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THE IEAS SUPPLEMENT TO THE SZTE FACULTY OF ARTS REGULATIONS ON PLAGIARISM

This supplement contains examples of correct and incorrect citation and paraphrasing.

In treating cases of incorrect citation and paraphrasing, it differentiates – in accordance with

Faculty of Arts regulations – between anomaly of reference and plagiarism.

While constituting a case of incorrect citation and paraphrasing, anomaly of referenceis treated by the IEAS (as well as the Faculty of Arts) as a formatting shortcoming resulting in

a failing grade, it is not treated as an offence and no disciplinary proceedings are imposed as a

consequence. All other cases of incorrect citation and paraphrasing are regarded as

plagiarism, resulting in a failing grade and disciplinary proceedings against the plagiarist that

are pursued by the IEAS.

1. LITERATURE:

The following excerpt from a book (Otto, K. Beatrice. Fools are Everywhere. Chicago and

London: University of Chicago Press, 2001, 205-6) served as the source material for the

examples illustrating correct and incorrect paraphrasing and quotation.

There are no flies on Feste in Twelfth Night, or as he puts

it, he wears no motley in his brain (1.5.54-559). He is

jester to Olivia and speaks to her with unabashed cheek.

Like many court jesters he plays the pipe and tabor, and

the play ends with his singing. He is tremendously witty

and has complete license to speak his mind: Olivia may be

resigned to that when she says, “there is no slander in an

allowed fool / though he do nothing but rail” (1.5.93-94).

When she has had enough of him, she orders him to be taken

away, but he twists her words to make her seem the fool:

Olivia. Take the fool away.Feste. Do you not hear, fellows? Take away the lady.

(1.5.36-37)

1.1. Paragraph from a sample essay using quotation, observing rules of quotation and

citation:

Feste, the fool in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night belongs

to the group of witty court jesters. He has a

characteristic sense of humor, which he uses to make sharp-

edged remarks to comment on the behavior of several

characters within the play. As it was usual for Renaissance

court fools, Feste too enjoys a certain freedom in

expressing himself freely. Drawing on the lines of Feste’s

mistress on the allowed fool, Beatrice K. Otto suggests the

same: “Olivia may be resigned to [Feste’s licence] when she

says ‘There is no slander in an allowed fool / though he do

nothing but rail’ (1.5.93-94)” (Otto 2001, 206).

The author of the paragraph argues that Feste belongs to the group of witty court jesters, who

are not only witty, but enjoy a characteristic license. In order to give one illustration to this

latter notion (her argument will probably continue with other illustrations from the play), she

uses a quotation, introducing it with an introductory phrase (“Otto suggests…”) and a colon,

and marks off the borrowed text with quotation marks. Note that simple quotation marks are

employed for the quotation within. The author uses square brackets to indicate a change to theoriginal. This change is necessary for the reader to understand the quotation taken out from its

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original context. Square brackets should also be used to indicate changes in cases when the

grammar of the original would not fit the grammar of the sentence into which the quotation is

inserted.

1.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrase, observing rules of paraphrasing and

citation:

Beatrice K. Otto points out that Feste, the fool in

Twelfth Night displays several characteristics of the court

jester, such as playing music, singing, and getting away

with his cheeky remarks. Otto quotes the lines where

Feste’s mistress likens him to an “allowed fool” (1.5.93),

and proposes that Olivia accepts the situation in which

Feste enjoys the license of folly. Otto refers to 1.5.36-7

of the play to illustrate that Feste draws on this license

even in a situation when his mistress has had enough of him

(Otto 2001, 205-6).

The author of the paragraph summarizes Otto’s understanding of Feste. She introducessentences of the paraphrase with introductory phrases (“Beatrice K. Otto points out…”; “Otto

quotes..” “…proposes that…”; “Otto refers to…”) to make it clear that the ideas are not her

own, but are taken from a secondary source. In her own words, she lists the most important

characteristics of the court jester that are mentioned by the paraphrased original material. The

author of this paragraph does not concentrate on Shakespeare’s original, rather on Otto’s train

of thought, thus she does not find it important to insert quotations from the play, but indicates

references to passages of the original drama which are included in the paraphrased source and

are relevant to the paraphrased ideas.

1.3. Paragraph with a plagiarized quotation:

Feste, the fool in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night belongs

to the group of witty fools. He speaks to his mistress,

Olivia with unabashed cheek. As Beatrice K. Otto has it,

“he is tremendously witty and has complete license to speak

his mind” (Otto 2001, 206). Among other examples, this may

be supported by the following lines of Olivia: “There is no

slander in an allowed fool / though he do nothing but rail”

(1.5. 93-94).

Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, the

text plagiarizes the cited material. The expression “unabashed cheek” is taken verbatim from

the original. Since no quotation marks indicate that this phrase is not the author’s own but istaken from the source cited later on, the example counts as plagiarism. It is clear also that

Otto’s train of thought is borrowed by the author in using the exact same example from

Shakespeare’s play to illustrate the point brought up by the quoted source. By not indicating

that this idea was taken from the source cited in the previous sentence, the author is again

guilty of plagiarism.

1.4. Paragraph with a paraphrase containing anomaly of reference:

In her analysis of Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth

Night, Beatrice K. Otto describes the fool as a

tremendously witty character who, similarly to other court

jesters, is singing and playing music, and has complete

license to speak his mind (Otto 2001, 206-7).

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Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, the

author uses verbatim citation (“tremendously witty” and “complete license to speak his

mind”) from the source without including these phrases in quotation marks. Such practice is

regarded as anomaly of reference.

1.5. Paragraph with a citation containing anomaly of reference:

Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night can be

described as a “tremendously witty” character who,

similarly to other court jesters, is singing and playing

music, and has complete license to speak his mind. Beatrice

K. Otto quotes the lines where Feste’s mistress likens him

to an “allowed fool” (1.5.93), and proposes that Olivia

accepts the situation in which Feste enjoys the license of

folly. Otto refers to 1.5.36-7 of the play to illustrate

that Feste draws on this license even in a situation when

his mistress has had enough of him (Otto 2001, 205-6).

Although at the end of the paragraph there is reference to the secondary source used by the

author of this paragraph, in the first sentence the author uses verbatim citation (“tremendously

witty” and “complete license to speak his mind”) from the source without indicating this

source. Such practice is also regarded as anomaly of reference.

1.6. Paragraph with a plagiarized paraphrase:

In her analysis of Feste from Shakespeare’s Twelfth

Night, Beatrice K. Otto describes the fool as a

“tremendously witty” character who, similarly to othercourt jesters, is singing and playing music, and has a

complete license to speak whatever is on his mind (Otto

2001, 206-7). Otto quotes Olivia’s lines to back up her

notion that the fool’s mistress is resigned to this

license, and supports the idea of the fool’s liberty by

quoting a passage on the moment when Olivia wants to have

the fool taken away, but the fool sticks to his license and

twists the words of his mistress in a way that in the end

she seem to be the fool instead of him.

There are several words and phrases in the above paraphrase that make it too close to the

original to be accepted as the author’s own text. It is clear that while writing, the author had

an eye on the paraphrased material, otherwise she could not have expressions tracking tooclosely the ones that appear in the original, such as “has complete license to speak whatever is

on his mind” or “resigned to his license”. These phrases, as well as the last sentence of the

paragraph, are not verbatim quotations, but follow the original too closely without using

quotation marks where necessary, and thus plagiarize the used source, despite the fact that a

citation is included and introductory phrases are used to indicate that the author is relying on

someone else’s ideas.

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2. LINGUISTICS:

The following excerpt from a journal article serves as the basis of the examples for correct

quotation and paraphrasing (examples 2.1-2) and incorrect quotation and paraphrasing

(examples 2.3-6) below:

McKenzie, Robert M. 2008. Social factors and non-native attitudes towards varieties of spoken English: A Japanese case study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics,

18:63–88, p. 79.

In contrast to the findings of equivalent studies

involving Japanese learners of English, where speech

evaluations of English were assumed to be unidimensional,

the results of the present study demonstrated that the

informants’ ratings of speakers of varieties of English

speech tend to be complex and are often contradictory. If

this is indeed the case, and given the social context in

Japan, with the increasing power of the English language

media and rising importance of English in the country

generally, it is vital that those concerned with English-language education in Japan are made aware of the general

complexity of learners’ attitudes towards social and

regional variation in English, and that these attitudes are

taken into account.

2.1. Paragraph from a hypothetical sample paper using quotation, observing rules of

quotation and citation:

Summarizing the findings of his study, McKenzie

(2008:79) points out that “informants’ ratings of speakers

of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are

often contradictory”, and draws conclusions from this withregard to the role of educators as well.

The author of the paragraph discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study and their

implications. She uses a quotation, starting it with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points

out that…”) and marks the quoted clause with quotation marks.

2.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrase, observing rules of paraphrasing and

citation:


(2008:79) points out that subjects’ evaluations in his

study are complex and contradictory, and draws conclusionsfrom this with regard to the role of educators as well.


implications. She uses a paraphrase, starting it with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points

out that…”) and introducing several changes and deletions in her text to avoid a verbatim use

of McKenzie’s text: “informants’” is substituted by synonym “subjects’”, “ratings” by

“evaluations”, and the phrase “of speakers of varieties of English speech” is shortened by a

more general phrase “in his study”. The adjectives “complex” and “contradictory” are

retained.

2.3. Paragraph with a quotation with a citation but no quotation marks, constitutinganomaly of reference:

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(2008:79) points out that informants’ ratings of speakers

of varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are

often contradictory, and draws conclusions from this with

regard to the role of educators as well.


implications. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it verbatim and starting it

with an introductory phrase (“McKenzie points out that…”) but not marking the quoted clause

with quotation marks, thereby pretending to have paraphrased the text and thus committing

anomaly of reference. The fact that the citation is given does not exempt the author from an

offence against good scholarly practice, since she is passing McKenzie’s exact clause as her

own.

2.4. Paragraph with a quotation with quotation marks but no citation, constituting anomaly

of reference:

To summarize the findings of his study, it can be

pointed out that “informants’ ratings of speakers of

varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are

often contradictory”, and we can draw conclusions from this

with regard to the role of educators as well.


implications. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it verbatim and marking the

quoted clause with quotation marks, but not providing the reference. This also constitutes a

case of anomaly of reference.

2.5. Paragraph with a plagiarized quotation, no citation and no quotation marks:

It can be said that informants’ ratings of speakers of

varieties of English speech tend to be complex and are

often contradictory, and draws conclusions from this with

regard to the role of educators as well.

The author of the paragraph covertly discusses the main findings of McKenzie’s 2008 study

and their implications without any reference to the source of the findings and passing them off

as a general truth known to all readers. She uses a clause from McKenzie’s study, quoting it

verbatim but not indicating the source or marking the quoted clause with quotation marks,

thereby committing plagiarism.



(2008:79) points out subjects’ evaluations in his study are

complex and contradictory. It is clear that due to the

increasing influence of the English language in Japan it is

important that English language educators in this country

are informed about students’ attitudes and that these

attitudes are taken into consideration.

In this longer paraphrase, the author follows McKenzie’s exact argumentation and passes it

off as her own. Even though the phrases are paraphrased throughout and no illegal quoting

practice occurs, McKenzie’s exact train of thoughts is followed. By starting a new sentence

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and phrasing it as a general truth (“It is clear that…”), the author misleadingly pretends as if

the conclusion is hers rather than McKenzie’s.

3. CULTURAL STUDIES:

The excerpt from an academic work that served as the basis for all the four examples below:

Elspeth Probyn. ‘New Traditionalism and Post-Feminism: TV Does the Home’ in Charlotte

Brunsdon, Julie D’Acci and Lynn Spiegel (eds.) Feminist Television Criticism: A Reader.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 126-137:

In many ways these homes correspond to different visions of

generations of feminism, a sort of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism. We

have a post-feminist vision of the home to which women are free to

return. Of course, the word ‘feminism’ is never mentioned in any of

these shows; it is not even there as what Judith Mayne calls ‘an echo

effect’.1 Rather, feminism and feminist ideas are totally submerged –

it is the word that cannot be said. However, feminism can also beseen as the Other to these versions of women and home. And it is

feminism as Other which articulates the discourses of ‘post-feminism’

and ‘the new traditionalism’. The questions I want to raise here have

to do with the ways in which that Other is suppressed in order to

allow for a new generation of television programmes commonly called

‘female-centered’. This recentring of women in the family and the

home constitutes an important conjunctural moment in Althusser’s

sense of the term.2

1. Judith Mayne, L.A. Law and Prime-Time Feminism, 90, Ch. 6 in this volume.

2. Louis Althusser, ‘The Object of Capital ’, in Louis Althusser and Etien Balibar, Reading Capital , trans.

Brewster (London: NLB, 1975), 106.

3.1. Paragraph from a sample essay using verbatim quotation, observing the rules of

quotation and citation:

The recent generation of prime-time television series, in spite

of their cult status - including their reception in mainstream

feminist media research - should not be considered a feminist

achievement but rather a depressing break from feminism. As Elspeth

Probyn observed in her review of several current prime-time soaps

produced in North-America, such as L.A. Law, thirtysomething, or

Murphy Brown, and Roseanne, “We have a post-feminist vision of the

home to which women are free to return” (Probyn, 1997:128). The new

generation of series in Probyn’s veiw, are rather attempts at “re-centring of women in the family and the home”. (ibid. 128).

The author of the paragraph argues that feminism and feminist ideas are missing from the new

generation of prime-time television series in spite of the fact that they have women for their

central characters situated in the home. To support her evaluation she draws on Elspeth

Probyn’s assessment of the new generation of series, in whose view, they are not informed by

feminist ideas but woman centeredness. The author introduces the quote with an introductory

clause that separates the voices of the author and that of Probyn’s, clearly establishing the

distribution of rights of authorship between the two of them over the ideas. (“As Elspeth

Probyn observed in her review of several current prime-time soaps ...”) followed by a comma

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2

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and the borrowed text is marked off with quotation marks. Note that she keeps indicating that

the development of the argument is also taken from her source (“in Probyn’s opinion…”).

3.2. Paragraph from a sample essay using paraphrasing, observing the rules of

paraphrasing and citation:

There is a debate in contemporary feminist media criticism

about the relationship between feminism and television programmes.

What is at stake in the debate is whether we can argue that there are

programmes informed by feminist ideas and therefore they are

manifestations of a post-feminist era or feminism is rather a

critical position outside of media programmes that is only further

discredit by claims to post-feminism. One of the prominent critiques

who challenges the celebration of the arguable achievements of

feminist media research is Elspeth Probyn. She argues that the recent

generation of prime-time television series cannot be characterized as

an articulation of feminist ideas but rather as a telling absence of

that perspective. In her opinion, we do not need to look far to seethat the presence of assertive women in the centre of the narratives

who can freely combine the workplace and the home are in fact

stereotypical representations of feminism, erasing feminist concerns

about the alleged availability of this arguable choice. (Probyn 1997,

128)

The author of the paragraph wants to outline the two positions in contemporary media studies

about the success/presence of feminist ideas based on the example of the new prime-time

television series. In order to introduce the side that believes these programmes are only

masked as feminist shows, the author summarizes the arguments produced by Elspeth Probyn,

a key figure in that group of researchers. She summarizes Probyn’s critique of the new

generation of prime-time television series in North-America. She introduces the sentences of the paraphrase with introductory phrases. These paraphrases achieve two things at the same

time. First, they make it clear that the ideas are not her own, but are taken from a secondary

source (i.e. from Probyn) and at the same time they also imply the logical function of the

following proposition in the paraphrase, making the summary coherent (“One of the

prominent critiques …” ; “She argues that …”; In her opinion…” ) She will probably go on

with the summary of the post-feminist position, paraphrasing the gist of their ideas in a

similar way.

3.3. Paragraph using a quotation with a citation but no quotation marks, constituting

anomaly of reference:

Prime-time television series produced in the 1990s are usually

referred to as evidence of second-wave feminist scholarship in media

studies. However, from the moment of their appearance on the screen

there have been feminist scholars challenging this post-feminist

position. In their opinion feminism in these series is rather a sort

of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism. It is articulated as Other through

its very absence. As Elspeth Probyn has argued “that Other is

suppressed in order to allow for a new generation of television

programmes commonly called ‘female-centered’” (Probyn 1997, 128).

Although there is reference to the secondary source used by the author of this paragraph in the

last sentence of the paragraph, the text still plagiarizes the cited material. The expression “asort of ‘vulgarization’ of feminism” is taken verbatim from the original but without any

quotation marks that should indicate this phrase is not the author’s own. By not indicating that

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this idea (and formulation) was taken from the source she cites in the next sentence the author

is guilty of plagiarism. It is clear also that Probyn’s train of thought is borrowed by echoing

her formulation when the author argues that feminism is “articulated as Other”.

3.4. Paragraph using a quotation with a citation but no reference is provided, constituting

anomaly of reference:

Prime-time television series produced in the 1990s are usually

referred to as evidence of second-wave feminist scholarship in media

studies. However, from the moment of their appearance on the screen

there have been feminist scholars challenging this post-feminist

position. In their opinion feminism in these series is articulated as

Other through its very absence: “that Other is suppressed in order to

allow for a new generation of television programmes commonly called

‘female-centered’”.

Although there are quotation marks used by the author of the paragraph, indicating that the

ideas quoted are not hers, the text still plagiarizes the cited material because the author does

not indicate the exact source she uses in the final clause for supporting her argumentation.


The prime time television series in the 1990s are only

post-feminist visions of the home where women can choose to

return. Although these programmes do not ever mention

‘feminism’. It is completely missing from them as “the word

that cannot be said” (Probyn 1997, 128.) Women in theseshows have returned to the home at the expense of feminism.

They are centered in the home as an effect of the renewed

celebration of traditions, including women’s desire to be

home-makers and mothers.

The text plagiarizes the cited material by Probyn. Although there is reference to the

secondary source used by the author of this paragraph, indicating that the statement “the

word that cannot be said” is taken verbatim from the original. However, it is obvious that

Probyn’s complete train of thoughts is borrowed by the author. It is clear that while

writing, the author had an eye on the paraphrased material, except she has broken down

the ideas into syntactically less complex sentences. Since she does not indicate that eachof the propositions she makes is not the author’s own but is taken from the source cited

later on, the whole paragraph counts as plagiarism.

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4. HISTORY:

Original source:

William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord (London:

Routledge, 2001), 5:

To the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science, religion

and politics could still be treated as a unity. As Thomas Sprat’s

History of the Royal Society (1663) indicates, reason and unreason,

mysticism and rationalism, had not formed into clear and discrete

realms. Hence Isaac Newton was a brilliant physicist, but was also

committed to notions of alchemy, millenarianism and the mysticism of

freemasonry.

4.1. Correct quotation

In accordance with recent trends in Enlightenment scholarship,

William Gibson contends that “[t]o the eighteenth-century mind,

philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be treated as

a unity.”1

_____________________1 William Gibson, The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord

(London: Routledge, 2001), 5.

In the Bibliography:

Gibson, William. The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and

Accord. London: Routledge, 2001.

All of the text copied word-for-word has been quoted properly. The writer has also stated

the source of information, placed the borrowed words within question marks, and cited the

original author in the footnote and in the bibliography.

4.2. Correct paraphrase

Gibson argues that eighteenth-century philosophers,

politicians, scientists and clergymen could easily reconcile reason

with religion, mysticism with rational science, and politics with

theology. He illustrates this established argument with a somewhat

outdated example, namely, Thomas Sprat’s classic on the history of

the Royal Society, written in 1663. He also refers to Isaac Newton

who had a keen interest in physics, alchemical and millenarian views

as well as the mysteries of freemasonry.1






This is an acceptable paraphrase since both the structure and the wording demonstrate thatthe articulation of Gibson’s essential idea is original as it differs from the source. The

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precise source of the argument has been acknowledged in the footnote as well as in the

bibliography.

4.3. Plagiarised quotations

4.3.1. Unacknowledged direct quotation:

Gibson claims that to the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy,

science, religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.




Although the writer has acknowledged the original author, s/he copies Gibson’s words

verbatim without using quotation marks. Thus, the writer presents them as if they are her or

his own. In addition, it is not enough to refer to the original source only in the bibliography.

4.3.2. Verbatim plagiarism with minor changes of the original:

It has been argued that to eighteenth-century thinkers,

science, religion, philosophy, and politics could still be treated as

a unity. As T. Sprat’s History of the Royal Society (1663)

demonstrates, unreason and reason, mysticism and rationalism, had not

formed into separate realms. Thus I. Newton was a excellent

physicist, but was also interested in notions of alchemy,

millenarianism and the mysticism of freemasonry.

The writer has made some minor alterations and deleted certain words from the original but

has not used quotation marks for those parts which are identical to the source material (the

lifts are underlined). Furthermore, though having copied these portions verbatim, the writer

has not provided a reference to the original author.

4.3.3. Mixture of word-for word copying and acceptable paraphrase:

According to Gibson, to eighteenth-century philosophers,

politicians, scientists and clergymen reason and religion, mysticism

and rational science, politics and theology did not create clear anddiscrete realms.1






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Even though only one phrase has been copied from the original source, this is still regarded as

plagiarism. The writer should attribute all borrowed words to the original author by placing

quotation marks around them.

4.3.4. Referential anomalies:

To the eighteenth-century mind, philosophy, science,

religion and politics could still be treated as a unity.1






According to the official plagiarism policy of our faculty, this is a “referential anomaly” since

one has acknowledged the source but failed to use quotation marks for direct copying from

the original text. Another type of “referential anomaly” is when the writer quotes the material

correctly but s/he does not provide any reference:

Gibson argues that “to the eighteenth-century mind,

philosophy, science, religion and politics could still be

treated as a unity.”

4.4. Plagiarised paraphrases:

4.4.1. Paraphrasing without citation:

Gibson argues that eighteenth-century philosophers,

politicians, scientists and clergymen could easily

reconcile reason with religion, mysticism with rational

science, politics with theology. He illustrates this well-

established argument with a somewhat outdated example,

namely, Thomas Sprat’s classic on the history of the Royal

Society, written in 1663.




Although the student has paraphrased the passage and included an appropriate entry in the

bibliography s/he has failed to cite the original author in the body of the paper.

4.4.2. Rewording the original and maintaining the structure:

As T. Sprat’s work entitled the History of the Royal

Society (1663) demonstrates, reason and irrationalism,

mysticism and science, had not yet created disjunctive

territories of the mind. Thus I. Newton was an eminentscholar of physics, but was also devoted to the occult,

millenarian ideas and the spirituality of freemasonry.

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On a superficial level, this may seem appropriate, as this is not a direct quote. Even though

the writer has reworded the passage by substituting synonyms for many words, s/he has not

changed the structure of the original sentences. Although the writer does not need to use

quotation marks, s/he should express the argument in her or his own words and credit the

original author for his ideas by placing a citation at the end of the passage.

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