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Plate Tectonics. Drifting Continents Chapter 17.1. Vocabulary . Continental Drift – the continents were joined as a single landmass that broke apart 200 mya Still drifting Pangaea – ancient landmass made up of all the continents - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Plate Tectonics
Drifting ContinentsChapter 17.1
Vocabulary
• Continental Drift – the continents were joined as a single landmass that broke apart 200 mya– Still drifting
• Pangaea – ancient landmass made up of all the continents
• Alfred Wegener – found evidence to support the theory of continental drift
Evidence of the Drift
• Rock formations– Large geologic structures, such as mountain
ranges fractured as the continents split– There should be similar rock types on opposite
sides of the Atlantic• Rocks on the Appalachians are identical to rocks in
Greenland and Europe
Evidence of the Drift
• Fossil formations– Similar fossils of several different animals and
plants that lived on or near land had been found on several different continents
• Land dwelling animals could not possibly have swum the great distances between continents
• Trilobites • Ages of fossils predated the breakup of Pangaea
Evidence of the Drift
• Climatic evidence– Fossils of plants indicating the same type of
climate have been found• On different continents• In current climates where they wouldn’t have survived
Evidence of the Drift
• Coal deposits – In Antarctica show that the land must have been
at one time closer to the equator• Glacial deposits
– 290 million year old deposits found in warm climates
– Land must have at one time been located near the south pole
Evidence of the Drift
• Wegener’s idea was generally rejected– Most scientists believed in the early 1900’s that
the continents were fixed– 2 flaws in the theory
• What force was strong enough to move the continents?• How could the continents move through solids?
Plate Tectonics
Seafloor Spreading17.2
Vocabulary
• Sonar – use of sound waves to detect and measure objects under water
• Magnetic reversal – when Earth’s magnetic field changes polarity between normal and reversed
Magnetic field demo
• Magnetometer – used to map the ocean floor by detecting small changes in magnetic fields
• Sometimes the magnetic field of the earth completely flips. – The north and the south poles swap places. – Such reversals, recorded in the magnetism of
ancient rocks, are unpredictable.– They come at irregular intervals averaging about
300,000 years; • the last one was 780,000 years ago. Are we overdue for
another? No one knows.
• Isochron – imaginary line on a map that shows points of the same age; formed at the same time
• Seafloor spreading – ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches– Continuous cycle of magma intrusion and
spreading
Ridges and Trenches
• Mid-Atlantic Range – chain of underwater mountains that run throughout the ocean basins– Lenth of 65,000 km– Contains active and extinct volcanoes
• Topography – change in elevation in the crust
Tectonic PlatesPlate Boundaries
17-3
Tectonic plates
• Huge pieces of crust and upper mantle that fit together at their edges to cover Earth’s surface– 12 major plates and several minor plates– Move slowly
• In different directions and at different speeds in relation to each other
• Edges are called boundaries
Types of Boundaries
• Divergent (divide) Boundary• Convergent (collision) Boundary• Transform Boundary
Divergent Boundaries
• Definition – place where two of Earth’s tectonic plates are moving apart– Associated with volcanism, earthquakes, and heat
flow– Found primarily in the seafloor
Divergent Plate Boundaries
• Rift valley – long, narrow depression that forms when continental crust begins to separate at divergent boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
• Three types– Oceanic – Oceanic– Oceanic – Continental – Continental – Continental
• Subduction – process by which one tectonic plate slips beneath another tectonic plate
Oceanic – OceanicConvergent Boundary
Oceanic – Continental Convergent Boundary
Continental – ContinentalConvergent BoundarySubduction zone
Transform Boundaries – most likely to cause earthquakes
Transform Boundaries
Convection Chapter 17.4
Back to Wegener
• Remember the two flaws to his theory of continental drift?– What type of force could possibly move the
continents?– How do the continents move through solids?
Convection is the answer!!!
• Large scale motion in the mantle• Transfer of thermal energy by the movement
of heated material
Let’s talk about States of Matter
• As matter cools– It contracts– Becomes denser– Cooled matter than drops due to gravity
• Warmer matter – Is displaced– And then rise
So how’s it work in the Earth?!?
• Up and down flow produces a pattern of motion called a convection current
• Convection currents aid in the transfer of thermal energy– From warmer to cooler regions
• Earth’s mantle is composed of partially molten material– Radioactive decay heats up the molten material in
the mantle– Causes enormous convection currents to move
material throughout the mantle
Convection in the Mantle
• Driving mechanism of plate movements– Stiff part of mantle attached to the crust (cool)– Farther below, the mantle is hot and pliable
– So…– The cool drops and is heated– The warm rises and cools– And the cycle continues
• So… how does it all get started?– Set in motion by subduction– Move just a few centimeters per year
• So how are convergent and divergent movement related to mantle convection?– Rising material spreads out as it reaches the upper
mantle– Causes both upward and sideways forces– Downward part of convection occurs where
sinking force pulls tectonic plates downward