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Plants are divided into four phyla
3 distinguishing features
• Leaves/roots/stems – true/deep/woody?
• Reproductive features – spores/cones/seeds?
• Another distinguishing features
• Knowing an example
Bryophyta
No true leaves or stems
Filicinophyta (Ferns)
• Roots, leaves and short stems
• Symbiotic rhizomes underground
• Have vascular tissue
• Up to 15m
• Leaves (Fronds) uncoil as develop.
• Sporangia (produce spores) grow under leaves.
• Spores released explosively to produce tiny gamete forming plant (haploid). This produces the zygote.
Angiospermophyta
(Flowering plants)
• Flowering plants – ovary & seeds
• Seeds dispersed through fruits
• Herbaceous or woody stems
• Vascular tissue
• Up to 100m
• Monocotyledons & Dicotyledons.
Name that Phyla! Giving a reason…
1. 2.
4. 3.
Animals are divided into six phyla
3 distinguishing features
• Symmetry (non/bilateral/radial)
• Body layers (mouth/anus/digestive system
present)
• Another distinguishing feature
• Knowing an example
Porifera
(Sponges) • Simplest multi-cellular animals
(colonies of cells)
• No symmetry
• Aquatic
• Sac-like structure 2 layers around central gastric cavity
• No Nervous System
• Cells specialise for – feeding
– support
– reproduction
• Feed on plankton
• Asexual budding
• Sexual free-swimming larva (dispersal)
Cnidaria (Jellies & anemones) (coelenterates = ‘hollow gut’)
• Aquatic
• Radial symmetry
• Body cavity is gut with single opening for ingestion and egestion (mouth – no gut)
• Body wall – Outer ectoderm (inc. stinging
cells on tentacles)
– Middle jelly mesoglea
– Inner endoderm
• Behaviour coordinated by mesoglea nerve net
• Body forms – Sessile (hydroid e.g.Hydra
and corals)
– Floating (medusa e.g. jelly fish)
– Have many stinging cells
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
• Flat unsegmented with 3 cell layers (triploblastic)
• No cavity (mesoglea) instead a mouth, branched gut but no anus
• Scavenging/ predation of small animals
• No circulatory system (flat so easy diffusion)
• ‘flame cells’ regulate water/ions and excretion
• Hermaphrodites but minimal self-fertilisation
• Free-living flatworms, or parasitic flukes and tapeworms
Taenia solium tapeworm
• Bilaterally symmetrical, segmented worms
• Intestine complete and regionally specialized (mouth & anus)
• Closed circulatory system
• Nervous system well developed.
• Paired, segmentally arranged bundles of epidermal setae
• Head consists of a presegmental prostomium and peristomium
• Sexes separate or hermaphroditic
• Marine, freshwater and terrestrial species
• May have bristles
Include earthworms and leaches
Meet Nereis commonly known as a ragworm
Not a millipede/centipede they are arthropods
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
Mollusca (mussels & octopi) • 2nd largest number of spp.
in a Phylum
• Aquatic e.g. Limpets; mussels (a few terrestrial e.g. slugs /snails)
• Soft, flexible bodies with little/no segmentation
• Head/flattened muscular foot/Hump or visceral mass (often coated by shell)
• Shell produced by tissue layer called the Mantle
• Gills (lungs) and Blood Circulation well developed
• Rasping, tongue-like radula used for feeding
Abdopus aculeatus octopus
Arthropoda (jointed limbs)
• 5 distinct groups – Crustaceans
– Arachnids
– Centepedes
– Millipedes
– Insects
• Segmented bodies
• Exoskeleton (chitin) which is regularly moulted
• Tubular heart and open blood circulation (in a haemocoel cavity)
• Nervous system (concentrated at front of body)
Arthropoda continued • INSECTS
• Body divided into
sections
– Head (Compound eyes and
pair of antennae)
• Mouthparts are modified
limbs
– Thorax (2 Pairs jointed legs
and 2 pairs wings)
– Abdomen
• Air is piped to tissues via
tracheae