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Polarized sources and Targets, Section 9aPolarized sources and Targets, Section 9a
• 16 talks in parallel sessions.• New projects J-Park, U-70 Protvino, polarized D in Nuclotron –Dubna. Polarized antiprotons, PAX at GSI ! • Polarized Sources and Targets Workshop PST-2007 at BNL.
Anatoli Zelenski, BNL
SPIN 2006Kyoto, October 5, 2006
• Present.• Spin physics with the polarized electron (muon
COMPASS) beams on the fixed target.• Solid targets, gas targets.• RHIC - the first operational polarized proton collider.
Projects.• eRHIC – polarized 10 GeV electron +250 GeV polarized
proton (He-3) beams.• Polarized proton-antiproton collider at GSI.
Polarization must be obtained as an additional beam quality at the maximum possible Luminosity!.
RHIC: the “Polarized” Collider
BRAMS
STARPHENIX
AGSLINAC
BOOSTER
Pol. H- ion source
Spin Rotators20% Snake
Siberian Snakes
200 MeV polarimeter
AGS inelastic polarimeter
AC Dipoles
RHIC pC “CNI” polarimeters
PHOBOS
RHIC
Absolute H-jetpolarimeter
70% Polarization Lmax = 1.6 1032 s-1cm-2 50 < √s < 500 GeV
AGS pC “CNI” polarimeter
5% Snake
Polarization facilities at RHIC.
Polarization facilities at RHIC.
Optically-Pumped Polarized H- Ion Source (OPPIS) at RHIC.Optically-Pumped Polarized H- Ion Source (OPPIS) at RHIC.
RHIC OPPIS produces reliably 0.5-1.0mA(maximum 1.6 mA) polarized H- ion current.Pulse duration 400 us.Polarization at 200 MeV P = 82-87 %.
Beam intensity (ion/pulse)routine operation:Source - 1012 H-/pulseLinac (200MeV) - 5∙1011
Booster - 2∙1011, 50% - scraping. AGS - 1.7∙1011
RHIC - 1.4∙1011
(p/bunch).A beam intensity greatly exceeds RHIC limit, which allowed strong beam collimation in the Booster, to reduce longitudinal and transverse beam emittances.
SPIN -TRANSFER POLARIZATION IN PROTON-Rb COLLISIONS.
SPIN -TRANSFER POLARIZATION IN PROTON-Rb COLLISIONS.
Rb+
H+ H+Proton source
Proton source
Laser-795 nmOptical pumpingRb: NL(Rb) ~1014 cm-2
Sonatransition
Sonatransition
Ionizercell
Ionizercell
H-
Laser beam is a primary source of angular momentum:
10 W (795 nm) 4•1019 h/sec 2 A, H0 equivalent intensity.
Supperconducting solenoid 25 кГс
1.5 kG field
Charge-exchange
collisions: ~10-14 cm2
Na-jet ionizer cell:
NL(Na)~ 3•1015 cm-2
Electron to proton polarization transfer
ECR-29 GHz Н+ source
Rb+
Polarized H- ion current pulse out of 200 MeV linac.
Polarized H- ion current pulse out of 200 MeV linac.
Faradey rotation polarization sinal.
500 uA cuurentAt 200 MeV.85-hole ECRSource for themaximum polarization.
400 uS 12·1011 -polarized H- /pulse.
86.7%
86.4%
200 μA 400 μs pulse at 200 MeV
~4.8∙1011 H-/pulse
Polarization measurement in 200 MeV polarimeter.Polarization measurement in 200 MeV polarimeter.
Polarization measurements in RHIC at 100 GeV.Polarization measurements in RHIC at 100 GeV.
H-Jet Polarimeter Upgrades & Status H-Jet Polarimeter Upgrades & Status
Yousef Makdisi Collider-Accelerator Department, BNL
Spin 2006
BNL: A. Bravar, G. Bunce, R. Gill, Z. Li. A. Khodinov, A. Kponou, Y. Makdisi, W. Meng, A. Nass, S. Resica, A. Zelenski, V. Zubets
WISCONSIN: T. Wise, M.A. Chapman, W. Haeberli
Kyoto: H. Okada, N. Saito
ITEP-Moscow: I. Alekseev, D. Svirida
IUCF: E. Stephenson
Rikkyo U.: K. Kurita
Data analysis: H.Okada, O. Eyser, K. Boyle
H-jet polarimeter.Atomic Beam Source.
H-jet polarimeter.Atomic Beam Source.
B
ANbeam (t ) AN
target (t )
for elastic scattering only!
Pbeam = Ptarget . Nbeam / N
target
Atomic beam intensity- 12 ∙1016 atoms/s
H-jet thickness -1.5∙ 1012 atoms/cm2
Beam in the Cage
Camera Focus on Near Wires
Camera Focus on Far Wires
Camera Focus on Beam
Feasibility studies of new polarization techniques for electron, H- ion and 3He++ ion beams.
Feasibility studies of new polarization techniques for electron, H- ion and 3He++ ion beams.
A.Zelenski, J.Alessi, E.Beebe, A.Kponou, A.Pikin, J.Ritter, BNLR.Milner, F.Simon MIT Bates, E.Hughes , C.O’Connel, CALTEC S.Kokhanovski, V.Zubets, (INR, Moscow) V. Davidenko, BINP Novosibirsk
A new generation of polarized electron, H- and 3He+
+
ion sources will provide polarized beams (if successful after a few years of further development) for RHICII and eRHIC spin physics.
Pulsed OPPIS layout.Pulsed OPPIS layout.
He –ionizer cell serves as a proton source in the high magnetic field.
H0
H2 neutralizer cell
Rb cell
Proton
source
Proton “cannon” of the atomic H injector.Proton “cannon” of the atomic H injector.
The source produced 3 A ! pulsed
proton current at 5.0 keV.
~20-50 mA H- current. P=75-80% ~10 mA , P=85-90%.~ 300 mA unpolarized H- ion current.
Ion Optical System with “geometrical focusing”.
EBIS ionizer for polarized 3He gas (proposal).EBIS ionizer for polarized 3He gas (proposal).
He(2S)→He(1S)
He(2S)→He(1S)
He-3 metastability-exchange polarized cell
P - 80-90%.
Pumping laser 1083 nm.
Pumping laser 1083 nm.
EBIS-ionizer,
B~ 50 kG
EBIS-ionizer,
B~ 50 kG
RFQRFQ
He-transfer line. Valve.
~50·1011 , 3He /pulse.
2.5·1011 He++/pulse
The HERMES Polarized H&D Gas Target: 10 Years
of Operation
Erhard Steffens
University of Erlangen-Nürnbergand
HERMES Collaboration (DESY-Hamburg)
• Introduction and history
• Polarized gas targets in a high energy storage ring
• Overview of HERMES H&D target
• Summary of runs 1996 to 2005 (H║, D║ H┴)
• Conclusions
October 3, 2006 E. Steffens – Spin 2006
The Clue to High Density: The Clue to High Density: Storage CellsStorage Cells
Polarized atoms from source
Target areal density given by
t = L o
with o = It / Ctot and Ctot = S Ci
Note: Conductance of tube proportional to d3/L
• Ballistic flow from Atomic Beam Source (H, D)• Flow driven by pressure gradient Laser Driven Sources (H, D, 3He)
• Ballistic flow from Atomic Beam Source (H, D)• Flow driven by pressure gradient Laser Driven Sources (H, D, 3He)
Storage Cell proposed by W. Haeberli•Proc. Karlsruhe 1965, p. 64•Proc. Workshop IUCF 1984, AIP Conf. Proc.#128, p.251
Density gain compared to Jet of
same intensity can be up to several hundred!
T-shaped storage cell
October 3, 2006 E. Steffens – Spin 2006
Target Performance
Target/year H║ (1997) D║ (2000) H┴ (2003)
r 0.055 0.003 0.004
PSE 0.035 ≤0.001 0.055
PWD 0.02 ≤0.01 0.055
PBI absent absent 0.015
PT 0.851±0.033 0.845±0.028 0.795±0.033
t (1014 nucl./cm2)
0.7 2.1 1.1
FOM
(PT2·t)
0.5 1.5 0.7
recombination
spin exchange
wall depol.
beam induced
calculated target polarization →
target areal density →
Figure Of Figure Of MerritMerrit
October 3, 2006 E. Steffens – Spin 2006
Conclusions
• Polarized H&D target successfully operated over 10 years in a HE electron storage ring more or less continuesly
• Several problems solved during commissioning phase(s) thanks to many enthousiastic collaborators – impossible to name them all!
• Nature was kind to us (no show-stopper)
• Technology ready to be used for other projects!
www.fz-juelich.de/ikp/pax
The Polarized Internal Target at ANKE:First Results
Kirill Grigoryev
Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich
PhD student from Petersburg Nuclear Physic Institute (PNPI),Gatchina, Russia
KyotoOctober 03, 2006
Polarized Internal Gas Target, ANKE
Summer 2003 – Atomic Beam Source is ready for using in experiments
PIT main components:ABS
• H or D• H beam intensity (2 HFS)
7.6 . 1016 atoms/s• Beam size at the IP
σ = 2.85 ± 0.42 mm• Polarization for hydrogen
PZ = 0.89 ± 0.01
PZ =-0.96 ± 0.01
Lamb-Shift PolarimeterTarget chamber with Storage Cell
Setup at the COSY experimental all
End of 2004 – Start of the PIT transportation to the COSY experimental hall
July 2005 – ABS is installed at the ANKE-experiment area at COSY
Future plansongoing – Teflon coating and new cell production
Autumn ’06 – studies of nuclear polarization of molecules from
recombined polarized H and D atoms
use of the ABS in the other project ( ISTC #1861 )
December ’06 – PIT reinstallation with Lamb-shift polarimeter at ANKE
January ’07 – First double polarized experiment: dp → (pp)n→→
see talk D. Chiladze
The Impact of Dissociator Cooling on the Beam Intensity and Velocity
Spread in the SpinLab ABS
M. Stancari, L. Barion, C. Bonomo, M. Capiluppi, M. Contalbrigo,
G. Ciullo, P.F. Dalpiaz, F.Giordano, P. Lenisa, L. Pappalardo and M. Statera
University of Ferrara, Italy and INFN Ferrara
ABS Intensity over timeIs there an emperical limit on the intensity of an ABS, perhaps due to intra beam scattering?
(Novosibirsk, PST01)
Evidently not!(PST 03,SPIN 04)
The RHIC H-jet polarimter dissociator. The RHIC H-jet polarimter dissociator.
SpinLab ABS1 Dissociator Cooling
We observe that:• all temperatures rise with input flow for fixed cooling power but do not change with increased microwave power (600-1000 W)• the beam parameters are not sensitive to variations in the cooling water temperature• the beam parameters are sensitive to variations in the collar temperature
molecules
atoms
Chamber pressures
Nozzle temperature = 115 K
Beam density
Beam Response to Collar Temperature Changes
75 sccm H2 1.5 sccm O2
4 mm nozzle at 115 KInlet Pressure
Spin-filter technique for antiproton beam polarization was originally discussed by E.Steffens at the meeting on polarized antiproton beam polarization organized by O. Chamberline (in A. Krish talk).
Polarized by spin-exchange technique He-3 target at J-laboperates at 15 bar, 50% polarization.Continuous operation.
Progress in Polarized Progress in Polarized 33He He
Ion Source at RCNP Ion Source at RCNP
M. TanakaM. Tanaka
Kobe Tokiwa College, Ohtani-cho 2-6-2, Nagata-ku, Kobe Tokiwa College, Ohtani-cho 2-6-2, Nagata-ku, Kobe 653-0838, JapanKobe 653-0838, Japan
Spin2006
Oct. 6 2006
Spin-exchange
collisions between
Rb + 3He+ ion
Pseudo MoleculeIncident Outgoing
Principle of SEPIS
Polarized alkali atom
B
3He+ 3He+
3He+ ion source
PolarizedRb cell
Pumping Laser
3H e 2 +3 H e +
Solenoidal coil
0 ~ +1 kV
Focusing lens
-(150 ~ 200) kV
Acceleratingtube
Deceleratingtube
Method II
Ionization by tubular EBIS Ionizer
Method I
Ionization by stripping after acceleration
Basic drawings of practical SEPIS designs
○ Expected Performance
Tanaka et al: Nucl. Instr. Meth. 2005 ○ Polarization degree
> 80%
○ Beam intensity
> 4.2 pA
for CW beam on target at RCNP
> 5×1012 particles/pulse
with a tubular EBIS ionizer. This
number is an order of magnitude
larger than that planned at RHIC, BNL
Polarized Proton Solid Targetat high-T and low-B
Tomohiro UesakaCenter for Nuclear Study, Tokyo
T. U
esa
ka,
Cente
r fo
r N
ucl
ear
Stu
dy, U
niv
ers
ity o
f Tokyo
CNS Proton Pol. at low-B and high-T
Idea: use of electron polarization (population difference)in photo-excited triplet state of aromatic molecule
H.W. van Kesteren et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1642.
A. Henstra et al., Phys. Lett. A 134 (1988) 134.
T1
Triplet state
(12%)
S0
S1
Singlet state
Laser(76%)
(12%)
population
+1
0
-1
S2
Energy diagram of pentacene molecule
mixing due tospin-orbit int. in molecule
Electron polarization
depends neither on B nor T
T. U
esa
ka,
Cente
r fo
r N
ucl
ear
Stu
dy, U
niv
ers
ity o
f Tokyo
CNS Electron population difference
x
yz B // x : Pmax = 73%B // y : Pmax = 48%B // z : Pmax = 70%
B // x B // y B // z
Crystal alignment is essential for large polarization
0.12
0.12
0.76
0.45
0.39
0.16
0.46
0.46
0.08
Pentacene molecule
Population
T. U
esa
ka,
Cente
r fo
r N
ucl
ear
Stu
dy, U
niv
ers
ity o
f Tokyo
CNS Optical pumping by Ar-ion Laser
System for basic study with Ar-ion laser T. Wakui et al., NIM A 526 (2004) 182 & NIM A 550 (2005) 521.
Proton polarization :36.8± 4.3%(39.3± 4.6%)
05
10152025303540
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pol
ariz
atio
n(%
)
Time (hours)
Polarization in naphthaleneat 0.3 T, 100K
crystal size 4×4×3mm3
Polarization in p-terphenyl
at 0.3T, room temperature
4.8±1.2%enhancement factor > 5×104
0
2
4
6
0 50 100 150 [%]
偏極度
[ ]時間 分Time [min]Time [hours]
Pol
ariz
atio
n [
%]
Pol
ariz
atio
n [
%]
• Fabrice Gautheron-Performance of the Newly upgradedLarge COMPASS Polarized Target.
• T. Nakajima –Nuclear spin polarization by Ultrafast laser Pulses
• Arnold Honig- Polarized D, He-3-in the Tokamak.
Polarized Sources and Targets PST 2007 Workshop. Polarized Sources and Targets PST 2007 Workshop.
• Date: September 10-14, 2007• Possible place – Port Jefferson, Long Island, NY• Focussed discussions on:• Polarized Ion, Electron and He-3 polarized sources.• Polarized internal targets.• Polarimetry.• Invited speakers. Round – table discussions.• Posters on status and summary talks.• One day –lectures for students and BNL staff at BNL.• Expected number of participants ~80 (~20 students).
Registration fee - $300 (reduced for students).• Publication in AIP Proceedings.