plenary group 26D 4th Week

8/7/2019 plenary group 26D 4th Week

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Plenary

Group 26D


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CELL Types

Disturbance

Membrane

Transportation

Clinical Corellation

Organelles

Structure &

composition

Intercellular

Communication


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Learning Objectives

Students can described:

1. All kinds of cells

2. The structure and composition of cells

3. The kinds of organelle and its function4. The transportation of membrane cell

5. The differences of electricity potential and itschange

6. The communication intercell

7. The relevences between the damage of cell andclinical disorder


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Kinds of cells

According to nucleus membrane condition:

sel prokariotik

sel eukariotik

According to chromosome and its function:

sel somatis sel germinal


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Sel eukariotik Sel prokariotik


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NUCLEUS

Houses chromosomes, made of chromatin

( DNA , the genetic material, and proteins ).

Contains nucleoli, where ribosomalsubunits are made.

Pores regulate entry and exit of materials.


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RIBOSOME

Protein synthesis.

A new protein that have been synthesis will

be kept in an organell

e bounded membrane.


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40S

40S

60S

60S

60S


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ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

SMOOTHER

> Synthesis oflipids ( enzyme in smoothER ).

> Metabolism of carbohydrates.

> Detoxification of drugs and poisons ( liver cell ).

> Store calcium ions (Ca ).

ROUGHER

> Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins

from bound ribosomes.> Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins.

> Produces new membrane.


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GOLGIAPPARATUS

Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins,and phospholipids.

Synthesis of many polysaccharides.

Sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in

vesicles.


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LYSOSOME

Breakdown of ingested substances, cell

macromolecules, and damaged organelles for

recycling.


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MITOCHONDRIA

Cellular respiration.

Synthesis of energy ( ATP ).


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PEROXISOME

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to

water, producing hydrogen peroxide (HO ) asthe by product, which is converted to water

by other enzymes in the peroxisome.

Change fats to carbohydrates.


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MICROTUBULES

Maintenance of cell shape ( compression

resisting girders ).

Cell

motility ( as in ci

lia or f

lage

lla )

.

Chromosome movements in cell division.

Organelle movements.


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MICROFILAMENTS

Maintenance of cell shape ( tension bearing

elements ).

Ch

anges in cell

sh

ape.

Muscle contraction.

Cytoplasmic streaming.

Cell motility ( as in pseudopodia ).

Cell division ( cleavage furrow formation ).


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INTERMEDIATEFILAMENTS

Maintenance of cell shape ( tension bearing

elements ).

Anc

horage of nuc

leus and certain ot

herorganelles.

Formation of nuclear lamina.


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CENTRIOLES

Helps in cell division ( mitosis and meiosis ).

Helps organize microtubules assembly in animal

cells.


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PLASMALEMA

Membranes are selectively permeable

They control the flow of substances into and out

of a cell

Membranes can hold teams of enzymes that

function in metabolism Phospholipids are the main structural

components of membranes

They eachhave a hydrophilic head and twohydrophobic tails


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Phospholipid molecules form a flexible bilayer

Cholesterol and protein molecules are embedded in

it

Carbohydrates act as cell identification tags

The plasma membrane of an animal cell


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Some membrane proteins form cell junctions

Others transport substances across the

membrane

5.13 Proteins make the membrane a

mosaic of function

TransportFigure 5.13


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Many membrane proteins are enzymes

Figure 5.13

Some proteins function as receptors forchemical messages from other cells

The binding of a messenger to a receptor may

trigger signal transduction

E

nzyme activityS

ignal transduction

Messenger molecule

Receptor

Activated

molecule


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They are:1. diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area ofhigh

concentration to an area oflow concentration

There are two kind of diffusion :

1. diffusion of free

=> no need carrier2. diffussion

=> need carrier


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Osmosis => diffusion ofwater through a

selectively permeable membrane

Water moves fromh

igh

tolow concentrations


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CytosisCytosisA kind of active transport mechanism for

the movement of large amounts of

molecules into and out of cell byinvolving part of cells membrane.

Endocytosis: cell absorbs material

(molecules such as proteins) from outsidethe cell by engulfing it with cells

membrane.Phagocytosis: solid

Pinocytosis: liquid


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Exocytosis: cell expels secretion,

excretion, and extrusion.

Secretion: cells product, ex enzyme &hormone

Excretion: result of cells metabolism

Extrusion: solid substance


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Filtration

A kind of active transportation that occurs

because the differences of atmospheric

pressure between two rooms whichseparated by a permeable membrane.


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Active transport

Against gradien concentration

Pumping the ion

Source of energy are from ATP

The ways:

1.Pushing, use ekstrinsik protein

2.Confusing, use carrier protein


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BODYELECTRICITYBODYELECTRICITY

CELLSASELECTRICGENERATOR.CELLSHAVERMP (RESTING

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL)

RMP FORMED FROM DIFFERENTNA + K + AND THROUGH 2

EVENTS:

TRANSPORT active

DIFFUSION

Resting membrane potential

Normal - 70 s / d - 90 mVFormed through events

Diffusion and active transport


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Consisting of depolarization and repolarization phasesConsisting of depolarization and repolarization phases..

In the resting state, between the inside and outside theIn the resting state, between the inside and outside the

cell membrane there is a potential difference is calledcell membrane there is a potential difference is called

the resting potential of cells (cell resting potential).the resting potential of cells (cell resting potential).

These potential negativeThese potential negative polaritypolarity on the inside andon the inside and

positive on th

e outside of th

e cell

membrane.

positive on th

e outside of th

e cell

membrane.

When cells are in a state of rest / polarization is givenWhen cells are in a state of rest / polarization is given

the appropriate stimulus and with a fairly level, the cellthe appropriate stimulus and with a fairly level, the cell

will be changed from a resting state to the active statewill be changed from a resting state to the active state

it calls depolarization.it calls depolarization. ItIt startsstarts inin the cell membrane and spread to the entirethe cell membrane and spread to the entire

surface of the membrane.surface of the membrane.


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After experiencing a complete depolarization,After experiencing a complete depolarization,

cells subsequently conducted repolarizationcells subsequently conducted repolarization..

In the state of repolarization, membraneIn the state of repolarization, membrane

potential changes from positive on the insidepotential changes from positive on the inside

heading back to negative on the inside.heading back to negative on the inside. When the entire cell membrane is negativelyWhen the entire cell membrane is negatively

charged on the inside, it says the cells in acharged on the inside, it says the cells in a

resting state or a state polarisai back and readyresting state or a state po

larisai back and readyto receive the next stimulus.to receive the next stimulus.


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cell communication

Singnaling :

1. LocalSignaling : Paracrine and Synaptic

2. Long Distance Singnaling :

Endocrine(Hormonal)


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1. Paracrine

Paracrine a chemical

compound produced by

the secreting cells,

diffuses into theextracellular fluid and

stimulate the target cell.


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2.Synaptic

Nerve cells will produce

chemical signals as a

neurotransmitter then

diffuses into target cells(nerve cells) through a

narrow space (synapse)

to continue the

stimulation


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3.Hormonal

Special cells release the

hormone mole then

enter the bloodstream

through the bloodvessel system will then

be up to the target cell


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Communications direct contact

Junction

Interaction mole that

stands out from the cell

surface


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Junction

Kind of direct communicationConsist of:

1. Desmosome Adhesion intersel

Binding the other cell

2. Gap Junction Transport through channel

on gap junction

Ion, amino acid, water, etc

transportation

3.Tight Junction As a adhesive

As a barrier for blocking

substance permeation


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The relevences between the damage of

cell and clinical disorder

NORMAL CELLS

CELLS STRUCTURE DISORDERS

CELLS FUNCTION DISORDERS

CLINICAL DISORDERS

COMPLAINT CLINICAL SYMPTOMS


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The changes of cells:

1. ATROFI

2. H

IP

ERTROFI3. HIPERPLASIA

4. METAPLASIA

5. DISPLASIA

6. Cell injury7. Cell death

8. GANGREN

clinical abnormalities:

1.GENETIC

2. INFECTION

3. INFLAMATION

4. INTOKSIKASI

5.NUTRITIONDISORDERS

6. METABOLITDISORDERS

7. IMUN SYSTEMDISORDERS

8. DEGENERATIF

9. MALIGNANSI

10.HORMONALDISORDERS


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Documents

plenary group 26D 4th Week