Physico-Chemical Properties of Yellow Dust Particles and their

Behavior in the Atmosphere

Yutaka Ishizaka HyARC, Nagoya University

Heavy dust event in Beijing.

Impact of Asian Dust Clouds on Climate and the Environment

Dust Brown Clouds

Regional Forcing: Surface and Atmospheric Radiative Forcing,

Rain Suppression,Photosynthesis Reduction

Global RadiativeForcing

Regional Climate Change:Hydrological Cycle; Precipitation,

Weather Extremes/Warming or Cooling

Global Climate Change

Ecosystem Response,Agriculture, Water Availability,

Public Health

Land Use Change

Study on yellow dust particles using satellite data and their ｐ hysico- ｃ hemical measurements

Satellite Data

Source regions

Emission Rate

Long range transport

Relationship with atmospheric processes

Physico-Chemical properties of dust

particles

Visible Image of Satellite GMS at 15JST on 13 April 1979.Yellow dust clouds

(Xuan and Sokolik, 2002)

Dust PM10 annual emission rates and contribution of types 1-3 sources on the total annual mean emission of PM10 dust with a US EPA formula.

64%35%

1%

(In and Park, 2002)

Longitude-height crossSections of yellow dust clouds calculatedfrom a numerical model.

(Mori et al, 2002)

Concentrations of TSP and aerosol chemical components in relation to distance from the KOSA source from 14 to 15 April 1998.

Sampling locations.

Mass size distribution of dust particles for heavy and light sandstorms.

105

104

10210110010-110-2

Diameter (μm)

103

102

101

100

10-1

dM/d

logD

(μgm

-3)

(Arao and Ishizaka, 1986)

Size distribution model of yellow dust Particles in the atmosphere: Number size distribution of dust andbackground aerosols were given by thezeroth-order logarithmic distribution (ZOLD)

0

2

0 2

lnlnexp

mrr

Cdr

dN

(Arao and Ishizaka, 1986)

Unfiltered direct solar radiation data obtained at 12 stations of the Japan Meteorological Agency were analyzed using size distribution model of yellow dust particles to estimate Kosa volume/mass in the atmosphere.

Left Figure showsthe relationship between Ångstrom’s turbidity coefficientand that of Yamamoto.Wherel0:the extraterrestrial solar radiationI: the total radiation at the surfacem: the optical air massw: the water vapor content in the

vertical air column

(Arao and Ishizaka, 1986)

Volume distributions of yellow sand dust over Japan on 4-5 May 1981

(Arao and Ishizaka, 1986)

Test no.

Soil type Parent material S/A*CaCO3

%

CaSO4

%

Soil particles

5μ, %

Percentage of < 5μ fraction

5 - 2 2 – 0.2 0.2 – 0.08 < 0.08

2 Brown desert soil Gravel - 10.2 14.2 2.7 28.0 37.4 26.5 8.1

1 Gray desert soil Alluvial deposit - 16.1 0.3 3.3 35.4 11.3 30.2 23.0

5 Chestnut soil Loess 3.2 12.9 - 27.5 16.2 62.7 14.5 6.6

7 Chernozem Loess 3.5 3.4 - 20.7 24.6 44.6 26.6 4.3

9 Noncalcic gray brown Loess 4.0 - - 20.5 30.6 54.4 12.0 3.1

12 Brown podsolic soil Quartzitic

Sandstone

2.6 - - 31.2 24.1 48.2 21.7 6.1

18 Podsol Chert 4.6 - - 40.3 34.5 42.2 21.7 1.6

Description of soils of China studied. (Hseung and Jackson, 1952)

２

１

Index map of China with sampling locations

57

912

18

3

4

6

8

1011

1314

1516

17

Functional continuity of mineral percentages in various soil groups in China. (Hseung and Jackson, 1952)

A: Desert soilB: Light colored pedocalC: Dark colored pedocalD: Non-calcic soilE: Podsolic soilF: Red & yellow earthG: Latosol

Calcite & Gypsumare rich.

Mass size distribution of minerals found in the aerosol particles

Yellow dust and reference (aerosol) samples were collected at Nagoya, Japanby means of two Andersen samplers and analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer.

Yellow dust sample during the period of 14 to 16 April.

Reference sample (aerosol) during the period of 20 to 26 April.

Mass concentration (μg/m3)

Percentage

(%)

Mass concentration (μg/m3)

Percentage

(%)

Quartz 8.1 4.5 1.6 3.2

Feldspar 6.0 3.3 1.2 2.4

Illite 13.1 7.2 2.3 4.6

Chlorite 6.9 3.8 0 0

Kaolinite 7.3 4.0 0 0

Calcite 5.3 2.9 2.9 5.8

Gypsum 6.9 3.8 1.5 3.0

Others 128.4 70.6 40.5 81.0

Total 182 μg/m3 100 % 50 μg/m3 100 %

Mass concentration and their percentage of the principal minerals in the dust and reference samples

Yellow dust and reference (aerosol) samples were collected at Nagoya, Japanby means of two Andersen samplers and analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer.

Main origins of yellow sand dust: ① The desert soils near Taklamakan and Gobi deserts

Illite, calcite and gypsum were abundantly found only in the dust sample.

② The soils in the upper drainage basin of Yellow River The relative weight fraction of kaolinite and illite in the dust samples were 0.3 to 0.5.

(Ishizaka and Ono, 1982)

Movement of dust clouds and main origins of yellow sand dustinferred from their clay mineral composition

(Iwasaki et al., 1988)

KOSA particles coated with water solution.

Number frequency of elements found inIndividual Asian dust-storm particles. Nagasaki, Japan. Okada et al.(1990)

EDX and morphological features for the dust particles

The dust particles collected at Nagasaki, Japan were present as mixedparticles with water-soluble material mainly containing Ca and S.

Samples: Yellow dust particles collected in Beijing under the northwest wind with　　　　　　　 the speed 　 of 10 m/s in spring of 1996.

Experiment 　　　　・ Reagent thin-film test: Most of yellow dust particles did not reach with nitron-　　　　　 barium chloride multiple film.

　・ EDX analysis: Sulfur was hardly detected in yellow dust particles with the Energy 　　 dispersive X-ray analyzer.

Almost no sulfate is formed and nitrate is hardly formed on the surface of dust particles during their transport from source regions to Beijing.

(Zhang and Iwasaka, 1999)

Result

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o

o

o

Pure Dust Particles

Dust Particles internally mixed with sulfate and/or nitrate

Industrial Area

Far from industry

Interaction Between Yellow Dust Particles and Air Pollutants

Desert　 Area