Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica anton dohrn

iV

Places, People, Tools Oceanography in the Mediterranean and Beyond

Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the History of Oceanography

edited by

Christiane Groeben

Giannini EditoreNapoli 2013G

ian

nin

i Ed

ito

rE

Plac

es, P

eopl

e, T

ools

: O

cean

ogra

phy

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean

and

Bey

ond

ISBN 88-7431-621-0

9 7 8 8 8 7 4 3 1 6 2 1 2

€ 45,00

Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica anton dohrn

iV

Places, People, Tools Oceanography in the Mediterranean and Beyond

Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the History of Oceanography

edited by

Christiane Groeben

Giannini EditoreNapoli 2013

[Cover page]

The Rowers. Detail of the wall painting by Hans von Marées (1837-1887) on the north wall of the Fresco room at the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 1873. Courtesy of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn.

ISBN 978-88-7431-621-2

© 2013 Giannini Editore NapoliVia Cisterna dell’Olio 6/b, 80134 Napoliwww.gianninispa.it

Contents

ForewordKeith R. Benson

IntroductionChristiane Groeben

I – National Contexts

Selim A. MorcosMarine Sciences in Egypt

Roger H. Charlier, Charles W. Finkl, Alexandre C. Thys and Christopher MakowskiLife Cycle Historical Markers of Five Mediterranean Ports

Juan Pérez-RubínInception and Development of Oceanographic Chemistry in Spain (1911-1931)

George N. Vlahakis, Manos Dassenakis and Stella TriantafyllakiProfessional Aspects of Oceanographic Development in Greece During the Last 50 Years

Julia Lajus and Anatolii PantiulinSoviet Oceanography and the Second International Polar Year: National Achievements in the International Context

Wolfgang MatthäusSteps of Development in International Research in the Baltic Sea during the “Hot Phase” of the Cold War (1947-1964)

Roger H. Charlier More Belgian Bio-Marine Contributions since 1830

II – Institutions

A. Johan van BennekomPolitical Factors in the Establishment of Biological Stations before 1900

9

11

13

35

49

63

71

87

105

125

CONTENTS

Christiane Groeben and Sergei Fokin From Russia with Love: Russian Scientists at the Naples Zoological Station (1874-1934)

Alexandru Ş. Bologa, Adela F. Bologa and Roger H. Charlier Ioan Borcea and the First Romanian Marine Zoological Station at Agigea (1926)

Jens SmedThe Decline of ICES during the First World War and its Rise after the War

Selim A. MorcosMediterranean Standard Seawater and the Mediterraneam Commission (CIESM) 1914-1926

III – People

Deborah Day and Eric L. MillsCharles Atwood Kofoid and the Biological Stations of Europe

Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre and Anita McConnellPrince Albert I and J.Y. Buchanan: Mediteranean Investigations

Selim A. Morcos, Xosé A. Fraga and Gregorio Parrilla-BarreraThe Dawn of Spanish Oceanography: Odón de Buen and His Letters to Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (Banyuls-sur-Mer), Prince Albert I and Jules Richard (Monaco), 1895-1945

Nataliya A. Goryashko and Sergei I. Fokin Konstantin Karlovitch Saint-Hilaire (1866-1941) and His Biological Station at the White Sea (1911-1940)

Jens SmedMartin Knudsen as Designer of Oceanographic Instruments

IV – Tools

Selim A. Morcos and Mostafa El-Abbadi The Hydroscope of Alexandria

141

173

185

213

233

255

267

299

311

325

6

CONTENTS

Selim A. Morcos and Alain Poisson Challenger Centenary Calibration of Old Hydrometers. Capturing the Past: the Case of the Suez Canal

Roger H. Charlier and Marie-Claire P. ChaineuxRenascence of Tide Mills II: Re-discovery, Restoration, Re-use

Jens SmedContribution to the History of Knudsen’s Hydrographical Tables

Roger H. Charlier and Constance C. CharlierCalypso on the Mend

V – Exploration Then and Now

Mira Zore-ArmandaEarly Investigation of the Adriatic, Mediterranean and Red Sea based at the City of Pola

Enrique Wulff and Juan Pérez-Rubín The First International Oceanography Congress held in Spain (Seville, 1929)

Artur SvanssonThe Mediterranean Part of the Swedish Albatross Expedition Round the World (1947-1948)

Maria Cristina Gambi, Isabella D’Ambra, Graziano Fiorito, Vincenzo Saggiomo The Archivio Moncharmont: a Pioneering Biodiversity Assessment in the Gulf of Naples (Italy)

Norberto Della Croce and Mario Petrillo The Atacama Trench International Expedition

Index of Names

351

371

389

401

409

421

443

459

469

477

7

Foreword

The eighth International Congress for the History of Oceanography, or ICHO VIII, was held during the summer of 2008 in Naples, Italy. Generously hosted by the Stazione Zoologica, it maintained a long tradition of meeting in a setting that had served historically and contemporaneously as an important site for oceanographic work, joining earlier meetings in Monaco (1966), Edinburgh (1972), Woods Hole (1980), Hamburg (1987), La Jolla (1993), Quindao (1999), and Kaliningrad (2003). With the theme of “Places, People, Tools: Oceanog-raphy in the Mediterranean and Beyond” the congress attracted scholars con-tributing to discussions of oceanography in its national and institutional con-texts, of leading contributors to oceanographic research, of the emergence of new oceanographic tools, and of selected oceanographic expeditions. All these presentations featured fresh historical perspectives, especially on oceanography within the Mediterranean basin.

ICHO VIII was a smaller meeting than some of the earlier ICHO meetings, an observation that deserves some comment. For much of the twentieth centu-ry, oceanography has been dominated by large-scale expeditions, often under-taken on impressive oceanographic research vessels, and financially supported by national and international objectives to understand the world’s oceans. It is important to emphasize that the latter aspect of twentieth-century ocean-ography paralleled the rise of the Cold War, especially as the US attempted to utilize oceanographic research in the development of methods to contain the Soviet Union. As a result, when the Cold War ended, some of the motivations to support oceanographic research diminished as well. Many participants at the Naples meeting recall the presentation of the director of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) at the La Jolla meeting, when he called for the conversion of ONR’s military-related research to peaceful purposes. However, and coupled with the economic crisis of the early twenty-first century, support for oceano-graphic research has declined internationally and, with it, support for ancillary social science research, such as the history of oceanography, has declined as well. Thus, meetings since the La Jolla meeting in 1993 have depended for support on the initiative or occasion of local and/or national celebrations with which an ICHO meeting could participate.

Despite the smaller nature of the meeting in Naples, those who attended and participated provided the first-rate historical presentations that make up these proceedings. As such, this volume adds to the impressive earlier publications

10

that have been critical in the development of a body of literature that now com-prises an important sub-discipline in the history of science, that of the history of oceanography.

Although it was difficult to locate substantial financial resources for the meeting, thanks need to be extended to the support provided by Roberto Danovaro, president of A.I.O.L. (Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Lim-nologia), from the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, and from the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science through its Commission on the History of Oceanography. Of course, this introduction would be incom-plete without a very special word of praise for the dedicated work of Christiane Groeben in organizing the ICHO VIII meeting and then for her continued dedication in putting together this volume. We all owe her a great debt.

May 2012

Keith R. BensonPresident, ICHO

FOREWORD

Introduction

For millennia, the ocean has served both as the habitat for an immense vari-ety of organisms, known and unknown, and the dominant connection between nations and continents. Thus, it has always challenged the desire of humankind to become its master. Explorers, technicians, scientists, politicians, fishermen, and naval personnel have contributed with their gifts, training, and expertise to further the frontiers of knowledge of the oceans.

Oceanography is not a straightforward academic discipline. Rather it is a complementary interaction of places, be they ships or labs, of people with di-versified missions, and of instruments that mediate between the ocean and its observers and patrons. This variety of approaches characterizes each Congress for the History of Oceanography. The eighth Congress has been the second to take place on the shores of the Mediterranean – after Monaco in 1966 – and the Naples Zoological Station, the place where interdisciplinary research in marine biology originated, served as an ideal venue. Participants came from 15 nations (Great Britain, USA, Russia, Germany, Romania, Greece, Egypt, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Monaco, Canada, France, Croatia and Italy) to share their historical research results on oceanography in the Mediterranean and beyond.

I wish to express my gratitude to the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn and its President Roberto Di Lauro (2007-2011) to have accepted my proposal to host the Eighth International Congress for the History of Oceanography (ICHO VIII) at Naples (26-29 June 2008). The Congress received further sup-port from the Italian Association of Oceanography and Limnology (A.I.O.L.), the Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, and the Commission of the History of Oceanography (International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science). My sincere thanks go to the staff of the Stazione Zoologica for the warm hospitality and to Vincenzo Saggiomo for his precious collaboration as local organizer.

Considering the venue it seemed obvious to focus the theme of the Con-gress on the Mediterranean as a non-exclusive model for research traditions, and as a national and international interaction of places, people and tools. This volume includes twenty-seven peer reviewed contributions to the congress.

I am grateful to the President of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Prof. Enrico Alleva, for permission to publish the proceedings in the series Pubhlica-zioni della Stuzione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. Special thanks go the referees and, in particular, to Helen M. Rozwadowski for her generous and careful assistance

12

in the editing process and to the authors for their patience helping me to make this book happen. And last, but certainly not least, I gratefully acknowledge financial support for the publication from the Associazione Italiana di Oceano-logia e Limnologza (AIOL) and from the President of the Commission for the History of Oceanography (ICHO), Keith R. Benson.

Naples, December 2012

Christiane Groeben

INTRODUCTION

Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica anton dohrn

iV

Places, People, Tools Oceanography in the Mediterranean and Beyond

Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress for the History of Oceanography

edited by

Christiane Groeben

Giannini EditoreNapoli 2013G

ian

nin

i Ed

ito

rE

Plac

es, P

eopl

e, T

ools

: O

cean

ogra

phy

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean

and

Bey

ond

ISBN 88-7431-621-0

9 7 8 8 8 7 4 3 1 6 2 1 2

€ 45,00