Physical Environment - inchcapewind.com · Groundwater vulnerability The term given to the assessment of the potential for a groundwater body to be at risk from human activity. Hydrogeology

PhysicalEnvironmentAppendix 6A: Phase 1 Contaminated Land Assessment

Physical Environment PHASE 1 CONTAMINATED LAND ASSESSMENT

INCH CAPE OFFSHORE LIMITED ONSHORE ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT

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Contents

Contents ......................................................................................................................................... i

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. iii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. iii

Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................... iv

Glossary .......................................................................................................................................... v

6A.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1

6A.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 1

6A.3 Scope of Works .............................................................................................................. 2

6A.4 Legislation ...................................................................................................................... 2

6A.5 Desk Study Information .................................................................................................. 3

6A.5.1 Application Site Location ....................................................................................................... 3

6A.5.2 Application Site Description .................................................................................................. 3

6A.5.3 Geology ................................................................................................................................. 4

6A.5.4 Borehole Records .................................................................................................................. 5

6A.5.5 Coal Authority ....................................................................................................................... 5

6A.5.6 Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................................ 6

6A.5.7 Hydrology .............................................................................................................................. 7

6A.5.8 Water Supplies and Discharges ............................................................................................. 7

6A.5.9 Application Site History ......................................................................................................... 8

6A.5.10 Consultations ....................................................................................................................... 11

6A.5.11 Site Walkover Observations ................................................................................................ 11

6A.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM) ........................................................................................ 11

6A.6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11

6A.6.2 Sources ................................................................................................................................ 12

6A.7 Construction Phase CSM ................................................................................................ 13

6A.7.1 Receptors ............................................................................................................................ 13

6A.7.2 Pathways ............................................................................................................................. 13

6A.8 Operational Phase CSM ................................................................................................. 14

6A.8.1 Receptors ............................................................................................................................ 14

6A.8.2 Pathways ............................................................................................................................. 14

6A.8.3 Initial CSMs .......................................................................................................................... 14

6A.9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 17


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6A.9.1 Application Site History ....................................................................................................... 17

6A.9.2 Initial CSM ........................................................................................................................... 17

6A.9.3 Construction Phase CSM ..................................................................................................... 17

6A.9.4 Operational Phase CSM ....................................................................................................... 18

6A.10 Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 18

References .................................................................................................................................... 20

Annex 6A.1


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List of Tables

Table 6A.1: Summary of Hydrogeological Information ......................................................................... 6 Table 6A.2: Summary of Historical On-‐Site Land Uses (Application Site) .............................................. 8 Table 6A.3: Summary of Historical Surrounding Land Uses ................................................................... 9 Table 6A.4 Categorisation for Land Contamination ............................................................................. 15 Table 6A.5 Initial CSM (Construction, including decommissioning Phase) .......................................... 16 Table 6A.6 Initial Conceptual Site Model (Operational Phase) ............................................................ 16

List of Figures

Figure 6A.1: Geology Study Area ........................................................................................................... 1 Figure 6A.2: Hydrology Features ........................................................................................................... 7


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Abbreviations and Acronyms

bgl below ground level

BGS British Geological Survey

CA Coal Authority

CSM Conceptual Site Model

ELC East Lothian Council

ES Environmental Statement

MLWS Mean Low Water Springs

MHWS Mean High Water Springs

NGR National Grid Reference

OnTW Inch Cape Onshore Transmission Works

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RBMP River Basin Management Plan

SAC Special Area of Conservation

SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency

SNH Scottish Natural Heritage

SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest

TA Technical Appendix

WFD Water Framework Directive


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Glossary

Abstraction Removal or diversion of water from the environment

Application Site Development boundary for the OnTW

Aquifer Underground layer of water-‐bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well.

Aquifer Productivity The potential of an aquifer (bedrock or superficial deposit) to sustain various levels of borehole supply

Bedrock The underlying solid geology.

Bedrock aquifer Subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a significant flow of groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities of groundwater.

Bing Scots term for a mineral storage or spoil heap.

Blown sand Wind blow modern deposits of sand commonly associated with beaches, sand dunes, dune slacks and raised beaches.

Borehole A borehole used as a water well is completed by installing a vertical pipe (casing) and well screen to keep the borehole from caving. This also helps prevent surface contaminants from entering the borehole and protects any installed pump from drawing in sand and sediment

Carboniferous The period of geological time between 360 and 300 million years ago.

Catchment The area from which a river, stream or burn drains both groundwater and rainwater. This is usually defined by the limit of the watershed (i.e. the limits of a river’s drainage area).

CIRIA Construction industry Research and Information Association

Colliery A coal mine and its structures are described as a colliery

Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

A representation of the characteristics of the site in diagrammatic or written form that shows the possible relationships between contaminants, pathways and receptors.

Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP)

Tool for the management of the environmental effects of a project during its construction phase.

Contaminant A substance which is in, on or under the land and which has the potential to cause harm or to cause pollution of the water environment


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Contaminated Land Any land which appears to the local authority in whose area it is situated to be in such a condition, by reason of substances in, on or under the land that:

a) significant harm is being caused or this is significant possibility of such harm being caused; or

b) pollution of the water environment is being, or is likely, to be caused.

Dermal Contact Contact between soil and skin

Dip Orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The dip gives the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane.

Drift Deposits See superficial geology

Drinking Water protected Area

Protected areas providing water for drinking water abstraction designated under the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC)

Dyke An igneous intrusion that generally crosses vertically through the beds of the wider geology.

Fault (geology) A fracture or other discontinuity in a section of the Earth’s crust resulting from the displacement of one side, relative to the other, by movements within the Earth’s crust, such as those caused by tectonic forces.

Groundwater All water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

Groundwater vulnerability

The term given to the assessment of the potential for a groundwater body to be at risk from human activity.

Hydrogeology The area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).

Index Limestone BGS Lexicon of Named Rock units: Throughout most of the outcrop of the Upper Limestone Formation of the Midland Valley of Scotland, but locally absent in Ayrshire and Strathclyde on highs partly created by the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation and poorly developed in central and east Fife because of an on-‐delta facies change. Generally a conformable change from a marine mudstone almost at the top of the Limestone Coal Formation. The Index Limestone as it is usually called, forms the base of the Upper Limestone Formation

Infiltration (water) The percolation of rainwater through soils.

Intergranular fracture flow

Groundwater movement through bedrock either through small interconnected pore spaces (intergranular) or through fractures.

Intrusive Igneous Materials

Rocks derived from magma which has cooled and solidified beneath the Earth’s surface surrounded by a different type of rock.


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Limestone Coal Formation

Cyclic sequence of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, coals and seatclays with two prominent marine bands and several Lingula bands. Many of the coals have been extensively worked with undersea workings north-‐west of Prestonpans. Carbonate beds replacing coals at several places.

Made Ground/Made Ground deposits

Defined by BS5930 as deposits of materials which have accumulated through human activity and may consist of natural materials, e.g. clay and/or man made materials, e.g. refuse

Marine beach deposits Deposits of materials laid down as part of a marine beach. Defined by the BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units as shingle, sand, silt and clay which may be bedded or chaotic, may also be in the form of dunes, sheets or banks but is always laid down in association with the marine environment

Planning Advice Note PAN 33

Guidance for the development of contamination land.

Passage Formation Sandstones, pebbly in places with mudstones, seatclays, a thick coal in the north-‐eastern part of the Midlothian Coalfield, several very thin coals. Thin conglomerates are present in places and at some localities the strata are reddened. Several marine shell-‐beds occur. The lower part is certainly Namurian but some of the upper part may be Westphalian.

Pathway A route or means by which a receptor could be or is exposed to (or affected by) a contaminant. For example skin contact with contaminated soil.

Part IIA Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 issued by the UK government.

Pollutant Linkage The relationship between a contaminant, a pathway and a receptor.

Preferential pathway Pathways along which groundwater and potential contamination can easily flow

Raised Beach deposits Deposits laid down as part of a marine or fresh water beach which are now on dry land. Defined by the BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units as shingle, sand, silt and clay, which may be bedded or chaotic, may be in the form of dunes, sheets or banks and are now above the level of the present shoreline as a result of earth movement or a general fall in sea level.

Receptor In general terms, something that could be adversely affected by a contaminant (e.g. people, an ecological system, property or a water body).

Reclaimed land The process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lakes.

Risk Assessment The formal process of identifying, assessing and evaluating the health and environmental risks that may be associated with a hazard


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Site investigation The investigation of a site for the purposes of assessing its suitability for construction of civil engineering and building works and of acquiring knowledge of the characteristics of a site that affect the design and construction of such work and the security of neighbouring land and property, including environmental factors such as contamination. Code of Practice given in BS 5930:1999.

Superficial (geology) A geological term given to any unconsolidated material above the bedrock such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders.

Till (diamicton) A glacial deposit comprising unsorted deposits of clay, sand and gravel originating from basal glacial erosion during the last glacial period know as the Quaternary.

Transitional Waters Water (other than groundwater) in the vicinity of river mouths which is partly saline in character as a result of its proximity to coastal water but which is substantially influenced by freshwater flows.

Unsaturated Zone The portion of the subsurface soils above the groundwater table. The unsaturated zone is not a source of readily available water for human consumption.

Upper Limestone Formation

Part of the Clackmannan Group of commonly cyclic sequences of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, limestones, ironstones, coals and seatrocks found in the central valley of Scotland. Defined by the BGS Lexicon of Named Rock units as Pendelian Sub-‐age-‐ Arnsbergian Sub-‐age and cyclic in nature, including marine deposits and reaching from the top of the Castlecray Limestone to the base of the Index Limestone.

Water Environment All surface water, groundwater, wetlands and reservoirs.

WFD Water Framework Directive. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000. Establishes a framework for the protection of inland surface, transitional, coastal and ground waters across the EU.


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6A Phase 1 Contaminated Land Assessment

6A.1 Introduction

1 This is a Technical Appendix (TA) to Chapter 6: Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Geology of the Environmental Statement (ES) for the Inch Cape Onshore Transmission Works (OnTW).

2 The following land contamination assessment has been undertaken in order to support the ES and in so doing the requirements of the planning application for the OnTW. It has therefore been completed in the context of PAN 33 (Scottish Executive, 2000) and Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Parliament of the United Kingdom, 2000).

3 It should be noted that the Study Area for geology including potential land contamination comprises the Application Site plus a 100 m buffer as shown on Figure 6A.1.

Figure 6A.1: Geology Study Area

6A.2 Objectives

4 The principal objective of this Phase 1 Assessment is to review potential land contamination risks upon statutory and non-‐statutory receptors. The statutory guidance details what can be considered as a receptor under Part IIA as human health, property, the water environment and designated ecosystems. This may ultimately guide development considerations, such as remedial activities, to ensure the Application Site’s suitability for its intended future use.


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5 The specific objectives of this report are to:

• Investigate the history of the Geology Study Area and establish its environmental setting to inform site conceptualisation;

• Develop a preliminary Conceptual Site Model (CSM) in the context of the Application Site use in order to identify and appraise potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages; and

• Provide outline recommendations, as required, for Phase 2 intrusive works to further assess potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages. The findings of such works may then in turn guide appraisal of possible remedial requirements.

6A.3 Scope of Works

6 In order to deliver the objectives outlined above, the following scope of works was implemented:

• A desk based review of published information/data from various sources; and

• Recording and reporting, critically the formation of the CSM and the qualitative appraisal of potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages.

7 In accordance with best practice guidance (see below), desk based research was completed using various sources, including (but not limited to) the following:

• Geological maps provided as Figures 6.5 and 6.6;

• Historical maps;

• Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) (SEPA, 2009) Interactive Map and Aquifer maps (SEPA, 2004a) (SEPA, 2004b);

• Information available from regulatory authorities including SEPA and The Coal Authority (CA);

• British Geological Survey (BGS) Borehole Records; and

• Envirocheck Report (Envirocheck, 2012).

8 A site walkover was completed on Wednesday 7 May 2014.

6A.4 Legislation

9 Relevant legislation, guidance and best practice documentation pertinent to this assessment, includes (but is not limited to) the following:

• Parliament of the United Kingdom, 2000. Environmental Protection Act 1990:Part IIA;

• Scottish Executive, May 2006: Environmental Protection Act 1990: Part IIA Contaminated Land Statutory Guidance (Edition 2);

• Scottish Executive, 2000: PAN 33: Development of Contaminated Land;


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• British Standards Institute, 2013: BS10175:2011+A1:2013 Investigation of Potentially Contaminated Sites – Code of Practice;

• Environment Agency, 2004: CLR11: Model Procedures for the Management of Land Contamination;

• Department of the Environment Industry Profiles, various dates;

• Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) 2007: CIRIA C665: Assessing Risks Posed by Hazardous Gases to Buildings; and

• CIRIA 2001: CIRIA C552: Contaminated Land Risk Assessment – A Guide to Good Practice.

6A.5 Desk Study Information

6A.5.1 Application Site Location

10 The Application Site is an irregularly shaped area which generally covers a corridor of open land from NGR 339020 675060 in the northwest to NGR 340460 674470 in the south east. It runs to the east of Prestonpans to a landfall point approximately 400 m south west of the Cockenzie Power Station.

11 Adjacent land uses to the south of the Application Site include rough grassland, agricultural land, the Meadowmill Sports Centre and residential properties adjacent to the B1361 and the B1671.

12 Cockenzie Power Station and the westerly most residential areas of Cockenzie and Port Seaton (associated with the B1671, Alder Road and Edinburgh Road) lie to the north and north east of the Application Site.

13 The Cockenzie coal store, rough grasslands and arable agricultural land lie to the immediate east of the Application Site. The eastern half of Prestonpans, a large residential area, its shoreline and the Firth of Forth lie to its immediate west.

6A.5.2 Application Site Description

14 The Application Site is irregularly shaped comprising shingle/boulder beach in the most northwestern section which extends onto the Prestonpans shoreline; areas of rough grassland, regenerating vegetation and small, self-‐seeded trees in the Onsite Substation site and amenity grassland along the route of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor. The north westernmost extreme, crossing the Preston Links, an area of undulating made ground created over the original Links grassland. It follows a corridor of open ground in between Cockenzie Power Station and the eastern residential area of Prestonpans. This then joins a strip of land running south east between the Cockenzie coal store and the residential area on the east of Prestonpans which connects it to a square area in the south east of the Application Site located between the eastern Prestonpans residential area, West Seaton House and the B1361.


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15 The B1348 crosses the northwestern secton of the Application Site whilst numerous pathways run alongside and dissect the Application Site.

16 The Cockenzie coal store was serviced by the Cockenzie branch line railway which runs through the south east of the Application. A conveyor belt system delivering coal to the power station runs due west from the Cockenzie coal store and crosses the Application Site at the point where the Onshore Export Cable Corridor will branch westward towards the shoreline. Two overhead transmission lines connecting the Cockenzie Power Station substation with the National Grid cross the Application Site, one touching the easternmost extremity of the Application Site and the other travelling longitudinally across the Application Site along the passage between the Cockenzie coal store and the eastern Prestonpans residential area.

17 The Application Site is approximately 22.9 ha in size with a gently undulating topography varying from approximately 0 to 33 m above sea level.

6A.5.3 Geology

Superficial Geology

18 The superficial geology (see Figure 6.5) of the Geology Study Area comprises:

• Made Ground Deposits;

• Marine Beach Deposits;

• Blown Sand;

• Raised Beach Deposits; and

• Till (Diamicton).

19 The Geology Study Area is depicted to be largely underlain by Marine Beach deposits and Glacial Till (Devensian-‐Diamicton) however, this would be confirmed during future intrusive site investigations.

20 Marine Beach deposits are present between the Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) and Mean High Water Springs (MHWS).

21 The Made Ground deposits are present beneath the north of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor between the B1348 and the MHWS. This is associated with the former operations of Preston Links Colliery and Bing and reclamation of this area from the Firth of Forth. Further made ground deposits are also anticipated due to wider historical development of the area, in particular the area of the Cockenzie coal store and railway embankment.

Solid Geology

22 The solid geology beneath the Study Area (see Figure 6.6) comprises the Limestone Coal Formation, Index Limestone, Passage Formation and Upper Limestone Formation.


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23 Intrusive igneous materials in the form of a quartz-‐microgabbro dyke (Central Scotland Late Carboniferous Tholeiitic Dyke Swarm) are indicated in a small area in the east of the Application Site.

24 There are a number of faults indicated to be present beneath the Geology Study Area as shown on Figure 6.6.

6A.5.4 Borehole Records

25 A search of the BGS GeoIndex reveals that there are more than 40 borehole records within or close to the Geology Study Area. Those located within or near the Geology Study Area have been used to give an overview of the geological profile. It should be noted that there are also confidential records of boreholes in the area which are unavailable for review by RPS, however, it is considered that those available provide sufficient information to assess the conditions within the Geology Study Area.

26 The area of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor near the shoreline appears to be underlain by ‘drift and bing’ to a depth of around 13m below ground level (bgl), underlain by coal measures. There are none penetrating the section of Index Limestone crossing the north western branch of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor, but there are some on or near the Upper Limestone Formation underlying the existing Cockenzie substation. This area appears to be mostly underlain by topsoil, made ground (colliery refuse and fill), clayey sands and sandy clays to a depth of 1.2 to 4 m bgl.

27 Boreholes located on land within the Geology Study Area record sands, clays and sandy clays to depths of 0.9 to2.4 m bgl. Boreholes sunk into the Limestone Coal Formation recorded sandy clay and boulder clay to a depth of 1.0 to 5.6 m bgl. The band of index Limestone intersecting both the southern end of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor and the Onshore Substation Site is not associated with any of the boreholes with accessible records, but the presence of the Quartz-‐Miicrogabbro Dyke is confirmed by multiple boreholes in the Geology Study Area, which have recorded the presence of topsoil, sandy clays and boulder clays to depths of 3.3-‐4.9 m bgl.

6A.5.5 Coal Authority

28 A Coal Authority Mining Report (Annex 6B.2 of Appendix 6B: Coal Mining Risk Assessment), details that there are coal reserves present which could be mined at some point in the future. There is a historical coal mine at Preston Links in the north of the Application Site (British Geological Society (BGS) and Envirocheck (2012)). A number of mine shafts are recorded in the Coal Authority Mining Report in the area of Preston Links, and one is indicated to lie within the Onshore Export Cable Corridor. A further mine shaft is identified very close to the southern end of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor just west of the Onshore Substation Site. The indicative location of recorded historical mine shafts based on Coal Authority Records is provided on Figure 6.7.


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6A.5.6 Hydrogeology

29 The SEPA River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) Interactive Map and Aquifer maps (SEPA, 2009) (SEPA, 2004c) (SEPA, 2004b) (SEPA, 2004a) were reviewed to provide information on the underlying hydrogeology of the Study Area.

30 Table 6A.1 summarises hydrogeological information available for the Study Area.

Table 6A.1: Summary of Hydrogeological Information

Bedrock Aquifer

Name Type Productivity Flow Direction Depth to Groundwater

(m)

Esk Valley Sand and Gravel; and

Dalkeith Bedrock and localised Sand and Gravel Groundwater Bodies.

Intergranular fracture flow

Moderately Productive yields up to 10L/s

Groundwater within the bedrock aquifer is likely to flow along the dip of the bedrock following regional flow patterns. In addition, the presence of underground voids resulting from mining are likely to create artificial preferential pathways for groundwater flow.

Unconfirmed

Superficial Aquifer

Name Type Productivity Flow Direction Depth to Groundwater

(m)

Non Aquifer N/A N/A N/A N/A

Groundwater Vulnerability

The following groundwater vulnerability classification are shown within the Application Site boundary:

3 – Vulnerable to some pollutants with many significantly attenuated;

4b -‐ Vulnerable to those pollutants not readily adsorbed or transformed;

4c – Vulnerable to those pollutants not readily adsorbed or transformed. and

4d -‐ Vulnerable to those pollutants not readily adsorbed or transformed.

Drinking Water Protected Area

Groundwater -‐ Yes No

Surface Water -‐ Yes No


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6A.5.7 Hydrology

31 There are no named watercourses located within the Study Area. The only noted water feature based on OS map data and the site walkover is an unnamed drain which runs roughly north/south immediately west of the Cockenzie coal store along the Application Site boundary as shown on Figure 6A.2.

32 The Landfall for the Onshore Export Cable, and therefore, the boundary of the Application Site is the Firth of Forth. The SEPA RBMP details the coastal waterbody as ‘Leith Docks to Port Seton’ which has a status of moderate ecological potential.

33 The site walkover sought to inspect this water feature and found it to be a very overgrown area of ground, and the drain itself was not visible beneath the vegetation.

Figure 6A.2: Hydrology Features

6A.5.8 Water Supplies and Discharges

34 Enquiries with East Lothian Council, Scottish Water and SEPA established that there are no records of private water supplies situated within the Study Area.

35 SEPA supplied information on the licensed groundwater and surface water abstractions under the Controlled Activities Regulations (Scottish Government, 2011). Within the Study Area there is only one licensed abstraction (Licence Number CAR/R/1012800) for Cockenzie


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Power Station which abstracts water from the coast. The National Grid Reference (NGR) as provided by SEPA is NT 39310 75730 which is located at the end of the jetty from Cockenzie Power Station approximately 500 m northeast of the Application Site.

6A.5.9 Application Site History

Historical Map/Aerial Photography Review

36 A review of the historical Ordnance Survey maps in the Envirocheck report (Envirocheck, 2012) was conducted in order to provide information on the historical land uses of the Study Area. A summary of the historical development within the Study Area is provided in the tables below (Tables 6A.2 and 6A.3). This is based on the historical maps (Envirocheck, 2012) and anecdotal information obtained during the site walkover.

Table 6A.2: Summary of Historical On-‐Site Land Uses (Application Site)

Land Use Map Dates Comments

Farm land 1854-‐1966-‐67 The majority of the Application Site constitutes farm land until encroachment from residential areas of Prestonpans and Cockenzie and the development of the Preston Links Colliery the Cockenzie Power Station replaced it between 1895 and 1966-‐67.

Preston Links Colliery

1854-‐1966-‐67 The Preston Links Colliery is present on historic sheets from 1854 to the 1966-‐67 editions.

Bing 1966-‐67 to 1973-‐78 Areas of infilled material noted encroaching on the most northwesterly part of the Study Areas along the beach – anecdotal and site walkover information suggests that this is ‘bing’

Railways 1854 The Tranent to Cockenzie Waggonway was noted running in a south-‐north direction towards Cockenzie village across the Onshore Substation Site, in later maps this is noted to be a footpath.

1908-‐1966-‐67 The first railway within the Application Site appears on the 1908 map, annotated as Mineral Railway, connecting the Preston Links Colliery with the main line. It curves round the western boundary of what is now the proposed Onshore Export Cable Corridor. This railway last appears on the 1966-‐67 sheet.

The railway appears to be the feature that defines the edge of the Prestonpans residential area, and a large part of the space left by its decommissioning was later used as a site for Electricity Pylons.

1973-‐78-‐1990-‐91 The second railway is the Cockenzie branch line railway, which was used to deliver coal to the Cockenzie coal store. It appears on the 1973-‐78 sheet but is no longer apparent on the 1999 edition, although the line remains a feature on the maps up to the most recent (2011) and was noted to still be present during the site walkover.


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Land Use Map Dates Comments

Preston Links/ shoreline

1854-‐2011 Shore line and links grassland. Originally used agriculturally, later for industrial and recreational purposes.

Electricity Pylons

1973-‐79-‐2011 Appear at the same time as the power station they serve. Two lines cross the Application Site, one running directly through the Onshore Export Cable Corridor, as mentioned above, and the other just impinging on the southeasterly most corner of the Application Site.

Table 6A.3: Summary of Historical Surrounding Land Uses

Land Use Map Dates Comment

Collieries 1854-‐1966 Preston Links Colliery, is partly located on the north western branch of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor. Present from 1854-‐1966. Thorntree Colliery, located approximately 100 m from the western edge of the Onshore Substation Site in 1854 map only.

Railways and tram roads

1854 -‐ present A mainline railway marked as the North British Railway until 1932 when its name is changed to the London and Northeastern railway. Seaton colliery was connected to this line by means of a mineral railway and tram roads.

Residential Housing

1854-‐ present Residential developments have grown from the agricultural residences and small clusters of houses around Cockenzie and Prestonpans seen in the earliest maps to the residential areas which now form the Application Site’s western boundary and the residential part of Cockenzie located near to the northeast of the Application Site.

Old Air Shaft 1895-‐1908 Noted adjacent to western corner of Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

1908-‐1957 Noted adjacent to northern corner of Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

Smithy 1895-‐1908 Noted north of Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

Stone Depot 1895 Noted north of Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

Reservoir (Cockenzie and Port Seaton Water Works)

1908-‐1948 Noted east of Indicative Site Access

Mine 1966-‐1967 Located adjacent to north-‐western section Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

Works 1966-‐1967 Located north of Onshore Export Cable Corridor.


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Land Use Map Dates Comment

Cockenzie Power Station and Cockenzie coal store

1973-‐78-‐ present Opened in 1967 and ceased generating electricity in 2013. Coal fired power station, the Cockenzie coal store dominates the area to the immediate east of the Application Site.

37 The locations and extents of nearby historical features within the Study Area are presented as Figure 6.9.

Summary of Study Area History

38 The review of available maps, indicates that previous industrial history within the Study Area was dominated by colliery activities, the Cockenzie Power Station and their associated infrastructure. Colliery activities are identified to have taken place in the north east of the Application Site at Preston Links Colliery. An old airshaft which may have served the colliery appears adjacent to the north west branch of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor in the 1895 map edition, but is not visible in the 1908 edition. Another appears to the immediate north east of the northernmost branch of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor, adjacent to the location of the existing Substation in the 1908 edition and is visible until the 1966-‐67 edition. Preston Links Colliery was linked to the main railway line to the south of the Study Area by a mineral railway, which ran along the main body of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor and has subsequently been dismantled.

39 The Cockenzie Power Station was opened in 1967 and was in continuous use until 2013. Its operations and infrastructure have had a considerable influence on the Application Site. The east of the main body of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor is bordered by the Cockenzie coal store, a large bing with a 900 000 tonne capacity. The Cockenzie branch line railway which was built to transport coal to and from the Cockenzie coal store crosses the south of the Application Site. The Tranent to Cockenzie Waggonway was noted in the 1854 map edition running in a south-‐north direction towards Cockenzie village across the Onshore Substation Site, in later maps this is noted to be a footpath.

40 Pylons built to carry electricity from the Power Station to the national grid cross the Application Site in two places, running down the main length of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor and crossing the south western most tip of the Application Site.

41 As the towns of Prestonpans and Cockenzie/Port Seaton have expanded in the 19th and 20th centuries, residential areas have extended towards the Application Site, and together with nearby and onsite industrial activity have displaced the agricultural lands which formerly occupied the area. The residential area of Prestonpans is located to the west of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

42 The Application Site has therefore historically been occupied by agricultural land, Preston Links Colliery, mineral railways and colliery bing. The locations and extents of historical site in the Study Area are presented as Figure 6.9.


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6A.5.10 Consultations

43 Enquires with the Contaminated Land Officer at East Lothian Council (ELC) identified the following:

• No area of the Application Site is designated as contaminated land under Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, however, there is an area of ground in the north western part of the Application Site that has been prioritised by ELC for further investigation due to previous, potentially contaminative usage. This was the site of the former Preston Links Colliery, Siding and coal spoil Bing;

• ELC does not hold any records of any remediation that may have occurred within the Application Site;

• ELC does not hold any previous site investigation reports in relation to the Application Site; and

• There are no historic or contemporary landfill sites within the Study Area.

• The petroleum officer at East Lothian Council advised that there are no records of licenses for underground petroleum storage tanks in the Application Site.

44 Copies of correspondence from ELC are included in Annex 6A.1.

6A.5.11 Site Walkover Observations

45 A site walkover was completed on Wednesday 7 May 2014 accompanied by a representative from Scottish Power Generation Ltd. Pertinent observations relevant to potential land contamination are detailed below.

46 Preston Links and land to the south of the B1348 (Edinburgh Road) are undulating grasslands and where soils are exposed colliery spoil materials are visible at the subsurface. This concurs with desk based site history that this area is associated with the former Preston Links Colliery and reclaimed bing.

47 Although close inspection was not possible, diesel storage tanks were noted in the northern edge of the proposed Onshore Substation Site to the south of the existing Cockenzie coal store.

6A.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

6A.6.1 Introduction

48 Based on the information summarised above, a preliminary conceptual site model (CSM) has been developed to identify potential pollutant linkages present in the Study Area. These will assist in determining the need to undertake any further intrusive investigation works at the OnTW (subject to the final development design).

49 The CSM is based on the ‘source-‐pathway-‐receptor pollutant linkage’ concept. For a potential risk to arise, each stage of the pollutant linkage must be present. The CSM focuses


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on potential contamination in the Study Area (soil, groundwater and gas phases) and potential pathways in the context of the OnTW.

50 This CSM has been designed to reflect potential land contamination risks identified within the Geology Study Area. Two separate initial CSMs, as presented below, have been developed to address the potential risks during the operational and construction/decommission phases of the OnTW.

51 The design of the OnTW will seek to avoid areas of potentially contaminated land and to minimize the potential pollutant linkages as part of the detailed design and health and safety process.

6A.6.2 Sources

52 The approximate locations of potential sources of contamination are presented on Figure 6.9.

53 The review of historical mapping indicates that the north west of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor at Preston Links was subject to development through mining (Preston Links Colliery) from circa 1854 to circa 1966. Significant quantities of colliery spoil (bing) are suspected to be present in this area. This area has also been highlighted by ELC as being identified for investigation as part of their Contaminated Land Inspection Strategy as noted in Section 6A.5.

54 The historical mineral railway from Thorntree Colliery to the south ran along the western edge of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor to Preston Links Colliery.

55 The Cockenzie branch line railway, which was used to deliver coal to the Cockenzie coal store, crosses the Study Area. The Cockenzie coal store, defines the eastern boundary of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor, the northern boundary of the Onshore Substation Site and lies west of the Site Access route. It is surrounded by earth bunding and as such this provides a barrier to runoff and windblown pollutants from entering the Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

56 The site walkover noted above ground diesel tanks in the area of the Onshore Substation Site.

57 Data provided by ELC identifies an area of mine spoil to the east of the Application Site which could be a source of hazardous ground gases as shown on Figure 6.9.

58 The presence of coal mining activities in the Study Area, indicates a potential for mine gases to be present in the subsurface.

59 Therefore, potential sources include:

• S1 – Preston Links Colliery, Colliery Bing and mineral railways/tram roads;

• S2 – Cockenzie branch line railway;


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• S3 – Above ground diesel storage tanks; and

• S4 -‐ Shallow mine workings/infilled mine shafts and mining spoil.

60 Contaminants associated with these sources may include but are not limited to the following:

• Inorganic contaminants (heavy metals, sulphates, acids, cyanides, asbestos, etc);

• Volatile organic contaminants, including hydrocarbons, phenols and ammonia;

• Non-‐volatile organic contaminants; and

• Soil gases (methane and carbon dioxide).

6A.7 Construction Phase CSM

6A.7.1 Receptors

61 Based on the information gathered during the desk study, and in the context of the OnTW of the Application Site, the following receptors are considered to be at potential risk from potential on-‐site contamination sources during the construction phase of works:

• Human health – construction workers associated with the development, residents of the nearby areas and people using the site for informal recreation; and

• Water Environment – underlying groundwater bodies, nearby surface water bodies (i.e. unnamed drain) and Firth of Forth.

6A.7.2 Pathways

62 Pathways are the means by which a receptor is likely to come in to contact with a source. Whilst many contaminants in soils are generally immobile (unless mobilised by wind or some other physical force), soil leachate, pore water, gas or vapour that may be generated could migrate to underlying groundwater and/or off-‐site through the subsurface to adjoining land and water environment receptors.

63 The potential pathways that could link the sources and receptors previously discussed are considered to be:

• P1 – dermal contact with soil and dust;

• P2 – ingestion of soil or dust;

• P3 – inhalation of dust or gases;

• P4 – migration of soil/mine gases to excavations or existing buildings;

• P5 – vertical migration of mobile contaminants through the unsaturated zone to underlying groundwater bodies (and subsequent lateral migration off site); and

• P6 – shallow lateral migration or runoff of leachable/mobile contaminants to nearby surface water courses.


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64 Given the temporary nature of the construction compound, this assessment excludes indoor inhalation pathways

6A.8 Operational Phase CSM

6A.8.1 Receptors

65 Based on the information gathered during the desk study, and in the context of the OnTW, the following receptors are considered to be at potential risk from potential on-‐site contamination sources during the operational phase:

• Human health – operatives undertaking periodic maintenance during the operational life span of the OnTW and thereby being in contact with potentially impacted soils. The depth to potentially contaminated soils is not known at present and if they are present at shallow depth then the general public using the site for recreational purposes may also be receptors;

• Property -‐ Substation Building, inground concrete and cabling.

6A.8.2 Pathways

66 The potential pathways that could link the sources and receptors previously discussed are considered to be:

• P1 – dermal contact with soil and dust;

• P2 – ingestion of soil or dust;

• P3 – inhalation of dust; and

• P4 – migration of soil gases to excavations or existing buildings.

67 The location of permanent structures away from the main potential source areas means there are not considered to be plausible pathways associated with direct contact under normal operation. Furthermore, although the alignment of the proposed access track does coincide with areas of historic activity, e.g. Cockenzie branch line railway, it is assumed the engineered construction of the access will preclude potential exposure to potential contamination of the underlying ground to humans, i.e. site maintenance operators who will visit the site approximately twice a year. Direct contact pathways (i.e. P1, P2 and P3) would also be applicable during any future maintenance works which required ground disturbance in areas of potential land contamination such as the Preston Links Colliery and associated bing in the north of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor.

6A.8.3 Initial CSMs

68 In order to estimate the potential risk from of potential contamination sources, and therefore determine the likely action required, the CIRIA C552 document recommends the following categorisation for land contamination risk assessment (see Table 6A.4).


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Table 6A.4 Categorisation for Land Contamination

Category Description

1 (Very High Risk) • There is a high probability that severe harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard, OR, there is evidence that severe harm to a designated receptor is currently happening.

• This risk, if realised, is likely to result in a substantial liability.

• Urgent investigation (if not undertaken already) and remediation are likely to be required.

2 (High Risk) • Harm is likely to arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard.

• Realisation of the risk is likely to present a substantial liability.

• Urgent investigation (if not undertaken already) is required and remedial works may be necessary in the short term and are likely over the long term.

3 (Moderate Risk) • It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard. However, it is either relatively unlikely that any such harm would be severe, or if any harm were to occur, it is more likely that the harm would be relatively mild.

• Investigation (if not already undertaken) is normally required to clarify the risk and to determine the potential liability. Some remedial works may be required in the longer term.

4 (Low Risk) • It is possible that harm could arise to a designated receptor from an identified hazard, but it is likely that this harm, if realised, would at worst be mild.

5 (Very Low Risk) • There is a low possibility that harm could arise to a receptor. In the event of such harm being realised, it is not likely to be severe.

69 On the basis of the sources, pathways and receptors identified above, CSMs have been derived and potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages are presented below. The CSM tables also presents an estimation of the environmental risk based on the guidance provided in CIRIA C552 (Table 6A.5 and 6A.6).


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Table 6A.5 Initial CSM (Construction, including decommissioning Phase)

Source/ Contaminant Human Health

Water Environment

Der

mal

Co

ntac

t/in

gest

ion

Inha

latio

n du

st/

vapo

ur/g

ases

Gas

Mig

ratio

n to

Ex

cava

tions

(a

sphy

xiat

ion)

Shal

low

Lat

eral

M

igra

tion

or R

unof

f to

Surf

ace

Wat

er a

nd se

a

Vert

ical

Mig

ratio

n to

D

eep

Gro

undw

ater

and

M

igra

tion

off S

ite

Thro

ugh

Satu

rate

d Zo

ne

Inorganic Contaminants (e.g. Metals/Asbestos)

(moderate)

(moderate)

-‐

(moderate)

(moderate)

Volatile Organic Contaminants

(moderate)

(moderate)

-‐

(moderate)

(moderate)

Non-‐Volatile Organic Contaminants

(moderate)

(moderate)

-‐

(moderate)

(moderate)

Soil Gases -‐

(moderate)

(moderate)

-‐ -‐

Table 6A.6 Initial Conceptual Site Model (Operational Phase)

Source/Contaminant Human Health Property

Dermal Contact

Inhalation dust/

vapour/gases

Gas Migration to

structures (explosion or asphyxiation)

Gas Migration to

structures (explosion or asphyxiation)

Inorganic Contaminants (e.g. Metals/Asbestos)

(low)

(low)

-‐ -‐

Volatile Organic Contaminants

(low)

(low)

-‐ -‐

Non-‐Volatile Organic Contaminants

(low)

(low)-‐

-‐ -‐

Soil Gases -‐

(moderate)

(moderate)

(low)


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6A.9 Conclusions

6A.9.1 Application Site History

70 Historically, the Application Site has been occupied by agricultural land, Preston Links Colliery, mineral railways, colliery bing and fuel storage.

71 Although these historic activities give rise to potential land contamination risks, the areas associated with these historic activities are limited in their extent to the northern section of the Onshore Export Cable Corridor at Preston Links, the edge of the Cockenzie coal store, the Cockenzie branch line railway and the above ground diesel storage tanks.

6A.9.2 Initial CSM

72 There are a range of potential pollutant linkages typically associated with the former land uses within the Study Area which have a potential to impact upon human health and the Water Environment in the context of the OnTW, both in its operation and construction or decommissioning phases. However, these linkages are expected to be localised to the suspected areas identified as having the potential for land contamination (i.e. Preston Links Colliery, Colliery Bing, Railway lines and fuel storage).

73 In order to represent risks to receptors, the initial CSMs have been developed to inform the detailed design of the OnTW such that possible risks can be duly accounted for and any mitigation measures adopted to ensure the Application Site is suitable for its intended use.

6A.9.3 Construction Phase CSM

74 The construction phase CSM includes the following potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages:

• Linkage 1 – Direct contact/dust/vapour inhalation from potential land contamination by construction workers, site neighbours and recreational users of the local footpaths;

• Linkage 2 -‐ Migration of soil gases to excavations from underlying made ground and subsequent asphyxiation by construction workers;

• Linkage 3 -‐ Shallow lateral migration or runoff of impacted leachate or spills to nearby water courses; and

• Linkage 4 -‐ Vertical migration of leachate or spills through the unsaturated zone to underlying groundwater in bedrock (and subsequent lateral migration off site).

75 These risks have been assessed as potentially moderate as detailed in Table 6A.5 – Initial CMS. There will however be low risk from these pollutant linkages following appropriate mitigation (such as health and safety measures which will be included in the Construction and Environmental Management Plan and future site investigations (and potentially remedial action if required)).


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6A.9.4 Operational Phase CSM

76 The operational phase CSM includes the following potential source-‐pathway-‐receptor linkages:

• Linkage 1 – Direct contact/dust/vapour inhalation with potential land contamination by site operatives, including, but not exclusively, for maintenance of the OnTW which may require excavations disturbing areas of potential land contamination; and

• Linkage 2 -‐ Migration of soil gases to excavations (during maintenance activities) and the Onshore Substation from underlying made ground/mine workings and subsequent asphyxiation or explosion.

77 These risks have been assessed as potentially low (Linkage 1) and moderate (Linkage 2) as detailed in Table 6A.6 – Initial CMS. There will however be low risk from these pollutant linkages following appropriate mitigation (such as health and safety measures which will be included in the Operational Phase Health and Safety Plan).

6A.10 Recommendations

78 In order to address the potential linkages identified in the CSM it is recommended that the following measures be undertaken:

• Construction Phase CSM:

o Linkages 1 and 2 -‐ undertake appropriate health and safety measures as part of the required Construction Phase Health and Safety Plan and other health and safety measures completed during construction works.

o Linkages 3 and 4 -‐ complete detailed site investigations to confirm the nature of any fill material in the areas of historic mineral railways or bings. The findings of these intrusive investigations would allow for a more detailed mitigation strategy to be developed with regards human health and the water environment. All bulk storage of liquids should meet the minimum required standards to guard against accidental product releases. These measures will be detailed in the Construction Phase Environmental Management Plan.

• Operational Phase CSM:

o Linkages 1 and 2 -‐ undertake appropriate health and safety measures as part of the required Operational Phase Health and Safety Plan and other health and safety measures completed during works.

79 These assessments have been completed based on desk based research and a site walkover and to more robustly clarify the potential risks identified, detailed site investigations will be completed during detailed design. Dependant on the findings of these investigations, remedial actions may be required and would be discussed and agreed with ELC.


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80 It is likely that Made Ground strata/potentially contaminated subsoils will require excavation during cable trench excavations/foundation construction. Future detailed site investigation and assessments will be used to inform potential constraints on the reuse or disposal of this material.


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References

BGS, n.d. DiGMapGB-‐50. [Online] Available at: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/services/wms.html [Accessed 2014 April 29].

British Standards Institute, 2013: BS10175:2011+A1:2013 Investigation of Potentially Contaminated Sites – Code of Practice.

Envirocheck, 2012. Envirocheck Report Order No 38030767_1_1 dated 19 March 2012, s.l.: s.n.

Parliament of the United Kingdom, 2000. Environmental Protection Act 1990:Part IIA, s.l.: s.n.

Scottish Executive, 2000. Planning Advice Note 33 (PAN 33): Development of Contamianted Land, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.

Scottish Water, 2012. Waste & Wastewater Plan Ref OP/RFKD321 1:2500 Scale dated 20 April 2012. s.l.:s.n.

SEPA, 2004a. Superficial Aquifer map, s.l.: SEPA.

SEPA, 2004b. Bedrock Aquifer map, s.l.: SEPA.

SEPA, 2004c. Groundwater Vulnerability of the Uppermost Aquifer Map of Scotland, s.l.: SEPA.

SEPA, 2009. River Basin Management Plan for the Scotland River Basin. [Online] Available at: http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning/scotland.aspx [Accessed 29 April 2014].


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6A.1 Annex

Annex 6A.1



Annex

6A.1

From:Sent: 15 May 2014 15:39To:Subject: RE: Environmental Information Request - UrgentAttachments: Inchcape Windfarm.pdf

Hi , The information contained within the EIA relating to contaminated land was not provided by myself. It looks like it has been taken from the original Landmark Historical maps and Contaminated Land descriptions and is certainly not from my own database regarding prioritised sites. All I can think of is that this was put together by someone in Planning while I was off on leave as I didn’t get back until after the closing date. The sites referred to are all outwith the site boundary as specified by you in your original e-mail, except for the former colliery, siding and mine spoil (which includes area described as unknown filled ground adjacent to SW boundary of site). The areas referred to relate to an area of mine spoil to the east of the coal store (indicated as NE on description) and the former gas holder (indicated as oil/gas storage). I did omit the former mineral railway by mistake from my original reply. The site of the former Preston Links Colliery and associated works is prioritised for further investigation but has a low to moderate ranking. I have attached a PDF showing the sites mentioned. Apologies if the information was incomplete regards the railway but I was unaware that another response had been made regards the EIA. Let me know if you need any more information. Regards,

Hi I have just been passed the full EIA scoping opinion from East Lothian Council. The below is an extract from it: 3.35 ELC has records of an area of contaminated land with a Medium ranking; unknown filled ground, adjacent to the south western boundary of the site; a medium ranking contaminated site the immediate north east of the site; and a high ranking site (oil petroleum and gas storage). There is also an area of low and medium ranking contamination of unknown filled ground from mining and quarrying on Preston Links within the development area and old mineral railways running along parts of the eastern and western boundary, as well as through part of the site which has medium contamination. Impacts on soil, water and human health from disturbance of this contaminated ground should be included. In your email to me below from 15 April, you only mention the colliery and there are no rankings given. Could I trouble for a bit more detail on the above such as what historical features the above referenced areas relate to? Do you have a screen shot maybe of your GIS to make it easier to understand what the ranked sites are? Many thanks

Hi , In response to your query regards your environment impact assessments for the proposed site I can respond as follows:

• There are no designated Part IIA sites within the site boundary, however, there is an area of ground in the north western part of the site that has been prioritised for further investigation due to previous, potentially contaminative usage. This was the site of the former Preston Links Colliery, Siding and coal spoil Bing. There is also at least one mine shaft within the immediate vicinity of the former colliery.

• We do not hold any records of any remediation that may have occurred within the site. • We do not hold any previous site investigation reports in relation to the site. • There are no historic or contemporary landfill sites within the site boundary or in the immediate vicinity. • Regards petroleum records, I have forwarded your request on to

who is the Petroleum Officer for the Council. • We do not hold any records of any private water supplies within the boundary area.

I have had a look at the Scoping Report and I am happy that the relevant factors have been considered regards contaminated land issues. Regards,

Dear , RPS have been appointed by Inch Cape Offshore Ltd (ICOL) to assist in geology, soils, waste and water environment impact assessments associated with onshore transmission works (i.e. cables and substation) from the proposed offshore wind farm. The study area is shown on the attached plan and I have also attached the shapefiles for this for you to use in your GIS. To assist in our study, we would be grateful if East Lothian Council could provide information they may hold, for land within the study boundary, with regard to the following: - Designated or suspected Part IIA/contaminated land sites; - Sites where contaminated land remediation has taken place;

- Previous site investigation reports; - Historic or contemporary landfill sites; - Petroleum records; - Location, type and details of any private water supplies; - Any other information you feel may be relevant. If possible, it would be preferable that any spatial information be issued in shapefile format. If there is a charge for providing this information, can you please let me know in advance. In addition, if you would like to raise any points (in advance of the scoping report) on the proposed impact assessment that you wish to be considered in the EIA please include this in your response. I know it’s a big ask but our deadlines for this study are very tight so I’d be very grateful if you could let me know when you would be able to look at this request? Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require any further information or clarification with regard to the above request. Thank you for your assistance, it is much appreciated. Kind regards

This e-mail message and any attached file is the property of the sender and is sent in confidence to the addressee only.

Internet communications are not secure and RPS is not responsible for their abuse by third parties, any alteration or corruption in transmission or for any loss or damage caused by a virus or by any other means.

********************************************************************** Email Disclaimer - East Lothian Council This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify the sender and ensure it is deleted and not read copied or disclosed to anyone else. It is your responsibility to scan this email and any attachments for computer viruses or other defects. East Lothian Council do not accept liability for any loss or damage which may result from this email or any files attached. Email is not secure and can be intercepted, corrupted or amended without the knowledge of the sender. East Lothian Council do not accept liability for errors or omissions arising as a result of interrupted or defective transmission. **********************************************************************

This e-mail message and any attached file is the property of the sender and is sent in confidence to the addressee only.

Internet communications are not secure and RPS is not responsible for their abuse by third parties, any alteration or corruption in transmission or for any loss or damage caused by a virus or by any other means.

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Documents

Physical Environment - inchcapewind.com · Groundwater vulnerability The term given to the assessment of the potential for a groundwater body to be at risk from human activity. Hydrogeology