Shapes of states
Five basic shapes
Landlocked states
Types of boundaries
Physical boundaries
Cultural boundaries
Boundaries inside states
Unitary & federal states
Trend toward federal government
Electoral geography
African
States
Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and
eastern Africa include
states that are compact,
elongated, prorupted,
fragmented, and
perforated.
Shapes of States
Compact States – Efficient
They are small and easy to communicate.
Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda
Prorupted States – Access or Disruption
A compact state with a large projecting extension .
DRC, Namibia
Shapes cont….
Elongated States – Potential Isolation
Long and Narrow
Chile is the best example.
Italy
Fragmented States – Problematic
Any country where the land is not contiguous
Indonesia
USA, Russia
Shapes cont…
Perforated States – South Africa
Where one country completely surrounds another.
African
States
Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and
eastern Africa include
states that are compact,
elongated, prorupted,
fragmented, and
perforated.
India: The Tin Bigha Corridor
Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When
it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.
Landlocked States
Lack a direct outlet to the sea
Critical because it provides access for trade.
European powers built railroads to connect the interior of
Africa to the ocean. However as war erupted, many railroads
were destroyed.
Some of Africa’s countries cooperate, but many do not for
tribal and racial reasons.
Types of Boundaries
In ancient times there were no boundaries but frontiers.
Boundaries bring states into direct contact.
There are two major types of boundaries
Physical
Cultural
Frontiers in the Arabian Peninsula
Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather
than precise boundaries.
Physical Boundaries
Mountain Boundaries – useful because they are permanent
and hardly inhabited.
Chile and Argentina almost fought a war
Desert Boundaries – also useful because they are hard to
cross and hardly inhabited. They are common in Africa and
Asia.
Water boundaries – most common used physical boundaries.
Were very good in defending in ancient times from invasion.
Problems exist because water boundaries can change over
time. Also on ocean or sea boundaries, where is the border.
Great Wall of China
The wall was built in the 3rd century B.C. and extended during the following century.
Cultural boundaries
Geometric Boundaries – are boundaries decided by
governments using maps.
Canada and the US.
Libya and Chad
Aozou Strip: a Geometric Boundary
Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the
strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.
Cultural boundaries continued.
Religious Boundaries – religions are often divided by
boundaries, but few times has the religion been the reason
for the boundaries. Britain divided Pakistan and India on the
basis of race. Ireland is another example.
Language boundaries – most European boundaries were
decided this way. Many of these boundaries were established
y the Treaty of Versailles.
Cyprus had to unite Greeks and Turks on their island after
they got independence from Britain.
Division of Cyprus
Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Greek and Turkish portions since 1974.
Nicosia, Cyprus Checkpoint
Checkpoint between Greek and Turkish portions of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus.
Boundaries Inside States
Two types of governments
Unitary – most power is in the central government
Federal – power divided between the central government and
local governments
Trends Towards a Federal Government
France has traditionally been a strong Unitary government,
but is giving more power to local communes.
Poland – switched from a unitary to a federal system after
the country got control from the communists.
Electoral Geography
US Presidents are elected in an electoral college process.
Gerrymandering, named after a Massachusetts governor,
creates electoral boundaries to benefit one part over another.
Gerrymandering is illegal, but they do not have to redraw
existing districts.
Gerrymandering
Florida & Georgia
Fig. 8-11: State legislature
boundaries were drawn
to maximize the
number of legislators
for Republicans in
Florida and Democrats
in Georgia.
Another example of Gerrymandering
Key Issue #3
Why do states cooperate with each other?
Cooperation among States
Political and military cooperation
The United Nations
Regional military alliances
Economic cooperation
The European Union
Political and Military Cooperation The United Nations was created after World War II to prevent
another World War.
The United Nations was not the first international organization,
the League of Nations was the first worldwide attempt.
The UN has 192 members currently.
The UN is in many police and peace keeping missions throughout
the world. The most powerful aspect of the UN is the security
council. The five permanent members of the Security Council are
France, China, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The UN is scrutinized by countries for their power and ability to
send troops.
Regional Military Alliances
Remnants of the Cold War still exist.
NATO was the alliance of pro democracy countries led by
the US and the UK. Their Soviet Union led counterpart was
known as the Warsaw Pact.
With the fall of the Soviet Union, the end of the Warsaw Pact
did not lead to the end of NATO. In fact NATO accepted
many of the former Warsaw pact countries.
NATO is becoming major political issue.
Pro NATO membership by former Soviet Union Members
has caused regional issues.
European Alliances, 1960 & 2007
Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the
Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.
European
Alliances,
1960
European
Alliances,
2007
European Boundary Changes
Fig. 8-13: 20th century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to 2007. Germany’s boundaries
changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
European Boundaries, 1914
European Boundaries, 1924
European Boundaries, 1989
European Boundaries, 2007
Other Regional Organizations
The Organization of American States (OAS) includes all 35
states in the Western Hemisphere. Cuba has been suspended
since 1962. Their headquarters is located in D.C.
The Organization for African Unity (OAU) has promoted the
end of colonialism. Their goal is the minority white run
governments.
The Commonwealth of Nations includes the UK and 53
other states that were once colonies of the UK.
Aerial Photos &
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Aerial photos showed the missile buildup in
Cuba in 1962
Soviet Ships in Cuban Military Port,
1962
Soviet Missile Transporters Cuba, 1962
Economic Cooperation
The Economy is now supplanting military power as an
indicator of strength. This allows Germany and Japan to rise
up in power and Russia to fall.
European Union
NAFTA
European Union
United all the countries economically. Created a single
currency that can be used throughout.
Created Free Trade and more stable currency.
Western Europe is now the world’s wealthiest market.
Former Communist Countries
and the EU.
Many former countries have asked to join the EU to increase
their economies.
Current EU members are worried that too many countries
could weaken the EU. Also many political issues are coming
up with their inclusion.
European
Alliances,
1960
European
Alliances,
2007
North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement or
NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of the
United States, Canada, and Mexico creating a trilateral trade
bloc in North America.
The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.
NAFTA remains controversial in American politics.
Key Issue #4
Terrorism
Terrorism by individuals and organizations
American terrorists
Attacks of September 11, 2001
Al-Qaeda
State support for terrorism
Afghanistan
Iraq
Iran
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in
order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into
granting its demands.
American Terrorists
Theodore J. Kaczynski, the Unabomber.
Timothy McVeigh and Oklahoma City
Texas Pilot in who crashed plane into IRS.
Americans who side with foreign terrorists.
Klu Klux Klan and other groups in the civil rights battle.
Extreme activist in any area.
Al-Qaeda
A terrorists network led by extreme fundamentalist ideas of
Islam.
Headed by Osama Bin Laden, but not a cohesive group.
Al-Qaeda is from the Arabic word for “the base.”
Operate in smaller cells.
September 11, 2001.
World Trade Center June, 2000
Ikonos satellite image of World Trade Center on June 30, 2000
World Trade Center Site September
15, 2001
World Trade Center, Sept. 11, 2001
World Trade
Center Sept. 11, 2001
United Flight 175 approaches Tower 2.
Tower 1 has already been hit by American
Flight 11.
World Trade
Center Sept. 11, 2001
United Flight 175 crashes into Tower 2.
World Trade Center
Topographic Map: Sept. 19, 2001
Fig. 8-14: Elevations above sea level are depicted in green; those below sea level are in red.
State support of Terrorism What do states do to support terrorism
Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries.
Supply weapons, money and intelligence to terrorists.
Plan attacks using terrorists.
The US government and the UN have outlined terrorists groups.
The US considers the following countries to support terrorists.
Libya
Afghanistan
Iraq
Iran
Libya
After deposing the King of Libya in a military coup,
Muammar al-Qaddafi took power.
Qaddafi was known to supply money to terrorists.
These terrorists bombed a nightclub in Berlin.
Also terrorists stationed in Libya bombed Pan Am flight 103
over Lockerbie, Scotland.
Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia
Fig. 8-15: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran,
Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The mismatch has affected many of the conflicts in the
area.
Afghanistan
Known Al-Qaeda stronghold.
Taliban groups are also strong terrorists groups.
Use to have US support when they were fighting the Soviets
in the 1980’s.
A major UN action in Afghanistan to stop terrorists.
Iraq
Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq used terrorists groups to keep
Hussein in power and continue ethnic cleansing against Kurds
and smaller Islamic groups.
Future of Iraq is up in the air.
Satellite Image of Iraq
Fig. 8-1.1: This satellite image purported to show munitions bunkers in Taji, Iraq.
Satellite Image Close-ups
Fig. 8-1.2: Close-ups of alleged munitions bunkers in Taji, Iraq.
Ethnic Groups in Baghdad
Fig. 8-2.1: Many formerly mixed neighborhoods in Baghdad have been ethnically
cleansed through sectarian violence among Sunnis, Shiites, or others.
Tribes of Iraq
Fig. 8-2.2: Iraq includes about 150 distinct
traditional tribes.
Iran
With the lead of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran is
inching closer to become a nuclear power.
Also heavy fighting and protest have made Iran another
dangerous area of the world.
Other Countries
Yemen – an Al Qaeda base, terrorists plot on USS Cole.
Sudan – shelters Islamic terrorists, including Osama Bin
Laden.
Syria – supported Iraq’s terrorists leaders, as well as groups
from Iran, Libya and Palestine.
North Korea – developing a nuclear weapon.
Terrorist Groups
Write a one page summary of a UN recognized terrorist
group.
Due Monday.