PIA 2000

Introduction to Public Affairs

Week 3: The Systems Model

“Contemporary Models” of Governance and Socio-Economic Change

Overview

1. Political Models

2. The Public Sector and the Economy

3. The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan

4. The Debates Over Development: Africa, Asia and Latin America

5. Comparative Methodology Issues

A Governance Ideal

Political Models

1. Separation of Powers

2. Parliamentary System

3. Mixed Systems of Government

4. One Party or No Party Systems

5. Military and Authoritarian Systems

Separation of Powers

“Presidential System”

U.S.

Mexico

Philippines

Many Latin

American

Countries

Parliamentary System: Cabinet or Fused Government

United Kingdom

Scandinavia

Central Europe

India

Former British Colonies

The French Hybrid- The Mixed Presidential Model

France

French Colonies

Weak Hybrids with a Ceremonial President

One Party States: “Democratic Centralism”

Communist or Leninist States

Afro-Marxist

Fascist

“No Party Regimes”

Weak Party Systems

“Absolutism”

Fascism and Italy

VIDEO

The Banality of Authoritarianism

2. The Public Sector and the Economy

1. Free Market

2. Mixed or Social Democratic

3. Socialist Industrialization

4. Autarcky with Rural Mobilization

5. Corporate/ Fascist

Ideology as Social Science

The Public Sector and the Economy

Reminder:

Karl Marx- The Other German-

Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber

Marx with his Wife Jenny (1869) and with Friedrich Engels and Family (1864)

Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes

a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes

b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism

c. Model: (John Armstrong- The Conservative Marxist)

-Thesis

-Antithesis

-Synthesis

Dialectic

Thesis Antithesis

Synthesis

Class Conflict: Four Epochs

SlaveryFeudalismCapitalismSocialism

e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie

f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870  – January 21, 1924)

Command Economy- Revised by Lenin and Keynes1. Under socialism, government, the

bureaucracy should manage the economy

2. The development of an elaborate national planning system

3. Keynes- Failure of market

4. European Social Democracy

Command Economy

4. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)

5. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)

6. Development Management: An Oxymoron

3. The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan

Focus on the State Economic System

Collectivist vs. Individualist Approach

Europe vs. Anglo-Saxon

Debates about Groups: Competitive vs. Cooperative (Corporatist)

Does This Help?

It Starts with Adam SmithJune 5, 1723 – July 17, 1790

Debate over the Economy

1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.

2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View esp. USA

3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union: Command Economy (whole or part): Images of

the Cold War-VIDEOEastern Europe Was Not Social Democratic

Continental Europe

Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (Not Adam Smith).

“the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.”

Count de Saint-Simon

1760-1825

Count Henri de Saint-simon

Social Democracy: Debate

The Rose as a Symbol

Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe

The Second International

All European Countries have a Social Democratic Party (The Second International)

American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S. Social Democratic Party)

Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism

1. Monetary Policy

2. Fiscal Policy

3. Wage and Price controls

“We’re All Keynesians Now”Friday, Dec. 31, 1965

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control

1. Traditional- police and law and order

2. National Defense

3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare

4. Resource Mobilization

2011- Debates About “Obamacare?”

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control- Continued6. Economic Growth generation: From

Roosevelt and the New Deal to Kennedy and Johnson, The Great Society

6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria (Turner and Holm)

7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world

Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006)

4. The Debates Over Development: Africa, Asia and Latin America

Colonial Heritage

Political Nationalization

Adapted Keynesianism

Anti-Private Sector:

Pariah Groups, White Settlers, Chinese, Indians, Lebanese-Arabs (The Jews in Europe Debates)

Conceptual: Agraria vs. Industria

Development

Agraria

Attitudes: parochial – fixed rulesCustoms: particularistic / inheritedStatus: ascriptiveFunctionally: diffuseHolistic ChangeLack of Specialized Roles

Result

Agricultural, rural, poorOral / illiterateAuthoritarian instabilitySubsistence – non-monetaryRevolution and violenceOccupation fixed

Industria

UniversalisticLegal / RationalAchievement OrientedRoles Functionally SpecificHigh Degree of TechnologyManufacturing and Production

Oriented

Result

CommercialDemocratic / PeacefulOccupational mobilityLiterateUrban, RichIncrementalism, Stability and Gradual

Change

Uganda Asians Expelled 1972

The Development Model

Modernization Theory

State as Development Manager

Industrialization vs. Rural Development

The Take Off Point: Capital Accumulation

Breaktime

Ten Minute Break

Japan and Economic DevelopmentChalmers Johnson

Author of the Week

Prologue: Two Views of Government: "There are several ways in which the government

has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1]

"What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[2]

[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.

[2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3.

Robert Klitgaard, Family and Friend

Japan and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Asian Model

Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private Sector

Management (not Political) Focus

Growth and Export

Model for Asian Tigers

Asian Tigers Under Attack, 1997-98

Legacy: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (in Asia)

 

Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no: 603-6203 3022Fax no: 603-6201 2337Email:webmiti@miti.gov.my

5. Comparative Methodology Issues Impact of the “Third World Model”

Soft State Problem

Weak Private Sector Problem

Debates about Governance and Authoritarianism

Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, professor emeritus of political science, passed away on February 9, 2008

Riggs Life

Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs.  He attended Nanking University, 1934-35.

Missionary Life

Comparative Public Administration Issues

a. The politics-administration dichotomy

b. Environmental and cultural factors are important. Ecology as an issue

c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of people's lives

Comparative Methods

ISSUES, Continued

d. Comparative as a method- structural-functionalist

e. Systemic influence on the individual- role definition, socialization and development of organizations vs. institutions

Gabriel A. Almond (12 January 1911 – 25 December 2002)

Inputs- Interest Articulation

Interest Aggregation

Socialization

“Conversion- The Black Box”

Outputs- Laws, Regulations

And Policies

Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on comparative and development administration. Bad reputation Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss

administrative and political development

USAID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.

Post-Vietnam and Iran

Ferrel Heady, Founder of SICA, 1916-2006

CAG Contined

NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and Asia

After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug

CAG End of Ford grant, 1974

Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine-one-one

End of Development as a consensus Northern Tier goal

Development Management Flounders?

THEORY: Civil Society vs. State

DEBATES

John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman

End of Macro-Approach

1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with Ferrel Heady)

a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs

b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes

c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government

2. Governance- Basis for Comparison

Systemic Approach to Governance and Development

End of Macro-Approach

2. Things often done by different structures and processes

Key:- Who makes rules- who carries out,

implements

3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory

Governance: Who Gets

The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach

a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration

b. Comparative Study of:

1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel, inter-governmental relations, policy process- Focus on Relationships

2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania-

Not Comparative

Focus on Relationships

Middle Range Theory:

a. Role Theory, Exchange Theory

b. Focus on specific relationships: eg. bureaucracy and political and moral variables within a country

c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"

Role Theory

Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23, 2003

From 1989-2001

End of Cold War

Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist Countries

September 11

Democracy and Governance

Public Private Partnerships

Governance Theory in the 1990s

c. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused institutions

1. Ombudsman2. Auditor General3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national

authority- the Prefectoral system

d. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions are very expensive-run out of money/go back to case studies

c. The New Solution: Integration- The Whole of Government Approach

Swedish Ombudsman

Whole of Government

2001-Present

Micro-Issues:

Debate about “Whole of Government

1. Public-Private Partnerships

2. Evaluation and Contracting Out

3. Three D’s: Diplomacy, Defense and Development

4. Debates about Democracy VIDEO

Discussion Possibilities

James Thurber, “The Greatest Man in the World

Franz Kafka, “The Bureaucracy”

Nadine Gordimer, “Africa Immigrants”

Robert Penn Warren, All The King’s Men

Anything Else?

Authors of the Week

Franz Kafka, 1883-1924

Robert Penn Warren, 1905-1989

Authors of the Day

Nadine Gordimer, Born, 1923

James Thurber, 1894-1961

Comments and Discussion