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Spring 1964 Printemps

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Physics in Canada The Bulletin of the Canadian Association of Physicists

Bulletin de l'Association Canadienne des Physiciens

Vol. 20, No. 1, Spring 1964

ABOUT THE ASSOCIATION 4

LE COLLOQUE DE RIO DE JANEIRO SUR LA PHYSIQUE DANS

L'ENSEIGNEMENT GENERAL PAR PAUL LORRAIN 5

THE WORLD'S SUPPORT OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH 9

DROWNED IN DATA BY J. H. CHAPMAN 16

ABOUT THE COVER 17

C.A.P. AFFAIRS 18

ACCOMMODATION FOR THE C.A.P. CONGRESS 2 1

NEWS 2 3

CANADIAN PHYSICISTS 2 9

D. K. C. MACDONALD 3 1

BOOKS 3 4

EDITOR: A. Vallance Jones, EDITORIAL BOARD: A. Kavadas, J. D. King, T. P. Pepper, G. G. Shepherd, R. Skinner. EDITORIAL ADDRESS: Dept. of Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.

ADVERTISING AND SUBSCRIPTIONS: University of Toronto Press, Front Campus, Toronto.

PUBLISHED FOR THE ASSOCIATION BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

AUTHORIZED AS SECOND CLASS MAIL BY THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, OTTAWA, AND FOR PAYMENT OF POSTAGE IN CASH

A bout the Association

THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS invites applications for mem-bership from physicists, scientists and engineers whose work is related to physics, from teachers of physics and from university students study-ing physics or an allied course. Besides organizing an annual congress and special symposia of its subject divisions, the association is active in supporting High School and University Education in Physics by organiz-ing Prize Examinations and in encouraging students to embark upon physics as a career. Full members receive the Canadian Journal of Physics free, while Associate Members receive it free for four years. All members receive the association's own bulletin, Physics in Canada, and membership lists from time to time.

Membership is available in four grades—full member, associate mem-ber, student member and corporate member.

Subject divisions of Theoretical Physics, Medical Physics and Earth Physics are active. When demand warrants, other divisions may be formed.

For further details regarding membership of the Association write the Registrar, Canadian Association of Physicists, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, or see the nearest Council member.

The annual membership fees of the Association are as follows: Full members $15.00; Associate members, $6.00; Student members $2.00. Arrangements for corporate membership should be made by contacting Dr. R. H. Hay, Aluminum Company of Canada, Kingston, Ontario.

' ! . . . . . .

C.A.P. EXECUTIVE. President: L. Katz, University of Saskatchewan. Past President: G. M. Volkoff, University of British Columbia. Vice-President: P. Lorrain, Uni-versity of Montreal. Secretary: A. C. H. Hallett, University of Toronto. Treasurer: C. C. McMullen. Directors: F . T. Davies, Defence Research Board; J. H. Ormrod, McMaster University; A. Lemieux, University of Montreal. Division Chairmen: G. F . Whitmore, University of Toronto, Medical Physics; E. W. Vogt, Chalk River, Theoretical Physics; P. A. Forsyth, University of Western Ontario, Earth Physics. Registrar: R. G. Summers-Gill, McMaster University. Editor: A. Vallance Jones, University of Saskatchewan. C.A.P. COUNCIL. B.C. and Yukon: J. E. Lokken, R. Barrie. Alberta: B. G . Wilson, W. K. Dawson. Sask. and Man.: K. G. Standing, L. H. Greenberg. S. W. Ontario: E. B. MacNaughton, P. A. Fraser. Central Ontario: H . M. Love, J. C. Stryland. Ottawa Valley: A. G. Ward, E. P. Hincks. Quebec: W. R. Raudorf, P. Marmet. New Brunswick and Newfoundland: W. J. Noble, S. W. Breckon. Nova Scotia and P.E.I. : H. D. Smith, W. J. Archibald. EXECUTIVE ADDRESS: Dept. of Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

CORPORATE MEMBERS:

D. Van Nostrand Co.; Polymer Corp. Ltd., Sarnia; The Steel Company of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton; Dominion Foundry and Steel Co. Ltd.; De Haviland Aircraft of Canada, Ltd.; Dominion Electrohome Industries, Ltd.; Canadian Westinghouse Co. Ltd.; R.C.A. Victor Co. Ltd.

Le colloque de Rio de Janeiro sur

la physique dans l'enseignement general

PAUL LORRAIN

Université de Montréal

TROIS SOCIÉTÉS, l'une nationale et les deux autres internationales avaient participé à l'organisation du colloque qui eut lieu à Rio de Janeiro du 1er au 6 juillet dernier sur la Physique dans l'enseignement général: Le Centre Brésilien de Recherches Physiques, l'UNESCO, et la Com-mission de l'Enseignement de l'Union Internationale de Physique Pure et Appliquée.

Cent cinquante sept délégués représentaient vingt-sept pays, dont tous les pays d'Amérique, sauf les Guyanes et le Honduras Britannique, et presque tous les pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest. L'Europe Centrale n'était représentée que par un seul délégué de la Tchécoslovaquie, et la délégation russe dut s'excuser au dernier moment. Il y avait également quatre délégués venant du Japon et du Ceylan, et un du Maroc ex-français.

Cette réunion venait immédiatement à la suite d'un autre colloque portant sur les problèmes particuliers à l'enseignement de la Physique en Amérique Latine organisé par Y Organization of American States, mieux connue sous le sigle OAS.

Les réunions avaient lieu dans le cœur même de la ville, au Palais de la Culture, un grand bâtiment élancé, planté au milieu d'un quadrilatère et entouré de verdure. Une exposition d'appareils brésiliens, suédois, et américains avait lieu simultanément.

Elles étaient sous la présidence conjointe du Professeur J. Tiomo de Rio de Janeiro ainsi que du Professeur Sanborn C. Brown de MIT. Tout alla pour le mieux, malgré les multiples problèmes qui se pré-sentent inévitablement dans de telles réunions internationales, grâce aux bons soins de M. J. V. Andrade qui fit preuve à la fois d'omniscience, d'ubiquité, et de cordialité.

L'impression générale laissée par le Colloque est que l'on commence enfin à travailler sérieusement aux problèmes de l'enseignement des

8 PHYSICS IN CANADA

sciences. Il se fait depuis toujours, bien sûr, des travaux de grande valeur dans tous les secteurs de l'enseignement, mais la situation est maintenant totalement modifiée par trois phénomènes nouveaux. Pre-mièrement, des scientifiques de grande réputation travaillent, souvent à temps plein, à des problèmes de l'enseignement. Cela ne s'était à peu près jamais vu. Deuxièmement, il existe maintenant des contacts suivis entre les niveaux secondaire et universitaire. Troisièmement, on utilise enfin des moyens matériels proportionnés à la tâche.

Les résultats obtenus à date, tant au niveau secondaire qu'universitaire sont remarquables. Il ne fait aucun doute que l'enseignement de la Physique, dans bien des secteurs, est—ou était—devenu plus ou moins sclérosé. On assiste maintenant à un rajeunissement, à une mise à jour qui suscite autant l'intérêt des élèves que du corps enseignant.

De toutes les communications présentées, je me borne à en signaler trois.

Pourquoi méconnait-on si souvent la valeur culturelle de la science? Le Professeur Sanborn C. Brown accuse, à juste titre, l'enseignement scientifique lui-même qui s'est trop borné à cataloguer les faits et les lois, et à indiquer au laboratoire le détail de la marche à suivre pour arriver au bon résultat. Par contre, on peut dire que le corps enseignant spécialisé en humanités s'est toujours désintéressé du contenu scien-tifique de notre culture contemporaine. Peut-on être surpris si, dans ces conditions, la Science soit si peu intégrée dans la Culture? Il semble bien que le premier aspect du problème c'est-à-dire la qualité de l'en-seignement scientifique, soit en voie de solution. En effet, la Physique du PSSC (Physical Science Study Committee) ainsi que les nouveaux cours américains de Physique pour la première année universitaire accordent une place relativement importante aux concepts fonda-mentaux.

Le problème de l'intégration de la Physique dans la Culture fut l'objet d'une communication remarquable par le Professeur Gerald Holton de Harvard. Communication remarquable que toutes les per-sonnes intéressées à la question devront lire in extenso dans les comptes rendus de la Conférence qui seront publiés sous peu. Il réussit à Harvard à intégrer la Physique élémentaire aussi bien aux mathématiques, à l'astronomie, et au génie qu'à la psychologie, à l'histoire, et à la philo-sophie. Comme exemple, il cite dix-huit titres de dissertations portant sur l'influence de la science sur la culture occidentale au dix-septième siècle: L'évolution, de Newton à Darwin, L'influence de Newton sur Adam Smith, La mécanique du dix-septième siècle et les matérialistes français du dix-huitième siècle, etc.

LE COLLOQUE DE RIO DE JANEIRO 7

Ce cours ne s'adresse pas qu'à de futurs scientifiques. Il est évidem-ment important d'offrir de solides cours de Physique aux élèves qui se destinent à cette discipline. Pour les autres, il est également important d'offrir des cours sérieux, mais il faut en plus leur situer la Physique dans l'ensemble de notre culture.

Pour expliquer le désappointement habituel de ces derniers élèves, le Professeur Holton raconte cette histoire que C. N. Yang utilise, lui, pour faire comprendre le désenchantement du physicien qui consulte un mathématicien. Un homme chargé d'un lourd paquet de linge sale marchait depuis longtemps lorsqu'il vit finalement une affiche: "Buan-derie". Il entre et dépose son fardeau sur la table.

—"Qu'est-ce que c'est que çà?" lui demande-t-on. —"S'il vous plaît, j'aimerais faire laver ce linge-ci". —"Nous ne lavons pas le linge ici" —"Mais votre affiche à la porte. . . " —"Oh çà! Nous, nous faisons seulement des affiches".

Inévitablement, une bonne partie du Colloque porta sur la Physique du PSSC. Le Professeur Jerold Zacharias de M.I.T. exposa avec simplicité et conviction le travail effectué à date. Le manuel est main-tenant traduit, ou en voie de traduction, en huit langues (espagnol, portugais, italien, japonais, hébreu, turc, thaï . . . et français). On en prépare une adaptation pour la Scandinavie. Les livres de poche sont en voie de traduction dans 15 ou 20 langues. Certains films sont traduits en espagnol. D'autres sont en voie de traduction en français par l'Office du Film de la Province de Québec.

Aux Etats-Unis, les nombres d'élèves qui étudient le PSSC dans les High Schools ont varié comme suit depuis le début, en milliers: 0.3, 12, 24, 43, 80, 130. La courbe est typique des phénomènes biologiques: croissance exponentielle suivie de saturation. Actuellement, 30% des élèves qui choisissent la Physique dans les High Schools américains étudient la Physique du PSSC.

Plusieurs aspects importants du travail du PSSC ressortent des remarques du Professeur Zacharias. Tout d'abord, on essaie de dévelop-per chez l'élève une indépendance de pensée suffisante pour qu'il ait le courage de discuter avec son professeur: "We must train men instead of mice". Ceci est assurément salutaire et fort différent des méthodes conventionnelles.

Le comité préfère aussi, à l'encontre des traditions établies, aller de l'inconnu au connu au niveau élémentaire. Comme l'intérêt joue un rôle primordial dans l'enseignement, on a trouvé qu'il est préférable de stimuler l'intérêt en présentant d'abord un phénomène intriguant, même

8 PHYSICS IN CANADA

s'il est complexe, et ensuite d'en arriver à l'analyse d'un phénomène familier. Exemple: on examine le comportement étrange de deux pendules couplés, et de là on arrive au pendule simple, pour ensuite revenir à une explication qualitative des pendules couplés.

On fait un réel effort pour intégrer dans l'enseignement, et ainsi dans la Culture, deux théories déjà anciennes mais qui sont toujours restées ésotériques, la relativité et la mécanique quantique. Après tout, la nature ondulatoire de l'électron a été observée il y a déjà quarante ans et la relativité date du début du siècle.

Finalement, on s'attache plus aux concepts physiques et moins aux démonstrations mathématiques qu'auparavant. On accorde plus d'im-portance à la discussion des concepts, et l'on simplifie les mathématiques.

Le PSSC étend maintenant son activité de diverses façons. D'une part on songe à décaler en 9ième année le premier quart du programme, et d'autre part on approfondit certains sujets sous le titre général de PSSC—Advanced Tapies.

Le problème de la formation des maîtres reste le plus difficile. A date, 4,000 professeurs ont été formés aux méthodes du PSSC aux Etats-Unis dont 2,500 enseignement effectivement le nouveau programme. En gros, 1.5 X 106 maîtres enseignent la Physique au niveau secondaire aux Etats-Unis. De ce nombre, 20% abandonnent chaque année. Ce sont surtout des jeunes filles qui se marient ou des femmes mariées qui cessent de travaillerL II faudrait donc former 300,000 nouveaux pro-fesseurs de Physique par année, sans compter le recyclage des profes-seurs en fonction. La tâche est donc gigantesque. On utilisera ici les mêmes méthodes que celles utilisées pour la Physique du PSSC. Afin d'améliorer les méthodes d'enseignement, on organise un studio de cinéma où l'on filmera des professeurs du secondaire au travail avec des classes de 30 ou 40 élèves. Les films ne porteront pas seulement sur la Physique mais sur une grande variété de sujets. A l'intérieur d'un sujet donné ils montreront plusieurs professeurs bien différents les uns des autres afin d'assurer une bonne diversité dans l'enseignement.

Tout ceci est fort coûteux, à première vue. En fait, si l'on songe que l'éducation coûte trente milliards de dollars par an aux Etats-Unis (l'industrie de l'automobile plus l'industrie pétrolière), la dépense est négligeable.

The World's Support of High Energy Physics Research

The following material is a slightly condensed version of a report prepared by the C.A.P. committee on High Energy Physics. As noted in the Winter 1963 Number, copies of the full report, including its appendices, may be obtained from the committee chairman, Dr. E. P. Hincks, National Research Council, Sussex Street, Ottawa.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Committee on High Energy Physics was originally instructed by the C.A.P. to report regularly to the Executive on the state of high energy physics in Canada and to make recommendations concerning research requirements. "Its goal should be to keep abreast of current work on high energy physics* and allied fields and to keep interest alive."

This reportf presents a very brief outline of the magnitude and trend of the present world-wide effort in this field of research. It shows that this effort is considerable and that it is probably increasing rapidly. It also shows that the Canadian contribution is at present negligible.

The following sections of the report analyze the current situation in terms of particle accelerator facilities and total expenditures support-ing high energy research. An indication is given of the anticipated future expansion of this effort, and the trend of activity away from the

*We interpret the term "high energy physics" in the usual way to mean primarily the physics of elementary particles. V. F. Weisskopf in a recent paper ("The Place of Elementary Particle Research in the Development of Modern Physics", Physics Today, 16, 26, June 1963) delineates this branch of physics with the following paragraph:

"The search for elementary particles is as old as science itself. It is always the most advanced part of physics which strives for understanding of the fundamental constituents of matter. As physics progressed, the search for elementary par-ticles moved on from chemistry to atomic physics, and then into nuclear physics. Not much more than a decade ago it separated f rom nuclear physics and became a new field, dealing no longer with the structure of atomic nuclei but with the structure of the constituents of nuclei, the protons and neutrons, and also with the structure of electrons and similar particles. This field is often referred to as high-energy physics because of the fact that particle beams of extremely high energy are needed in most of its révélant experiments."

t A preliminary version of this report was presented to the Annual Business Meeting of the C.A.P. at Quebec City, June 7, 1963.

9

1 0 PHYSICS IN CANADA

individual laboratory to the joint laboratory is emphasized. Finally, the most obvious conclusions are presented and three recommendations are made. Detailed data are given in three appendices.

For the bulk of its information the Committee was fortunately able to draw on the contents of two recent documents. The first is a paper by Professor E. Amaldi, "Manpower and Funds for High Energy Research in Europe", which was presented at a meeting of the Euro-pean Accelerator Study Group in December, 1962.* The second is the report of the GAC-PSAC Panel on High Energy Accelerator Physics dated April 26, 1963. This Panel was convened by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's General Advisory Committee and the President's Science Advisory Committee to assess the future needs of the U.S.A. in the field of high energy accelerator physics. It consists of 10 senior physicists (about one-third of whom are not directly interested in high energy physics) under the chairmanship of Professor N. F. Ramsey of Harvard University. We shall refer to this document as the Ramsey Report. It is interesting to note that it was released to the public on May 20, although it is still under consideration by the parent com-mittees.

2 . SUMMARY OF PRESENT FACILITIES In Table I we present a summary of the numbers of high energy accelerators at present in operation or actually under construction in various countries. Three different low energy cut-offs are taken. The lowest (300 MeV) corresponds very crudely to the threshold for use-ful pion production, f and is the minimum energy that would be accept-able in classifying an accelerator as "high energy". The numbers are from the list given in Appendix I of the full report.

Many ways of relating the accelerator facilities to the size or wealth of a country could be invented. In the last column of Table I we adopt one of these and indicate the magnitude of the facilities in terms of "energy per unit population".

Canada has no accelerators that qualify for this list. The highest energy machines in this country are the 100 MeV (proton) synchrocy-clotron at McGill University, completed in 1948, and the 105 MeV

• M o r e complete and up-to-date data have been collected recently by Dr. E. Regenstreif of C E R N .

f T h e absolute thresholds for production of single charged pions in collisions of photons and protons with free nucléons are 150 MeV and 290 MeV respec-tively. If the target nucléon is bound in a nucleus Fermi motion reduces these values, but in practice one has to go to a considerably higher energy before a useful cross-section is reached.

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH 11

T A B L E I

DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH ENERGY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS

Number of Accelerators* GeVf per 10s

Country Population

(10«) Whose

10 GeV Energy Equals or Exceeds

1 GeV 300 MeV Persons

( 2 N e E -H P)

U.S.A. 186 3 10 18 49 U.S.S.R. 221 2 4 6 42 U.K. 53 0 3 5 24 Sweden 7.5 0 1 1 16 W. Germany France

57 46

0 0

1 2

2 2

11 9

Italy Japan

50 95

0 0

1 1

1 1

2 1

Switzerland _ 1 1 2 _ ( C E R N ) f

*In operation or under construction, t l GeV = 1 BeV = 10» eV. $The C E R N member countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, W. Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K. and Yugoslavia.

(loaded, electron) linear accelerator which is under construction for the University of Saskatchewan.

3 . EXPENDITURES ON HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

In Table II are summarized the relative expenditures in 1962 on high energy physics by those countries for which data were available. The actual expenditures in U.S. dollars and other relevant data are given in Appendix II of the full report. The separate sections of Table II relate the expenditures to population, to the Federal Government Budget (essentially all support for high energy physics comes from the Federal Government in all countries), and to the Total National Income (T.N.I.).

The figure used for Canadian expenditure is a guess, and probably not an under-estimate. It is seen to be negligible compared with those of the other countries listed, especially on the basis of Federal Govern-ment Budget or of T.N.I.

4 . THE FUTURE

Evidence that high energy physics activity is still expanding rapidly is best given by the Ramsey Report. The Ramsey Panel repeatedly empha-sizes the rising interest in this field of human endeavour and proposes a 19-year program for the U.S.A. A graphic representation of this program

1 2

(a) Cents per person

PHYSICS IN CANADA

T A B L E I I

EXPENDITURES ON HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS ( 1 9 6 2 ) "

30-60 10-30 3-10 1 - 3

France U . K . U.S.A.

Belgium Austria Denmark Netherlands

W. Germany Itay Norway Sweden Switzerland (Canadian expenditure is < 0.5 cents)

Greece Spain

(b) Mils per unit Fede qal Budget

0.9-1.6 0.6-0.9 0.25-0.6 0.1-0.25

France Italy Switzerland U.K. U.S.A.

W Germany Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden

Austria Greece

Canadian expenditure is < 0.02 Mils)

(c) Mils per unit T.N.I

0.3-0.4 0.15-0.3 0.05-0.15 0.02-0.05

France U.K.

W It; U

Germany dy S.A.

Austria Belgium Denmark Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland

Greece

Canadian expenditure is < 0.004 Mils)

• N o data are availab e for several countries known to have active high energy research programs, e for Nuclear Research

g., Japan, U.S.S.R., and countries using the Joint Institute at Dubna.

is reproduced as Figure 1. The proposed fourfold increase in expendi-ture during the next decade should dispel any idea that interest in this subject has reached its peak. The Ramsey Report claims that "high energy physics is a very active field of research in all technically advanced countries and is expected to remain so".

Amaldi reasons that the CERN countries should increase their total expenditure on high energy physics by a factor 2 in the near future. He concludes: "If it is true that a modern country should contribute 2% of its National Income to research, and that 1/10 of this should go into

19 YEAR P R O G R A M FOR U. S. H I G H ENERGY PHYSICS ( A n n u a l Cos»» in M i l l i o n s )

Effect of R e c o m m e n d e d N e w Faci l i t ies

ANNUAL LiVIL IN 10* $ 700

300

x M o as w z M 50 o «! IS X Hi VI o V)

w m s W > V o X

FISCAL YEARS FIG. 1

14

fundamental researcl

16 PHYSICS IN CANADA

. . one can conclude that in view of the funds it appears possible to develop the full program of research outlined above".

5 . THE CHANGE IN THE ORGANIZATION OF HIGH ENERGY RESEARCH

In the same way that the 1940's and 50's saw a trend away from research by individuals at their own benches to research by groups at the central facility of the laboratory, the 1960's and 70's will show a trend away from the individual laboratory to the joint laboratory with its large facilities shared by many groups of scientists from many differ-ent institutions.

Existing examples of such jointly used laboratories are: in the U.S.A., the Brookhaven and Argonne National Laboratories; in Europe, CERN and the British National Institutes for Research in Nuclear Science; and in the U.S.S.R., the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna. A survey of the papers presented at a recent (1962) inter-national high energy physics conference shows that the fraction of experiments which were based on facilities at large national or inter-national laboratories is about 0.5. (Of the rest, about two-thirds origi-nated at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley.) The same fraction in 1954 was about 0.2.

The Ramsey Panel "believes that essentially all new accelerators in high energy physics should be available to competent scientists and groups of scientists without regard to their current affiliations but rather in accordance with the scientific merits of their proposals", and, again, it "believes strongly that it is necessary to encourage those cooperative university arrangements that are called 'Users' Groups'."

It seems evident that when Canada finally enters the high energy field it will be with the aid of joint facilities at which scientists from several universities and existing national laboratories collaborate.

6 . CONCLUSIONS

(1) Modern technologically developed countries (excepting Canada) obviously consider that high energy physics research is an essential part of their intellectual activity and important for their future welfare. TTiey seem to support the doctrine expressed by the Ramsey Panel that "high energy physics is a unique training ground for some of our most creative people" and "they are a reservoir of inventive energy and broadly based scientific and engineering skill from which leadership can be drawn for other scientific enterprises".

(2) Interest in high energy physics is increasing and is expected to continue to do so for some time into the future.

HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS RESEARCH 15

(3) Canada's effort in this field is trivial by comparison with that of most of the intellectually active and industrialized countries of the world.

(4) Canada could begin now on a high energy program with a cost appropriate to her population and to other national expenditures which would soon result in a substantial contribution to this important field. Such an activity would also undoubtedly stimulate and improve the Canadian research and educational environment. An adequate program would require an initial expenditure of about $2,000,000 per year with an increase by a factor 4 over about 15 years. The initial annual expendi-ture would be the equivalent of 110 per person, an amount now being spent by the populations of Sweden, Belgium, and Norway. It could provide a program of accelerator construction of the scope outlined in Appendix III. Entry into the high energy field in a significant way will become more and more difficult as time passes.

7 . RECOMMENDATIONS

The Committee recommends : ( 1 ) that the contents of this report, as a statement of fact, should be

made available both to Canadian academic circles and to the general public;

(2) that the C.A.P. should advise Government authorities through suitable channels of the world-wide high energy physics picture as oudined in this report;

(3) that the Federal Government should be asked to create a committee who would study the implications for Canadian science of this world-wide picture, and who would be able to propose a carefully considered program for the future.

8 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Committee is grateful to Professor E. Amaldi for permission to quote from his paper; to Dr. J. C. Severiens of the U.S.A.E.C. for sending us a copy of the Ramsey Report, and to Dr. E. Regenstreif of CERN for sending us a copy of the answers to his questionnaire.

July 1963 The C.A.P. High Energy Committee: E . P . HINCKS (Chairman) E . LOMON M . A . PRESTON J . M . ROBSON J . T . SAMPLE G . M . VOLKOFF

Drowned in Data

J . H. CHAPMAN

IN THE SUMMER 196£ issue of Physics in Canada, the author described the problems of building an artificial earth satellite. The spacecraft became ALOUETTE or 1962 Beta Alpha One on September 29, 1962. Now one year later, we can make a progress report on the experiment.

Some statistics are in order first. In one year ALOUETTE completed 4981 orbits of the earth, the period of 105.5 minutes decreased by 0.1 seconds. The spin rate, originally 1.4 rpm decreased to 0.9 rpm, mainly due, it is thought, to eddy current damping. The efficiency of solar cells decreased 42% due largely to radiation damage caused by the belt of trapped fission electrons produced in the US nuclear weapons test of July 9, 1962, but also to a lesser extent by the sandblasting of solar cell cover glasses by micrometeorites. As a result there has been on the average a reduction in operations from 8 hours to 5 hours per day. None-theless, 12,900 commands were sent to the satellite, and executed, and 2,090 hours of data recorded. And Alouette still sings!

Miles of data have been processed, reduced and analysed. The last count of papers pouring from the five participating laboratories came to 70 or more. The authors of the experiments are not hoarding data, they are sending them to the World Data Centre in Boulder, Colorado, so other physicists can write still more papers!

Three of the four experiments in Alouette are truly exploratory in the sense that they have hot previously been attempted. The topside sounder has made possible the production of iso-ionic contour maps showing

ionosphere 600 km deep. From a series of these W and 105° E meridians, the development and

decay of the ionosphere throughout the day can be observed. The com-plex topology of the equatorial ionosphere is seen in great detail and simplicity, and a remarkable insight is gained into the phenomena caused by the bulge of the earth's magnetic field. The strong geomagnetic control of the ionosphere linked to regions of trapped particles can be seen in the abrupt transitions which occur near those particular field lines which extend out to four earth radii, and again at those going to eight or ten earth ràdii at the limits of the magnetosphere. The same

16

vertical slices of the maps near the 75°

DROWNED IN DATA 17

two transitions are evident in the radio noise at audio frequencies recorded by the "whistler" receiver in Alouette, another of the new experiments.

As the background noise level of the sounder receiver varies, it maps the galaxy, at radio frequencies which cannot penetrate to the ground. Noise storms on the sun are also received. Alouette is the second radio astronomy experiment in space. [The first was our preparatory experi-ment in Transit 2A in June I960.]

The fourth experiment, a group of six particle counters designed by the National Research Council Cosmic Ray Group, has similarly been highly successful, data on the U.S. and Russian nuclear tests, and on trapped and dumped particles in the radiation belts having been reduced, analysed, and prepared for publication.

What is next? Alouette continues to produce first class data, as good as the day she was launched. Studies of longer term trends are now under way, and plans are being prepared for new satellites to follow. The hydrogen ionosphere needs exploring, above the oxygen and helium layers in which Alouette floats. The "winter" of the solar season is at hand, when the sun is quiet, but in another year or so sun spots will again appear at high solar latitude, and the solar flux will change, storms will become more frequent and the solar wind will impinge more strongly on the magnetosphere. Later satellites are planned to explore the "spring" and "summer" of the solar season, till 1968 or so.

Are we in fact drowned in data? Not really. Most of us are learning to swim quite well, even though the shore seems a long way off. Anyone else like to try it? This kind of swimming is exciting!

8 November, 1963.

ABOUT THE COVER

In view of our feeling that the time is ripe for the cover to take cognisance of the Theoretical Physics Division of the C.A.P., this year's cover design was evolved with the collaboration of Dr. R. Skinner. It represents blackboard notes f rom a lecture on the development of our understanding of electron scattering.

C.A.P. Affairs

1964 C.A.P. CONGRESS

(preliminary programme) DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, N.S.

Wednesday, June 10 1:00-9:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m.

Thursday, June 11 8:30 a.m.-5:30 9:00 a.m.

9:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

Friday, June 12 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

2:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m.

Saturday, June 13 9:00 a.m.

9:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.

Registration Meeting of Executive and Council

p.m. Registration Joint meeting with the Canadian Meteorological Society Special session on Fermi Surfaces General sessions Medical Physics Division Special session on Space Physics General sessions

Presidential Address and Business Meeting Theoretical Physics Division Special session on Isotope Studies and Geo-chronology (sponsored jointly by Earth Physics Division and Associate Committee on Geophysics and Geodesy) General sessions C.A.P. Dinner and Presentation of Awards

Earth Physics Division featuring Marine Physics Special Session on Positron Annihilation General sessions Joint meeting of old and new Councils Guided tour of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography.

18

C.A.P. AFFAIRS 1 9

The Local Committee is preparing an exhibit of scientific books and equipment of interest to physicists. Publishers and manufacturers wishing to participate are invited to write to Professor E. K. MacKenzie.

Les réunions comporteront plusieurs communications invitées portant sur divers aspects de la Physique au Canada.

Le Professeur Wilkinson de l'Université Oxford a bien voulu accepter de présenter une communication qui sera intitulée "The Nuclear Sur-face". Il parlera également à la fin du diner de l'Association.

INVITATION A PRESENTER DES COMMUNICATIONS CALL FOR ABSTRACTS

Comme à l'ordinaire, l'Association invite les physiciens à présenter des communications de 10 minutes à son prochain congrès.

Les sommaires ne doivent pas dépasser 200 mots. On est prié de les faire parvenir à l'adresse ci-dessous au plus tard

le 1er avril :

M. Paul Lorrain Département de Physique Université de Montréal Case Postale 6128, Montréal 3, P.Q.

On est prié de faire dactylographier les sommaires exactement sous la même forme que ceux du programme de l'an dernier. The abstracts and papers may of course be presented either in French or English.

THEORETICAL PHYSICS DIVISION SUMMER INSTITUTE

As announced in the preceding issue the Theoretical Physics Division of the C.A.P. is holding a Summer Institute at Chalk River, August 3-14, 1964. (The dates in the preceding issue are in error and should be amended to these new dates.) The Institute will have as speakers in each of the two fields: solid state theory (W. Kohn, R. J. Elliott, and A. Maradudin) and nuclear structure theory (J. B. French, M. Harvey, and/or E. W. Vogt and M. Baranger). The details have been sent to all members of the Division. Anyone wishing to attend the Institute should contact J. P. Bernier, Secretary of the Division, at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories.

Excelsior*

The glow of dawn would soon reveal A waiting, lowering, shaft of steel; A rocket, sleek as chisled ice, A product of this bold advice:

Excelsior. Its hulking frame was fuelled, and filled With instruments minutely milled; Extension of man's questing brain, Its g<bal was augured in its name:

Excelsior. Its te sts completed, count-down done, It rose to meet the rising sun; Impelled aloft by brilliant flame, Inspired by this single aim :

Excelsior. It sp;d on bold in inquiry's cause, Up to and through the mesopause. Though most would say all air was gone, Tha gleaming shaft ascended on.

Excelsior. In ai mosphere at last most rare It slowed, and probed with hurried care New facts, that earth-bound man below His world above might better know.

Excelsior. Its Ijfe now spent, its mission done, It parted from the circling sun; It hurtled down in fatal fall, But still its name gave clarion call:

Excelsior. We men who probe, and probe anew, Where are we going, and what to do? We cannot know; we can only claim To seek the promise of that name:

Excelsior.

•This poem is taker a conference on the structure 1963 and sponsored by Institute of Aeronautics

C . O . HINES

f rom an after-dinner address delivered by Dr. Hines at icture of the stratosphere-mesosphere on 20th November the American Meteorological Society and the American

and Astronautics.

20

Accommodation for the C.A.P. Congress

TO BE HELD AT DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY

JUNE 10-13, 1964

UNIVERSITY RESIDENCES:

An adequate number of single and double rooms can be provided in the University Residences to house persons attending the Congress. Married couples can be accommodated in Shirrefï Hall or at King's College. The charge for bed and breakfast, whether single or double rooms are taken, will be $6.00 per person per day. Other meals will be available on the campus at reasonable prices.

The Residences are within easy walking distance of the meetings.

Canadian Association of Physicists

RESIDENCE ACCOMMODATION AT DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY

JUNE 10-13, 1964

(If reservation not already made, PLEASE RETURN BY MAY 1, to Dr. M. G. Calkin, Dept. of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S.)

Name (Mr., Mrs., Miss)

Address

Single room (if possible) • Double room •

Will room with

Date and time of arrival Departure

21

2 2

HOTELS

PHYSICS IN CANADA

PARTIAL LIST OF HALIFAX HOTELS AND M O T E L S

Nova Scotian Hotel, Hollis St. Lord Nelson Hotel, South Park St. Carleton Hotel, Argyle St. Dresden Arms Motor Hotel, Dresden Row

Single

$9.00-$13.00 $8.50 $7.00

$8.00

Double Twin

$13.00 to $17.00 $11.50 $14.50 $ 8.00 $10.00

$10.50 $13.50

MOTELS (Listed in order of increasing distance from Halifax)

The Armdale Motel, Route 3 The Harbour Lights, Routes 1 & 2 Wedgewood Motel, Routes 1 & 2

Bluenose Motel, Routes 1 & 2

Motel Esquire, Routes 1 & 2

Travelers Motel, Routes 1 & 2

Reservations should be made by April 15,1964.

$12.00 to $14.00 Coffee Shop $ 8.00 to $10.00 Coffee Shop $14.00—without Kitchen $16.00—with Kitchen $ 7.00 single to $16.00 for 4 Coffee Shop $ 9.00 single to Restaurant $25.00 for suite opposite $ 12.00 couple to Restaurant $ 16.00 family opposite

News

N E W UNDERGRADUATE PHYSICS TEACHING BUILDING

AT U.B.C. ON OCTOBER 25, the official opening of the Hebb Building, the new acquisition of the Physics Department, took place and at the same ceremony the present building was named the Hennings Building in memory of Albert Edward Hennings. The new unit is entirely devoted to undergraduate teaching. It includes a large lecture theatre for 450 persons provided with dual overhead projectors, and three tutorial rooms each with a capacity for 40 persons; these are designed for the first year class for whom it is hoped to provide good lectures in a few large groups plus more personal help in groups of less than 20 per tutor. In addition there are five floors each one of which is a single teaching laboratory for about 120 students and instruction is provided by a team comprising a professor, five demonstrators and a technician. The building is not quite finished as of writing, but those fortunate enough to be working in it are exceedingly pleased with the lecture room, optically, acoustically and furniture-wise, and with the laboratory arrangements.

J . B . WARREN

COOPERATION BETWEEN ASTRONOMERS AND METEOROLOGISTS

In recent years, attention has been drawn to the necessity of co-operation between astronomers and meteorologists in the field of observatory site selection. In particular, an Observatory Site Selection Conference held in Rome in October, 1962, recommended that astro-nomers establish contact with meteorologists in reference to the site selection problems, feeling that joint meteorological-astronomical re-search would be mutually beneficial.

One important astronomical difficulty with interesting meteorological implications is the phenomenon termed "optical seeing"—time varia-tions in the average width of the star image caused by atmospheric density fluctuations. Although the turbulent zones believed responsible for optical seeing phenomena are near the ground and the tropopause,

23

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© A Selection of Wiley and Interscience

Books for Lab, Library, Desk and Study

BAUMRIN: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: THE DELAWARE SEMINAR Vol. I: 1961-1962. An Interscience Book. 1963. 370 pages. $9.75. Vol. II: 1962-1963. An Interscience Book. 1963. 551 pages. $14.50.

LEE: TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY OF RHEOLOGY Vol. 7, 1963. An Interscience Book. 1963. 425 pages. $13.50.

GUTHRIE: VACUUM TECHNOLOGY. 1963. 532 pages. $12.50. KITTEL: QUANTUM THEORY OF SOLIDS. 1963. 435 pages. $13.50. BROUT-CARRUTHERS: LECTURES ON THE MANY-ELECTRON PROBLEM

Volume 10 in the Interscience Monographs and Texts in Physics and Astronomy. 1963. 204 pages. $9.50.

WANGSNESS: INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS: Relativity, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Mechanics. 1963.

315 pages. $8.50. HOAGLAND: DIGITAL MAGNETIC RECORDING. 1963. 154 pages. $7.50. ANDREWS: EQUILIBRIUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS. 1963. 206 pages. $5.00. BOHR: ESSAYS 1958-1962 ON ATOMIC PHYSICS AND HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. 1964.

Approx. 112 pages. Prob. $5.00. BRITTIN-DOWNS-DOWNS: LECTURES IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS. VOL. V.

Lectures delivered at the Summer Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1962. An Interscience Book. 1963. 585 pages. $12.00.

LEYMONIE: RADIOACTIVE TRACERS IN PHYSICAL METALLURGY. 1963. 208 pages. $8.50. RECENT INTERSCIENCE TRACTS ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

#21—NORTHROP: THE ADIABATIC MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES. 1963. 109 pages. $5.95. # 2 2 - B A R T O N : INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED FIELD THEORY. 1963. 163 pages. $6.50. #23-JEFFRIES: DYNAMIC NUCLEAR ORIENTATION. 1963. 177 pages. $5.95.

DEARNALEY-NORTHROP: SEMICONDUCTOR COUNTERS FOR NUCLEAR RADIATIONS. 1963. 331 pages. $8.75.

HOLLAND: THE PROPERTIES OF GLASS SURFACES. 1964. Prob. $14.00. SNEDDON-HILL: PROGRESS IN SOLID MECHANICS

Vol. III. A North-Holland (Interscience) Book. 1963. 258 pages. $10.50. Vol. IV. A North-Holland (Interscience) Book. 1963. 198 pages. $10.00.

CORINALDESI-STROCCHI: RELATIVISTIC WAVE MECHANICS A North-Holland (Interscience) Book. 1963. 310 pages. $12.00.

FOX: MICROWAVE RESEARCH INSTITUTE-Symposia Series. Volume 13-Symposium on Optical Masers. An Interscience Book. 1963. 652 pages. $15.00.

SUCHER-FOX: HANDBOOK OF MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS, Third Edition. In three volumes. Interscience Books. Vol. 1: 1963. 416 pages. Vol. 2: 387

pages. Vol. 3: 341 pages. Combined Price: $40.00 (Not sold separately). TROUP: MASERS AND LASERS: Molecular Amplification and Oscillation By Stimulated

Emission—Second Edition. One of the Methuen Monographs on Physical Subjects. 1963. 192 pages. $4.50.

SOLVAY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS-The Quantum Theory of Fields. P r o -ceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Physics at the University of Brussels,

October, 1961. An Interscience Book. 1963. 261 pages. $8.00. Order from your bookstore or

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y., 10016

2 6 PHYSICS IN CANADA

the relative contributions of each of these zones is unknown since the seeing effects of density fluctuations are independent of the distance from the turbulent zone. If these relative contributions could be deter-mined, the subsequent siting of new telescopes would benefit and the forecasting of seeing conditions would be possible.

In an effort to determine the "physics of seeing", the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys requested the Meteorological Branch of the Department of Transport to undertake the associated meteorological research. In this regard, a preliminary project was undertaken jointly with the Depart-ment of Astronomy of the University of Toronto, at the David Dunlap Observatory, Richmond Hill, Ontario, in the summer of 1963.

A number of "seeing trials" were attempted in which a visual estimate of the image size (in relation to the size of the spectroscopic slit) was related to turbulence and air density fluctuation adjacent to the Observa-tory's seventy-four inch telescope. Only selected synoptic situations were analyzed.

In addition, outstanding occurrences of "good seeing" (i.e. small, sharp image) and "bad seeing" (i.e. large, diffuse image) over the past ten years at the David Dunlap Observatory were related climatologically to both surface and upper level synoptic weather conditions.

The primary outcome of this preliminary research was a comprehen-sion of the overall "physics of seeing" picture. A feeling for the problems to be investigated, the variables to be measured or eliminated, and the instrumentation necessary to measure them was obtained. Two pre-liminary progress reports are to be published in the Meteorological Branch Technical Circular Series.

H . G . REID

Editor 's note: Mr. Reid British Columbia who summer assistant in

is an Honours Physics student at the University of was employed by the Meteorological Branch as a

1 9 6 3 .

CONFERENCE ON MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY

This conference is to be held at Proctor Academy, Andover, New Hampshire, Aug. 31 to Sept. 4, 1964. Its aim is to provide an oppor-tunity for an informal interchange of views between scientists whose activities are directly related to or closely connected with the field of Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy. Sessions will be held every morning from 9.00 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and every evening from 7.30 p.m. to 10.00 p.m. The afternoons will be free for informal discussions and

N E W S 2 7

other activities. Each session will be opened by an outstanding speaker who will discuss the present status of our knowledge of a particular topic. The remainder of the session will then be devoted to discussion. The emphasis of the meeting will be on free and spontaneous discussion rather than on prepared 10 minute papers. No preprints will be circu-lated and no manuscripts will be required. Attendance at the meeting will be limited to 100 persons.

The final programme is not yet completed but some of the topics which are being considered are Rydberg transitions, vacuum ultraviolet technique, vibronic interactions, magnetic and electric effects, f-values, molecular crystal spectra, radiationless transitions and a general dis-cussion of some electronic spectra of outstanding interest. It is intended that the discussion should concern the spectra of polyatomic molecules rather than diatomic molecules and that there should be no detailed discussion of "machine calculations". A more detailed programme will be circulated later.

D . A . RAMSAY, K . KEITH INNES, Division of Pure Physics, Department of Chemistry, National Research Council, Vanderbilt University, 100 Sussex Drive, Nashville, Ottawa 2, Tennessee, U.S.A. Ontario, Canada.

FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES SPONSORED BY THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS AND THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY

CONFERENCE on Low and Medium Energy Nuclear Physics, Sept. 9-11, 1964, at the University of Sussex. Three copies of abstracts of approxi-mately 300 words should be sent before June 1 to the Conference Secretary, Dr. W. D. Hamilton, The School of Physical Sciences, The University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex. CONFERENCE on Fundamental Problems of Low Pressure Measurements, Sept. 23-25, 1964, at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington. Summaries of papers, of length not exceeding 1000 words are invited for consideration; these must be received before June 30.

Further details on these conferences are available from The Adminis-tration Assistant, The Institute of Physics and The Physical Society, 47 Belgrave Square, London S.W.I.

2 8 PHYSICS IN CANADA

THIRD CANADA-WIDE SCIENCE FAIR

Canada's leading boy and girl scientists will be chosen from entrants at the 1964 Fair. Competitors are high school students who have won top awards at regional fairs from coast to coast. At the Second Canada-Wide Fair, held in Toronto in May 1963, 53 students from 18 regional

their work in the two main categories: biological and physical. Awards will again be made in both categories.

In addition, the wir ners of two special awards, a boy and a girl, will be sent to the International Youth Science Fortnight to be held in

y 27 to August 8, 1964. This will be the third Canada has been represented at the Fortnight by

London, England, Ju consecutive year that top winners in the Canada-Wide Science Fair.

T H E P . D . MÇTAGGART-COWAN SCIENCE AWARD F U N D

This fund has been established by members of the staff of the Meteorological Servie» and by other friends in education and govern-ment. It will be adm nistered by Simon Fraser University to provide awards to students in the Physical Sciences to foster an interest in meteorology. The value of the fund has already reached $6000. Dr. McTaggart-Cowan reçendy resigned his position as Director of the Meteorological Service to become President of the new Simon Fraser University to be built in Burnaby, B.C.

Canadian Physicists

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO . . . . H . I . S. FERGUSON, R. W. NICHOLLS and P. A. FRASER presented a paper at the Sixteenth Gaseous Electronics Conference in Pittsburgh in October . . . . P. A. FORSYTH and C . M. CARMICHAEL were appointed to committees of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, at the IUGG Meeting in Berkeley in August.

A t ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, ERIE, PA IRVIN BROCKMAN has been appointed Senior Scientist. Mr. Brockman obtained an Engineering Physics degree from the University of Saskatchewan in 1958, and an M.Sc. from the University of Windsor in 1961, and has been teaching at Windsor since then.

A t t h e UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO . . . . PROFESSOR J . D . PRENTICE is on leave of absence for the session 1963-1964. He is working at the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory, National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, Chilton, Didcot, Berks, England . . . . PROFESSOR K . G. M C N E I L L and R. M. FARQUHAR are on leave of absence for the spring term. Dr. McNeill has joined the Linear Accelerator Group, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berks, England. Dr. Farquhar is working on lead isotope determinations in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Oxford University.

A t t h e UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN . . . . D . M . HUNTEN h a s taken leave-of-absence from Saskatoon for three years, in order to carry out research in the Space Division of the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona . . . . H. N. RUNDLE has been appointed Assistant Professor, and is continuing Dr. Hunten's research work at Saskatoon. Dr. Rundle is a graduate of U.B.C., who later obtained his Ph.D. degree at Saskatoon, and subsequently did post-doctoral work at Cambridge, England and Bellevue, France. For the past few years he has been working at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado . . . . G . SOFKO has been appointed instructor in physics. Mr. Sofko is also a graduate of U.B.C. who has been carrying out a Ph.D. thesis problem on the polarization of radio waves reflected from aurora . . . . A. D. KAVADAS gave papers at the COSPAR Conference in Warsaw, at the Conference on Direct Aeronomic Measurements in the Lower Atmo-sphere in Urbana, Illinois, and at the APS/CAP Conference in Edmon-

29

3 0 PHYSICS IN CANADA

ton . . . . A . VALLANCE JONES gave invited papers at the 12th Inter-national Astrophysical Symposium at Liège in July and at a Symposium on auroras held by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Palo Alto, in January . . . . B. W. CURRIE and G. G. SHEPHERD attended the I.U.G.G. Assembly in Berkeley in August . . . . LEON KATZ attended the Gordon Photonuclear Conference at Tilton, N.H., the High Energy Physics Conference at Dubno, Russia, was a delegate at the IUPAP meeting in Warsaw, and attended the APS meeting in New York in January . . . . J. D. KING attended the Conference on Nuclear Structure at Stanford University, the Gordon Photonuclear Conference, and the Edmonton APS/CAP meeting.

LOYOLA COLLEGE

Montreal 28, Canada

Loyola College needs an experimental physicist. One willing to join a nuclear research group is preferred. An applicant with his Ph.D. might begin as an assistant professor. Salary and other benefits compare favourably with leading Canadian universities. Please apply to the Head, Department of Physics and give the names of two references.

D.K.C. MacDonald

D. K. c . MACDONALD died on July 28th, 1963. His death was not unex-pected: for more than five years he had known that he was suffering from a disease that would prove fatal. In these testing years he was truly magnificent. He wasted no time on self-pity; he used all the resources that he had, as long as they lasted, to exploit and enjoy what remained of his life. He was always a prodigious worker but during these years he seemed to be more productive and creative than ever: in addition to his usual output of papers and articles (he published more than 130 of these in a period of about 17 years) he wrote five books and carried on a continuous and widespread correspondence.

Keith MacDonald was born in Glasgow in 1920. He went to school there and later at the Academy in Edinburgh. On leaving school he went to the University of Edinburgh but after one year he left with the intention of becoming an actuary. However he soon decided that this was not for him and returned to the University to study Natural Philosophy (1939-1941). He greatly valued these years at the Univer-sity and the privilege of studying under such great teachers as Sir Edmund Whittaker, Professor Barkla, and Professor Max Born.

During the war he was with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers working on radar and, from 1943, on the staff of the Military College of Science. In 1946 he took his Ph.D. at Edinburgh with a thesis on spontaneous fluctuations in electricity. This general topic remained one of his chief interests throughout his fife.

Soon after this he went to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and there he began his experiments on the transport properties of metals and alloys which formed the second main theme of his later work. He took a D.Phil, in Oxford and in 1951 came to the National Research Council in Ottawa where he established a group in solid state physics. From then on this was his pride and joy. He worked with great gusto and his researches prospered. Of his many contributions in physics perhaps the most outstanding was his work on thermoelectricity at low temperatures, in particular the influence of phonon drag on the thermo-electric power of metals.

He was honoured by fellowships of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1954), of Canada (1958), and of London (1960). He was awarded

31

3 2 PHYSICS IN CANADA

the gold medal of the Canadian Association of Physicists in 1960 and in 1963 the gold medal of the Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada.

Keith MacDonald was not always easy to get on with (some people may think this an understatement). Whatever he was interested in en-grossed him entirely and he expected you to be engrossed too. Usually, of course, this was easy enough because he could make almost any topic fascinating. This single-mindedness, this complete absorption in a subject, was one of his strengths. He had the ability to concentrate on a problem for long periods and to get other people interested in it. In all his work, both experimental and theoretical, this ability to stimulate other people, in particular other theorists, was of the greatest value.

Related to this was his gift for teaching. He always enjoyed teaching and for five years (1955 to 1960) he was Honorary Chairman of the Physics Department of the University of Ottawa. Even after this he still gave lectures at the University and this continued until the end of his life. He made a tremendous impression on his students and had a great ability to arouse their interest and enthusiasm for physics. When, because of his illness, he tended to tire during his lectures, he would have them tape-recorded before land so that he could keep enough strength for discussion and questions. Discussion, questions and argument were for him the essence of teaching.

During the course of his everyday work he did a lot of teaching too. He had a wonderful ability to see the physics of a complicated situation and explain it in vivid and clear terms. I am sure that everyone of us in his group learned an enormous amount from him in this way. His con-versations about any topic were always stimulating and often very funny; one of the things we most enjoyed about working with Keith were the arguments and discussions we got into on all kinds of subjects. Inci-dentally, he was a very good mime and could give hilarious imitations of his various professors and teachers.

A friend remarket! recently that one of Keith's characteristics was that he laughed at other people's jokes. This is quite true. And he also liked telling stories himself which he could do brilliantly, particularly if the story had a Scottish setting. His sense of humour remained with him to the end of his Ife and even when he was helpless in almost every way (mercifully he was still able to speak) it was still a refreshing and happy experience to talk with him.

In 1958 as a result of his illness (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which causes a progressive atrophy of the muscles) MacDonald had to spend about a week in the Montreal Neurological Institute undergoing medical tests. This contact with neurologists and the medical profession led him

D. K. C. MACDONALD 3 3

to organize in Ottawa a symposium on "self-regulation in living systems"; it was attended by people from widely different fields: bio-physics, electrical engineering, mathematics, neurology, philosophy, physics, psychology, and zoology. It was very successful and led to several more similar meetings some of which were held at the National Research Council and some at the Montreal Neurological Institute. These gave a great stimulus to all who attended; MacDonald kept a sufficient grip on the proceedings to make sure that people did not lapse for too long into a jargon that was incomprehensible to those who were not specialists in that field.

In addition to his University teaching, MacDonald enjoyed other kinds of lecturing and exposition. He started Christmas lectures for children in Ottawa similar to those he had helped with in Oxford. In Canada he broadcast often both on radio and television and in Ottawa he produced a short series of radio programmes on scientific topics.

His books, too, were really an offshoot of his teaching. He wrote very much as he spoke and his books have the directness and vitality of his conversation. His books on "Thermoelectricity" and on "Noise and Fluctuations" give a very concise and readable summary of his own contribution in these fields. They cover more ground than this, of course, but they give very much his view of the subject. (Incidentally, he was excessively fond of footnotes and on one occasion a friend of his warned a visitor at the lab: "Be careful what you say; remember it may be taken down and used in footnotes.")

He had a restless temperament and, in spite of his achievements, was profoundly dissatisfied with himself. For this reason he needed praise and sometimes he deliberately sought it. With his illness, however, this changed. Paradoxically he became less anxious, less self-centred. He realized this and explained it in this way: now that he had faced the fact of his illness and found that he could do so without flinching he felt he was not such a bad type after all. This set him free to concentrate his attention on other people and other things.

It is too early to say how much of his work will be of permanent importance but to those who knew him it is as a person that Keith MacDonald will be remembered. A man of immense vitality and creative energy, a man of humour and a man of courage. A great teacher and to those who knew him in his last years, an inspiration.

Books

Magnetostatic Principles North Holland

in Ferromagnetism. B y WILLIAM FULLER BROWN, JR. Publishing Co. Pp. 200. $7.75.

THIS LITTLE BOOK is the first volume in a new series entitled Selected Topics in Solid State Physics, edited by E. P. Wohlfarth. Basic magnetic principles are discussed critically and are then applied to the study of ferromagnetism. Problems which can be treated without the a priori assumption of domain structure are treated most extensively, only the last 34 pages being devoted to more general aspects of ferromagnetism.

Although adequate treatments of the material discussed in this book could be found in various other texts, the unified and critical presentation given here should be of value. The ambiguity in the physical interpretation of the definitions of macroscopic field vectors is carefully discussed. So also are the departures from ordinary elastic theory when the effects of long-range magnetic forces are included. In discussing the assumptions underlying domain theory Brown concludes that "the logical basis of (domain theory) is still . . . strictly not a theory, but a set of plausibility arguments" (p. 160).

The author states in the preface that one purpose of the book is to bridge the gap between modern treatments based on Amperian currents and older treatments based on magnetic poles. This is accomplished quite successfully. He is rather less successful in attempting to choose a "generalized" system of units which will suit everyone. By substituting appropriate values for a constant, one can obtain equations expressed in Gaussian, Lorentz, Heaviside, or M.K.S. units. Unfortu-nately the M.K.S. units so derived differ seriously from the accepted Giorgi system.

This book is too limited in scope and too advanced in treatment to be suitable for a text-book. However, it should prove useful to research workers in ferro-magnetism who feel the need to review basic concepts and to re-examine assumptions which are tdo often taken for granted.

R . W . MCKAY University of Toronto

Earth, Sea and Air. By Pp. 152. Hardbound $

J. SPAR. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. .95, Paperback $1.75.

1962.

THE FIRST PARAGRAPH of the p re face r e a d s : "This book has been prepared from lecture notes for a one-semester course in

the geophysical sciences. The course is designed for students in a college of liberal arts as part of a broad survey of science. It is assumed that the student has no knowledge of mathematics, physics, or chemistry beyond that acquired in general courses in high school, and that he does not intend to major in any branch of physical science in college. The course is not intended to serve as a foundation for more advanced courses in geophysics. Rather, its purpose is to give the liberal arts student a general semitechnical survey of the physical state of the earth, so that he may understand some of the momentous events that are taking place today in certain branches of science and technology."

34

BOOKS 3 5

This is a very difficult undertaking and it requires an author of courage to tackle it. Bearing in mind the aims of the book the author has succeeded fairly well in a general presentation of geophysics to an intelligent lay audience.

The chief defects are a fair amount of repetition, which may be effective in lectures but is out of place in a book, and a sprinkling of dubious, and some-times completely incorrect, statements; for example: an incorrect definition of angular momentum on p. 10; a confusion between earthquake intensities and magnitudes on page 57. Nevertheless in view of the nature of the audience the errors, which might be considered serious by a different audience, do not prevent the overall picture being given. In this sense the author has reached his objective but, as the author himself is at pains to point out, the book is not intended to be used as a foundation for more advanced courses in geophysics.

A . E . BECK University of Western Ontario

Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. By VENIAMIN G. LEVICH. Translated f rom the Russian by Scripta Technica Ltd. Prentice Hall. Pp. 700. $20.00.

THIS WORK is something of a tour de force. It is described by the original Soviet publishers as a "graduate text—designed for research workers in physics, physical chemistry and chemistry, as well as for use by students taking advanced courses in theoretical physics and physical chemistry". It is, however, hardly suitable as a text. The approach and format are much more characteristic of a monograph, and the author 's own not inconsiderable work has received very complete coverage. It 's chief value lies in the very extensive use made of recent Russian literature. Much, indeed most, of this work seems virtually unknown in the West and the book should serve as a valuable source for such material. For this function, how-ever, it suffers very sadly indeed f rom the absence of an index—surely a wholly inexplicable omission! The very complete Table of Contents (almost matching Lamb's Hydrodynamics in its detail) compensates to some, but only to some, extent.

Our own Western parochialism is approximately matched by Levich's. The references to Western literature are almost entirely to what could be called the "classical", and the large volume of recent literature has been virtually ignored, except for a few fairly recent books. It is interesting to note that the lack of liaison between geophysical fluid dynamicists and the laboratory sub-species seems at least as bad in the U.S.S.R. as in the West. F o r example in the section on convection, it is perhaps not surprising to fail to find mention of the work of W. V. R. Malkus—but it is surprising to find no reference to A. S. Monin, whose influence on Meteorology has extended fa r beyond the boundaries of the U.S.S.R. Again, the well known, and masculine, A. M. Oboukhov is only once mentioned, and then feminized to Oboukhova.

The book is a largely re-written second edition, the original having appeared in 1952. The up-dating, however, is somewhat irregular and readers are warned to look closely at the bibliography of each section to check if what they read is vintage 1950 or 1960. For example, the section on the generation of surface waves—which subject has suffered a revolution in the last five years—is almost quaintly out of date. In the same chapter, on the other hand, the discussion of turbulent damping of surface waves makes wide use of the recent study of Kitaygorodsky, which is so new that the fact that it is almost certainly incorrect has not become well known.

The bulk of the book is chiefly intended for chemical engineers, and its slant in this direction is even more marked than that of Hinze's "Turbulence". For this reason only the valuable comments of my colleague Dr . Norman Epstein, of the Department of Chemical Engineering, have allowed me the temerity of attempting

3 6 PHYSICS IN CANADA

a review. The extensive and careful treatment of boundary problems involving gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces, where surface or interfacial tension is an important variable, and the detailed discussion of the influence of surface-active materials are extremely valuable, and are recommended to anyone concerned with such problems. There is a notable absence of glibness, and a careful appraisal of the real, as well as the idealized situation.

There is considerable evidence of lack of careful vetting of the original Russian version. In several places the Editors of the English edition have found it necessary to point out errors—sonte of them fundamental—in Levich's treatment. (Wisely they make no effort to correct these, but warn of their existence and consequences in judiciously placed footnotes.) In other places errors remain—for example Figures 28 and 29, p. 153, are reversed in order, and the captions incorrectly describe the curves as ve ocity profiles rather than as concentration profiles.

As translations go, th illustrated by the ugly litlle diagrams familiar to those who see Russian literature. In summary, this volume fluid mechanics, on the problems, but would on students

belongs in the libraries of all organizations working on desk of anyone actively concerned with interfacial

Iy be recommended to the most affluent of graduate

University of British Columbia

Group Theory and Solid NUSSBAUM. P r e n t i c e - H a l l

AS THE AUTHOR STATES how group theory sim] electronic energy band state problems to which book appears to this revii

But having said this, first three chapters review theory. The next three c tion method, the orthogonalised plane waves, by applying it to the diamond style and in less than about

The book is written indication as to what monovalent metal actual y and a persevering reader, worth his labour.

University of Alberta

plifies,

:hapte symmetry

f rom the

book is quite readable. It is adequately, if sparsely,

R . W . STEWART

State Physics. B y L . MARIOT. T r a n s l a t e d b y ABLEN Inc. 1962. Pp. 114. $5.00.

his preface, the purpose of this book is to illustrate and is indeed necessary for, the calculations of

structures of solids. As this is only one of many solid group theory may be profitably applied, the title of the

•er somewhat too ambitious. le can have nothing but admiration for the book. The in a masterly way the pertinent results f rom the group

:ers deal with, respectively, the variational approxima-properties of eigen-functions and the method of

In the last chapter the general theory is illustrated lattice. All this material is presented in a very clear

thirty-five thousand words. a mathematical view point; it gives, for example, no

band structure of diamond, or, for that matter, of a looks like. However, ample references are provided

at graduate level and above, will find the book well

A . B. BHATIA

Paramagnetic Resonance. By GEORGE E. PAKE. W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York. Pp. 205. $5.45 (paper) .

SCIENTISTS OR STUDENTS with an emerging interest in paramagnetic resonance, who are looking for an ntroductory textbook on the subject, would do well to study this monograph, w'iich is published as one of a series entitled "Frontiers in Physics". The book wan developed f rom a series of lectures given by the author at Stanford University in 1960-1961. Making no claim to completeness or elegance, it has the stated purpose of providing a coherent and comprehensible introduction to the fundamentals of paramagnetic resonance at a graduate level.

BOOKS 3 7

The contents of the book are well suited to this purpose, leading up to and paralleling the exposition in several notable review papers to which the reader is referred for the more complex details of mathematical development. An intro-ductory chapter explains the origins of paramagnetism in compounds possessing unpaired electrons. It is followed by a detailed discussion of Bloch's phenomeno-logical equations of motion for a precessing moment, leading to an expression for the complex susceptibility and to the rate equations. The third chapter is devoted to an elementary analysis of crystal fields and the development of the spin Hamiltonian with reference to the transition group ions. The following four chapters discuss the effect of environment on resonance line shapes with specific treatment of dipolar and exchange interactions, spin lattice relaxation, and para-magnetic resonance in liquids. The book is concluded with a discussion of several important applications and an extensive table of experimental results.

This book is to be commended for its clarity and physical understanding, and for the fact that the reader is continually reminded of the limitations imposed by its introductory nature. However, fully effective use of the text can be achieved only if it is read in conjunction with the more important references and it is, perhaps, as a complementary guide to the basic literature that it will be most appreciated.

S. HARVEY University of Toronto

Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers. By RICHARD W. HAMMING. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1962. Pp. xvii + 411. $11.00.

THE SPIRIT of this excellent and stimulating book is well expressed by the motto at the beginning: "The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers." The author's object is to familiarize the researcher with the many mathematical methods available and with their effects on sampled data, so that he may profit by selecting the best method for his purpose, by appreciating the reasons for trends and the significance of unexpected results.

The book is aimed at advanced undergraduates, and is intended to present the fundamentals of computing with many critical comments to aid the scientist about to use a digital computer. Many pitfalls are illustrated, and emphasis is given to the necessity of considering the propagation of errors in data, due to roundoff of decimal fractions, among other things.

Along with much elegant mathematics are numerous practical hints on com-puting, and occasional whimsicalities, such as an array displaying 288 ways to spell TCHEBYSHEV, and a final chapter numbered N + 1 (perhaps these latter are logical consequences of the author's name!) .

The first 80 pages deal with the calculus of finite differences, including a chapter on roundoff noise. The next 195 pages deal with polynomial representa-tions of discrete data and calculations such as evaluating integrals, solving ordinary differential equations, obtaining least squares fit, etc., based on the polynomial representation.

The next 75 pages discuss non-polynomial approximations, including Fourier series, Fourier integrals, band-limiting "filters", and exponential representations. The last 50 pages are concerned with algorithms and heuristics, and in chapter N -f 1, informal advice on the art of computing.

There are 33 chapters, a good table of contents filling 7 pages, an index of 6 pages, and a list of 44 references to books and mathematical tables. Footnotes in the text give additional references to the literature.

C . K . HOYT Dalhousie University

3 8 PHYSICS IN CANADA

Elementary Solid State Physics, A Short Course. By CHARLES KITTEL. John Wiley and Sons, 1962. Pp. 339. $8.75.

THE AUTHOR describes this book as a "short and elementary version" of his text "Introduction to Solid State Physics"* "written for use in one semester under-graduate courses".

This description is an accurate one. The parent volume has been shortened by 278 pages by the omission of five complete chapters and of a larger number of small sections on the more advanced topics. The material remaining has been reproduced with only minor changes. Some more recent work is mentioned (tunnel diodes for example) and occasionally a section has been partly rewritten. The problems given at the end of each chapter are those given in the full version with some omissions.

The emphasis is on the electron properties of metals and semiconductors. This material is almost untouched and now constitutes nearly half the book. The other topics covered are magnetism, dielectric properties, dislocations, thermal proper-ties and x-ray diffraction in order of apparent importance as determined by the numbers of pages. The first chapter is a very brief introduction to the crystalline state. Some topics have been withdrawn which should have remained. There is no discussion of the lattice energy of crystals for example, and the chapter on thermal properties would have been improved by a discussion of the linear monatomic solid and some mention of the work of Born and others on the frequency spectra of simple lattices. But on the whole the selection of material is very suitable for the purpose for which the book has been produced. The reader is assumed to have taken a course in atomic physics and to have some knowledge of the principles of statistical mechanics. The result is a very useful text for a first course in the subject, without too much detail and written with the lucidity for which the author is well known.

Graduate students, however, and others working in any branch of solid state physics will find the fuller version with its many more references to the literature and 278 additional pages well worth the two dollar price difference.

C . B. BENSON University of Ottawa

Ergodic Theories, being Course 14, Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi Pp. 241. $7.50.

Edited by P. CALDIROLA. Academic Press, New York.

THIS IS A COLLECTION of five major essays, each between 20 and 76 pages in length, on an aspect of ergodicity, the general problem of how orderliness arises f rom chaos on the microscopic level. These essays are by L. Rosenfeld (Copenhagen) on irreversibility; C. Truesdell (Indiana U . ) on classical statistical implications; G. Ludwig (Berlin) on quantum statistical implications; A. Loinger (Pavia) on the quantum ergodic problem; and L. Van Hove (Utrecht) on master equations.

In the nature of things, these essays are variable in sophistication and mathe-matical detail. I found the first two items particularly interesting, and I would think that they alone justify the book because they are so appropriate a discussion of the whole basis of thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. They should be required reading for graduate students in these areas, though (if time permitted) they would be useful to senior undergraduates.

The other essays I found much harder going, but interested readers will welcome the aid they receive f rom the extended discussion of them (occupying another 56 pages) by six other writers.

WALTER HITSCHFELD McGill University

•"Introduction to Solid State Physics", second edition, by C. Kittel. John Wiley and Sons, 1956.

BOOKS 3 9

On Modern Physics. B y WERNER HEISENBERO, MAX BORN, ERWIN SCHRODINGER,

PIERRE AUGER. C la rk son N . Po t te r , N e w Y o r k . Pp . 108. $3.50.

CE LIVRE RÉUNIT sous une même couverture les textes de quatre conférences qui n 'ont apparemment aucune parenté entre elles, à part le fait que leurs auteurs comptent parmi les plus célèbres physiciens contemporains. Les éditeurs ont en effet omis de mentionner que ces conférences ont été prononcées dans le cadre des Rencontres Internationales de Genève. Ces rencontres groupent chaque année un certain nombre d'intellectuels pour des exposés et des entretiens autour d'un thème déterminé. Les conférences et le compte rendu sténographique des dis-cussions sont publiés in extenso dans un volume annuel1 .

En 1952, le thème des R.I.G. était: l 'Homme devant la Science. On avait demandé à Schrodinger d'y présenter une revue d'ensemble des conceptions de la physique moderne sur la constitution de la matière. Pierre Auger, de son côté, avait parlé des méthodes et des limites de la connaissance scientifique. La con-férence de Max Born, donnée lors des Rencontres de 1957 qui avaient pris comme sujet d'étude l 'Europe et le monde, s'adresse à un auditoire intéressé surtout par les questions politiques, économiques et sociales. Born essaie d'y montrer l'influence sur le développement de la civilisation de la découverte et de l'utilisation de nouvelles formes d'énergie. En 1958, on reprenait le thème de 1952 sous un titre légèrement différent: l 'Homme et l 'Atome. La conférence donnée alors par Heisenberg s'intitule: la découverte de Planck et les problèmes philosophiques de la physique atomique. Pour Heisenberg, ces problèmes ne différent pas essentiellement de ceux que se posaient les philosophes grecs, et les théories actuelles sur les particules élémentaires se rapprochent beaucoup plus de l'idéalisme platonicien que du matérialisme de Démocrite.

FERNAND BONENFANT

Université Laval

The Many-Body Problem. By DAVID PINES. W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York. Pp. 457. $4.95 (paperbound) .

Lectures on the Many-Body Problem. Edited by E. R. CAIANIELLO. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 344. $10.50.

THESE TWO BOOKS on the many-body problem are representative of two quite new types of publication, a fact which may at first sight be of little comfort to those concerned about the increasing volume of physics literature. The first of these two books is a reprint and lectures volume—a surprisingly good idea which is bound to be much emulated. The other volume contains a series of lectures at a spring school—this type appears to be of much more questionable usefulness.

The book by Pines is one of a series "Frontiers in Physics" initiated and edited by David Pines. Like many of the volumes in this series this particular one contains a collection of reprints introduced by lecture notes (about 100 pages) . It constitutes a great contribution toward making the extensive literature on the many-body problem more accessible to the student and research worker. The execution of the volume is as excellent as the idea behind it. Pines's lecture notes are very lucid and the 34 reprints are well chosen. The great reduction in the size of print in the articles f rom the Physical Review may impose a burden on the sight of some readers but the damage to the sight is more than compensated for by the gain in insight.

The book edited by Caianiello contains the lectures given a year ago at the Second International Spring School of the University of Naples. The lectures were given by a group of 15 leading scientists in the field. The emphasis appears to be on techniques associated with the many-body problem. As one might expect f rom

1Edition de la Baconnière, Neuchatel.

4 0

a mixture of physicists and they exhibit the book. Thus the note at and curves and for (1959) . " To this rev does it seem justified to Summer schools and important part of the appear in print.

PHYSICS IN CANADA

the quality of the printed lectures varies enormously, casualness which enhances a lecture but is disturbing in a

the end of one of the lectures reads: "For all references greater detail, see R. Balian, Nuclear Physics 13, 594

er the usefulness of such a pot-pourri is not clear—nor use for it the excellent production facilities of the book,

spring schools are undoubtedly going to continue to be an physics scene—but perhaps their lectures should not usually

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited

Proceedings of the Nuclear Spectroscopy

International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Course 15: Edited by G. RACAH. Academic Press Inc. Pp. 258. $9.00.

PROCEEDINGS THE PUBLISHED special topics constitute more pedagogical in cl journals as Reviews of books can be, they fields. The present the novice to be an acquire some new insight:

The pure shell-model the latter giving a con large part with his nami collective properties of in the literature it has to the recent pairing nuclear spectroscopy article supposes rather may not be particularly

The remaining courses magnetic properties and in many ways been f rom that of nuclear included, but one must than elsewhere in the book.

In conclusion there some way on the material vide valuable reading to

Université de Montréal

Quantum Theory of Scattering Hall Inc., 1962. Pp. 495

THIS BOOK CLEARLY "The Theory of Atomic theory of scattering for many virtues and however, that Wu and and Massey's. More the theory during the discussed is quite

than

E . W . VOGT

of the many different summer schools devoted to a valuable contribution to the literature of physics. Being

character than the majority of articles appearing in such Modern Physics and more up-to-date than most text-

pribvide a unique source of reviews of rapidly developing volume, dealing with nuclear spectroscopy, will be found by excellent means of instruction, while the expert will doubtless

s into familiar matters. aspects of the subject are treated by Talmi and Racah, ise outline of the mathematical structure associated in . Mottelson then proceeds to give an excellent account of

Nuclei. While most of the material is to be found elsewhere seldom been so well summarized; this applies especially

picture. Goldstone completes the theoretical basis of a rapid critique of the nuclear matter problem. This

•nore familiarity with the subject than do the others and iielpful to the beginner.

are concerned with the contingent subjects of electro-beta-decay. The article by Alaga on this latter topic has

written more f rom the point of weak interaction theory than spectroscopy per se. A useful appendix on "Diracology" is

hope that the standard of proof-reading is higher here

fdrce bv

appear the reports of a number of seminars bearing in covered in the courses. Altogether, the book will pro-

all who work in this field. J . M . PEARSON

. By TA-YOU W u a n d TAKASHI OHMURA. P r e n t i c e -Si 6.00.

5 at dethroning the classic work of Mott and Massey Collisions" (2nd ed., 1947) which has reigned over the

so many years. The young pretender to the throne shares weakhesses with the venerable monarch. This does not mean,

Dhmura's book is simply a kind of third edition of Mott half of the new book deals with the developments of

last 15 years, and the order in which various topics are different f rom that in the old book. But the scope of the two

BOOKS 4 1

books is more or less the same; it is mainly determined in both cases by the authors' determination to use almost exclusively non-relativistic quantum mechan-ics and not to use the formalism of quantisized field theory. Within these limita-tions one can find in Wu and Ohmura 's book some up-to-date information on almost any collision topic one can think of with the exception of the elementary particle physics and the coherent scattering by large atomic systems such as crystals and liquids. The book begins with the partial wave analysis (Section A ) and ends with the dispersion relations and the Mandelstam representation for potential scattering (Section Z ) . Strangely enough, the fashionable and possibly important problem of the Regge poles is not even mentioned in the book, although it could have been very naturally introduced in connection with the partial wave analysis. But, as one has seen, the authors have imposed on themselves the condition of dividing the whole vast subject of their book into exactly as many sections as there are letters in the English alphabet; they could not have included the Regge poles without adding a new letter.

In presenting various mathematical methods the authors stress their formal aspects but not necessarily the mathematical subleties. The methods are often illustrated with examples of applications; in many cases results of the theory are compared with experimental data. In the Preface the authors correctly charac-terize their approach by saying: "In many cases, the orginal papers have been followed closely to make easier their fur ther study by the reader. Different approaches to the same result have been included in some cases, for it is believed that, in a text of this nature, 'instructiveness' takes precedence over conciseness and elegance." They also say: "There are places where the arrange-ment of material is somewhat awkward . . .". This is certainly true, but the "awkward arrangement" could have been avoided in a work of this kind only by consistently proceeding f rom the general to the particular, which would make the presentation much more difficult for an average reader. On the whole, the only difficulty in finding one's way in this book is due to the surprising omission of the author index. The references to original papers are given at the end of each of the 26 sections, and are arranged in an order which (if any) is neither alpha-betical nor chronological. In fact, I would be inclined to point out to the authors the omission of some useful references but I dare not do so; perhaps the references are there after all.

W . OPECHOWSKI University of British Columbia

Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol I. By E. J. HENLEY and H. KOUTS (Edi tors) . Academic Press, New York and London. Pp. 355. $12.00.

THIS BOOK is the first of an annual series. T h e announced aim of the publisher is to "publish definitive summaries of work in the fields of nuclear science and engineering". Articles in the present volume are "Thermodynamic Analysis of Nuclear Power Stations" by S. Baron (34 pp . ) , "A Graphite Moderated Boiling Water Steam Superheated Reactor" by L. S. Mims and D. J. Stoker (75 pp . ) , "Radiation-Induced G r a f t Polymerization" by G. Odian and H. W. Chandler (23 pp . ) , "Diffusion in Uranium, its Alloys, and Compounds" by S. J. Rothman (76 pp. ) , "Performance Characteristics of Large Boiling Water Reactors" by G. M. Roy and E. S. Beckjord (44 pp . ) , "Economics of Nuclear Power", by J. E. Ul lmann (21 pp . ) , "Chemonuclear Reactors and Chemical Processing" by M. Steinberg (85 pp . ) . A subject index and an author index for all references are included.

Many readers may feel that this first volume places far too much emphasis on Reactor Technology and closely associated topics. Future volumes may justify the much broader title of the series.

4 2

All articles are well

PHYSICS IN CANADA

written and very readable. They provide a good review of the particular topic for the general reader. Fairly extensive references will lead the more serious reader to the detailed information he desires.

W . H . FLEMING McMaster University

Reactor Handbook, Second Edition, Volume 111, Part B, Shielding. By E. P. BLIZARD and L. S. ABBOT (Edi tors) . John Wiley & Sons, Interscience Division, New York and London. Pp. 287. $9.00.

THOSE FAMILIAR WITH the original edition of this work (A.E.C.D. 3645) will hardly recognize the new volume. Not only have considerable advances been made in shielding design during the past ten years but also the new volume benefits f rom the release of much previously classified information. These two factors have contributed to the increase f rom 135 to 287 pages. One completely new chapter on air, ground and structure scattering has been added.

The new edition includes much more fundamental information (e.g. energy spectra of neutron and gamma sources) making references to other handbooks and tables a less frequent necessity for the shield designer.

This book, is of course, a reference work, not a text on the theory of shielding. It should become a first source of material for those requiring informa-tion on practical radiation shielding design. Its usefulness is not limited to reactor shielding. Anyone who must design a practical shield for a strong gamma or neutron source will find this book extremely useful.

W . H . FLEMING McMaster University

Noise and Fluctuations. & Sons, Inc. Pp. 118

•: An Introduction. By D. K. C. MACDONALD. John Wiley $6.50.

DR. MACDONALD'S BOOK is a lucid presentation of the essential physics of noise and fluctuation phenomena coupled with sufficient mathematical rigor to give precision to the ideas. His chief concern is to give a critical understanding of the fundamentals and to present a survey of the field which would be useful to "graduating students or physicists starting research". He accomplishes this with his usual zest for the subject, with careful attention to illustrative examples, and with a writing style that holds the reader's interest.

The book opens with a survey of the historical background of the subject, with its roots in the classic work of Einstein and Langevin on the Brownian movement, and concludes with Nyquist 's theorem and Campbell 's theorem on the noise spectrum. In the second chapter, the mathematical techniques involving the auto-correlation function, frequency spectrum, and distribution function, are developed and their interrelations established, as for example in the Wiener-Khintchine theorem. Of particular interest in this chapter is the discussion of the importance of the time scale on the question of randomness and correlation. The third and last chapter deals with some specific applications of the theory to noise in electrical circuits—shot noise, space charge reduction, flicker noise, etc. The appendices add several interesting asides.

In summary, the book succeeds in giving the reader an excellent account of a subject whose importance in fundamental research is increasing. It is recom-mended to the practising physicist, as well as the graduate student, and even the specialist will find food for thought in its discussions.

ERIC BRANNEN University of Western Ontario

BOOKS 4 3

Geometrodynamics. By J. A. WHEELER. Academic Press. Pp. 329. $6.50. ONE CANNOT DO BETTER t h a n q u o t e t h e f o r e w o r d :

"This is a collection of papers dealing with geometrodynamics. Geometro-dynamics is the study of curved empty space and the evolution of this geometry with time according to the equations of Einstein's standard 1916 general relativity.

"The sources of the curvature of space-time are conceived differently in geo-metrodynamics and in usual relativity theory. In the older analysis any warping of the Riemannian space-time manifold is due to masses and fields are considered which can be regarded as built out of the geometry itself."

The papers are Geons (1955) , Thermal Geons (1957—with E. A. Power) , and Classical Physics as Geometry (1957—with C. W. Misner) . Preceding these is a later work Neutrinos Gravitation and Geometry (1960) , which serves both as an introduction and as a summary of recent developments.

The most remarkable thing about this book is that it reads like a book, and not like a collection of reprints. The exposition is coherent and lucid. Of course, geons (fairly stable localized structures of electromagnetic and gravitational fields) probably do not exist. Why therefore should one spend time in studying them? In other times the answer would probably be that one should not. But these are not heroic days for physics: it seems unlikely that we will make great dis-coveries until we understand what we already know. Geons or not, anyone who wishes to understand the properties of empty space-time will be greatly aided by this work.

The book is well produced (it was printed in I ta ly) , and costs only half as much as many comparable American volumes.

P . RASTALL University of British Columbia

Programmed Manual for Students of Fundamental Physics. By JAY OREAR. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1962. Pp. 205. $4.95.

THIS PROGRAMME is indeed an innovation. There appears to be no other such attempt in the field of College Physics. The Programme is designed to permit a student to work through the companion book "Fundamental Physics" by the same author without the assistance of a teacher.

It is designed in the following way. The student first reads a chapter of the text, and then the Programme operates much as a tutor. For each chapter there are about thirty to fifty "frames", in general involving several questions. Each question must be answered by selecting one out of four or five possible answers. The student moistens the answer which he believes to be correct. If it is, a green colour appears, while if it is wrong he gets a red colour. This immediate reinforce-ment appears to be of great value, psychologically.

An important feature of the Programme is that it involves "branching". In many cases, if the student gets a red signal, he is directed to an appropriate f rame or set of frames, and then brought back to the main set. The idea of the "branching" is obvious: it permits the Programme to process a rather wide variety of students. In fact, it is most improbable that two students will fill out the Programme in exactly the same way.

The book is formed of tear sheets so that students can hand in their completed Programme, one chapter at a time. The correction poses no problem because it can be made by any technician, simply by counting reds or greens.

Most of the f rames deal with simple problems, largely numerical. There are very few references to the companion text. In some cases, the student must write out his own answer. Occasionally, a f rame covers some theory or provides an explanation to a poor student.

The questions are in general quite clear.

4 4 PHYSICS IN CANADA

The Programme is 'scrambled", i.e., the f rames for a given chapter are dis-tributed at random within about ten or fifteen pages, so as to discourage the student f rom looking ahead. This is psychologically rather unpleasant and mystifying. In any case, it is a précaution inutile.

Only experience will show whether this form of teaching is really satisfactory or not. Present indications are that, at least for this subject and at this level, it is at least as good as the conventional formal lecture. The implications are of course important, in view of the rising enrolment in universities.

The Physics is really excellent and truly modern. The Programme was published in September 1962, and Frame 9-1 for Chapter 16 begins "In June 1962, experi-ments on the detection of high energy neutrinos at Brookhaven. . ."!

There is one important criticism to be made concerning units. It is appalling to observe that there are presently strong tendencies to reintroduce the CGS system at the elementary level. This is a case in point. Both MKS and C G S units are used, but the old system prevails. For example, in F rame 6-1 of Chapter 8, the student is taught that the force on an ion of charge e travelling with a velocity v in a magnetic field B is not evB but rather evB/c\ The student is made to struggle with both systems simultaneously, presumably because this is good for him! The unit of electric charge is defined, as is usual in the CGS system, in terms of the mechanical units of force and length. There is no mention of the magnetic field intensity, so that the usual confusion between H and B has been avoided.

Université de Montréal PAUL LORRAIN

The Fourier Integral and Its Applications. ATHANASIOS PAPOULIS. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1962. Pp. 318. $13.55.

THERE IS A SIMILARITY between the title of this book and Norbert Wiener's The Fourier Integral and Certain of its Applications. However, the similarity ends with the titles. While Wiener's sophisticated treatise requires of the reader a certain mathematical maturity, the book under review does not. Most research workers utilizing Fourier techniques should find Papoulis' "applied" book to be a complete and self-contained reference on the Fourier integral.

Papoulis presents his material f r om the point of view of an applied mathe-matician addressing an audience at the advanced undergraduate level. He avoids a mathematically rigorous approach but at the same time refrains f rom adopting the "cook book" methodology so of ten employed by writers attempting to make simplifications. Illustrative of this approach is his treatment of the Dirac delta function which const i tues the first appendix of the book. Here he has developed a simple but perfectly sound definition of the delta function without becoming overly involved with the theory of distributions. This is in distinct contrast to the position expounded in defined in terms of an at which it explodes off

many current textbooks wherein the delta function is ordinary function, identically zero at all points save one

' to infinity. The second appendix is concerned with analytic functions for the benefit of

those readers not familiar with complex variable theory. This brief but concise discussion is another example of the author's attempt to provide a self-contained volume.

The main body of th|e text is divided into four parts. The first part is primarily concerned with the fundamental theorems of the Fourier integral. Other topics include the important sampling theorem and numerical methods for evaluating the Fourier transform.

The second part deals in general with linear systems and in particular with filters and spectrum analysers. It should be mentioned that these chapters make

BOOKS 4 5

no references whatsoever to the "hardware" involved in the construction of such devices. Thus the Fourier methods employed are not restricted to any particular field and as a result the reader is left with a much broader comprehension of the subject.

The third part contains an excellent chapter on the Laplace transform. In the other chapter of this section certain integral theorems related to Fourier trans-fo rm theory are discussed.

The fourth part is unique in its deterministic treatment of certain topics prominent in probability theory. These include density functions, generalized harmonic analysis and the central moment theorem.

The book is enriched by some 80 mathematical examples plus 48 problems, each with its solution. This is a boon to any person studying the subject alone.

For anyone concerned with applications of the Fourier integral, this book is highly recommended.

University of Saskatchewan

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Longmans Canada Limited by D. Park CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS Designed as a supplementary reader in introductory physical science, gen-eral physics and advanced physics courses, CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS reports the present state of physics and recent findings in the field. Probable publication / March 1964 Probable price / $2.15 paper

by F. Crawford HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS Since its publication in January, 1963, HEAT, THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS has been widely acclaimed for its clarity and organization. An excellent text for undergraduate physics students. Charts, diagrams and tables. $11.00 by S. Tolansky ATOMIC PHYSICS, Fifth Edition The new edition reviews the advances, in recent years, in the field of Atomic Physics. Illustrated. $5.00

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