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Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla. Grouping Organisms And Classification. Age of Life on Earth. 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first) 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner). Domains. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first)
• 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)
Taxonomy
• Discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign them a scientific name
Domains3 largest classification groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
THREE Domains…Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaea EukaryaProkaryotic (no true nucleus) (true nucleus)
(true bacteria) (extreme (protists
bacteria) fungi
plants
animals)
TAXONS
• Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdom (6)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
TAXONS: levels of taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came Over
From
Great Spain
memorize
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata
Class: MammaliaOrder: Primates
Family: HominidaeGenus: Homo
Species: sapiensThis is the one organism you need to memorize.
Ever hear of E. coli?
• It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli
T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex
• Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.
binomial nomenclature
• is the two part name of
organisms.
two terms: the genus name and the species
• Example: Common name = sugar pineScientific name = Pinus lambertiana
• ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosalodgepole pine: Pinus contorta
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli
• Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first)
• Species is
lower case• Written in Latin• Italicized OR underlined
How do you write scientific name for humans?
• Homo sapiens
• OR
• Homo sapiens
Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system
1707-1778• Studied medicine
• Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood
• Studied plants to make medicines
Our Hero
Linnaeus’ Botanical GardenClassification Chart of Primates
Where do the name come from?
• Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.
Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
Dichotomous Key
• An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing.
Two Ways to Make the Key
• "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
• 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 • 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 • 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny • 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 • 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. • 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 • 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime • 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter • 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill • 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill
EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here)
All Tree Leaves
• Needles Broadleaf
Can use tree guides.
Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better)
Tips
• Better if the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not".
• If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word.
• 1. a. leaves with lobes
• b. leaves single (no lobes)
Some common terms
• lobed and one entire
•
» serrated
Some examples
• Round, serrated Base not even
• Teeth wide, sunken veins
Examples
• Four pointed lobes Leaflets across
• Deep lobes
almost to rib
Some even have more than one shape on the same tree
Get Handout: Good Tips• Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves• One key/lab table• Use 4 feet of white paper• Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms
like "large" and "small".• Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices.• Leaves will be taped at the end of the
division.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
• PROKARYOTIC
• No true nucleus (called a nucleoid)
• smaller
• EUKARYOTIC
• True nucleus with a membrane
• larger
• Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
Two Domains are Prokaryotic• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus
(called a nucleoid instead)• INCLUDES:
1.Eubacteria –true bacteria
2. Archaea – extreme bacteria
(sometimes “archaebacteria”)• Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33)
Kingdom: Archaeaor Archaebacteria)
• Prokaryotic –no true nucleus• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan
(see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled• Live in most extreme
environments• Discovering Archaea (3:24) FYI: Discovered
1977
What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria
Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)
Archaea Examples
• Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube)
Found in hot springs
Archaea ExamplesA-thermophile
B-halophile
C-halophile
D-carbonatphile
E-halophile
F-calcium carbonatphile-What are extremophiles? (54 secs)
-Extremophiles (1:25)
-Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7:16)
Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no true
nucleus (just a nucleoid)
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and metabolism
Eubacteria (Common)
• Staphylococcus
• Anthracis bacillus
• Escherichia coli
• Streptococcus
Eubacteria Examples
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Staphylococcus aureus(skin)
Domain: Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material)Includes 4 Kingdoms:
Protists FungiAnimalsPlants
Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular• Varied cell walls• (Plant-like, animal-
like, fungus –like)
PROTISTA
• Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll)
• Animal-like protists (Move)
Fungus-like protists(slime molds move like
amoeba, decomposer)
Protista ExamplesProtist Youtube
Euglena • Paramecium
Volvox(colonial)
Stentor
Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic• Cell walls of
chitin –stiffener
• Can be multicellular or unicellular
Fungi
• Yeast (unicellular fungi)
• Can you see the budding?
More Fungi
• Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus
Bread mold
More Fungi
• Penicillium Black Mold
Hot dog mold
Kingdom: Plantae• Eukaryotic• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular –more than one
cell• Autotrophic –photosynthetic
– make their own food
What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Examples:
Kingdom: Animalia
• Eukaryotic
• No cell wall
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)
Animalia
What kingdom are you?