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PLANTAIN: PERSONAL USE AND EXPERIENCE

Barbara Salvatore

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PLANTAIN: PERSONAL USE AND EXPERIENCE Barbara Salvatore©2014

One of the first plants I learned, is one of the best first-aid plants, and is always a first-

choice remedy for countless reasons among plant healers and contemporary herbalists. It is

certainly one of the first plants discussed in beginner herb classes. It is one of the plants I choose

when I have to travel with only a handful. (This is a good exercise to do yourself, or with friends.

As you learn more about the individual plants and plant families; you can build lists of your most

reliable and powerful plants, including ones like plantain, that serve a multitude of purposes.

Make a “Hand-Full list” and keep these plant remedies supplied at your fingertips for home and

travel, or if banished to a desert island.)

Plantain (Plantago major.) was given the name “white-man’s foot” by Native

Americans, they say, because it could be dependably found on the trail, path or homestead, its

seed following behind the white man, picked up and spread by shoes, hooves, wagon wheels.

Grazing livestock, small animals and birds spread the seed further.

Another one of its common names was "Soldier's Herb" for its use on the battlefield as a

field dressing.[7]

PDR for Herbal Medicine ISBN 1563636786

“Indigenous people have used the hundreds of members of the plantain family for

millennia, all over the world. As it was so useful and easy to find on the path, Native Americans

learned and adopted its uses.” (http://www.pennherb.com/plantain)

Plantain often borders roads, parking lots, driveways, entrances and paths to and from

buildings and barns. It is almost always in our lawn and gardens. It is a true ‘backyard medicine.’

Although it might be considered an ‘invasive’, it quickly becomes a welcome addition.

Around my home, I have always encouraged and allowed its growth because it is always good to

have at hand. Until recently it was often difficult to buy the dry herb, seed or root in stores, and it

has only recently become available for online purchase, in dry plant or tincture form. It is very

common, however, in organic herbal salves, as most herbalists and wild-crafters depend upon it

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in their basic healing balms. The seeds, known as psyllium, create a mucilaginous internal

lubricant.

I had the habit of learning plants one at a time, as I was largely taught by those plants

which caught my attention. My curiosity would be piqued by something in my path, and I would

try to learn all about it. My personal rule was to confirm use of any plant with six ‘authorities,’

cross referencing the facts before using a plant in any specific manner for any given reason. A

firm rule for me was absolute certainty that I had correctly identified a plant before letting it

touch my mouth or tongue. It is the first rule I recommend to all students, children, and adults. If

you are unsure, do not use the plant.

When learning a plant, gather the basic plant parts - a leaf or two, a bud, flower, stem; if

possible the whole plant, to press and save for identification by book reference or by someone

who knows the plants. However, it is not condoned or suggested to take a root just for curiosity’s

sake, and if the plant is rare or not growing in numbers, please just take a photograph of it! Never

remove whole plants unless they grow in abundance and are not protected by conservation rules,

which vary from place to place. A good resource for a list of endangered and at risk plants in

North America is United Plant Savers. (http://www.unitedplantsavers.org/content.php/121-

species-at-risk)

Plantain is an easy plant to identify, especially if you have grown up with the plant and it

is already familiar. As a child we used the seed laden stems to play fairy god-mother or

magician, as they were clearly meant to be ‘magic wands’. The long, sturdy stem of lance-leaf

plantain grows tall and straight, usually 6 to 24 inches, but I have seen them 3 feet long or even

‘hip-high’ in fertile, sunny, un-mown places.

On the average lawn, the center stem sprouts and boldly shoots up, but they are clipped

short by most home owners who try to mow these and dandelions before they go to seed. This is

not the case in the herbalist’s backyard. In the mountains, I did not mow our soggy lawns much.

I only mowed a few times each summer, and never with the aim to stop my favorite medicine

plants from going to seed. If you can wait for the dandelions to poof into round seed heads, then

it’s time for the first mowing. Then wait for the plantain seed to shoot up and turn brown on the

stem, only then- the second mowing. So there was always an abundance of dandelion heads to

wish upon, and fairy wands to cast spells with, and no shortage of these favored plants spreading

out across our lawn.

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“The fairy wand”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Plantago_lanceolata_

As these seed heads mature, they dry a red-brown color, and should be harvested by

pinching them whole, off the stem, then kept in a basket or brown paper bag to ensure that they

dry completely before storage. This medicine is precious to have on hand, particularly for

internal conditions, such as any gastro-intestinal problems, or internal inflammation and/or

bleeding. These seeds are sometimes called Psyllium seed.“Psyllium is the common name used

for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the

production of mucilage. The genus Plantago contains over 200 species. P. ovata and P. psyllium

are produced commercially in several European countries, the former Soviet Union, Pakistan,

and India.” http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/psyllium.html

Lance leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata l.) and oval leaf plantain (Plantago-major) are

closely related and their uses are interchangeable. Some find the oval leaf to be a better food and

nutritive plant to add to soups, sauces, casseroles and salads, while the lance-leaf is said to have

higher drawing powers for wounds and bites. It is the premier drawing agent in the plant

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kingdom, giving it another common name of “Snake root”. It will draw the venomous sting from

mosquitoes to snakes and everything in between. Another common name for either species is

“ribwort,” this because of the distinct veins that run along its underside, like ribs, which helps us

to easily identify it.

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Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago rugeli Decne. OR Plantago major.

There is a very good chance you will find this plant in your backyard. Look where people

walk or cars come and go. Look at the edges of paths and roads, and alongside tracks (although I

would never recommend gathering plants near railroad tracks, which are loaded with creosote!)

It is a sturdy plant and when walked and driven over, will still stand up and go to seed. It crops

up along hiking trails, up and down mountains, along creeks, rivers and streams. You will find

plantain on playgrounds, ball fields, parking lots, in gardens, compost piles, gullies, banks,

washouts. It will grow in any soil. Plantain even crops up in sidewalk cracks! When horses and

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cattle browse the leaves, some of the flattened rosette remains, and so the plant continues to

collect sunlight and grow. Only ingest plants that are picked in a clean environment, away from

heavy traffic and other pollutants.

Once you learn and love this plant, watch it heal and lend assistance, repeatedly, and in

emergencies, you too will want your own tough little patch nearby.

Plantago species have been used since prehistoric times as herbal remedies.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago

One of the first applications of herbal or plant medicine which people used is the ‘spit

poultice.’ It is an intrinsic way in which people and animals have, for millennia, healed

themselves. Once a plant is identified as a healing agent, it can often most immediately and

effectively be applied in this way, by being chewed and mixed with the enzymes in our saliva,

especially in times of immediate need or emergency.

When you are suddenly stung by a bee, wasp, mosquito, spider, snake, cat, dog, etc., this

is what you do to relieve the sting and pull or “draw” out the venom or infection. If the stinging

insect has left a stinger behind in your skin, try to remove this with a flat plastic card by scraping

against it. Tweezers can also be used. But if the stinger remains, a poultice of plantain will draw

it out. This plant has also been used for hornets, ants, venomous spiders, tick bites, snakes and

jelly fish. It decreases the chance that the sting or bite will prove allergic or life threatening,

because it literally pulls the poison out. The sooner it is applied, the better, as it will inhibit the

venom’s migration into the bloodstream.

“THE GREATEST LEARNING IS EXPERIENTIAL.” –Plato

The fresh leaves bring relief to minor cuts and stings, and stop bleeding. An infusion or

fresh juice can be used to treat coughs and hoarseness, and to relieve gastritis.

Pamela Forey and Ruth Lindsay, An Instant Guide to Medicinal Plants p. 20

This advice came from one of my first pocket-guidebooks, which my mother gave to me

when she recognized how my interest in plants had grown once I’d become a new mother. Sure

enough, I was given many opportunities to test its merit - with two young children and a pack of

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animals to tend to. Numerous times we saved friends from bee stings on the playground or sports

field, sharing this useful knowledge, the spittle-poultice of plantain yielding immediate and

measurable success, greatly relieving the burn of the sting, and reducing redness and swelling.

Here is a list of the many ways I have personally used Plantain with success. I will later

elaborate with particular and specific stories from my own experience, which is indeed the most

powerful teacher. When you witness this plant at work, you do not forget the incredible results!

For each of the conditions below, I have accumulated stories of success, and hope to someday

record and share them all. )

STINGS & BITES

Mosquito, hornet, wasp, bee, spider, tick, cat scratches, dog bites, fisher bites, snake bites

TO STOP BLEEDING

From cuts and wounds

Deep punctures

Especially if metal, nails, rust etc., to avoid tetanus. (Nail gun in the thigh story

With black walnut and echinecea and white pine and pressed garlic

Blood poisoning (to prevent or to heal)

Post-surgery

Internal bleeding

Bleeding hemorrhoids

Excessive menstrual bleeding

Bleeding from afterbirth

Bleeding gums

FIRST-AID

Hives (also -with catnip)

Poison Ivy

Chicken Pox

Shingles

Eczema

Psoriasis

Acne, boils, pustules

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Diaper rash

Skin abrasions and other rashes

MRCR infections- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)* especially foot wounds

Injection sites

Swollen gums

Tooth infections

Bleeding gums

Root canals

Orthodontist related

Ear aches

Eye wash

Gastro-Intestinal

Stomach and bowels, cramps, aches

Diarrhea

Hemorrhoids

Kidneys – stones, function of

Bladder and urinary tract infections

RESPIRATORY

Cough medicines

Lung support

Smoke-able : dried, powdered and mixed with other Kinnikinnick herbs

USED WITH ANIMALS (Dogs, cats, ferrets, horses)

Claw and tooth infections

Abscesses- poulticed, lanced, infection removed

Bites and scratches

Cat scratch fever (for people who have been clawed or bitten by cats)

Eyewash

Insect and tick bites

Wounds

Hoof Packs – Founder, stone bruises, abscesses, gravel, thrush, etc.

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The following additional resources share similar and multitude uses:

Native American usage -

Food: Soak edible leaves in salt water and boil until tender, seeds can be ground into a flour.

Medicine: A tea from the leaves relieved sore eyes. A charm from the powdered roots was used

to prevent snakebite.

Note: Also called Englishman's-Foot; although some varieties of Plantain have been introduced

by Europeans, indigenous species are recognized by Native Americans for food and medicine.

NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art /Indigenous Plants & Native Uses in the Northeast

http://www.nativetech.org/plantgath/plantain.ht

Plantain

Plantago Major (Plantain)

Sinie makan (Omaha-Ponca)

A Ponca gave me the information that a bunch of leaves of this plant made hot and applied to the

foot is good to draw out a thorn or splinter. Gilmore, p. 63

Ponca English Latin

Sinie makan Plantain Plantago lanceolata

Habitat: Dry fields and pastures, lawns, waste ground, along roads and railroads

Flowers: April to October Plantago, ‘foot like’ lanceolata, ‘lance-shaped’

Denison, Edgar. Missouri Wildflowers p.237

POULTICE (Omaha/Ponca word??)

Ubé Tón

TO WRAP. (Verb)

p. 190 Omaha Dictionary, E.STABLER/Swetland

Omaha and Ponca used tough fibrous roots, crushed and applied the mixture to wounds to

speed healing. Boiled leaves for tea, and to heal eye infections and lessen body aches and pains.

Other tribes used a crushed leaves paste applied to sore joints.

Wolfson, Evelyn. From Earth to Sky and Beyond

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Plantain Herbal Folklore and History

Native Americans carried powdered roots of Plantain as protection against snakebites or to ward

off snakes. Plantain was called Englishman's Foot or White Man's Foot as it was said to grow

where ever their feet touched the ground - this is referred to in Longfellow’s 'Hiawatha.'. Some

old European lore states that Plantain is effective for the bites of mad dogs, epilepsy, and

leprosy. In the United States the plant was called 'Snake Weed,' from a belief in its efficacy in

cases of bites from venomous creatures.

Article by Deb Jackson & Karen Bergeron http://www.altnature.com/gallery/plantain.htm

Plantain:

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0931486017/alternatnatureon

http://www.bulkherbstore.com/Making-Herbs-Simple?id=Aq7VMkUk

Papain- high concentration of the ingredient papain; the same ingredient found in anti-venom

ointments and meat tenderizer (which is also often used as an emergency home remedy for insect

stings and venomous bites).

Plantain Medicinal Properties and Herbal Use

Properties: Plantain is edible and medicinal, the young leaves are edible raw in salad or cooked

as a pot herb, they are very rich in vitamin B1 and riboflavin. The herb has a long history of use

as an alternative medicine dating back to ancient times. Being used as a panacea (medicinal for

everything) in some cultures, one American Indian name for the plant translates to "life

medicine." And recent research indicates that this name may not be far from true! The chemical

analysis of Plantago Major reveals the remarkable glycoside Aucubin. Acubin has been reported

in the Journal of Toxicology as a powerful anti-toxin. There are many more highly effective

constituents in this plant including Ascorbic-acid, Apigenin, Baicalein, Benzoic-acid,

Chlorogenic-acid, Citric-acid, Ferulic-acid, Oleanolic-acid, Salicylic-acid, and Ursolic-acid. The

leaves and the seed are medicinal used as an antibacterial, antidote, astringent, anti-

inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic,

laxative, ophthalmic, poultice, refrigerant, and vermifuge. Medical evidence exists to confirm

uses as an alternative medicine for asthma, emphysema, bladder problems, bronchitis, fever,

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hypertension, rheumatism and blood sugar control. A decoction of the roots is used in the

treatment of a wide range of complaints including diarrhea, dysentery, gastritis, peptic ulcers,

irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, cystitis, bronchitis, catarrh, sinusitis,

coughs, asthma and hay fever. It also causes a natural aversion to tobacco and is currently being

used in stop smoking preparations. Extracts of the plant have antibacterial activity, it is a safe

and effective treatment for bleeding, it quickly stops blood flow and encourages the repair of

damaged tissue. The heated leaves are used as a wet dressing for wounds, skin inflammations,

malignant ulcers, cuts, stings and swellings and said to promote healing without scars. Poultice

of hot leaves is bound onto cuts and wounds to draw out thorns, splinters and inflammation. The

root is said to be used as an anti-venom for rattlesnake’s bites. Plantain seeds contain up to 30%

mucilage which swells in the gut, acting as a bulk laxative and soothing irritated membranes.

The seeds are used in the treatment of parasitic worms. A distilled water made from the plant

makes an excellent eye lotion.

TRY THESE RECIPES

Medicinal tea: For colds and flu use 1 tbls. Dry or fresh whole herb (seed, root, and leaves) to 1

cup boiling water, steep 10 min. strain, sweeten. Drink through the day.

Healing salve: In large non-metallic pan place 1lb. of entire plant chopped, and 1 cup lard, cover;

cook down on low heat till all is mushy and green. Strain while hot, cool and use for burns,

insect bites, rashes, and all sores. Note: used as night cream for wrinkles. Article by Deb Jackson &

Karen Bergeron http://www.altnature.com/gallery/plantain.htm

Three generations ago, plantain’s use was common knowledge in the United States; today

practically no one, realizes that the plant is anything more than a weed. When folks moved from

the countryside to the cities and medically trained doctors replaced family healers, we forgot the

plants that had stood us in good stead for years. Have you ever heard the story of the white

man’s flies? It seems the Indians came to know that the white man was encroaching on their land

whenever they saw honey bees, an insect not indigenous to the Americas. The same was true

with plantain, which came to be known by the Native Americans as Englishman’s foot. It was

somewhat of a godsend that the bees and the plantain arrived at the same time, as the leaf of the

plantain was used to draw the venom of the bee from its sting. On this the Indian and the white

man agreed. The Native Americans grew familiar with the plantain’s medicinal properties, and

the Delawares used it to treat the summer complaint (that’s Victorian for diarrhea).

Virgil J. Vogel, American Indian Medicine, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London

copyright © 1970.

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The Pennsylvania Dutch used the juice of the plant to soothe tired and abused feet, treat insect

bites, and lessen the pain associated with a bad case of hemorrhoids. The utilitarian people also

found that the seeds were effective in getting rid of intestinal worms. In the Louisiana bayou, the

fresh leaves were traditionally applied to sores to promote healing, and the dried leaves were put

in the linen closet to perfume the contents and keep insects out. An informant in North Carolina

said that plantain leaves placed on the wrist of someone with a fever would cure him if the leaves

were left on until they were browned by the sick person’s heat.

The Materia Medica mentions a study of women with fetuses in bad positions prior to delivery,

in which the use of plantain saw a 90 percent reversal in position – almost all of the women

treated had normal presentations at birth. And speaking of parts, Gerard noted that plantain

leaves "are singular good to make a water to wash a sore throat or mouth, or the privy parts of a

man or woman." Sore privy parts, we all know what that means. Gerard was probably referring

to privates plagued with venereal disease. He’s not alone in this reference; the plant has long

been prized for treating herpes sores (some say it cures them straight away).

http://www.planetbotanic.ca/fact_sheets/plantain_fs.htm

-An annual spring ritual among the Pennsylvania Germans was “thinning of the blood,” which

was accomplished by such greens as dandelions, lettuce, watercress, plantain, and other herbs

called blutreinigungsmittel.

-Chestnut bark and white plantain were also among the numerous snakebite remedies, as were

salt and gunpowder. Thomas R. Brendle and Claude W. Unger, Folk Medicine of the

Pennsylvania Germans: The Non-Occult Cures. 1935

Twentieth –century Rappahannocks investigated by Speck …Plantain leaves (Plantago major)

were bruised and bound to parts of the body to reduce fever. 73

Frank G. Speck, Royal B. Hassrick, Edmund S. Carpenter, Rappahannocks Herbals, Folk-Lore

and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science, Vol. X, No. 1,

25-26.

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Medicinal Part: The whole plant, or any part.

Solvents: Water, vinegar, alcohol.

Uses: Plantain was used by the Indians both internally and externally; we have adopted their uses

of it for cooling, soothing and healing… It is excellent for healing fresh or chronic wounds or

sores, used both internally and externally.

The green seeds and stems will check diarrhea and bowel complaints. Intestinal pain of ulcers,

spitting up blood, excessive menstrual flow and inflammation of the intestines. For kidney and

bladder trouble, bed –wetting, etc.; to clear the ear of mucus, venereal diseases in the first stages,

leucorrhoea (vaginal discharge) hemorrhoids, tuberculosis. ulcers, eczema, burns and scalds

Externally: The juice of the leaves will counteract the bite of rattlesnakes, poisonous insects,

etc. Take internally as well as applying the bruised leaves to the wound. To check external

bleeding. ALSO used for Colitis,Diabetes, Dysentery, Diarrhea, Earache, Emissions,

Imotence,Neuralgias, Spleen (pain in), Tobacco habit, Toothache, Delayed urination, Worms,

Wounds. All stomach conditions, gastritis, internal wounds, abscesses, internal bleeding. Also

kidney, bladder, heart conditions, coughs, red inflamed skin, bleeding wounds, chronic skin

conditions. Plantain is rich in minerals and Vitamins C, K and factor “T” which helps stop

bleeding. p. 219-221 Alma Hutchens, Indian Herbalogy of North America

To Purchase Plantain:

http://www.prairielandherbs.com/plantain.htm

http://www.frontiercoop.com/

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MAGGHIE and BIG HORSE WOMAN

– excerpts featuring PLANTAIN Stories

MAGGHIE

FIVE FINGER MEDICINE……………………………………………………………

With winter came more lessons for Magghie. Time spent in the kitchen with her mother,

Maye, and the herbs and medicines. Magghie watched and listened and the plants lent their

voices. They sunk in because Maye had a way of making remembering easy.

“Today Magghie dear, we will count with our fingers, and each one will be a lesson

worth remembering. Five Finger Medicine is within everyone’s grasp, but it’s not everyone who

will hold it tight. Not just any one who will know it…But by the end of this day you will have it at

the tips of your fingers!”

She held up her thumb “Number One!”

She reached into a pouch and took out a pinch of dried plantain seeds and leaves. She

chewed on these and spit the resulting sticky mass into the palm of her hand.

“First …is Spit. If you have nothing else- you chew the medicine and dissolve it in your

own mouth, or make a spittle pack to press onto a wound or insect bite. Spit.”

She lifted Magghie’s hem and exposed her recently scraped knee, pressing the spittle

poultice onto the raw skin. Magghie flinched and squirmed at the initial sting, but smiled when

she felt the burn stop as the plant worked its way in.

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AWAY

Magghie handed Karl the lines, and set the brake, then jumped down to check the foals.

They seemed too shocked to be hindered by pain, but the colt’s flow of blood had increased

with the pumping of his legs. Magghie reached down near the wagon ruts and pulled up new

leaves of plantain by the handful. She chewed on the leaves and spit the slimy green mix into

the wounds. She tore yellow buds off the roadside hemlock trees, and stuffed the puncture

holes. This would stop the bleeding. The wounds would clot now, she was certain.

…

Karl was quick to finish hitching the other team while Magghie tended the foals. She

soaked the scraps of clean cloth in cool water, wrapped fresh plantain in them, and held them

as compresses against the coagulated pitch-fork wounds and swollen knees.

She hastened to clean and dress the wounds as both foals were quick to kick their long

strong legs this morning. It seemed to her that their behavior and temperament proved their

blood had been untouched by deep poisoning or infection; the all-heal salve and plantain

poultices had pulled it out.

BEES

Magghie watched the bees gather, come and go.

The river wove its way through snags and roots.

Two bees landed on Lili. She threw her head back to nip and one stung her lip.

She bolted away from it, shaking her head, furious.

Magghie hung on to the saddle, slowed Lili, stopping and dismounting in a patch of thick

grass. She pulled up tough plantain leaves and crushed them, pressing the anti-venom juice

into the bee sting. The mare pulled away, interested only in filling her belly. So Magghie

unbridled her, relieved her of her burdens and let her graze freely.

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BIG HORSE WOMAN

POULTICE

Ubé Tón

To Wrap

The Woman pulled herself up, and back to Big Horse. She reassured him with her voice as she

carefully felt his legs over. The warm stickiness of blood filled the palm of her hand as he pulled

his front hoof away from her grasp. Lifting again with care, she looked at it more closely, saw

the deep gash at his heel.

She coaxed him to the water. Submerging his hoof in its iciness, she held him there,

with her thumb pressed tightly over the wound, until the water no longer flowed dark with

fresh blood.

Then, she pulled out the puffballs, plantain, and wind flower roots from bags she had filled that

very morning. These would stop the bleeding, start the healing.

She pounded them between water smooth stones into a fibrous, pulpy poultice which she

applied directly to the wound. She scooped some muddy sand and rotten tree stump bark at

the creek’s edge and plastered this over the plants. Over this, she lashed a soft hide scrap, to

keep the poultice in place. Stop the blood.

Big Horse Woman threw her blanket over his steaming back.

As her fingers stroked Big Horse, she spoke softly into his ear,

"I am careless, friend, to forget who you are

and ride you like a slave, because of my own fear.

Now let me see you walk and we will see how you go ..."

She coaxed Big Horse to take a step and watched him shift his weight off his injured foot.

They hobbled a ways, Ears Up leading, ears back, making sure they followed.

They had to get off the hillside, find somewhere safe for the night.

But the horse stood, tail swishing, head hanging, foot curled under, not moving.

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FURTHER NOTES AND SOURCES

MRSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for

several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called multidrug-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). MRSA is any

strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which

include the penicillins (methicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, etc.) and the cephalosporins.

Gilmore, Melvin R. Uses of Plants (by the Indians of the Missouri River Region). (Originally

Published: Washington: U.S. Govt Print. Off., 1919) Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska

Press,1991.

Virgil J. Vogel, American Indian Medicine, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman and London,

copyright © 1970.

Wolfson, Evelyn, From Earth to Sky and Beyond (J610w) -Woodstock)

Omaha / Ponca Ethno-botany, Prof. Mark Awakuni-Swetland, UNL, Lincoln. 2012

Barbara Salvatore Copyright © 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED bighorsemail@yahoo.com