Planning Transit-Oriented Developments in Greenville County, SC

8/6/2019 Planning Transit-Oriented Developments in Greenville County, SC

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W`bjjfjn U{bj|fu$O{fajuae Eaxaòwd

fj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv,\oquc Lb{o`fjb

Ia``v A* @b{ifj|

Làd|oj Qjfxa{|fuv

Dbv ;722


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Ubkà oh Lojuaju|

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&* B| fu ~b| l{fuflb` uo wb|u {anfojb` n{o~ucuca aswbj|foj oh u{bj|wo{ubufoj fjh{b|u{qluq{a f| jo~ à|| bkà uob||f|u ~fuc hquq{a {anfojb` eaxaòwdaju* U{bhl ajnfjaa{| jo òjna{

bn{aa ucbu fjl{ab|fjn uca lbwblfuv oh b {obe~bv |v|uad ~f`` {aeqlalojna|ufoj b{oqje dau{owo`fubj b{ab| #Lbùco{wa ( Hqùoj ;772&*Fj |oda lb|a| ucf| joufoj cb| kaaj bexbjlae kv lfuf}aj n{oqw| ~coowwo|a uca aswbj|foj oh cfnc~bv|* Uca{a b{a b`|o doxa| fj |odab{ab| uo {a|u{flu n{o~uc kqu uca oquloda oh ucf| |lajb{fo loqè kado{a eaxaòwdaju oj uca h{fjna| oh uca {anfoj bj qjea|f{bkà |fuq$bufoj* Ea|wfua uca|a uvwa| oh {a|u{flufoj| b lcbjna fj uca wbuua{j|oh `bje$q|a f| fjahhalufxa fj |o`xfjn u{bj|wo{ubufoj {a`buae w{okàd|#Lbùco{wa ( Hqùoj ;772&*

Oja ~bv uo kanfj uo oxa{loda b `bli oh u{bj|wo{ubufoj aswbj|fojf| kv ea|fnjfjn b dqùf$ufa{ae |v|uad ho{ uca {anfoj ~cflc fjl`qea|~bìfjn kflvl`fjn bje u{bj|fu owufoj|* Bùcoqnc fh u{bj|fu f| ~cbu b{anfoj ~oqè ~f|c uo holq| oj oj`v lcb|fjn asf|ufjn eaxaòwdaju

fj cowa| oh jefjn {fea{| b`~bv| loda| qw |co{u ~cflc f| a|walfb``v|o fh ~bìbkf`fuv bje eaj|fuv b{a jou w{a|aju #Lbùco{wa ( Hqùoj;772 w*;23&* Fj|uabe u{bj|fu |v|uad| |coqè lojjalu ~fuc asf|ufjn{aeaxaòwdaju bje w{fda b{ab| oh fj`` ~fuc uo~j lajua{| ~fucfjuca {anfoj* Ucf| b{{bjnadaju ~f`` b`ò~ ho{ uca n{o~uc oh ~cbu b{alb`àe u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju| o{ UOE| #Lbùco{wa ( Hqùoj;772&* Bjouca{ xa{|foj oh ucf| lojlawu q|ae uca ua{d xf``bna fj$|uabe oh eaxaòwdaju kqu ouca{~f|a kouc a||ajufb` v dabj b lod$wblu dfsae q|a loddqjfuv lajua{ae b{oqje uca u{bj|fu |ubufoj ucbu

kv ea|fnj fjxfua| {a|feaju| ~o{ia{| bje |cowwa{| uo e{fxa ucaf{ lb{|à|| bje {fea db|| u{bj|fu do{a #Ka{jfli ( La{xa{o 266>&*

Fju{oeqlufoj


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W{okàd \ubuadaju

Uca lq{{aju u{aje oh bquo eawajeajlv f| b w{okàd ucbu àbxa| wow$q`bufoj| xq`ja{bkà uo ò|fjn blla|| uo adwòvdaju |cowwfjn bje

|olfb` lojjalufoj|* Uca{aho{a co~ lbj uca w`bjjfjn wo`flv bje ea$|fnj w{fjlfwà| oh UOE ka fdwàdajuae ~fucfj N{aajxf` a Loqjuv?

Daucoeoònv

Uca daucoeoònv ho{ ucf| w{omalu ~f`` ho`ò~ hoq{ |uaw|* Uca {|u|uaw f| feajufhvfjn eaxaòwdaju| bje |v|uad| h{od ~cflc N{aajxf`àLoqjuv lbj àb{j uca do|u* U~o òlbufoj| |aàluae ho{ uca|a lb|a|uqefa| b{a O{ajlo \ubufoj fj Cf``|ko{o O{anoj bje LfuvLajua{ fjAjnà~ooe Loò{beo* Uca|a lb|a |uqefa| ~f`` feajufhv lcb{blua{f|ufl|

oh uca {a|feaju| co~ uca eaxaòwdaju ~o{i| uo dbsfdf}a u{bj|wo{$ubufoj owufoj| bje ~cbu uvwa| oh {aubf` owwo{uqjfufa| lbj ka hoqje~fucfj uca eaxaòwdaju*

Uca |aloje wb{u fjxo`xa| fjxajuo{vfjn |fua buu{fkqua| h{od ablc ohuca wouajufb` UOE| ~cflc lbj ka nbuca{ae h{od w{fdb{v |oq{la|*Uca|a fjl`qea w{fo{ bje q|a| uca bje q|a oj bemofjfjn w{owa{uv bje{anq`bufoj| oj uca |fua|* Ouca{ buu{fkqua| ucbu lbj b`|o ka fjxajuo{faefjl`qea u{bj|wo{ubufoj {a`buae aàdaju| |qlc b| |u{aau hqjlufoj| bjel`b||flbufoj| bje u{bhl xo`qda* Cf|uo{fl ea|fnjbufoj| bje `bje$

db{i| lbj b`|o ka lodwfàe bòjn ~fuc |olfoalojodfl lcb{blua{f|$ufl| |qlc b| fjloda bje eadon{bwcfl| oh uco|a `fxfjn bu bje b{oqjeuca |fua|* Uco|a buu{fkqua| ~cflc ~f`` cbxa uo ka |alq{ae kv |alojeb{v|oq{la| b{a dbfj`v lojla{jae ~fuc wcv|flb` bje kfoònflb` aàdaju|oj uca |fua|* Uca|a fjl`qea |of` uvwa| uowon{bwcflb` fjho{dbufoj bjecve{oònflb` habuq{a|*

Bhua{ uca |fua bjb`v|f| f| lodwàua bòjn ~fuc uca lodwf fjn oh rqbj$ufubufxa fjho{dbufoj ucf| fjho{dbufoj ~f`` ka da{nae ~fuc asf|ufjn

fjho{dbufoj lojla{jfjn UOE| uo |aa co~ aàdaju| bje lojlawu|lbj ka ka|u uuae ho{ N{aajxf`à Loqjuv* Ucf| ~f`` fjl`qea bjv |walfb`ànb` o{ alojodfl {arqf{adaju| uca loqjuv dbv jaae uo u uca UOEfjuo uca |fua òlbufoj|*

Uca jb` wcb|a oh uca daucoeoònv f| uo l{abua w`bj| ho{ uca |fua|*Uca f``q|u{bufxa w`bj| ~f`` loxa{ co~ kqfèfjn| ~f`` ka `bfe oqu bje`bje|lbwfjn bje |u{aau| loqè ka ea|fnjae ~fuc bjjoubufoj| fjeflbu$fjn uca hqjlufoj| oh uco|a kqfèfjn|*


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UOE Oxa{xfa~

Eajfufoj

Fj lfufa| bje uo~j| ~ca{a UOE| cbxa ada{nae uca{a f| jo loj$|aj|q| oxa{ bj asblu eajfufoj9 a|walfb``v b eajfufoj ucbu lbj kabww`fae uo axa{v |fuqbufoj* Fj beefufoj eajfufoj| oh UOE| ohuajoj`v holq| oj uca kqfù ho{d #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77;&* Uca U{bj$|fu Loowa{bufxa [a|ab{lc W{on{bd #UL[W& [awo{u 27; lodwfàe b`f|u oh |oda oh uca|a eajfufoj| |co~fjn uca `bli oh qjfho{dfuvkau~aaj ucad* Ho{ asbdwà fj Bu`bjub ucav |ubua ucbu UOE f| bk{obe lojlawu ucbu fjl`qea| bjv eaxaòwdaju ucbu kajau| h{od fu|w{osfdfuv uo b u{bj|fu hblf`fuv bje ucbu naja{bua| |fnjflbju u{bj|fu{fea{|cfw #La{xa{o ;775&*

Fj Lcb{òuua fu f| cfnc$rqb`fuv q{kbj ajxf{ojdaju| ucbu b{a lb{a$hq``v w`bjjae bje ea|fnjae uo buu{blu bje {aubfj {fea{|cfw #La{xa{o;775&* Fj O{`bjeo UOE f| |aaj b| b |q|ubfjbkà alojodflb``v xf$bkà fxbkà loddqjfuv ~fuc b kb`bjlae u{bj|wo{ubufoj |v|uad ~ca{a~bìfjn kfifjn bje u{bj|fu b{a b| xb`qae b| uca bquodokfà #La{$xa{o ;775&* Hfjb``v fj \bj H{bjlf|lo UOE f| doea{bua$ uo cfnc$eaj|fuv eaxaòwdaju òlbuae ~fucfj bj ab|v ~bì oh b dbmo{ u{bj|fu|uow naja{b``v ~fuc b dfs oh {a|feajufb` adwòvdaju bje |cowwfjnowwo{uqjfufa| ea|fnjae ho{ waea|u{fbj| ~fucoqu asl`qefjn uca bq$

uodokfà #La{xa{o ;775&* Bdojn uca|a bje ouca{ eajfufoj| bloddoj ucada bwwab{|* Uca{aho{a UOE lbj ka |qddb{f}ae b| bwbuua{j oh eaj|a efxa{|a waea|u{fbj$h{faje`v `bje q|a| jab{ u{bj|fujoea| ucbu qjea{ uca {fncu lojefufoj| u{bj|`bua| fjuo cfnca{ wbu{oj$bna #La{xa{o ;775&*

@fua{buq{a [axfa~Uvwoònfa|

Uca{a cb| kaaj l{fuflf|d lojla{jfjn |oda eajfufoj| oh UOE ka$lbq|a oh uca uajeajlv ho{ ucad uo ho{la oja$|f}a$u|$b`` |au oh |o`q$ufoj| fjuo w`bla| ~ca{a efhha{aju u{bj|fu owufoj| bje efhha{aju |fua

òlbufoj| asf|u #Efuudb{ ( Wouflcb ;775&* Uo oxa{loda uca|a cbxfjnb {bjna oh eaxaòwdaju uvwoònfa| f| kajalfb`* Uca|a uvwoònfa||coqè {|u ka bww`fae oj b {anfojb` kb|f| bje q|ae uo qjea{|ubjeablc wb{uflq`b{ ~fucfj ucbu h{bda~o{i* Uca ho`ò~fjn ubkà #Ubkà 2&joua| uca wo||fkà uvwa| oh UOE ucbu asf|u bòjn ~fuc b |bdwà ohablc {a|walufxa lcb{blua{f|ufl #Efuudb{ ( Wouflcb ;775 w*


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9/72

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Waea|u{fbj| uca{aho{a |au uca |lbà ho{ kouc lajua{ bje aena oh oq{jafncko{cooe| bje ~fucoqu uca waea|u{fbj bj b{ab| holq| lbj kaab|f`v o|u #Lbùco{wa 266&* Uca {a|qù f| uca uvwflb` |qkq{kbj`bje q|a wbuua{j ~a |aa uoebv fj ~cflc lfxfl bje lodda{lfb` q|a|

b{a ealaju{b`f}ae fjuo ef|ubju ea|ufjbufoj| bje mok| b{a oj`v hoqjefj ohla wb{i| ~cfà coda| b{a f|o`buae fjuo {a|feajufb` |qkefxf|foj|#Lbùco{wa 266&*

Jou fjl`qeae ~fuc uca UOE ef|lq||ae fj uca Uv|oj| Lo{ja{ oxa{ $xfa~ f| uca fjl`q|foj oh u{bj|wo{ubufoj fjua{hbla|* Uca ua{d fjua{$hbla| fj ucf| |aj|a {aha{| uo uca bluqb` u{bj|fu hblf`fufa| ~cflc lbjafuca{ ka b |ubufoj o{ mq|u b |uow #Dau{owo`fubj Loqjlf` ;778&*

Bluo{| bje Nob`|\axa{b` bluo{| cbxa kaaj feajufae fj uca UOE w{ola||* Uca{a b{ab`|o |axa{b` nob`| ho{ ~cflc ablc bluo{ dfncu bfd ~fuc |oda nob`|lojflufjn ~fuc oja bjouca{* Uo {alojlfà uca|a uaj|foj| ~f`` {a$

rqf{a lb{ahq` kb`bjlfjn #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* ;7&*

U{bj|fu Bnajlv Dbsfdf}a dojaub{v {auq{j oj `bje Dbsfdf}a {fea{|cfw Lbwuq{a xb`qa fj òjn ua{d

[fea{| L{abua/dbfjubfj cfnc àxa` oh wb{ifjn Fdw{oxa u{bj|fu |a{xfla bje |ubufoj blla|| Fjl{ab|a dokf`fuv lcofla|

Eaxaòw lojxajfaju dfs oh q|a| jab{ |ubufojJafncko{|

Dbfjubfj/fjl{ab|a w{owa{uv xb`qa| Dfjfdf}a u{bhl fdwblu Fjl{ab|a dokf`fuv lcofla| Fdw{oxa blla|| uo u{bj|fu |a{xfla| bje mok| Ajcbjla jafncko{cooe fxbkf`fuv Ho|ua{ {aeaxaòwdaju

@olb` Noxa{jdaju

Dbsfdf}a ubs {axajqa| Ho|ua{ alojodfl xfub`fuv Wàb|a loj|ufuqaju| [aeaxaòw qjea{quf`f}ae bje*


10/72

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H{bda~o{i ho{ Dab|q{fjn \qlla||

Axaj ucoqnc uca fjlo{wo{bufoj oh uca|a aàdaju| bje uvwoònfa|lbj b||f|u fj aj|q{fjn b |qlla||hq` UOE uca{a b{a |axa{b` lbqufojb{vwofju| ucbu cbxa ada{nae* Uoo dqlc adwcb|f| oj wcv|flb` lcb{bl$ua{f|ufl| lbj ok|lq{a uca dbfj nob`~cflc f| jou uo l{abua b wb{ufl$q`b{ wcv|flb` ho{d kqu uo l{abua w`bla| ucbu hqjlufoj efhha{aju`v h{odu{befufojb` eaxaòwdaju #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77;&* Hq{uca{do{aUOE w{omalu| |coqè lbwfub`f}a oj uca |vja{nv ucbu {a|qù| h{odb hqjlufojb` fjuan{bufoj oh `bje q|a bje u{bj|fu #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{;77; w*


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eaxfla| |qlc b| w{owa{uv |qkefxf|foj| |u{aau bvoqu| }ojfjn loju{o`|bje wb{uflq`b{ ea|fnj |ubjeb{e| |qwwo{uae uca ja~`v ho{dae |u{aau$lb{ |a{xfla lojjalufjn \cbia{ Cafncu| uo laju{b` Làxa`bje #Ka{jfli( La{xa{o 266>&*

\ub{ufjn fj uca 26;7| b n{beqb` lcbjna ada{nae fj ~cflc |qkq{k|ucbu ~a{a o{fnfjb``v kqfù ho{ |u{aaulb{| kanbj uo ka ubiaj oxa{ kv

uco|a |qwwo{ufjn bquodokfà|* Fj wb{uflq`b{ uca @o| Bjnaà| {anfojkanbj fj 26;5 uo cbxa lojna|ufoj {a`buae f||qa| ~fuc |u{aaulb{| fjua{$dfsfjn ~fuc bquodokfà|* Fj 26;8 xoua{| bww{oxae cfnc~bv hqjefjnho{ uca {anfoj ~cfà xoufjn eo~j loj|u{qlufoj oh b ja~ {bf` hblf`fuv*B ealbea `bua{ uca @o| Bjnaà| b{ab ~b| ubli`fjn w{okàd| {a`buaeuo bquodokfà lojna|ufoj* Uca axajuqb` |o`qufoj ~b| uo kqfè n{bea$|awb{buae asw{a||~bv| uo eal{ab|a uca u{bxa` ufda ucbu cbe kaaj|ò~`v fjl{ab|fjn`v oxa{ uca wb|u ealbea* ^cfà ucf| u{aje oh bquo$dokfà eodfjbufoj lojufjqae ho{ uca jasu ha~ ealbea| n{beqb``v {bf`|a{xfla lbda kbli uo dbjv oh uca|a w`bla| ucbu cbe n{o~j qw bòjn

{bf` fja| bje uca lojlawu oh uca u{bj|fu xf``bna cb| lbqncu oj fj ouca{òlb`fufa| b| ~a`` #Ka{jfli ( La{xa{o 266>&*

Asf|ufjn UOE|

Uca doxadaju h{od u{bj|fu xf``bna| uo UOE cb| eaxaòwae mq|u b|f||qa| {a`bufjn uo wowq`bufoj n{o~uc lojna|ufoj bje uca ajxf{oj$daju cbxa kaloda do{a fdwo{ubju #Ka{jfli ( La{xa{o 266>&*Dbjv asbdwà| jo~ asf|u ucbu lbj kaaj |uqefae bje axb`qbuae ho{kouc ucaf{ |u{ajnuc| bje ~abija||a|* @olb`fufa| b{oqje uca Qjfuae\ubua| fjl`qea lfufa| |qlc b| Ko|uoj ^b|cfjnuoj EL Lcb{òuua

Lcflbno Eb``b| bje Bu`bjub fj beefufoj uo {anfojb` bje |ubua~fea|v|uad| fj Wo{u`bje Loò{beo Ja~ Ma{|av @o| Bjnaà| \bj Efanobje uca \bj H{bjlf|lo Kbv b{ab*

Oja fdwo{ubju hbluo{ uo joua f| ucbu ~cfà dbjv w`bla| fj uca Qjfuae\ubua| cbxa fdwàdajuae UOE fj |oda ho{d o{ bjouca{ jou b``lb|a| b{a ka|u |qfuae ho{ beowufoj fj uca N{aajxf`à b{ab* Kalbq|a ohucf| |fuqbufoj kaò~ f| b |qddb{v oh efhha{aju à||oj| ucbu lbj ka

àb{jae bje bww`fae uo uca N{aajxf`à {anfoj h{od xb{foq| òlbufoj|b{oqje uca Qjfuae \ubua|* #La{xa{o ;775&=

Ko|uoj

B |u{ojn db{iau nfxa| w`bjja{| àxa{bna oxa{ eaxaòwdaju* \u{ojn àbea{|cfw fj uca wqk`fl |aluo{ f| jaaeae ho{ fdwà$

dajubufoj* Bj fdwo{ubju wb{u oh àbea{|cfw f| uca bkf`fuv uo ca w w{om$

alu| bòjn bje aj|q{a ucav b{a |u{ojn jbjlfb``v*Ja~ Ma{|av

Uca{a jaae| uo ka b |qwwo{ufxa wo`flv ajxf{ojdaju doxfjnh{od uca |ubua uo uca òlb` àxa`*

Xf|foj| bje xf|fojb{fa| b{a jaaeae fj uca w{ola||* \db`` lfufa| bje uo~j| lbj w`bv b {oà fj fdwàdajufjn

UOE bje lbj |odaufda| |aa uca n{abua|u fdwblu*^b|cfjnuoj, EL

[aubf`fjn ho`ò~| {oohuow| bje |coqè ka loj|fea{ae fj

dbifjn eaxaòwdaju w`bj|* B{ab| jou u{befufojb``v ucoqncu oh ho{ eaxaòwdaju |coqè

ka loj|fea{ae ho{ u{bj|fu$o{fajuae q|a| |qlc b| asf|ufjnwb{ifjn ou|*

Dfbdf$Ebea

Eaeflbuae |bà|$ubsa| b{a l{qlfb` u{bj|fu fjxa|udaju|* UOE| lbj ka xfa~ae b| b lodwojaju oh loddqjfuv {aea$

xaòwdaju* Cbxfjn u{bj|fu |a{xfla| bje bxbf`bkà `bje ~f`` jou aj|q{a

eaxaòwdaju ~fucoqu uca ca`w oh db{iau ho{la|*

Lcflbno \oda wb{ifjn lbj ka q|ae oj loddqua{ kb|ae UOE|*

Co~axa{ uca|a òu| lbj ka |cb{ae ~fuc ouca{ hblf`fufa| uoloj|a{xa `bje ho{ wqk`fl |wbla bje lfxfl q|a|*

Eb``b|

Fj |qkq{kbj òlbufoj| UOE lbj b||f|u fj l{abufjn b |aj|aoh w`bla*


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Loò{beo

UOE lbj ka uca |o`qufoj uo `bje loj|a{xbufoj fj b{ab|~ca{a uoq{f|d f| b w{fda b||au uoq{f|d*

W{okàd| {a`buae uo mok|$coq|fjn fdkb`bjla| lbj ka à||$ajae eqa uo b kauua{ `bje$q|a bje u{bj|wo{ubufoj fjuan{b$ufoj*

UOE lbj ka bùa{ae uo ka|u |qfu uca alojodfl bje wo`fuflb`

|fuqbufoj| fj efhha{aju w`bla|*Wo{u`bje

U{bj|fu fjxa|udaju| lbj k{fjn bkoqu ouca{ nob`|* W`bjjfjn ab{`fa{ ho{ u{bj|fu fjxa|udaju| lbj b||f|u fj `bua{

w`bj| ho{ UOE* Lojufjqb``v fdw{oxa oj uca UOE lojlawu*

\bj H{bjlf|lo

Xb{foq| o{nbjf}bufoj| bexolbufjn UOE l{abua| bj feab`|fuqbufoj ho{ aj|q{fjn ucbu dbjebua| bje ànf|`bufoj {anb{e$fjn `bje$q|a bje u{bj|wo{ubufoj fjuan{bufoj {adbfj fj ucawqk`fl ava*

Aj|q{a ucbu wo`flfa| b{a fj w`bla b`ò~fjn u{bj|fu bnajlfa| uowq{|qa mofju$eaxaòwdaju| oj bnajlv o~jae bje|*

[a~b{e loddqjfufa| ucbu dbia u{bj|fu h{faje`v bje$q|abje }ojfjn lcbjna| ~fuc u{bj|fu |a{xfla*

Wa{ho{dbjla L{fua{fb

Bjouca{ bww{oblc uo eajfjn bje lbuano{f}fjn UOE f| u{vfjn uoeawb{u h{od oj`v dab|q{fjn |qlla|| o{ hbf`q{a fj ua{d| oh co~ uca

kqfù ho{d cb| kaaj loj|u{qluae* Fj|uabe UOE| |coqè holq| ojwa{ho{dbjla dab|q{a|* Uca aswaluae {a|qù f| ucbu b holq| oj oqu$loda| b`ò~| b kauua{ kajlcdb{i oh |qlla|| bje b kauua{ dab|q{aoh u{beaohh| ucbu do|u w{omalu| dq|u dbia #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77;w* 3&* Uca |fs wa{ho{dbjla b{ab| uo axb`qbua b UOE w{omalu b{a olb$ufoj ahlfajlv xb`qa {albwuq{a `fxbkf`fuv jbjlfb` {auq{j lcofla bjeahlfaju {anfojb` `bje$q|a wbuua{j| #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77;&*

@olbufoj Ahlfajlv

Uca {aeqlufoj oh bquo eawajeajlv bje uca fjl{ab|a oh u{bj|fu bje~bìfjn ~fucfj bj b{ab ~f`` {a|qù h{od bj ahhalufxa kàjefjn ohlojxajfaju bje ahlfaju u{bj|wo{ubufoj `fji| #joea hqjlufoj|& ~fucajcbjladaju| oh uca bkf`fuv uo lb{{v oqu do|u axa{vebv ub|i| lò|auo coda #w`bla hqjlufoj|& #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* 6&* Ucf| `fjikau~aaj joea bje w`bla f| kacfje uca lojlawu oh òlbufoj ahlfajlv*Fj a|ubk`f|cfjn b cfnc àxa` oh òlbufoj ahlfajlv b eaxaòwdajudq|u w{oxfea u{bj|fu b |u{aau ea|fnj h{faje`v uo waea|u{fbj| bje bdfs oh q|a|* Ouca{ b{ab| feajufae fj uca fua{buq{a fjl`qea jau {a|f$eajufb` eaj|fuv u{bj|fu h{arqajlv bje rqb`fuv blla|| uo loddqjfuvbdajfufa| bje nooe rqb`fuv waea|u{fbj ajxf{ojdaju ~fuc ouca{wo||fkà |a{xfla| |qlc b| lb{ |cb{fjn #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* 6&* FjUOE| uca dbfj holq| |coqè ka a|ubk`f|cfjn bje ajloq{bnfjn òlb`bdajfufa|* Uca ho`ò~fjn oquloda| cbxa kaaj feajufae b| w{oeqlu|oh òlbufoj ahlfaju jafncko{cooe| #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* 27&=

Fjl{ab|ae dokf`fuv lcofla| #~bìfjn bje kflvl`fjn b|~a`` b| u{bj|fu&*

Fjl{ab|ae u{bj|fu {fea{|cfw* Nooe u{bj|fu lojjalufoj| uo uca {a|u oh uca lfuv bje

{anfoj* [aeqlae bquo q|a bje {aeqlae bquo o~ja{|cfw* [aeqlae u{bj|wo{ubufoj lo|u uo fjefxfeqb`| bje coq|a$

coè|* \qhlfaju {aubf` eaxaòwdaju #rqbjufuv rqb`fuv bje

efxa{|fuv& uo |buf|hv uca kb|fl ebf`v jaae| oh {a|feaju|bje adwòvaa| ~o{ifjn fj uca b{ab*

Xb`qa [albwuq{a

Fh òlbufoj ahlfajlv f| blcfaxae uca {a|qù ~f`` ka |aaj b| ef{alu|bxfjn| ho{ fjefxfeqb`| coq|acoè| {anfoj| bje jbufoj| #Ka`$}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* 27&* Oxa{b`` uco|a wa{|oj| `fxfjn fj do{au{bj|fu$eawajeaju b{ab| ucbu cbxa b cfnc eaj|fuv wbv à|| ho{ ucaf{u{bj|wo{ubufoj ucbj eo uco|a `fxfjn fj do{a bquo$eawajeaju b{ab|*Oja ~bv ucbu xb`qa f| kafjn {albwuq{ae f| uc{oqnc uca f||qbjla oh


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2;

@olbufoj Ahlfaju Do{unbna| #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; w* 22&* Uca|a|walfb` do{unbna| ~cflc b{a oj`v bxbf`bkà uo la{ubfj `b{na db{iau|~fucfj uca Qjfuae \ubua| b`ò~ waowà ~co dfncu jou ka a`fnfkà ho{uvwflb` do{unbna| uo |alq{a `b{na{ òbj| ucbu dfncu ouca{~f|a ka oquoh {ablc* Uca uvwa| oh coq|fjn bxbf`bkà {bjna h{od uo~jcoda|uo lojeodfjfqd| uo |fjnà hbdf`v eaublcae coq|a|* Uca lb`lq`bufojq|ae ho{ eaua{dfjfjn uca a`fnfkf`fuv oh b @olbufoj Ahlfaju Do{u$

nbna fjl`qea| òlbufoj ahlfajlv l{fua{fb fjxo`xfjn uca jqdka{ ohkq|fja||a| bje ouca{ bdajfufa| ~fucfj ~bìfjn ef|ubjla w{osfdfuv ohkq| |uow| bje/o{ u{bfj |ubufoj| bje uca h{arqajlv oh |a{xfla h{odjab{kv kq|a| o{ u{bfj| #Fj|ufuqua ho{ @olbufoj Ahlfajlv ;77


14/72

2 qjfu| wa{ bl{a& No`h Loq{|a| Ladaua{fa| Kobu |bà| bje |uo{bna vb{e| H{afncu ua{dfjb`|

Bdq|adaju wb{i| Kqfèfjn loju{bluo{| [aubf` q|a| aslawu n{ola{v |uo{a| `b{na{ ucbj 27777 |rqb{a

haau qjà|| wb{u oh b dfsae$q|a eaxaòwdaju E{fxa$fj ucabua{| E{fxa$uc{oqnc hblf`fufa| Lodda{lfb` wb{ifjn hblf`fufa|

Uca jb` ealf|foj bkoqu ~cbu ~f`` bje ~f`` jou ka q|ae ~fucfj b UOE Oxa{`bv Ef|u{flu |coqè ka kb|ae oj uca lcb{blua{f|ufl| oh

uca wb{uflq`b{ w`bla ~ca{a fu ~f`` ka loj|u{qluae* Uca{a b{a xb{fb$ufoj| ucbu dqjflfwb`fufa| lbj q|a ~caj dbifjn ealf|foj| bkoqu |qlca|ubk`f|cdaju| |qlc b| hb|u$hooe hblf fufa| bje uca fjl`q|foj oh blodda{lfb` |q{hbla wb{ifjn òu* Fj o{ea{ uo kauua{ loju{o` uca q|a|ucbu b{a wa{df||fkà qjea{ la{ubfj lf{lqd|ubjla| fu f| kajalfb` ho{b dqjflfwb`fuv uo {alonjf}a la{ubfj q|a| bcabe oh ufda bje dbia bealf|foj oj b lb|a$kv$lb|a kb|f|* Uca ho`ò~fjn b{a q|a| ucbu lbj kab`ò~ae ~fucfj uca Oxa{`bv Ef|u{flu oj`v kv |walfb` wa{dfu #w* 1&=

\fjnà hbdf`v coda| Lodda{lfb` |q{hbla wb{ifjn ou| @bko{buo{fa| bje {a|ab{lc hblf`fufa| \ubefqd| bje |wo{u| hblf`fufa| #oxa{ 27777 |abu|& N{ola{v |uo{a| #oxa{ 27777 |rqb{a haau&

Cfnca{ Eaj|fufa|

Eaj|fuv f| b iav lodwojaju uo bjv UOE bje bww`fa| uo kouc ad$wòvdaju lajua{| bje {a|feajufb` b{ab|* B daucoe q|ae kv U{f$Daufj Wo{u`bje O{anoj f| uo eaua{dfja uca dbsfdqd eaj|fuv ucbu ucadb{iau lbj |qwwo{u bje u{bj|ho{d ucbu uc{a|coè fjuo uca dfjfdqd


18/72

2>

eaj|fuv b`ò~bkà #Do{{f| ;77;&* Bjouca{ ~bv ucbu cfnca{ eaj|fufa|lbj ka blcfaxae f| uc{oqnc wa{dfuufjn oj`v dqùfhbdf`v ~o{iho{lacoq|fjn bòjn u{bj|fu lo{{feo{| ~cfà w`blfjn uca o~a{$eaj|fuv |fjnà$hbdf`v {a|feajufb` eaxaòwdaju| oj uca oqu|if{u| #Do{{f| ;77; w*


19/72

23

Uvwa| bje Lojnq{bufoj

Wb{ifjn bu bje b{oqje b UOE lbj loda fj jqda{oq| ho{d|* Oja|qlc uvwa oh wb{ifjn f| w{oxfefjn òu| ho{ {fea{| quf`f}fjn b wb{i$bje${fea loddqufjn wbuua{j fj {anb{e| uo u{bj|fu* Uca|a |coqè kalb{ahq``v loj|fea{ae b| jou b`` wb{i$bje${fea òu| b{a bww{ow{fbua ho{b`` u{bj|fu fja |uow|* Uvwflb` v uca|a uvwa| oh òu| |coqè jou ka loj$|fea{ae ho{ UOE| kqu |coqè ka òlbuae bu uca aje oh u{bj|fu u{qji`fja| bje bu |ubufoj| ~cflc cbxa `fuuà hquq{a wo||fkf`fuv oh kalodfjnb dfsae$q|a eaxaòwdaju* Fh uca|a òu| b{a jaaeae ucav |coqè kaloj|fea{ae ho{ |alojeb{v b{ab| |q{{oqjefjn UOE òlbufoj| ~cflcb{a ohh$|fua #Lbùco{wa 266


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wb{uflq`b{ ~bv{buca{ YfuT ohha{| b ~fea{ {bjna oh coq|fjn dokf`$fuv bje |cowwfjn lcofla| ucbj lojxajufojb` |qkq{kbj eaxaòwdaju#bje dqlc q{kbj eaxaòwdaju& #w* ;8&* Fj ucf| {a|walu UOE coq|$fjn f| bkoqu owufoj| ~cflc |bxa waowà h{od cbxfjn uo wq{lcb|a oj`v|fjnà$hbdf`v coq|fjn eawaje oj bquo$laju{fl |cowwfjn bje e{fxaòjn loddqua| uo ~o{i #Efuudb{ ( Wouflcb ;775&*

Arqfubkà Coq|fjn

Cbxfjn coq|fjn ucbu fjlo{wo{bua| dfsae$fjloda| lbj ca`w l{abuab do{a xfk{bju UOE uc{oqnc {a|feaju| bje xf|fuo{| lodfjn bjenofjn uc{oqncoqu uca ebv #Wb{}aj ( \fnb` ;775 w* 27;&* Qjho{uq$jbua`v |oda UOE| b{a jou fjl`qefjn bhho{ebkà coq|fjn fj ucaf{w`bj|* [a|f|ubjla lbj loda h{od eaxaòwa{| ~co b{a qjbkà uodbia uca jbjlfb` jqdka{| ~o{i bje `bje$q|a {anq`bufoj| ucbu ~o{ibnbfj|u uca fjl`q|foj oh bhho{ebkà coq|fjn owufoj|* Co~axa{ fj|oda |fuqbufoj| eaxaòwa{| cbxa hoqje ucbu fjl`qefjn bu ab|u doea{$bua$fjloda qjfu| b||f|u| fj ~fjjfjn wqk`fl |qwwo{u* Uca|a qjfu| òoi

uca |bda b| uca oja| oh cfnca{ xb`qa kqu ucaf{ hqjefjn loda| oqu ohuca janoufbufoj kau~aaj uca eaxaòwa{ bje uca dqjflfwb`fuv #Wb{}aj( \fnb` ;775&*

\axa{b` |u{buanfa| cbxa kaaj feajufae uc{oqnc uca `fua{buq{a ho{blcfaxfjn arqfubkà coq|fjn ~fucfj UOE|* Lq{{aju bhho{ebkà coq|$fjn jbjlfjn owufoj| cbxa kaaj q|ae |qlla||hq``v kv jojw{ou ea$xaòwa{|* Uca|a fjl`qea #Wb{}aj ( \fnb` ;775 w* 27


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{flc jafncko{cooe|* Ucf| f| bllodw`f|cae uc{oqnc uca w{a|a{xb$ufoj oh uca @o~$Fjloda Coq|fjn Ubs L{aefu* Ucf| ubs l{aefu lbjka ef{aluae uc{oqnc b wofju |v|uad bu uco|a w{owo|b`| ucbu b{a jab{asf|ufjn u{bj|fu* Ja~ Ma{|av f| b`{abev q|fjn b |v|uad fj ~cflc uco|aeaxaòwdaju| ~cflc b{a ~fucfj u{bj|fu xf``bna| b{a nfxaj fjlajufxa|ho{ k{fjnfjn bhho{ebkà coq|fjn lò|a uo u{bj|fu* Ouca{ |u{buanfa| fj$l`qea uca wq{lcb|fjn kv olb` dqjflfwb`fufa| oh w{owa{uv olbuae jab{

u{bj|fu uc{oqnc blrqf|fufoj hqje| o{ coq|fjn u{q|u hqje| #Cb{{a`` aub`* ;775&*

Uca |aloje wo`flv holq| f| lojla{jae ~fuc uca fjuan{bufoj oh `bjeq|a u{bj|wo{ubufoj bje coq|fjn fj ahho{u| {a`buae uo w`bjjfjn wo`flvbje fdwàdajubufoj* Bu uca haea{b` bje |ubua axa` uca fjuan{bufoj ohu{bj|wo{ubufoj bje `bje q|a dq|u ka b wb{u oh uca w{ola|| oh |auufjnhqjefjn l{fua{fb ho{ bhho{ebkà coq|fjn ja~ coq|fjn bje bjv fjxa|u$daju fj u{bj|wo{ubufoj* Hqjefjn h{od uca haea{b` bje |ubua noxa{j$daju| uo dau{owo`fubj w`bjjfjn o{nbjf}bufoj| dq|u b`|o ka asfkà

b| uo ajloq{bna `bje q|a| ~cflc b{a bkà uo owufdf}a fjxa|udaju| fju{bj|fu* Fjlajufxa| bje lcbjna| uo }ojfjn lbj b`|o w`bv b {oà uo hb$lf`fubua do{a dfsae$q|a dfsae$fjloda bje lodwblu eaxaòwdaju#Cb{{a`` au b`* ;775&*

Uca ucf{e wo`flv holq| f| lajua{ae oj n{abua{ fjxa|udaju| bje fd$w{oxadaju| fj u{bj|fu* Bu uca jbufojb` àxa` uca{a jaae| uo ka do{ahqjefjn h{od uca haea{b` noxa{jdaju ho{ bùa{jbufxa u{bj|wo{ubufoj*Oja |u{buanv f| q|fjn uca Haea{b` U{bj|fu Bedfjf|u{bufoj| \alufoj1


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bje waowà ~f`` uaje uo cbxa b dqlc ò~a{ xb`qabje ò~a{ {a$uq{j|fj uca kanfjjfjn ucbj fu ~f`` |axa{b` vab{| eo~j uca {obe b|UOE ohuaj ua|u| ja~ db{iau| afuca{ uc{oqnc ea|fnj o{ uc{oqncòlbufoj #Wb{}bj ( \fnb` ;775 w* 6


23/72

;;

W{okàd| Eajfjn W`bla

B UOE lbjjou oj`v ka eajae kv fu| wcv|flb` ho{d* W`bla| ~fuccfnc eaj|fufa| b{a jou b`~bv| bkà uo {aeqla uca bdoqju oh e{fxfjn kv|cowwa{| bje {a|feaju| oh b w`bla* @fua{buq{a cb| asuaj|fxa`v loxa{aeòlbufoj ahlfajlv uc{oqnc fjefxfeqb` aàdaju| kqu `fuuà cb| kaajeaxouae uo fjuan{bufjn uca|a aàdaju|* Asbdw a aàdaju| fjl`qeauca fdwblu oh eaj|fuv oj u{bj|fu q|a {aubf` xfbkf`fuv bje bquo q|acb| kaaj |uqefae kqu ~cbu f| jou ijo~j f| uo ~cbu asuaju eaj|fuvdq|u ka bllodw`f|cae kv ouca{ habuq{a| fj o{ea{ uo w{oxfea dokf`$fuv lcofla| jo{ ~cbu {oà b jafncko{cooe| |olfoalojodfl |ubuq|w`bv| #Ka`}a{ ( Bquà{ ;77; ww* ;;$;


24/72

; Ajxf|foj Qubc ~b| |ub{uae b| b dabj| oh iaawfjnQubc kabqufhq` w{o|wa{oq| bje jafncko{`v ho{ hquq{a naja{bufoj|#Ajxf|foj Qubc ;776&* Uo qjea{|ubje do{a bkoqu ~cbu waowà~bjuae ho{ ucaf{ {anfoj uca Ajxf|foj Qubc o{nbjf}bufoj blufjn b|b jaqu{b` hblf`fubuo{ |au oqu uo k{fjn uonauca{ {a|feaju| aàluae oh$lfb`| eaxaòwa{| loj|a{xbufojf|u| kq|fja|| àbea{| bje ouca{ fj$ua{a|uae wb{ufa| uo ~o{i uonauca{ oj |u{buanfa| oj co~ uca {anfoj

|coqè n{o~ #Ajxf|foj Qubc ;776&* Uca oquloda oh ucaf{ ~o{i{a|qùae fj uca Rqb`fuv N{o~uc \u{buanv ~cflc nfxa| uca lfuv bjeN{abua{ b|bulc B{ab b xf|foj ho{ fu| hquq{a bje uca uoo`| uo dbia fucbwwaj #Ajxf|foj Qubc ;776&*

B| wb{u oh ucaf{ ~o{i Ajxf|foj Qubc b||f|uae hoq{ loddqjfufa| fjuca axb`qbufoj oh wouajufb` bje q|a| b{oqje kouc hquq{a bje asf|ufjnu{bj|fu |ubufoj|* o{ifjn ~fuc olb` {a|feaju| uca Ajxf|foj Qubc |ubhh~b| bkà uo eaxaòw b w`bj ~cflc |vjuca|f}ae uca {a|feaju| ~f|ca|fjuo b w`bj ~cflc loqè cbxa k{obe wqk`fl |qwwo{u #Ajxf|foj Qubc

;727&*

Wqk`f|cae fj ;77; uca ^b|bulc H{oju U{bj|fu O{fajuae Eaxaòw$daju Nqfea`fja| jou oj`v fju{oeqla| uca lojlawu oh UOE uo {a|f$eaju| fj loddqjfufa| |qlc b| \oquc \bù @bia a|u Mo{ebj Dq{{bvbje @bvuoj kqu b`|o aeqlbua| ucad oj uca kajau| oh |qlc |db{u`bje q|a ealf|foj dbifjn daucoe|* B| wb{u oh uca eolqdaju holq|a|oj {a`bvfjn uca wouajufb` kajau| uca bquco{| oh uca w`bj oqu`fja |ax$a{b` {ab|oj| ~cv UOE| b{a uca {fncu ef{alufoj ho{ uca|a loddqjfufa|

|q{{oqjefjn uca n{o~fjn U[BS `fncu {bf` `fja*

Feajufhvfjn wouajufb` kajau| kouc naja{b` bje qjfrqa |coqè kaqjea{ubiaj oj b loddqjfuv àxa`* Uca ho`ò~fjn `f|u fjl`qea| uco|a

feajufae fj uca w`bj ho{ uca ^b|bulc H{oju UOE bòjn ~fuc uco|alodwfàe h{od efhha{aju |oq{la| kv uca Lajua{ ho{ UOE #Lbwuq{$fjn uca Xb`qa oh U{bj|fu ;773 w*59 ^b|bulc H{oju U{bj|fu O{fajuaeEaxaòwdaju Nqfea`fja| ;77; w*;7&=

Cabùc bje Ajxf{ojdajub` Kajau| [aeqlae u{bhl lojna|ufoj bje u{bhl bllfeaju| [aeqlae hqa` loj|qdwufoj Kauua{ bf{ rqb`fuv [aeqlae |w{b~` bje uca loj|a{xbufoj oh owaj |wbla B |u{qluq{a ho{ ja~ n{o~uc fj lodwblu wbuua{j| bje fj

{aeaxaòwdaju b{ab| w{a|a{xfjn xb`qbkà bn{flqùq{b` bjebje jbuq{b` habuq{a|*

Fdw{oxae ~bua{ rqb`fuv uc{oqnc a|| fdwa{dabkà |q{hbla{qjohh bje wouajufb` owaj |wbla w{a|a{xbufoj*

Ajcbjlae wqk`fl cabùc bje |bhauv uc{oqnc do{a blufxa bjelb{ae$ho{ wqk`fl |wbla| bje ~bìbkà bje kfiabkà jafnc$ko{cooe|

Hf|lb` Kajau| [aeqlae u{bj|wo{ubufoj |wajefjn bje fjl{ab|ae coq|fjn

bhho{ebkf`fuv ho{ coq|acoè| [aeqlae {obe bje wb{ifjn hblf`fuv lo|u| Alojodfl eaxaòwdaju kajau| uc{oqnc bnnòda{bufoj

ahlfajlfa| bje fjl{ab|ae w{oeqlufxfuv Fjl{ab|ae w{owa{uv xb`qa| bje ubs {axajqa| Ahlfaju q|a oh fjh{b|u{qluq{a eqa uo n{abua{ eaxaòwdaju

fjuaj|fufa| kouc fj asf|ufjn bje ja~ b{ab| B lbub`v|u ho{ {aeaxaòwdaju oh k{o~jaè| |fua|

Wouajufb` Kajau|


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;5

Do{a lo|u$ahhalufxa u{bj|fu k{oqncu bkoqu kv n{abua{ {fea{$|cfw wouajufb` jab{ dbmo{ u{bj|fu `fja|

Fjl{ab|ae {auq{j ho{ eaxaòwa{| h{od à|| dojav bje `bje|waju oj wb{ifjn bje {obe|

\olfb` Kajau| Fdw{oxae |olfb` loca|foj uc{oqnc wo|fufxa fjua{blufoj|

bdojn waowà fj b loddqjfuv

Fdw{oxae rqb`fuv oh `fha ho{ coq|acoè| eqa uo à|| ufda fju{bhl bje do{a ufda ~fuc hbdf`fa|

Fdw{oxae uja|| bje cabùc b| b {a|qù oh fjl{ab|ae ~bìfjnbje kfifjn

Fdw{oxae u{bj|wo{ubufoj owufoj| wb{uflq`b{`v ho{ joj$e{fxa{|

[aeqlae loj|qda{ u{bj|wo{ubufoj lo|u| Fdw{oxae blla|| uo mok owwo{uqjfufa| ho{ ~o{ia{| bje as$

wbjeae `bko{ db{iau |cae ho{ adwòva{| [axfub`f}bufoj bje {aeaxa owdaju oh qjea{quf`f}ae bje

ef|fjxa|uae q{kbj bje |qkq{kbj b{ab| fjuo xfk{bju loddq$jfufa|

L{abufoj bje ajcbjladaju oh loddqjfufa| ~fuc ef|ufjlufxafeajufuv bje |aj|a oh w`bla

Xb{fauv bje lcofla oh coq|fjn uvwa| {aubf` ea|ufjbufoj| oh$la olbufoj| bje loddqjfuv fha|uvà


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;1

O{ajlo \ubufoj

Lojuasu

Uca o{fnfj| oh O{ajlo \ubufoj kanbj fj 26>< ~fuc O{anoj| |ubua$~fea n{o~uc dbjbnadaju w`bj bje bua{ fj 26>6 ~fuc uca l{abufoj ohWo{u`bje| o~j `bje q|a |ubuqua| ~cflc `fdfuae uca |w{abe oh q{kbjeaxaòwdaju uo la{ubfj wb{u| oh uca dau{owo`fubj b{ab* Ucf| Q{kbjN{o~uc Koqjeb{v ajlodwb||a| bww{osfdbua`v 2*< df``foj waowàfjcbkfufjn ;5 lfufa| fj|fea uc{aa loqjufa| #Kba ;77;9 \ojn ( Ijbbw;775&*

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Wowq`boj ;777 2,;82

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Uca b{ab ajlodwb||fjn O{ajlo \ubufoj |ub{uae oqu b| b lodwbjvuo~j ho{ uca O{anoj Jq{|a{v Lodwbjv bje ~b| ojla loj|fea{aeuca nb{eaj |wou oh uca f``bdauua Xb`àv* #\`bua{ ;722&* Uca o{fnf$jb` jq{|a{v ~b| |ub{uae kv u~o daj ea|l{fkae b| Lbjbefbj \lou|~co wq{lcb|ae 2;77 bl{a| `bje fj 2368 bje kanbj `bvfjn oqu w`bj|ho{ b uo~j #\`bua{ ;722&* U~o vab{| `bua{ uca uo~j cbe n{o~j uo bwowq`bufoj oh 177 bje ~b| |qwwo{ufjn dbjv kqfèfjn| fjl qefjn b{a |ubufoj* Kv 2673 uca O{anoj Aàlu{fl [bf`~bv ~b| {qjjfjn h{odO{ajlo uo Wo{u`bje bje bxa{bnae b u{fw oh 51 dfjqua| oja$~bv #\`bu$a{ ;722&* Kv uca kanfjjfjn oh uca N{abu Eaw{a||foj uca O{ajloJq{|a{v Lodwbjv |ub{uae uo no k{oia bje axajuqb``v lò|ae* Ucalò|fjn cbe b b{na ahhalu oj uca uo~j ~cflc eawajeae oj uca jq{|$

a{v b| fu| dbfj adwòvdaju lajua{* Ucf| axaju axajuqb``v ae lfuf}aj|fj uca uo~j uo ohlfb``v ef||o`xa O{ajlo lodwàua`v kv 26


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|aj|a oh loddqjfuv feajufuv bje b{a ~a`` |a{xae kv u{bj|fu #O{anojDau{o ;722&*

Bjouca{ habuq{a oh uca w`bj f| ucbu fu |walfa| ànb``v kfjefjn {a$rqf{adaju| ho{ b`` |ubufoj| fj uca ~a|ua{j wb{u oh uca Q{kbj N{o~ucKoqjeb{v* Uca|a b{a lodw{f|ae oh dbjebua| ucbu loxa{ dfjfdqdeaj|fufa| bje {a|feajufb` eaj|fuv ub{nau| bu xb{vfjn ef|ubjla| h{od`fncu${bf` |uow| dfsae$q|a| bje {aeqlae wb{ifjn #Haea{b` Cfnc~bv Bedfjf|u{bufoj ;722&* Uo bllodw`f|c ucf| b |walfb` }ojfjn o{ef$jbjla ~b| l{abuae ho{ O{ajlo \ubufoj ~cflc a|ubk`f|cae nqfea`fja|loju{o``fjn uca ea|fnj oh uca eaxaòwdaju aj|q{fjn b dfs oh q{kbj`bje q|a| bje coq|fjn uvwa| jou q|qb``v hoqje fj |qkq{kbj |auufjn||qlc b| Cf``|ko{o #Haea{b` Cfnc~bv Bedfjf|u{bufoj ;722&* B| b{a|qù O{ajlo \ubufoj| ea|fnj bje `bvoqu efhha{ n{abu`v h{od uca ea$xaòwdaju| |q{{oqjefjn fu #Wokokjfi ;77;&*

[aubf` bje \a{xfla|

Uc{oqnc fjho{dbufoj bxbf`bkà uca ho`ò~fjn f| b `f|u oh {aubf` bje|a{xfla owwo{uqjfufa| hoqje bu O{ajlo \ubufoj* Uca|a {bjna h{od|walfbùv |cow| uo lbha| bje {a|ubq{bju| uo daeflb` w{blufla| bje `b~ohla|*

\walfbùv \cow|

Mabjv| K{feb` Loquq{aJbuq{a| Wau Db{iau[ajbf||bjla W{adfqd fja|Ifulcaj Ibkooeà

N{oodfjn

Bjj| Jbf` ( \ifj Lb{aKf|cow| Kb{ka{|cow

Cabùc

E{* Mqefuc D* Iadw #hbdf`v w{blufla&A`f}bkauc Nqfdoju EL WL #lcf{ow{bluo{&Lo{ja`` EajubÀva Cabùc Jo{uc~a|u

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\ub{kqli|Da{lcbju oh Xajfla LbhEfjfjn

\~bnbuc Fjefbj Lqf|fjaO{ajlo \ubufoj N{f``Vqif Mbwbja|a [a|ubq{bju

Coua`|Uo~jaw`bla \qfua| kv Db{{fouuCo`febv Fjj Asw{a||O{ajlo \ubufoj Dbjo{ \qfua|Ouca{ |a{xfla|

Ja~ \ab|oj| Db{iau #|qwa{db{iau&DlJaf` ( Noè|uafj #`b~ ohla&

U{bj|fu Kblin{oqje

U{bj|fu |a{xfla uo O{ajlo \ubufoj f| w{oxfeae kv `fncu {bf` uca K`qaDBS `fja bje b òlb` kq| |a{xfla ~cflc b{a owa{buae kv U{f$Dau*Wb{ifjn f| w{oxfeae ho{ loddqua{| q|fjn uca |v|uad oh ~cflc uca{ab{a 237 |wbla| ho{ w{fxbua xacflà| bje b jqdka{ oh kflvlà òlia{|b`|o bxbf`bkà #U{fDau ;722&* Blla|| uo uca uo~j lajua{ f| uc{oqncbj asf|ufjn dbmo{ b{ua{fb` |fuqbuae b rqb{ua{ dfà jo{uc oh uca |ubufojbje ~cflc l{o||a| uca eaxaòwdaju #Haea{b` Cfnc~bv Bedfjf|u{b$ufoj ;722&*

Cf``|ko{o bje uca lo{{a|wojefjn b{ab b{a lo`àlufxa`v ijo~j b|

â|u|fea* W`bj| ho{ `fncu {bf` uo ucf| b{ab kanbj fj 26>6 bje kv2636 bhua{ |aafjn bj fjl{ab|a fj bllaà{buae n{o~uc òlb` noxa{j$daju| òlbuae fj uca â|u|fea wq|cae ho{ b 8*; dfà beefufoj uo uca`fncu {bf` |v|uad ~cflc ~oqè axajuqb``v ua{dfjbua fj Cf``|ko{o* Ucf||alufoj ~b| owajae fj 2663 #\ojn ( Ijbbw ;7759 U{fDau ;722&*

Uca oquloda oh w{oxfefjn uca {fncu ea|fnj w{on{bddfjn bjeu{bj|fu uo |fua| `fia O{ajlo \ubufoj f| eaxaòwdaju| ucbu |qwwo{uuca oxa{b{lcfjn |u{buanv fj uca dau{owo`fubj Wo{u`bje {anfoj oh {a$


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}ojfjn la{ubfj b{ab| jasu uo `fncu {bf` |ubufoj| b| uo a|ubk`f|c u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju| bu uca|a òlbufoj| #Dacbhhv ;722&* Uca |fuaho{ O{ajlo \ubufoj o{fnfjb``v ~b| ea|fnjbuae bje }ojae ho{ fjeq|u{fb`bje lodda{lfb` eaxaòwdaju* Eq{fjn uca ab{`v 2637| Wblfl [abùv#WblU{q|u& b w{fxbua eaxaòwa{ bòjn ~fuc Cf``|ko{o kanbj b||ad$k`fjn `bje fj bjuflfwbufoj oh cfnc$ualc lodwbjfa| |aaifjn uo òlbuauca{a #Dacbhhv ;722 ( Jbufojb` [a|oq{la| Eahaj|a Loqjlf` ;722&*

Uca O{ajlo \ubufoj eaxaòwdaju loj|f|u| oh b Uo~j Lajua{ 2377coda| b{ab| ho{ ohla| {aubf` bje jab{kv adwòvdaju b`` |fuqbuaeoj ;76 bl{a| #Dacbhhv ;722&* Bu uca ufda oh fu| owajfjn uca Haea{b`Cfnc~bv Bedfjf|u{bufoj cbfàe fu b| cbxfjn dbjv w`bjjfjn bje ea$|fnj habuq{a| ucbu dbia fu oja oh uca do|u `fxbkà ja~ loddqjfufa|fj uca Qjfuae \ubua| #Haea{b` Cfnc~bv Bedfjf|u{bufoj ;722&*

Dbjv oh uca o{fnfjb` fjuajufoj| ho{ O{ajlo \ubufoj cbxa lcbjnaeloj|fea{bk`v h{od ~cbu w`bjja{| cbe o{fnfjb``v w{a|l{fkae* Uca do|u|fnjflbju oh uca|a cb| kaaj uca blloddoebufoj fj {ab`f|ufl ua{d|oh uca bquodokfà oj ~cflc do|u waowà |uf`` {a`v ho{ u{fw| fj ucf||qkq{kbj òlbufoj* Ho{uqjbua`v ho{ uca oxa{b{lcfjn nob`| oh uca ea$xaòwdaju blloddoebufoj| cbxa kaaj ~o{iae oqu b| uo w{oxfeab| `fuuà janbufxa ahhalu oj uca `fxbkf`fuv b| wo||fkà #Dacbhhv ;77


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bl{a| oh |u{aau| ;7 bl{a| oh owaj |wbla bje bjouca{ ;7 bl{a| oh`bje|lbwae |wbla* Ho{ {a|feajufb` q|a| uca eaxaòwdaju f| |w`fu axaj$`v kau~aaj |fjnà$e~a``fjn| bje dqùfwà$e~a``fjn|* \fjnà$hbdf`ve~a``fjn| bxa{bna b{oqje ; {a|feajufb` qjfu| 277777 |rqb{a haau oh {aubf` |wblabje 18777 |rqb{a haau oh ohla |wbla* Eaj|fufa| bu O{ajlo \ubufojlbj {bjna h{od 8*8 uo ;;*8 e~a``fjn qjfu| wa{ bl{a ~cfà coq|fjn |f}a|

{bjna h{od 817 uo ;577 |rqb{a haau #Kab ;77;&*U{bj|fu \v|uad bje \ubufoj Hblu|

U{fDau \v|uad Lcb{blua{f|ufl| bje O{ajlo \ubufoj #U{fDau ;722&= DBS K`qa @fja #`fncu {bf`& {qj| kau~aaj 27$21 dfjqua| @olb` Kq| O{ajlo \ubufoj bje uc{aa ouca{ òlbufoj|fj uca Wo{u`bje dau{owo`fubj b{ab ~a{a uca |qkmalu| oh bj asuaj|fxa|q{xav b|ifjn {a|feaju| b jqdka{ oh rqa|ufoj| wa{ubfjfjn uo `fxfjnfj ablc òlbufoj* Uca {ab|ojfjn kacfje lojeqlufjn |qlc b |q{xav~b| uo nbqna uca asuaju uo ~cflc |walfl |olfb` bje ajxf{ojdajubòkmalufxa| cbxa kaaj blcfaxae fj uca ja~ q{kbjf|u loddqjfuv ohO{ajlo \ubufoj #Woeokjfi ;776&* Uca |q{xav| ~a{a lojeqluaebu uca coq|a$àxa` bje fjl`qeae jafncko{cooe| fj jo{ucab|u |oquc$~a|u bje ~a|ua{j |alufoj| oh dau{owo`fubj Wo{u`bje* Ohlfb``v ufuàe

uca Wo{u`bje Jafncko{cooe \q{xav fu ~b| fjfufbuae uo lodwb{a `fha$|uvà| hoqje fj uca ja~ q{kbjf|u loddqjfuv oh O{ajlo \ubufoj ~fucuco|a hoqje fj do{a u{befufojb` ifje| oh jafncko{cooe| #Woeokjfi;776&* Uca|a jafncko{cooe| {bjnae h{od oja olbuae fj Wo{u`bje|do|u efxa{|a q{kbj b{ab uca |aloje fj b òjn$a|ubk`f|cae dfeeàl`b|| b{ab bje uca ucf{e fj b dfeeà l`b|| |qkq{kbj }oja #Woeok$jfi ;776&* ^cfà fj ablc jafncko{cooe u{bfjae aè fjua{xfa~a{|xf|fuae ablc coda* Fh uca {a|feaju bn{aae ablc ~b| b|iae b{oqjehuv rqa|ufoj| ~cflc loxa{ae |olfb` cabùc bje kacbxfo{b` uowfl|

#Woeokjfi ;776&* B| |ubuae fj uca {a|ab{lc wbwa{ uca fdwo{ubjlaoh fjua{xfa~fjn bu uca jafncko{cooe àxa` ~b| uo je b ja{ n{bfjoh ebub ~fucfj {a|feaju|* Ho{ ucf| uvwa oh bjb`v|f| uca lojxajufojb`Qjfuae \ubua| Laj|q| u{blu| cbxa koqjeb{fa| ucbu b{a uoo `b{na* Fjuca lb|a oh O{ajlo \ubufoj uca laj|q| u{blu ~b| `b{na{ ucbj ucaeaxaòwdaju fu|a`h* Fh w{albqufoj| ~a{a jou ubiaj ucaj uca {a|qù|oh uca |q{xav loqè ka df|àbefjn #Woeokjfi ;776&*

B|fea h{od w{oxfefjn b |fea$kv$|fea lodwb{f|oj kau~aaj uca xb{f$oq| jafncko{cooe| fj uca Wo{u`bje b{ab uca {a|qù oh uca coq|acoè|q{xav| b`|o b`ò~| ho{ b lodwb{f|oj oh axo`xfjn |olfb` wbuua{j|~fucfj uca eaxaòwdaju fu|a`h ~cflc w{oxfea b qjfrqa owwo{uqjfuvuo asbdfja ~cauca{ kacbxfo{b` wbuua{j| fj O{ajlo \ubufoj b{a |qk$|ubjufb``v efhha{aju h{od do{a u{befufojb` jafncko{cooe|* #Woeok$jfi ;776&* Asbdwà| oh ucf| w{oxfeae uc{oqnc uca {a|ab{lc jouaucbu uca lo{a b{ab oh O{ajlo \ubufoj cb| kaaj loj|u{qluae fj |qlcb ~bv b| uo fjl{ab|a uca `fia`fcooe ucbu {a|feaju| ~f`` nau uo ijo~

oja bjouca{ bje wa{cbw| a|ubk`f|c koje| oh u{q|u bje nooe ~f``#Woeokjfi ;776&* Fj uca {a|feajufb` |alufoj coq|a| cbxa |db`` w{f$xbua vb{e|kqu ucav b{a |q{{oqjeae kv bj fdw{a||fxa b{{bv oh wqk`flwb{i| l`qkcoq|a hblf`fufa| bje daaufjn b{ab| ~cfà |fea~bì| bjewbuc~bv| aj|q{a ucbu b`` {a|feaju| lbj ~bì uo |cow| fj uca uo~jlajua{ #Woeokjfi ;776&*

\axa{b` rqa|ufoj| ~a{a b|iae uc{oqncoqu uca {a|ab{lc uo eaua{dfjaxb{foq| lcb{blua{f|ufl| oh uco|a `fxfjn fj uca|a hoq{ jafncko{cooe|*^caj b|iae bkoqu co~ h{faje`v {a|feaju| ~a{a kaho{a fj ucaf{ oè

jafncko{cooe bje bhua{ doxfjn uo ucaf{ ja~ oja 13! oh uca O{aj$lo \ubufoj {a|wojeaju| |bfe ucav ~a{a do{a h{faje`v ca{a lod$wb{ae uo 51! fj Jo{ucab|u Wo{u`bje 5;! fj \oquc~a|u Wo{u`bjebje 5>! fj uca Kabxa{uoj |qkq{k #Woeokjfi ;776&*


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Hfnq{a 2* O{ajlo \ubufoj F` q|u{bufxa W`bj

\oq{la= Dflcba` DaCbhhv


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! oh {a|feaju|fj O{ajlo ~co {awo{u ucf| axa` oh fjblufxfuv #Woeokjfi ;776&* Uca{a|qù oh ucf| fjl{ab|a fj òlb` waea|u{fbj dokf`fuv f| fdwo{ubju ho{kouc ajxf{ojdajub` |q|ubfjbkf`fuv kqu b`|o uca fdw{oxadaju oh ucacabùc oh O{ajlo {a|feaju| oxa{ uca òjn ua{d #Woeokjfi ;776&*

B`|o jouae fj uca {a|ab{lc ~b| uca cfnca{ w{owo{ufoj oh {a|woj$eaju| ~co {awo{u ~bìfjn uo |uo{a| uc{aa hoq{ xa o{ do{a ebv|b ~aai ~cflc cbe n{o~j kau~aaj ;77; bje ;77> #W&* Bnbfj ucf|koea| ~a`` ho{ uca cabùc bje |olfb` loca|fxaja|| oh uca loddqjfuv*Bùcoqnc b dbmo{fuv oh O{ajlo {a|feaju| {a`v oj |fjnà ollqwbjlvxacflà| ho{ ucaf{ loddqua ucf| w{owo{ufoj ha`` h{od >1! uo 85!kau~aaj uca xa vab{| oh uca |q{xav| #Woeokjfi ;776&*

Oja b|walu {anb{efjn u{bj|wo{ubufoj qjloxa{ae kv uca {a|ab{lc f|ucbu 85! oh {a|wojeaju| {awo{uae q|fjn |fjnà$ollqwbjlv xacflà|ho{ ucaf{ loddqua ~cfà oj v 21! oh O{ajlo {a|feaju| {awo{u{a`vfjn asl`q|fxa`v oj db|| u{bj|fu ho{ ucaf{ loddqua #Woeokjfi;776&* B| uca {awo{u joua| ucf| {a`fbjla oj |fjnà ollqwbjlv xa$cflà| do|u `fia`v {aalu| uca hblu ucbu do|u O{ajlo {a|feaju| ~o{ifj uca |q{{oqjefjn lodwqua{ bje ohla lbdwq|a| bje uca e{fxa f|

{a`bufxa`v |co{u bje lojxajfaju #Woeokjfi ;776&* Ho{ b {a|feajuuo q|a `fncu {bf` fu ~oqè dabj b ~bì uo uca bluqb` O{ajlo \ub$ufoj* Ucf| b{{bjnadaju àbe| uo |fnjflbju fjl{ab|a fj ufda bjefjlojxajfajla ho{ do|u O{ajlo ~o{ia{| #Woeokjfi ;776&* Co~$axa{ cbxfjn b u{bj|fu owufoj bxbf`bkà uo {a|feaju| f| nooe oxa{b``* B|fjeflbuae uc{oqnc uca {a|ab{lc 81! oh {a|feaju| cbxa |ub{uae q|fjndb|| u{bj|fu |fjla doxfjn uo O{ajlo \ubufoj #Woeokjfi ;776&*

Mq|u b| do{a {a|feaju| cbxa ealfeae uo u{bxa` kv u{bj|fu ouca{ lcbjn$a| cbxa b`|o kaaj ubifjn w`bla ~fucfj uca xa vab{| kau~aaj uca {|u

bje `b|u |q{xav* Lcbjna| |qlc b| ja~ bwb{udaju| bje lodwàsa|b{a jo~ beeae uo uca eaxaòwdaju bje uca bna oh uca bxa{bna {a|f$eaju cb| eal{ab|ae* Ab{`fa{ |q{xav {a|qù| jouae adwuv$ja|ua{| bje{auf{aa| eodfjbufjn uca wowq`bufoj kqu |ò~`v uca bna cb| eal`fjae|`fncu`v bje fjloda| ~a{a {awo{uae {f|fjn kv ;77> #Woeokjfi ;776&*

Oja b|walu uo O{ajlo \ubufoj ucbu cb| {adbfjae uca |bda f| ucaaucjfl lojnq{bufoj oh uca wowq`bufoj* Axfeajla h{od uca |q{xavfjeflbuae ucbu doea{bua`v asl`q|fojb{v buufuqea| efe fjeaae asf|ubdojn |oda oh uca o{fnfjb` {a|feaju| #Woeokjfi ;776&* Ucf| ~b|

fjeflbuae kv b|ifjn {a|feaju| co~ ucav haù bkoqu uca axa | oh aucjflefxa{|fuv* Fj ;77; 81! |bfe ucav ~a{a cbwwv ~fuc co~ fu ~b| fjlodwb{f|oj uo ;77> ~caj 17! oh {a|wojeaju| {awo{uae ucbu ucav~oqè fia uo |aa do{a aucjfl efxa{|fuv #Woeokjfi ;776&*

Ouca{ b|walu| oh O{ajlo \ubufoj qjloxa{ae uc{oqnc uca |q{xav fj$l`qeae co~ {a|feaju| haù bkoqu uca ea|fnj oh uca jafncko{cooe*Lodwb{fjn O{ajlo uo uca jafncko{cooe ucav doxae h{od 65!oh uca {a|wojeaju| fj ;77; bje 61! oh {a|wojeaju| fj ;77> |ubuae


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uca Lfuv oh Ajnà~ooe kanbj |uaw| uo~b{e| {aeaxaòwfjnuca |fua bje `bua{ {aw`blae Lfjea{a``b Lfuv kv bj ajuf{a`v ja~ w{omalu

lb`àe LfuvLajua{ #Lfuv oh Ajnà~ooe ;776k&* Bu uca kanfjjfjnAjnà~ooe lo``bko{buae ~fuc b w{fxbua joj$w{ou n{oqw oh òlbèaxaòwa{| bje|lbwa b{lcfualu| kbjia{| {ab` a|ubua asalqufxa| w`bj$ja{| bje buuo{jav| ~co lbda uonauca{ uo ca`w uca wqk`fl loj|fea{uca kajau| oh u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju #Lfuv oh Ajnà~ooe;776b&* Ucf| ja~ eaxaòwdaju jbdae LfuvLajua{ ~cflc eakquaefj ;777 f| {alonjf}ae b| oja oh uca {|u w{omalu| fj uca jbufoj uo{aw`bla bj ajlò|ae db`` ~fuc bj owaj dfsae$q|a eaxaòwdaju #Lfuv

Wowq`boj ;777 2,175

Mok| ;773 1,15>

Uoub` coq|acoè| 31;

Daefbj coq|acoè fjloda %


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*1 $21 dfjqua| @olb` kq| axa{v 8> |u{qluq{ae

|wbla|

Eaxaòwdaju Okmalufxa|

Bhua{ xf|fufjn LfuvLajua{ bje asbdfjfjn uca ka|u w{blufla| oh uca |fuauca N{abua{ Bq|ufj YUasb|T Lcbdka{ oh Lodda{la cb| w{oxfeae b

`f|u oh |axaj okmalufxa| ho{ u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju| bòjn ~fuciav lojlawu| |walflb``v {a`buae uo uca LfuvLajua{ w{omalu #;771&*

[axfub`f}a uca fjja{ |qkq{k| [aw`bla db`` hoouw{fju ~fuc b jau~o{i oh q{kbj |u{aau|

wb{i| bje wbuc~bv| Fjuan{bua ja~ eaxaòwdaju ~fuc b `fncu {bf` |ubufoj bje kq|

u{bj|ha{ òu W{oxfea bearqbua wb{ifjn ho{ u{bj|fu q|a{| |cowwa{| bje

lfxfl q|a| Fjuan{bua kfn$kos {aubf` Lojjalu LfuvLajua{ uo uca {anfojb` |v|uad oh wb{i| bje

n{aaj~bv| Fjl`qea coq|fjn


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Hfnq{a 5* \fua| ~fucfj LfuvLajua{

\oq{la|= [UE Hb|U{bli| ( ^afjnb{uaj [ab`uv


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eoa| bexolbua ho{ ouca{ lcbjna| fj uca kqfù ajxf{ojdaju ucbu

b{a u{bj|fu$o{fajuae h{faje`v* Ho{ asbdwà qjea{ uca W`bj| Cfnc~bvAàdaju uca{a f| b |alufoj eaxouae uo uca Lodwàua \u{aau| lojlawu*Dbjv oh uca nob`| ucbu b u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju |aai| fj ucakqfù ajxf{ojdaju lo{{a|woje ~fuc nob`| oh blcfaxfjn b Lodwàua

\u{aau* Uca|a b{ab| fjl`qea buuajufoj uo uca db||fjn bje ho{d ohkqfèfjn| b{lcfualuq{b` aàdaju| |fua ea|fnj bje do|u fdwo{ubju`vu{bj|fu fjuan{bufoj #N{aajxf`à$Wfliaj| B{ab U{bj|wo{ubufoj \uqev;77>&* Qjea{ uca u{bj|fu fjuan{bufoj |qk$cabea{ uca @ojn [bjnaU{bj|wo{ubufoj W`bj asw`flfu`v dajufoj| b{ab| ho{ cfnc$rqb`fuv u{bj$|fu |a{xfla dq|u ka |qwwo{uae uc{oqnc `bje q|a bje }ojfjn wo`flfa|ucbu |q|ubfj u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju bje {aalu uca kajau| ohfjl{ab|ae blla|| uo bùa{jbufxa doea| oh u{bxa` #N{aajxf à$Wfliaj|B{ab U{bj|wo{ubufoj \uqev ;77>&*

Dqjflfwb`Lfuv oh N{aajxf`à

Uca U{bj|wo{ubufoj lcbwua{ ~fucfj uca lfuv| Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj f|wb{uflq`b{`v holq|ae oj |oda oh uca lo{a b|walu| uo u{bj|fu$o{fajuaeeaxaòwdaju* Fjl`qeae b| okmalufxa jqdka{ uc{aa fj uca U{bj|wo{ub$ufoj [a|oq{la lcbwua{ f| wbxa uca ~bv ho{ u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxa`$owdaju* H{od uca oj|au N{aajxf`à eoa| {alonjf}a ucbu ucf| uvwaoh eaxaòwdaju fjxo`xfjn u{bj|fu f| jou b |fdwà ub|i* Ucav jouaucbu u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju l{abufoj f| b lodwàs w{ola||

ucbu {arqf{a| kouc uca lo`àlufxa b~b{aja|| oh b`` wb{ufa| fjxo`xaefj o{ea{ uo |qllaae #;776 w* 27&* H{od uca{a uca Lodw{acaj|fxaW`bj oqu`fja| kouc uca bluo{ ~fucfj uca loddqjfuv bje uca nob`|ucbu uca wb{uflq`b{ bluo{ |coqè blcfaxa*

Ouca{ |qkmalu| loxa{ae kv uca U{bj|wo{ubufoj lcbwua{ fjl`qea w{f$db{v aàdaju| ~cflc àbe uo ahhalufxa u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòw$daju #w* 22&* Uca|a aàdaju| fjl`qea òlbufjn eaj|fuv jab{ u{bj|fu

\qwwo{ufxa W`bj|


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b`ò~fjn ho{ dfsae$q|a eaxaòwdaju| o{fajufjn kqfèfjn| uo~b{e|uca {obe~bv| bje {a$axb`qbufjn kqfèfjn loea| uo fj|q{a xfk{bjlv fju{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju|* @fia dqlc oh uca `fua{buq{a {anb{e$fjn u{bj|fu$o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju uca Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj oqu`fja|ouca{ b|walu| ucbu loju{fkqua n{abu`v uo ahhalufxa bje cfnc`v q|ahq` ea$xaòwdaju|* Uca|a aàdaju| fjl`qea `fdfufjn uca |f}a oh lfuv kòli|w{oxfefjn kflvlà wb{ifjn bje aj|q{fjn ucbu uca{a f| rqb`fuv u{bj|fu

bxbf`bkà* \alojeb{v aàdaju| ~a{a b`|o oqu`fjae ~cflc fjl`qea lb{$|cb{fjn uaàdb{iaufjn bje |qk|fef}ae u{bj|fu hb{a| #ww* 2&* fuc uca|a uc{aa ja~ lojlawu| ho{ n{o~uc ~fucfj uca loqjuvhquq{a `bje q|a lbj ka holq|ae fjuo w`bla| ucbu lbj ka|u |qwwo{uja~ eaxaòwdaju #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;776 w*53&* B| jouae fj uca


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w`bj uca wq{wo|a f| uo kqfè oj asf|ufjn eaxaòwdaju h{bda~o{i bjekauua{ fjuan{bua `bje q|a bje u{bj|wo{ubufoj w`bjjfjn |o ucbu `bjeq|a| b{a |qwwo{ufxa oh oq{ u{bj|wo{ubufoj okmalufxa| bje xfla xa{|b#N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;776 w*53&*

Uca Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj w{oxfea| hq{uca{ eaubf`| {a`buae uo ucaLoddqjfufa| Lajua{| bje Lo{{feo{ |u{buanv* B| uca w`bj w{aeflu|ucf| ja~ |u{buanv ~f`` ajbkà `bje q|a| uo ka o{nbjf}ae fj |qlc b

~bv ucbu {a|feaju| ~f`` cbxa bj fjl{ab|a fj blla|| uo u{bj|wo{ubufojlcofla| {a|qùfjn fj cfnca{ q|a #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;776 w* 56&* Fj|qddb{v ucf| |u{buanv ajbkà| b hab|fkà dqùf$doeb` bww{oblc ho{u{bj|wo{ubufoj fj uca loqjuv* Uca eaxaòwdaju |u{buanv b`|o òoi|uo {a$q|a asf|ufjn fjh{b|u{qluq{a bje hblf`fufa| uo {aeqla lo|u| ho{ ucaòjn {qj #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;776&*


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B| jouae fj fua{buq{a wa{ubfjfjn uo UOE| bje f``q|u{buae fj asbdwà|fj b{ab| ~ca{a UOE| asf|u lq{{aju`v w`bjjfjn ho{ |qlla||hq` fdwà$dajubufoj kanfj| ~fuc ucfjifjn oj b {anfojb` |lbà* Fj |qddb{v fu~oqè ka kajalfb` uo N{aajxf`à Loqjuv uo blu olb``v ucfji {anfoj$

b``v fj {a`bufoj uo UOE| b| cbxa ouca{ {anfoj| b{oqje uca loqju{v*B loddoj uc{abe kau~aaj dbmo{ b{ab| ~ca{a UOE| b{a lq{{aju`vhoqje f| ucbu do|u b`` kanbj ~fuc b {anfojb` h{bda~o{i ho{ `bje q|abje u{bj|wo{ubufoj* Ho{ asbdwà Wo{u`bje ~b| nqfeae kv uca Dbi$fjn uca @bje Q|a, U{bj|wo{ubufoj bje Bf{ Rqb`fuv Lojjalufoj#@QU[BR&Dfjjabwo`f| kvUca Dfjjabwo`f| W`bj \bù @bia Lfuv kvAjxf|foj Qubcbje Eajxa{ kvDau{o Xf|foj ;7;7*

Uca {|u |uaw fj |ub{ufjn uo w`bj UOE| f| uo feajufhv wouajufb` ò$lbufoj| ~fucfj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv bje uca n{abua{ {anfoj* Ucf| lbj

ka lb{{fae oqu q|fjn ebub lo`àluae h{od N{aajxf`à Loqjuv| lod$w{acaj|fxa w`bj bje uca feajuflbufoj oh lajua{| lojjalufjn ~fucu{bj|wo{ubufoj lo{{feo{|* H{od ca{a ablc |fua |coqè ka axb`qbuaeho{ fu| wouajufb` fj {anb{e uo w`bjjae u{bj|fu aswbj|foj| uo uca |fuaasf|ufjn q|a| bje bxbf`bkf`fuv ajxf{ojdajub` fdwblu| bje co~ ~a`` bcfnca{ eaj|fuv bje fjl{ab|ae òlbufoj ahlfajlv lbj |a{xa |q{{oqje$fjn loddqjfufa|* Q|fjn fjho{dbufoj w{oxfeae kv N{aajxf`à Loqjuvuca ho`ò~fjn dbw #Hfnq{a 1& f``q|u{bua| lojlawuqb``v wouajufb` òlb$ufoj| ho{ UOE| ~fucfj loqjuv koqjeb{fa|*

Bhua{ òlbufjn wouajufb` |fua| fu f| jasu fdwo{ubju uo holq| oj u{bj|fulo{{feo{| ~cflc ~f`` |u{ajnucaj ablc eaxaòwdaju bòjn fu ~fuc bl$la|| uo kouc uca b{na{ {anfoj bje kau~aaj ablc UOE* Uca ho`ò~fjnlojlawuqb` dbw #Hfnq{a 8& joua| uca òlbufoj ho{ wouajufb` u{bj|fulo{{feo{|*

Uo |co~ co~ UOE| loqè ka w`blae ~fucfj ucf| {anfojb` h{bda~o{iu~o |fua| ~a{a |aàluae uo f``q|u{bua co~ UOE| loqè wouajufb``v kafdwàdajuae ~fucfj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv bje uca wo||fkà `bje q|a

bje u{bj|wo{ubufoj owufoj| bxbf`bkà bu ablc |fua* Uca|a fjl`qea ucalodda{lfb` |cowwfjn lajua{ oh Lca{{vebà Wofju bje bemblaju w{ow$a{ufa| bje uca |cowwfjn lajua{ Ubvò{| \rqb{a bje |q{{oqjefjn `bjewb{la`| ef{alu`v ohh oh bea Cbdwuoj Koqàxb{e fj uca qjfjlo{$

wo{buae loddqjfuv oh Ubvò{|* Uca ho`ò~fjn dbw| f``q|u{bua co~kouc |fua| ~f`` u bdojn ouca{ wouajufb` UOE |fua| #Hfnq{a >& bjeco~ ucav b{a wo|fufojae ~fucfj uca lq{{aju N{aaj`fji u{bj|fu |v|uad#Hfnq{a 3&*

[anfojb` W`bjjfjn ho{ UOE|


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5* \a`aluae UOE \fua| Bdojn Wouajufb` U{bj|fu Lo{{feo{|


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Hfnq{a 3* \a`aluae UOE \fua| B`ojn Lq{{aju N{aaj`fji [oqua|

\oq{la= N{aaj`fji U{bj|fu


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Fju{oeqlufoj

Uca b{ab ijo~j fj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv b| Lca{{vebà ollqwfa| bjfdwo{ubju w`bla ~fucfj uca {anfoj b| fu lbj ka {ablcae h{od kouc

~fucfj uca Lfuv oh N{aajxf`à bje h{od ouca{ òlbufoj| |qlc b|U{bxaà{| [a|u ~fucfj b {ab|ojbkà bdoqju oh ufda* Lca{{vebà f|feajufae fj uca N{aajxf`à Loqjuv| Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj b| b [a$nfojb` Lajua{ |fuqbuae oj uca Wofj|auu Cfnc~bv U{bj|fu Lo{{feo{#N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;776&*

H`bjifjn uca |fua ho{ b wouajufb` UOE fj Lca{{vebà b{a |axa{b` oèa{jafncko{cooe| bje ef|u{flu| oh ~cflc uca |cowwfjn lajua{ Lca{${vebà Wofju blu| b| b lodda{lfb` lajua{* B| jouae fj Uca Lca{{vebàB{ab W`bj ucf| wb{u oh N{aajxf`à Loqjuv blu| b| kouc b nbua~bv fjuouca Lfuv oh N{aajxf`à kqu b`|o |a{xa| b| b dbmo{ {aubf` lo{{feo{bj fjeq|u{fb` lajua{ bje b l{beà oh ~o{iho{la coq|fjn #N{aajxf` aLoqjuv ;773 w*8&* Uca ajuf{a b{ab loj|fea{ae Lca{{vebà {ablca|fj|ufuqufoj| |qlc b| Hq{dbj Qjfxa{|fuv bje loxa{| lodda{lfb` b{ab||qlc b| Wàb|bjukq{n E{fxa* \axa{b` jafncko{cooe| b{a b`|o òlbuaeca{a fjl`qefjn dbjv ~cflc ojla |qwwo{uae uasufà df``|* Uca jo{uca{jcb`h oh uca UOE |fua f| òlbuae ~fucfj ~cbu uca w`bj cb| ea|fnjbuaeb| uca Db{iau Ef|u{flu bje fjl qea| uca dbmo{fuv oh uca lq{{aju|cowwfjn owwo{uqjfufa| oj uca |fua* Uca |oquca{j cb`h f| fjl`qeae fj~cbu uca w`bj cb| ea|fnjbuae b| uca Wofj|auu Ef|u{flu ~cflc habuq{a|

dbjv lodda{lfb` owwo{uqjfufa| kqu b`|o fjl`qea| |oda fjeq|u{fbòja| b| ~a`` #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;773 w*3&*

Asf|ufjn Lojefufoj|@bje Q|a|

\axa{b` `bje q|a| b`{abev ollqwv uca |fua* Ho{ ucf| {ab|oj fu ~oqèka kajalfb` uo l`b||fhv fu b| b [aeaxaòwbkà \fua b| ef|lq||ae w{axf$oq|`v fj ucf| eolqdaju* Uca q|a| oj$|fua {bjna h{od b |qwa{db{$

iau lòucfjn |uo{a| doxfa ucabua{ bje {a|ubq{bju| uo fjeq|u{fb` bje|a{xfla kq|fja||a| |qlc b| b u{qli {awbf{ hblf`fuv u~o doua`| bje b|cooufjn {bjna* Ea|wfua cbxfjn |axa{b` |fjnà$hbdf`v coq|a| oj |fuauca w{fdb{v `bje$q|a| b{a lodda{lfb` bje fjeq|u{fb` ~fuc b{ab| |q{$

{oqjefjn uca |fua ~fuc ea|fnjbuae }ojfjn ho{ b \a{xfla| Ef|u{flu bjeDbjqhbluq{ae Coda Wb{i* Oqua{ b{ab| b{a ea|fnjbuae ho{ \fjnà$Hbdf`v [a|feajufb` ~fuc b ha~ b`|o ea|fnjbuae ho{ Dqùfhbdf`v [a|f$eajufb`* Ouca{ dbmo{ q|a| b|fea h{od uco|a fjeflbuae oj uca }ojfjndbw fjl`qea |q{hbla wb{ifjn*

Uowon{bwcv, Cve{oònv, \of`, bje fè`fha

Bhua{ bjb`v}fjn uca |fua h{od wa{|ojb` xf|fu| bje dbw| uca oj`v cv$e{oònflb` habuq{a f| b {auajufoj woje |fuqbuae uo~b{e| uca jo{uc$ab|ua{j |fua oh uca lq{{aju lodda{lfb` lo{a* \of` ho{ uca|a wb{la`|{bjna h{od Lalf`$Q{kbj @bje #; uo 27 wa{laju |òwa& uo Q{kbj@bje bje jb``v Lalf`$Q{kbj @bje Lodwàs #27 uo ;5 wa{laju|òwa& #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;722&* Oxa{b`` uca |fua f| w{fdb{f`v àxa`nfxaj uca bdoqju oh blufxfuv b`{abev òlbuae kouc fj uca jo{uca{jbje |oquca{j |alufoj|* Uca aàxbufoj eoa| fjl{ab|a nofjn h{od ab|uuo ~a|u oj uca |fua bje loju{fkqua| uo b |uaaw |òwa fj {a`bufoj uo uca{bf`{obe {fncu$oh$~bv a|walfb``v oj uca ~a|ua{j aena*

^fè`fha ebub ~b| b`|o lo`àluae ~cflc ~b| holq|ae oj eaua{dfj$fjn fh bjv {b{a uc{abuajae o{ ajebjna{ae |walfa| ~a{a ~fucfj uca|fua| koqjeb{fa|* Bhua{ okubfjfjn ebub h{od uca \oquc Lb{o`fjb Ea$wb{udaju oh Jbuq{b` [a|oq{la| fu ~b| eaua{dfjae ucbu ucf| |fua cb|jou cbe b ijo~j |fncufjn oh bjv ajebjna{ae |walfa| afuca{ bjfdbò{ w`bju oqu oh wo||fkà oja| ucbu cbxa kaaj |wouuae a`|a~ca{a fjN{aajxf`à Loqjuv*

Lca{{vebà


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Eadon{bwcfl|Wowq`bufoj

Wowq`bufoj ~b| lo`àluae oj u~o |lbà|* Uca {|u fjl`qea| ~fucfj ucacb`h$dfà b{ab |q{{oqjefjn uca lq{{aju u{bj|fu |uow bje uca ouca{ fj$l`qea| uca Qjfuae \ubua| Laj|q| kòli n{oqw| #xa fj uoub`& ~cflc b`ùoqlc uca cb`h$dfà lf{là* Uca ealf|foj uo |aàlu bj b{ab `b{na{ ucbj

uca cb`h$dfà }oja ~b| fjuajeae uo w{oxfea b |iaulc oh uca b{ab| ojbje |q{{oqjefjn uca wouajufb` UOE*

^fucfj uca cb`h$dfà UOE koqjeb{v uca{a ~a{a 23;2 {a|feaju| fj;777 bje bj a|ufdbuae 23>8 {a|feaju| fj ;727* Qjadwòvdaju cb|{f|aj h{od 3*73! fj ;777 `fxfjn ~fucfj uca koqjeb{v uo 23*27! fj;727* Ho{ uca `b{na{ kòli n{oqw koqjeb{v uca wowq`bufoj fj ;777f| {awo{uae uo ka 3;8> {a|feaju| ~fuc a|ufdbuae fjl{ab|a uo 3;31 fj;77>* Oqu oh uca|a {a|feaju| 1>11 {awo{uae ucaf{ {bla b| ^cfua bje2661 ~a{a {awo{uae b| K`bli ~cfà 8> {awo{uae B|fbj* Fj {anb{e| uo

najea{ dbà| uoub` *< uo ;5*;dfjqua| uo ~o{i bje e{fxa h{od 28;1> dfà| uo 26 dfà| ablc

vab{* Q|fjn fjho{dbufoj h{od uca Qjfuae \ubua| Laj|q| Kq{abq|OjUcaDbw Bww`flbufoj do|u ~o{ia{| ~fucfj uca|a kòli n{oqw|u{bxa` à|| ucbj 27 dfà| uo ~o{i #82*8!&* Uca jasu `b{na|u n{oqwu{bxa` 27 uo ;5 dfà| #2>*2!& bje uca ucf{e `b{na|u u{bxa` do{a ucbj17 dfà| uo ~o{i #25*8!&* Uca dbmo{fuv oh uca|a loddqua{| u{bxa fjb |oquc bje |oqucab|ua{j ef{alufoj h{od coda #Q*\* Laj|q| ;776k&* Bjjqb``v coq|acoè| |waje bjv~ca{a h{od % uo ;776 #\oquc Lb{o`fjb Eawb{udaju oh U{bj|wo{ubufoj ;776&*

Wqk`fl U{bj|fu

Uca |fua f| |a{xflae kv N{aaj`fji [oqua


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Hfnq{a 6* Lq{{aju @bje Q|a| bu uca Lca{{veb`a \fua


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Hfnq{a 27* Asf|ufjn Wbuua{j| bu uca Lca{{veb`a \fua

\oq{la= N{aajxf``a Loqjuv W`bjjfjn Eawb{udaju


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Hfnq{a 22* Uowon{bwcv bu uca Lca{{veb`a \fua



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Hfnq{a 2;* Asf|ufjn ]ojfjn bu uca Lca{{veb`a \fua


\u uc O u fuf uo lojjalu ea|ufjbufoj| b| hb{ jo{uc b| U{bxa`a{| [a|u bje Hq{dbj


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|uowwfjn bu axa{v kq| |uow bje uca fdwàdajubufoj oh Fjua``fnajuU{bj|wo{ubufoj \v|uad bww{oblca| ~fuc u{bhl |fnjb` w{fo{fuf}bufojuca kq| {bwfe u{bj|fu |v|uad lbj bww{oblc uca |a{xfla àxa | oh `fncu{bf` ~fuc uca {fncu lojefufoj|* Axaj ~fuc kq| {bwfe u{bj|fu `fncu {bf`|coqè b`|o ka loj|fea{ae ho{ uca |fua* Uca {bf` `fja kf|alufjn uca|fua fjuo u~o cb`xa| w{oxfea| bj owufdb` òlbufoj ho{ beefufojb` {bf`|a{xfla* Hq{uca{ bjb`v|f| ~f`` ka jaaeae kqu uca {fncu$oh$~bv ho{ fncu{bf` loqè {qj wb{b`à` uo uca u{bli| b`{abev fj w`bla* Uca |ubufoj ho{òlb` kq|a| kq| {bwfe u{bj|fu bje `fncu {bf` loqè |cb{a uca |bda |ub$ufoj b`ò~fjn ho{ dqùfdoeb` lojjalufoj qjea{ oja {ooh*

Ubvò{|


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Fju{oeqlufoj

Uca loddqjfuv oh Ubvò{| f| |fuqbuae kau~aaj uca Lfuv oh N{aaj$xf`à bje N{aa{ ~fucfj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv* Ohlfb``v fu f| jou fjlo{$wo{buae kqu fu f| {alonjf}ae b| b Ea|fnjbuae W`bla kv uca Qjfuae\ubua| Laj|q|* B| wb{u oh uca N{aajxf`à Loqjuv| lodw{acaj|fxaw`bj Ubvò{| f| feajufae b| b \qk$[anfojb` Lajua{ |fuqbuae oj uca ^bea Cbdwuoj Koqàxb{e U{bj|fu Lo{{feo{ #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv;776&*

Asf|ufjn Lojefufoj|@bje Q|a|

Q|a| lq{{aju`v oj uca |fua b{a b dfs oh lodda{lfb` bje fjeq|u{fb`* Uca }ojfjn dbw ho{ ucf| b{ab fjeflbuae uca `bje q|a| wa{dfuuaeajlodwb|| Lodda{lfb` Fjeq|u{fb` bje \a{xfla Ef|u{flu|* Q|a| |q{${oqjefjn uca |fua fjl`qea \fjnà$Hbdf`v bje Dqùfhbdf`v [a|feajufb`#N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;722&* Dbmo{ lodda{lfb` q|a| oj uca |fua fjl`qeab ^b`db{u b Kf$@o \qwa{db{iau bje b ko~`fjn b`àv*

Uowoònv, Cve{oònv, \of`, bje fè`fha

Uca lq{{aju |fua f| ollqwfae kv b jqdka{ oh kqfèfjn| ~cflc cbxakaaj n{beae uo {aeqla |òwa oj uca wb{la`|* Ucf| ~b| kouc loj{daekv bjb`v}fjn uca |fua| uowon{bwcv oj b dbw bje uc{oqnc |fua xf|$

fu|* Aàxbufoj f| cfnca|u fj uca |oquc~a|ua{j aena oh uca |fua ~fuc bn{beqb` eal{ab|a b| oja cabe| jo{uc* Ucf| aàxbufoj lcbjna loqèka wb{ufb``v buu{fkquae uo uca oja cve{oònflb` habuq{a hoqje oj uca|fua Ko`fjn L{aai* Ucf| l{aai bwwab{| uo ka |ò~ doxfjn bje joub dbmo{ uc{abu uo |q{{oqjefjn eaxaòwdaju* B dbw w{oxfeae kvHADB fjeflbua| uca l{aai |ubv| ~fucfj b |db`` b{ab eq{fjn ollb|fojbòoefjn ~cflc f| loju{o`àe kv |uaaw kbji| bje |q{{oqjefjn ho`fbna*\axa{b` |of` uvwa| b{a òlbuae ~fucfj uca wouajufb` UOE koqjeb{v*

Ucav fjl`qea Lalf`$\bjev òbd #kouc ; uo 8 wa{laju |òwa bje 27 uo21 wa{laju |òwa& Lalf`$Q{kbj bje lodwàs #; uo 27 wa{laju |òwa&bje Lb{ualbv bje Uollob #N{aajxf`à Loqjuv ;722&* B| ~fuc ucaLca{{vebà |fua ucf| |fua ~b| b`|o {a|ab{lcae ho{ uca w{a|ajla oh {b{auc{abuajae o{ ajebjna{ae |walfa|* Bllo{efjn uo b dbw w{oxfeae kv

uca \oquc Lb{o`fjb Eawb{udaju oh Jbuq{b` [a|oq{la| uca{a cbxakaaj jo |fncufjn| oh bjv |walfa| ~fucfj uca koqjeb{fa| oh uca wo$uajufb` UOE*

Eadon{bwcfl|Wowq`bufoj

^fucfj uca cb`h$dfà UOE koqjeb{v uca{a ~a{a 217; {a|feaju| fj;777 bje bj a|ufdbuae 28;6 {a|feaju| fj ;727* Qjadwòvdaju cb|{f|aj h{od 5*;7! fj ;777 ho{ uco|a `fxfjn ~fucfj uca koqjeb{v uo

22*;7! fj ;727* Ho{ uca b{na{ kòli n{oqw koqjeb{v uca wowq`bufojfj ;777 f| {awo{uae uo ka 27777 {a|feaju| ~fuc a|ufdbuae fjl{ab|a uo272* Oqu oh uca|a {a|feaju| 3321 {awo{uae ucaf{ {blab| ^cfua 87; ~a{a {awo{uae b| K`bli bje > bje hadbà| 12;5< fj ;727* Uca bxa{bna |f}a oh ablc coq|acoèf| lq{{aju`v a|ufdbuae bu ;*26 waowà ollqwvfjn 371 coq|fjn qjfu|*Oh uca|a coq|fjn qjfu| 1;**>7! b{a xblbju* Uca daefbjcoq|acoè fjloda cb| {f|aj h{od %


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U{bj|wo{ubufoj

B| ~fuc uca Lca{{vebà òlbufoj u{bj|wo{ubufoj uo bje h{od uca |fuaafuca{ cbwwaj| fj w{fxbua bquodokfà| o{ wqk`fl u{bj|fu* Oj bxa{bna{a|feaju| ~fucfj |fs kòli n{oqw| b{oqje uca |fua u{bxa` bjv~ca{ah{od 23*> uo ;8*8 dfjqua| uo ~o{i bje e{fxa h{od 21>!& bje uca ucf{e b{na|uu{bxa` do{a ucbj 17 dfà| uo ~o{i #22*7!&* Uca dbmo{fuv oh uca|aloddqua{| u{bxa` fj b |oquc bje |oquc~a|ua{j ef{alufoj h{od coda#Q*\* Laj|q| ;776k&* Bjjqb``v coq|acoè| |waje bjv~ca{a h{od%


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Hfnq{a 28* Asf|ufjn Wbuua{j| bu uca Lca{{veb`a \fua



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2* Kanfj ab{`v $ Do|u UOE| ~a{a uca oquloda oh bj ab{`v {alon$jfufoj oh co~ `bje$q|a wbuua{j| bhhalu u{bj|wo{ubufoj lcofla|bje xfla xa{|b* Uca oj`v ~bv uo qjea{|ubje uca jaae| ho{ uca{anfoj bje do{a |walflb``v wb{uflq`b{ lajua{| oh n{o~uc f| uo|ub{u w`bjjfjn |ooja{ {buca{ ucbj `bua{*

;* Feajufhv wouajufb` |fua| bje lo{{feo{| $ Fj {a|walu uo w`bjjfjn {a$nfojb``v ~caj feajufhvfjn UOE |fua| fu f| b`|o fdwo{ubju uo |ub{u~ca{a aswbj|foj| oh u{bj|fu lo{{feo{| b{a w`bjjae uo {ablc*\axa{b` |fua| cbxa b`{abev kaaj feajufae kv N{aajxf`à Loqjuvkqu do{a jaae uo ka hoqje fj jafncko{fjn loqjufa| b| ~a``*

* Q|a eaxaòwa{| ~fuc asf|ufjn UOE aswa{fajla uo ka fjxo`xae $Uca `fua{buq{a dbia| làb{ ucbu fu f| fdwo{ubju uo no ~fuc eaxa`$owa{| ~co cbxa cbe aswa{fajla ~fuc uca l{abufoj oh UOE| fjouca{ db{iau|*

3* Fjlo{wo{bua asf|ufjn q|a| $ Fj o{ea{ uo dbia UOE| jbjlfb``và|| aswaj|fxa {a$q|a oh asf|ufjn eaxaòwdaju oj uca |fua b|dqlc b| wo||fkà f| fdwo{ubju*

6* o{i lò|a`v ~fuc N{aaj`fji bje ouca{ u{bj|fu w{oxfea{| $ Ojaoh uca `fdfufjn hbluo{| uo fdwàdajufjn UOE| f| uca `bli ohfjxo`xadaju oh u{bj|fu w{oxfea{| fj uca kqvfjn bje eaxaòw$

fjn oh w{owa{uv jab{ dbmo{ u{bj|fu |uow| bje |ubufoj|* B| ucaN{aaj`fji |v|uad n{o~| fu ~f`` jaae b||f|ubjla h{od uca Lfuvoh N{aajxf`à N{aajxf`à Loqjuv bje |ubua oh \oquc Lb{o`fjbfj feajufhvfjn w`bjjfjn bje eaxaòwfjn wouajufb` UOE |fua|b{oqje asf|ufjn bje ja~ u{bj|fu |uow|*

27*Fjlo{wo{bua o{ |u{ajnucaj |u{aau wbuua{j| fj|fea bje b{oqjeUOE| $ Bu uca lajua{ oh uca UOE lojlawu f| uca waea|u{fbj*Eqa uo ucf| b{{bjnadaju uca |u{aau wbuua{j kouc ~fucfj bje|q{{oqjefjn b UOE jaae uo {aalu ucf| doea oh u{bj|wo{ub$ufoj {buca{ uca u{befufojb` bquo$o{fajuae oja ucbu f| uvwflb``v

|aaj fj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv*22*Loju{o` wb{ifjn $ Dbjv ea|f{bkà òlbufoj| ho{ ja~ kqfèfjn|

bje kq|fja||a| dfncu ka ufae qw ~fucfj `b{na |q{hbla wb{ifjnòu|* Kv loju{o``fjn ho{ wb{ifjn bu wouajufb` UOE |fua| uca{a f|do{a owwo{uqjfuv ho{ eaxaòwdaju uo ollq{ bje ~f`` l{abua bcfnca{ àxa` oh eaj|fuv jaaeae uo |qwwo{u u{bj|fu uo uca |fua*

[aloddajebufoj|

Lojl`q|foj


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N{aajxf`à Loqjuv lbj kajau n{abu`v h{od b |v|uad oh UOE| bl{o||uca loqjuv* fuc uca fjl{ab|fjn lcb`àjna| uca loqjuv bje {anfoj lbjaswalu eqa uo b {f|a fj wowq`bufoj b cfnc$rqb fuv |v|uad oh u{bj|fubje eaj|fuv b{oqje |uow| ~f`` b||f|u fj ò~a{fjn xacflà dfà| u{bx$aàe* ^fuc lfuf}aj| e{fxfjn à|| bf{ rqb`fuv ~f`` fdw{oxa* B`|o UOE|lbj lbwuq{a |oda oh uca lodda{lfb` bje {a|feajufb` eaxa owdajujaaeae ho{ b n{o~fjn wowq`bufoj bje {aeqla uca bdoqju oh |w{b~`bje ò~$eaj|fuv bquodokfà o{fajuae eaxaòwdaju|* Uca{aho{aUOE| b{a oja wo||fkà daucoe ho{ loj|a{xfjn `bje bje aj|q{fjnucbu uca jbuq{b` {a|oq{la| oh uca loqjuv b{a ca{a ho{ ealbea| uoloda* Bjouca{ b|walu uo {f|fjn wowq`bufoj f| uca jqdka{ oh |ajfo{|bje {auf{aa| lcoo|fjn uo `fxa fj \oquc Lb{o`fjb bje uca Qw|ubua {a$nfoj* ^fuc b la{ubfj w{owo{ufoj oh uca|a {a|feaju| jo òjna{ kafjnbkà uo e{fxa uca {a~b{e| oh `fxfjn fj b UOE b{a fddab|q{bkà uo

ucaf{ rqb`fuv oh `fha* Uca coq|fjn lcofla| ~fucfj b UOE lbj kajauouca{ n{oqw| b| ~a``*

Lojl`q|foj

Fj uca lodfjn vab{| dbjv lojefufoj| ~fucfj N{aajxf`à Loqjuv loqèw{oxa hbxo{bkà uo UOE|* Ho{ asbdwà N{aaj`fji f| fdw{oxfjn |a{$xfla bje loqè |aa b wo||fkà aswbj|foj ojla {fea{|cfw fjl{ab|a| bjeb n{abua{ bdoqju oh hqjefjn ho{ uca |v|uad kaloda| bxbf`bkà* Bj$ouca{ w{odf|fjn b|walu ~fucfj uca loqjuv f| uca fjl{ab|fjn jqdka{oh dfsae q|a eaxaòwdaju| ucbu b{a kafjn kqfù a|walfb``v fj uca Lfuvoh N{aajxf`à| eo~juo~j b{ab* ^fuc N{aajxf`à Loqjuv| adwcb|f|oj lajua{| bje lo{{feo{| w`bjjfjn lbj w{oxfea bj ab{`v h{bda~o{iho{ loj|fea{bufoj oh òlbufoj| ho{ UOE| fj uca lodfjn vab{| bjeuca uvwa| oh u{bj|fu ucbu loqè ka w{oxfeae*

[aha{ajla|


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Kab L*L* #;77;&* O{ajlo \ubufoj Wo{u`bje O{anoj= B |qlla||hq` u{bj|fuo{fajuae eaxaòwdaju aswa{fdaju? U{bj|wo{ubufoj Rqb{ua{`v 18#&* U{bj|fu Xf``bna| fj uca ;2|u Lajuq{v* Ja~Vo{i JV= DlN{b~$Cf``*

Lbùco{wa W* ( Hqùoj ^* #;772&* Uca [anfojb` Lfuv* ^b|cfjnuoj EL=F|`bje W{a||*

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Lajua{ ho{ Jafncko{cooe Ualcjoònv* #;722&* Coq|fjn bje U{bj|wo{ubufojBhho{ebkf`fuv Fjeas* [au{faxae Hak{qb{v ;1 ;722 h{od cuuw=//cubfjeas*lju*o{n/dbwwfjn_uoo`*wcw,{anfoj4N{aajxf`à$$\wb{ubjkq{n$$Bjea{|oj!;L!;7\L(ucada_dajq47(`bva{24; ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*ajnà~ooenox*o{n/Doeqà|/\co~Eolqdaju*b|ws?eolqdajufe488;

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Lfuv oh N{aajxf`à* #;776&* N{aajxf`à Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj*

Ebf|a M* #;775&* U{bhl Wb{ifjn bje UOE* Fj C* Efuudb{ ( N* Oc`bje#Ae|*& Uca ja~ u{bj|fu uo~j|= ka|u w{blufla| fj UOE #ww* 22$3;&* ^b|cfjnuoj EL= F|`bje W{a||*

A``f| K* #;771&* ]ojfjn ho{ UOE fj Dfjjabwo`f|= Lcb`àjna| bje Ow$wo{uqjfufa|* Uca Cqka{u C* Cqdwc{av Fj|ufuqua oh Wqk`fl Bh$hbf{| Uca Qjfxa{|fuv oh Dfjja|oub

Axbj M* ( W{buu [* #;77>&* Uca }ojfjn bje {ab` a|ubua fdw`flbufoj| oh UOE*U{bj|fu Loowa{bufxa [a|ab{lc W{on{bd* ^b|cfjnuoj EL= U{bj|$wo{ubufoj [a|ab{lc Kob{e*

Hb|U{bli|* #;727b&* Hfjbjlfjn Hb|U{bli|* [au{faxae Hak{qb{v ;5 ;722h{odcuuw=//~~~*{ue$hb|u{bli|*lod/dbfj_ ;722 h{odcuuw=//ow|*hc~b*eou*nox/wqk flbufoj|/dfufn_u{bh_lojn/o{ajlo_lb|a*cud*

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Db{ucaj| \* #j*e*&* @fxfjn bu O{ajlo \ubufoj* FjDoxfjn uo Wo{u`bje* [a$u{faxae Mbjqb{v ;> ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~ doxfjnuowo{u`bje
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Efuudb{ ( N* Oc`bje #Ae|*& Uca ja~ u{bj|fu uo~j|= ka|u w{blufla| fjUOE #ww* 13$3;&* ^b|cfjnuoj EL= F|`bje W{a||*

N{aaj`fji U{bj|fu* #;722&* Ebf`v Wb||ajna{ Loqju|*

N{aajxf`à Loqjuv* #;773&* Uca Lca{{vebà B{ab W`bj*

N{aajxf`à Loqjuv* #;776&* Lodw{acaj|fxa W`bj= Fdbnfja N{aajxf`à Loqjuv*

N{aajxf`à Loqjuv* #;722&* Fjua{jau Dbwwfjn \v|uad* [au{faxae Db{lc 2|u;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*nlnf|*o{n/~akdbwwqk/*

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N{abua{ Bq|ufj Lcbdka{ oh Lodda{la* #;771&* Fjua{Lfuv Xf|fu= Eajxa{LO* [au{faxae Mbjqb{v ;6 ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*bq|ufjlcbd$ka{*lod/wqk`fl$wo`flv/à|/UOE*weh*

Cb{{a`` [* K{ooi| B* ( Jae~fli U* #;776&* W{a|a{xfjn Bhho{ebkf`fuv bjeBlla|| fj @fxbkà Loddqjfufa|= \qk|fef}ae Coq|fjn Owwo{uqjfufa| Jab{

U{bj|fu bje uca 17) Wowq`bufoj* ^b|cfjnuoj EL= BB[W Wqk`flWo`flv Fj|ufuqua*

Fj|ufuqua ho{ @olbufoj Ahlfajlv* #;77 ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*doxfjnuowo{u`bje*jau/`fxfjn_~a|u*cud*

Dacbhhv D* #Mqja 2> ;77 ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*w`bjauf}aj*lod/joea/6;*

Dacbhhv D* #j*e*&* O{ajlo \ubufoj= Cf``|ko{o O{anoj* Fj Qj|w{b~` Lb|a

\uqev* [au{faxae Mbjqb{v ;8 ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*ua{{bfj*o{n/qj|w{b~`/27/*

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Dqjflfwb` [a|ab{lc bje \a{xfla| Lajua{ oh b|cfjnuoj* #266>& Fj``

Eaxaòwdaju \u{buanfa| ho{ \cbwfjn @fxbkà Jafncko{cooe|* [awo{u ;722 h{od cuuw=//~~~*j{el*o{n/lfufa|/|db{u$n{o~uc/|o`xa/|o`xafjs*b|w*

Wb{}aj M* ( \fnb` B* #;775&* Hfjbjlfjn UOE* Fj C* Efuudb{ ( N* Oc$

`bje #Ae|*& Uca ja~ u{bj|fu uo~j|= ka|u w{blufla| fj UOE #ww* 3&* W`bjjfjn bje Q{kbj Ea|fnj ho{Uv|oj| Lo{ja{* [au{faxae \awuadka{ 5 ;727 h{od cuuw=//~~~*hbf{hbsloqjuv*nox/ew}/uv|oj|lo{ja{/oqu{ablc/db{7>~cbuf|uoe*weh

Woeokjfi K* #;77;&* Ja~ q{kbjf|d bje uca naja{bufoj oh |olfb` lbwfub`=Axfeajla h{od O{ajlo \ubufoj Jbufojb` Lfxfl [axfa~ 62#


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Planning Transit-Oriented Developments in Greenville County, SC