Groundwater Resources and Hydrogeology of the … · province of nova scotia department of mines groundwater section report 69- 2 groundwater resources and hydrogeology of the w i

PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA

DEPARTMENT OF MINES Groundwater Section

Report 69- 2

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND HYDROGEOLOGY

of the

W I N DSOR- HANTSPORT- WALTON AREA, NOVA SCOTIA

by

Peter C. Trescott

HON. PERCY GAUM MINISTER

Halifax, Nova Scotia 1969

J.P. NOWLAN, Ph.D. DEPUTY MI NI STE R

PREFACE

The Nova S c o t i a Department of Mines initiated i n 1964 an extensive program to evaluate the groundwater resources of the Province of Nova Scotia. This report on the hydrogeology of the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area i s an ex- tension of the Annapolis-C o r n w a I I i s Val ley study reported i n Department of Mines Memoir 6.

The f ie ld work for this study was carried out during t h e summer of 1968 by the Groundwater Section, Nova Scotia Department of Mines, and i s a joint undertaking between the Canada Department of Forestry and Rural Development and the Province of Nova Scotia (ARDA project No. 22042). Recently the ad- ministration of the A R D A Act was t r a n s f e r r e d to the Canada Department of Regional Economic Expansion.

I t should be pointed out that many individuals and other g o v e r n m e n t agencies cooperated i n supplying much valuable i n f o r m a t i o n and assistance t h r o u g h o u t the period of study. To list a few: Dr. J . D. Wright, Director, Geological Division and the staff of the Mineral Resources Section, Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Mr. J. D. McGinn, Clerk and Treasurer, Town of Hants- port, and the Nova Scotia Agricultural College at Truro.

I t i s hoped that information i n this report w i l l be useful for agricultural, industrial, municipal and individual water needs and that t h e report w i l l serve as a guide for the future exploration, d e v e I o p m e n t and use of the important groundwater resources of the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area.

John F. Jones Chief, Groundwater Section Nova Scotia Department of Mines

Halifax, October 1 , 1969

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract .......................................................... 1

Introduction ...................................................... 2

Purpose and scope of the investigation General description of the area .................................

Location. access,.and extent of the area ..................... ........................... 2

2 2

Physiography and drainage ................................. 2 Agriculture and soils ...................................... 4 Population and industry ............................. i ...... 5 Climate ................................................. 6

Land Survey system. ............................................ 9 Previous investigations ......................................... 10 Field work and maps ........................................... 11 Acknowledgments ............................................. 1 1

Geology ......................................................... 12

Introduction .................................................. 12 Rock units ................................................... 12

Meguma Group ........................................... 12 Granite ................................................. 13 Horton Group ............................................. 13 Windsor Group ........................................... 15 Scotch Vil lage Formation .................................. 15 Wol fv i I le Formation ....................................... 16

Surficial deposits ............................................. 16 Glacial ti l l .............................................. 16 Glaciof I uviu I deposits ...................................... 19 Stream alluvium .......................................... 2@ Peat and muck ............................................ 20 Dykeland. salt marsh and tidal f lat .......................... 21

Structure ..................................................... 21 Geomorphology ............................................... 23

Hydrostratigraphic units ............................................ 24

Introduction ................................................. 24 Bedrock hydrostratigraphic units ................................. 25 . Slate. quartzite and granite ................................ 25

Horton Group ............................................. 26 Windsor Group ........................................... 27 Scotch Vi1 loge Formation .................................. 28 Wolfvi I le Formation ....................................... 29

v i

Surficial hydrostratigraphic units ................................ 29 G laciofl uvia I deposits ..................................... Other surficial deposits .................................... 30

29

Chemical quality of groundwater ....................................

Relationship of groundwater quality to use ........................

31

Introduction .................................................. 31 31

Chemical quality of groundwater i n the hydrostratigraphic units ...... 34 Slate. quartzite and granite ................................ 34 Horton Group ............................................. 35

Scotch Vi1 loge Formation .................................... 37

38

Windsor Group ............................................ 36

Wolfvil le Formation ....................................... 38 Glaciofl uvial dep.osi t s ......................................

Groundwater uti l ization and development ............................ 40

. .

Introduction ................................................. 40 Domestic and livestock water supplies ............................ Irrigation water supplies ....................................... 41 Municipal and industrial water supplies .......................... 41

Fa Imouth ................................................ 42 Hantspart ................................................ 42 Newport- Brooklyn ........................................ 43 Three M i l e Plains.St . Croix ................................ 43 Wa I ton ................................................... 43 Windsor ................................................. 44

Summary and conclusions ........................................... 45

References ....................................................... 48

40

Appendix A . Graphic logs of N . S . Dept . of Mines test holes . i n the Falmouth area ......................... (in pocket)

Appendix B . Selected water well records i n the Windsor-Hantsport- Walton area ....................................... 52

Appendix C . Chemical analyses of groundwaters i n the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton arec .............................. 57

v i i

II lustrations

Page

Map 1. I

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure

Figure

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

3.

4.

Hydrogeology of the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton Area, Nova Scotia .............................. (in pocket)

Location and physiography of the map-area ............... 3

Mean temperature and precipitation distribution at Windsor .........$...................;................. 7

Moisture budgets for a sandy loam soil at Falmouth for the years 1965-1968 and mean values for a 17-year period at Windsor ........ .:. .................................. 8

Reference map 21 H 1 A subdivided into mining tracts ...... 9

Basal Horton Bluff Formation 'sandstones, grits, and conglomates along Harding Brook.. ...................... 13

Basal Cheverie Formation feldspathic conglomerates and red shales south of Blue Beach .......................... 14

Crossbedded fine- to medium-grained sandstones i n the Scotch Village Formation near Center Burlington .......... 17

Crossbedded and poorly sorted Wolfville Formation sandstones and conglomerates near Pemtroke .............. 17

Drumlin composed of til l and a lens of stratified drift east of S t . Croix ...................................... 18

Gravel p i t i n kame at Windsor Forks .................... 18

Estuarine clay over poorly sorted outwash sand and gravel near Windsor ................................... 20

Aerial photograph of the shore at Split Rock and Boyle's (1963) interpretation of the geology ..................... 22

Joints i n Goldenville Formation quartzite along Fall Brook ............................................... 25

Fractured limestone conglomerate i n the Pembroke Formation at Cheverie.. ................................ 28

v i i i

Page

I Figure 15. Trilinear plot of chemical analyses of water samples i

collected from the Meguma and Horton Groups, Scotch Village Formati'on, and till overlying the Horton Group ..... 34

Figure 16. Trilinear plot of chemical'analyses of waier samples collected from ,the Windsor Group and the overlying glacial ti l l ........................................... 36

collected from surficial sand and gravel deposits ........... 38 Figure.17. Trilinear plot of chemical analyses of water samples

Tables

Table 1. Soils and their suitability for agriculture i n the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area ................................. 4

area, 1931-1966 ...................................... 5

1

Table 2. Population changes i n the Windsor- Hantsport-Wal ton

" GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE WINDSOR-HANTSPORT-WALTON AREA, NOVA SCOTIA

A 0ST RACT

T h i s report describes the potential for developing groundwater supplies i n the agricultural and mining districts of t h e Windsor-Hantsport-Walton area. The hydrogeologic map included with this report illustrates at a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile the bedrock and s u r f i c i a I geology of t h e area and the locations of water we1 Is reported i n selected dril Iers' logs.

Groundwater of good quality can be obtained for d o m e s t i c use i n the a r e a s not underlain by or closely associated,with rocks of the Windsor Group. Except for water i n some of the basal Windsor limestones and i n a f e w surficial sand and g r a v e I deposits that are recharged locally, groundwaters i n the area underlain by Windsor rocks contain up to 1,600 ppm sulphate hardness a n d are

I poorly suited for domestic, irrigation and many other uses.

The best aquifers i n the area, i n terms of both quality and quantity,are the sandstones and conglomerates i n the Horton Group and the sandstones i n the Scotch Village F o r m a t i o n . Wells i n these rocks w i l l yield 20 to 50 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. The glaciofluvial deposit a t Windsor Forks i s the best s u r f i c i a I aquifer i n t h e area. Screened wells i n this deposit should yield more than 100 gpm with the yield s u s t a i n e d by water induced from the Avon River.

Dril led wells i n the lowlands near the sea may penetrate the zone ofdif- fusion between freshand saltwater and yieldwater witt ia chloride concentration i n excess of 50 ppm. The relatively large chloride concentration i n some water supplies, however, i s due to pollution f r o m highway salt. Saltwater intrusion may be a problem in the future i f wells of highcapacity are completed near the sea.

I

2

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope of the Investigation

The investigation of the groundwater resources and hydrogeology of the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley (Trescott, 1968) included the Gaspereau V a I I e y and Avonport. This report extends the investigation into adjacent Hants County to embrace the a g r i c u I t u r a I and mining districts i n t h e Windsor- Hantsport- Walton area. Included i n this report are discussions of: (1) the geology of the area, (2) the yields that can be e x p e c t e d from wel ls ' in t h e various geologic units, (3) the chemical quality of groundwaters, and (4) the potential fordevel- oprng irrigation, industrial and municipal groundwater supplies.

General Description of the Area

Location, Access, and Extent of the Area

The area of investigation (also called the map-area) l ies between north latitudes 44'55' and 45'15', between w e s t longitudes 64'00' and 64'15', and includes a land area of about 210 square miles (Fig. 1). The main access to this area i s provided by the Dominion Atlantic Railway, and by highways 1 (Halifax to Yarmouth via. Windsor and the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley), 14 (Chester to Shubenacadie via Windsor), and 15 (Windsor to Shubenacadie via Walton). In addition to the main highways, numerous county, farm and logging roads provide access to many parts of the area. Port facilities for small, ocean-going vessels a r e provided at Windsor, Hantsport a n d Walton. The nearest commercial airport i s the Halifax International Airport a t Kelly Lake.

Physiography and Drainage

The area investigated i s mainly i n the Hants-Colchester lowland, but i t i s bounded on the south and east by t h e South Mountain highland (Goldthwait, 1924). The lowland, which includes the area north of a line from Windsor Forks to St . Croix, i s formed o n Carboniferous shale, sandstone, anhydrite, gypsum, limestone and a few salt beds. Relief i n the gently roll ing lowland i s generally less than 200. feet; swamps and p e a t bogs are common. Cheverie M o u n t o i n, which rises to an elevation of 420+ feet, i s the highest point i n the a r e a no,-th of the Kennetcook River. Along the eastern slope of the South Mountain highland west of Hantsport and Falmouth, how e v e r , the land rises i n places to an altitude in excess of 500 feet.

The South Mountain h i g h I and, which i s underlain by slate, quartzite and granite, i s mostly uninhabited within t h e maparea. The altitude of much of t h i s moderately roll ing highland i s above 500 feet; the highest point, found

3. i 6 4

45. IS'

CLIMATIC S T A T I O N . . . . . . . . . * SCALE I N N I L E S

44.55' 64'

0. YC D.

IS'

.. I

64' 00'

WALTON

FIGURE 1 . Location and physiography.of the map-area. ,'

nearthe southwestern corner of the area, exceeds an elevation of 750 feet. The highland contains a few swamps and lakes. Many of the lakes have b e e n created by dams on the S t Croix River.

Most of the area i s d r a i n e d by the Avon River and i t s principal tributaries, the St . Croix, Kennetcook, Halfway, and Cogamagun Rivers. The land between SummerviIIe and Walton i s drained by a few smaller streams whichdis- charge directly to the Minas Basin. Much Gf the area u n d e r I a i n by Windsor Rocks i s a karst terrane where drainage i s internal. The solution of gypsum, anhydrite and salt beds along joints and bedding planes by percolatinggroundwater has formed sinkholes, many of which contain ponds. Solution does t a k e place at depth, but most of t h e solution occurs a b o v e the water-table (Goldthwait, 1924, p. 52).

4

Agriculture and Soils

~

. Most of the soils i n t h e map-area developed on deposits of glacial t i l l . Glacial till i s composed predominantly of material eroded and deposited within a short distance by glacial ice; consequently i t reflects the nature of the underlying bedrock. The soils that have formed on various parent material a n d their suitability fcr agriculture are outlined i n Table 1.

Table 1. .Soils and their Suitability for Agriculture i n the WindsokHantsport- Walton Area*

Parent Material Soil . Suitability Use Restricted for Agriculture i n Places by

- Granite and sandy loam forest only cobbles and quartzite t i l I s boulders

slate t i l I sandy loam fair crop land topography and

till developed . sandy lqam fair to poor poor drainage on Horton rocks to clay loam crop land

stoniness

, good to fair topography and I

t i l l developed on loam and Windsor Group and , clay loam crop land poor drainage ScotchVillage Fm rocks

Glaciofluvial deposits sandy loam fair to poor excessive drainage

Dykeland silty loam good crop land poor drainage crop land and topography

Depressional areas peat and muck unsuitable poor drainage ~ ~

* summarized from Cann, Hilchey, and Smith (1954)

Commercial farming i n the map-area consists of dairying, livestock p r e duction (including hogs, cattle, sheep and poultry), mixed farming, lumbering, and a large greenhouse complex at Falmouth. I m p r o v e d land (probably more than 10 per cent of t h e land i n the m a p - a r e a ) i s used m a i n l y for p a s t u r e and the production of h a y . Other crops include grains, potatoes, vegetables, orchards which consist ma i n I y of apple trees, and some cultivated small fruit, chiefly blueberries. Most of the unimproved land c a n be classified as productive forest (perhaps 75 per cent of the land in the area investigated); the remain- der includes depleted forest, unproductive land and forest, s t r i pmined areas, and swamps (Cann, Hilchey, and Smith, 1954; and N. S. Dept. of T r a d e and Industry, 1968).

I ~

I Population and Industry

The population of H a n t 5 County, 26,893 i n 1966, has been slowly but steadily increasing s i n c e 1931 when the population was slightly over 20,000. In the map-area, which contains over half the population of Hants County, this growth has been restricted primarily to the towns of Hantsport and Windsor (see Table 2).

i

Table 2. Population Changes i n the Windsor Hantsport- Wal ton area , 1931- 1 966

Per Cent Community Popu I a ti on * Change

1931 1941 1951 1 966 1931- 1966

Fa lmouth 879 1,163 724 - 18 Hantsport 704 907 1,131 1,438 +lo4 Three M i l e Plains

Windsor 3,032 3,436 3,439 3,765 + 24

1 , 247 Walton 770 453 373 - 52

I Totals (excluding 5,385 5,959 6 , 300 + 17 Three M i l e Plains)

I * Dominion Bureau of Statistics

Those l iv ing i n the towns of Hantsportand Windsor are classifiedos urban dwellers;all others i n the map-area, perhaps 65 per cent of the population, are classified as rural dwellers.

The economy of the area i s based on agriculture, forest p r o d u c t s and mining. A g r i c u l t u r a I products, chiefly apples, are processed for export a t Hantsport. Forest products, mainly pulpwcod, piling, lumber and paper products a r e processed in Hantsport , Newport and S c o t c h Vi1 loge and are e x p o r t e d through the ports of Hantsport and Windsor. Anhydrite and gypsum are mined at Wentworth Creek, M i l l e r Creek, and near Walton, mostlyfor export through the ports of Hankport and Walton. One company, however, does process gypsum at Windsor to produce a wide range of plaster products. About 90 per cent of the barite produced i n Canada i s mined and processed southeast of Pembroke for export through the port at Walton. The same mine also p r o d u c e s lead, copper, silver and zinc concentrations. Other manufacturing in the map-area includes chemical fertilizers, f e e d s and grains, concrete products, granite monuments, textiles, and food products from a bakery, dairy, pastry shop and a confection-

l ory store (N. S. Dept. of Trade and Industry, 1967 and 1968;and Slater, 1967).

Climate

Nova Scotia's humid, temperate, continental climate i s modified by the Atlantic Ocean whichalmost completely surrounds the province and by the Gulf Stream which runs northeasterly parallel to the Atlantic coast. The pr.oximity of the .ocean tends to prevent extreme temperatures i n t h e summer and winter and minimizes the number of severe atmospheric storms (N. S. Dept. of T r a d e and Industry, 1965). The South Mountain highland modifies precipitation, temperatures andwinds to some extent i n the southern and eastern parts of the map-area.

Long-term climatic records are available i n the map-area only forthe Windsor (Kings College) s t a t i o n (see Fig. 2 for temperature and precipitation data). Records from this station date from 1871 to 1948 and are continuous except for a few breaks i n the period 1871 to 1903. Continuous records have been keptat Falmouthsince September 1963 and at Summerville since May 1965. East of the map-area climatic records are available for Wolfvil le where the meanan- nual precipitation i s nearlyidcntical to that a t Windsor. Five miles southof the map-area on the South Mountain highland at Avon, the mean annual precipitation i s 55 inches, nearly 13 inches greater than i t i s a t Windsor. The mean annual snowfall at Windsor i s 64.5 inches andat Avon i s 101.4 inches. The frost- free period at Windsor, based on 50 years of record, i s an average of 134 days (Canada Dept. of Transport, Met. Branch, 1956, 1967).

I

,

For high yields from fruit and vegetable craps, optimum soil m o i s t u r e conditions should be maintained during the graving season. Soil moisture deficits during this season, therefore, are of concern to f a r m e r s who g r o w cash crops. Soil moisture i s a f u n c t i o n of many variables including precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, v e g e t o t i on, soil infi l tration capacity and soil moisture storage capacity. Potential evapotranspiration, that amount of water which would be evaporated and transpired i f continuously available, has b e e n calculated for Falmouth using Thornthwaite's (1948) method. These values along with the monthly precipitation have been used to calculate Holmes and Robertson (1959) moisture budgets (Fig. 3) for a sandy loam soil a t Falmouth for the years 19651968 (calculations were made with a computer program by Freeze, 1967). The Holmes and Roberston (1959) moisture budget considers t h e fact that evapotranspiration decreases below the potential rate as soil moisture storage i s utilized. A moisture surplus i s assumed to contribute to groundwater recharge and direct runoff. During the months that h a v e a deficiency of precipitation, the moisture deficit i s the monthly average, i n inches, below soil f ield c a p a c i t y (the amount of water retained i n the soil after gravity drainage). Soil moisture deficits during the growing season for loam, clay loam and silty clay loam soils are usua I I y less than that for sandy loam soils because the finer-grained soils have larger moisture storage capacities. If mean monthly precipitation at Fal- mouth could be depended upon, a significant soil moisture deficit would devel- op on the average only during the month of August. It i s apparent f r o m figure 3, however, that large soil m o i s t u r e de f i c i t smoya lsodeve lop i n Julyand September i n some years. Consequently supplemental irrigation should be available to assure maximum crop yields. A discussion of irrigation requirements for various crops and soil types i s beyond the scope of this report. For detailed in-

7

80

7 0

60 LL . u- so K 3

2 40 a a 3 30 W

c

20

IO

0

MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM- MEAN DAILY /-\ MEAN DAILY M I N I M U M

.*-

-0- 0 */ M E A N A N N U A L T E M P E R A T U R E : 44.2. F O\

J F M A M J J A S O N O

O J M F M A Y J J A S O N D

FIGURE 2. Mean temperature and precipitation distribution at Windsor (based on 17-yea'r mean values, Canada Dept. of Transport, Met. Branch, 1967).

8

17-Year Mean I930 - I947

I -

- $ 4

F. C.

u) 4 t

4 t J F M A M J J A S O N D

#.ICD.

FIGURE 3. Moisture budgets for a sandy loam soil at Falmouth for the years 1965-1968 and mean values for a 17-year period a t Windsor ( + = moisture surplus, - = moisture deficit, F.C. = field capacity).

9

formation refer to pertinent Canada Department of Agriculture publications (e .g. Coligado, Baier, and Sly, 1968).

Land Survey System

The grid system used by the Nova Scotia Department of Mines for locat- ing wells i n the province i s b a s e d partly on the National Topographic System. Under this system, Canada has been divided into numbered primary quadrangles, each do latitude by 8O longitude; the map-area i s included i n p r i m a r y quad- '

rangle 21. The quadrangles are divided i n t o 16 sections identified by letters, and the sections a r e divided i n turn into 16 s t a n d a r d topographic map sheets identified by numbers. The map-area comprises the eastern half of the W o I f - v i l le map (21 H 1) and the northeastern part of the Windsor map (21 A 16). For location by mining tract and mining claim, each map i s divided into four reference maps with the letters A, B, C and D. Each reference map consists of 108 mining tracts subdivided with letters into 16 claims, e a c h containing about 40 acres. F i g u r e 4 i I I u s t r a t e s the locat ionofa h y p o t h e t i c a l well i nc la im 21 H 1 A 4 7 H .

FIGURE 4. Reference map 21-H 1 A subdivided into mining tracts.

10

Previous Investigations

Aside from climatic records, information on the hydrologyof the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area includes water-well dri l l ing records fi ledwith the Nova Scotia D e p a r t m e n f of Mines since the inception of t h e '&ell Dril l ing Act of 1965, a groundwater survey of t h e Falmouth area (Hennigar, 1965), a groundwater investigation-for t h e Town of Hantsport (Bourgeois, 1963), and pertinent information in Trescott (1968). 'In the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley, discharge records are available-from the Water Survey of Canada for t h e Annapolis River a t Wilmot (since October 1963), t h e South Annapolis River at M i l l v i l l e (since February 1969, and Sharpe Brook at Lloyds (since November 1966).

Bell (1929) discussed the early contributions to the geology of t h e area i n his memoir d e s c r i b i n g the stratigraphy and paleontology of Carboniferous rocks i n the Horton-Windsor district. Among the more significant contributions are those of Lyell (1843) who recognized that the Windsor and Horton rocks are pre-Coal Measu.re and L o w e r Carboniferous i n age, and Dawson (1848) who assigned o Triassic age to the sandstones and shales overlying Carboniferous and older rocks around the Bay of Fundy. In his "Acadian Geology", Dawson (1855 and later editions) synthesized the geology of Nova Scotia and included a geologic map of the province. Powers (1916) mode t h e first regional stratigraphic study of Triassic rocks in NOVO Scotia and included the Triassic sandstones a n d conglomerates i n the map-area i n t h e Wolfvil le sandstone m e m b e r of his An- napolis Formation. Fletcher (1905 and 191 1) and Fletcher and Faribault (1909) m a p p e d most of the area at a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile. The W i n d s o r sheet (Fletcher and Faribualt, 1909) i s s t i l l the only large scale geologic map available for the area between north latitudes 44'55' and 45OOO'.

Recent work used as r e f e r e n c e material for this report includes three memoirs: "one emphasizes the fauna and flora of the Horton Group (Bell, 1960) and the others include descriptions of the g e o I o g y of the Wolfville map-area (Crosby, 1962) and the Shubenacadie- Kennetcook map-area (Stevenson, 1959). Boyle (1963) studied the geology of the Walto&Cheverie area and made a map w h i c h illustrates the structural complexity of Carboniferous rocks i n this area. The Wolfvil le member was raised to formational status and was included a I o n g with a l l other Triassic rocks in the Maritime Provinces i n the F u n d y Group by Klein (1 962). A map of 21 A by Taylor (1 962) and the Geological Map of Nova Scotia (Weeks, 1965) were alsoused during 'compilation .of the map includedwith this report.

Dawson (1893) made early observations on the glacial features of Nova Scotia. Goldthwait's (1924) description of t h e physiography of Nova S c o t i a includes discussions of geomorphic evolution a n d effects of glaciation i n Nova Scotia. Soil maps (Cann, Hilchey, and Smith, 1954; a n d Cann, MacDougaII, and Hilchey, 1965)were used as a guide to the distribution ofsurficial deposits.

Field Work and Maps

Field work, carried out during the summer of 1968, included mapping of surficial deposits, location of wells reported i n selected driller's logs, and col- lection of groundwater samples for chemical analysis. Mapping was done i n the field on aerial photographs (flown 1966) a t a scale of 1:24,000 and was trans- ferred to 1:50,000 National Topographic Series maps. Chemical a n o I yses of groundwatersamples were made at the Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro.

Acknowledgments

This investigation, under the direction of John F. Jones, Chief, Ground- water Section, Nova Scotia Department of Mines, was jointly sponsored by the Canada D e p a r t m e n t of Regional Economic Expansion (under authority of the Agricultural a n d Rural Development Act w h i c h, unti l recently, was adminis- tered by the Canada Department of F o r e s t r y and Rural Development) and the Province of Nova Scotia.

Jim Gunn provided veryable a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e field. Mapping and gathering of basic data were facilitated by the co-operation of t h e water-well drillers and many of the residents of the Windsor-Hantsport-Walton a r e a . The h y d r o g e o l o g i c map a n d illustra.tions i n this report have been drafted by D. Betnasconi and his staff of the Cartographic Division, Nova Scotia Department of Mines.

12

GEOLOGY

. Introduction

This section of t h e report provides background information for t h e discussion of hydrostratigraphic units. Description of the bedrock u n i t s includes their distribujion, thickness, lithology, structural relations, metamorphism and age. Surficial deposits are grouped according to their origin a n d composition. The structural deformation and geomorphic evolution which are responsible f o r the present d i s t r i b u t i o n of geologic units are summarized at the e n d of the section.

I

Rock Units

Meguma Group

From Ellershouse westward to Fall Brook, South Mountain i s formed primarily on rocks of the Meguma Group. The older Goldenville Formation (Lower

note bands of quartzite and slate, wi th slate forming an estimated 5 per cent of the whole" (Stevenson, 1959, p. 11). Regional metamorphism has m a d e these rocks dense and hard, and has produced a distinct cleavage i n t h e rocks where they have b e e n tightly folded. In adjacent Kennetcook map-area, Stevenson (1959, p. 11) assumed the Goldenville Formation has a minimum thickness of

I Ordovician or earlier) underlies most of this area. It i s composed of ". . . a l t e r

I 16,000 feet.

The younger Halifax Formation (Lower Ordovician) i s present i n a syn- cline s o u t h of Ellershouse where the formation's thickness i s estimated to be a maximum of 4,000 feet. Stevenson (1959, p. 13) described the Halifax Forma- tion as forming

'I.. . a monotonously uniform s u c c e s s i o n of rusty weathering, sericitized, banded slates and argillites, commonly interbedded with relatively n a r r o w bands of siltstones and chloritic, dense quartzites, the quartzites forming probably less than 5 p e r cent of the whole."

A l l of these rocks are metamorphosed and steeply folded; the northeast trending cleavage, however, rarely c o i n c i d e s with bedding (Stevenson, 1959). T h e M e g u m a rocks were probably deposited i n a shallow, gently subsiding marine basin (Stevenson, 1959; and Crosby, 1962), and "the Goldenville-Halifax c o w tact i s probably conformable" (Smitheringale, 1960, p. 7).

13

Granite

South Mountain adjacent to Windsor Forks and Upper Falmouth i s formed on the Southern Nova Scotia Batholith of Late D e v o n i a n age (Smitheringale, 1960, p. 25). This batholith i s typically composed of a quartz-feldspar-biotite granite (often including large phenocrysts of feldspar) which intruded the lower Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks. Contact-metamorphic effects are common in the intruded rock in CI zone near the contact wi th the granite (Crosby, 1962).

FIGURE 5. Basal Horton Bluff Formation sandstones, grits, and conglomerates along Harding Brook (21 H 1 B 51 E; for scale note pick with 2-foot handle i n center of photograph).

Horton Group

The early Mississippian H o r t o n Group forms the limbs of a northeast- t r e n d i n g synclinorium i n the map-area. Horton rocks unconformably overlie older Polaeozoic rocks and are conformable with rocks of the overlying Windsor Group. Bell (1929) divided the Horton Group into two formations: the Horton Bluff Formation and the Cheverie Formation, but C r o s b y (1 962) was unable to map t h e s e formations as separate units because ds the scarcity of outcrops and marker beds. Bel I (1 929, 1960) described the Horton Bluff Formation as. consisting of three members: a basal member w h i c h includes feldspathic quartz conglomerate, grit, a n d sandstone interbedded with micaceous, arenaceous shales a n d quartzitic sandstones (Fig. 5); a middle member consisting mostly of argil-

14

laceous andareneargil laceous shale interbedded with thin quartzitic sandstones and a few thin calcareous beds (test holes 259 and 260*, Appendix A, probably penetrate this member); and an upper m e m b e r which includes f e l d s p a t h i c , medium- to coarse-grained sandstone and minor feldspathic conglomerate interbedded with arenaceous, micaceous shale and quartzitic sandstone. Bell (1 960) gave the thickness of these units as: basal member 60d feet;m i dd I e member 1,850 to 3,250+ feet; upper member 40d feet; Horton Bluff Formation 3,500 to 5,000 feet.

The overlying Cheverie Formation consists of reddish coloured siltstones interbedded with greenish grey, micaceous, arenaceous siltstones and s h a I es, argillaceous dark shales, and basal feldspathic and arkosic f i n e conglomerates (Fig. 6); the formation i s 62% feet thick (Bell, 1960, p. 13).

FIGURE 6. Basal Cheverie Formation feldspathic conglomerates and red shales south of Blue Beach (21 H 1 A 82 M).

Crosby (1962, p. 35) summarized t h e evidence for the fluvial origin of the Horton Group as the

"lenticular nature of strata, current ripple-marking, crossbed- ding, channelling phenomena and other properties . . . Luch as1 abundant plant remains, commonly i n situ i n fossil soil beds."

* Department of Mines test holes are distinguished on Map 1 from dril led wells, dug wells, and springs which were assigned Index Numbers.

15

Bell (1929)suggested that the ostracod-bearing shales found i n the middle member and the a sso c i a t e d beds with fish remains found in the middle and upper members of the Horton Bluff Formation a r e of lacustrine origin, probably with- i n a fluvial environment.

Windsor Group

The cenfral part of the Hants-Col c h e s t e r lowland in the map-area i s underlain by rocks of the late Mississippian Windsor Group. Bell (1929, p. 45) summarized the nature of rocks i n the Windsor Group.

"In composition, the Windsor series comprises a w e l l - d e f i n e d unit of marine deposits, laid down u n d e r peculiarly restricted environmental conditions. There are present four or five distinct stages of calcium sulphate deposits (gypsum and a n h y d r i t e ) , probably none of which i s less than 40 feet thick, separated by varying a m o u n t s of brick-red argillaceous shale, fossiliferous limestone, thin magnesian sandy shales and oolites. In.amount the gypsum may make up almost 20 per cent of the total volume, with red shale 55 per cent and calcareous beds 25 per cent."

Bell (1929, p. 46) subdivided the Windsor Group into two zones and f i v e sub- zones based on fossi I assemblages. Subzone A was s u b s e q u e n t I y divided byg Weeks (1948) i n t o the Macumber Formation, which is characterized by a l ight grey, fine-grained, well-bedded limestone, and the Pembroke Formation, which consists mainly of a reddish limestone conglomerate. Crosby (1962) was able to distinguish these basal formations only i n the northeastern part of the map-area. Elsewhere, Windsor rocks are undivided because of the scarcity of outcrops and marker beds.

Boyle (1 963) stated that the Macumber Formation ranges i n t h i c k n e s s from 0 to 2% feet. The Pembroke Formation i s up to 100 feet thick and the undivided Windsor rocks are probably about 2,000 feet thick (Crosby, 1962).

The limestones and shales were deposited i n a normal m a r i n e environment, b u t the marine basins became more restricted during deposition of evaporite deposits. Crosby (1962, p. 41) suggested t h a t the calcium sulphate beds were deposited originally as anhydrite and were later c o n v e r t e d , i n part, to gypsum *

Scotch Vil lage Formation

The early Pennsylvanian Scotch Village Formotion underlies the Centre Burlington-Scotch Village-Cogmagun River a r e a and probably i s present along

16

the eastern boundary of the map-area south of Walton. This formation conformably overlies rocks of the Windsor Group and i s characterized by a well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained, cross-laminated, b u f f weathering, friable sandstone (see Fig. 7) which constitutes about 80 per cent of most outcrops i n the Kennet- cook map-area (Stevenson, 1959, p. 32). The remaining s t r a t a , constituting less than 10 per cent of the outcrops i n the W o l f v i I I e map-area, are red and grey shales and siltstones (Crosby, 1962). The sandstones a r e composed mostly of subangular to sub r o u n d e d quartz grains but may contain up to 20 per cent feldspar; calcite grains are present i n some samples, but calcite i s nota cement- ing material (Stevenson, 1959). The evidence that rocks i n this formation were deposited in a f I u v i a I environment includes cross-laminations, current ripple marks, c h a n n e I I i n g phenomena, and abundant plant remains i n many of the sandstones and shales (Crosby, 1962). Crosby ( 1 962) estimated that the formation may be more than 800 feet thick.

Wolfvi I le Formation

Rocks of the Upper TriassicWolfviIle Formation are found i n a n a r r o w belt along much of the Minas Basin shore from Cambridge Cove to Whale Cove. These rocks dip from 5 to 70 to the northwest and overlie deformed rocks of the Horton Group wi th a n g u I o r unconformity. The formation i s estimated to be a maximum of 100 feet thick i n the v ic in i ty of Stubborn Head.

The Hants Facies of the Wolfvil le Formotion i s f o u n d i n the map-area. It consists mostly of roundstone conglomerates and medium- to c o a rse-grained, poorly sorted, cross-bedded sandstone (see Fig. 8) interbedded with a few clay- stones (Klein, 1962). The sandstones i n the map-area are typically a low-rank greywacke derived from the pre-Triassic rocks to the south. The Hank Facies - based on the lithology andon primary structures such as cut-and-fill, cross, and channel stratification, current ripply marks and mud cracks - was deposited i n a t r a n s i t i o n zone between alluvial fan and flood plain environments (Klein, 1962).

Surficial Deposits

Glacial Ti l l

Glacial t i I I i s the surficial deposit that mantles most of the map-area. I t s composition and thickness strongly reflect the nature of the underlying bedrock. Thin, sandy t i l l s including numerous boulders are present i n areas underlain by quartzite and granite. Relatively thick, heavier-textured t i l l s , usually reddish-brown i n colour and sometimes including beds of stratified drift, mantle slate terrane andareas underlain by rocks forming the Hants-Colchester lowland. Drumlins are present i n places although few have the classic e I o n g a t e shape. Several drumlins composedof till and mantled by lenses of stratified driftmay be

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FIGURE 7. Crossbedded fine- to medium-grained sandstones in the Scotch Vil- lage Formation near Center Burlington (21 .H 1 A 54 M).

FIGURE 8. Crossbedded and poorly sorted Wolfville Formation sandstones and conglomerates near Pembroke (21 H 1 D 94 M).

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FIGURE 9. Drumlin composed of t i l l and a lens of stratified drift east of St. Croix (11 D 13 C 84 C).

FIGURE 10. Gravel pit in kame at Windsor Forks (21 A 16 D 39 N).

seen east of S t . Croix a I o n g Thumb Hi1 I Creek (Fig. 9). (For the distribution and composition of various t i l l deposits, see Cann, Hilchey, and Smith, 1954; and Cann, MacDougall, and Hilchey, 1965.) G l a c i a I drift, which includes till andstratified drift, has an average thickness of 40 feet i n the area underlain by Carboniferous rocks (the average i s based on drillers' logs for f i f ty test holes and wells selected from Appendices A and B). The maximum reported thickness of dr i f t i s 182 feet i n a well (Index No. 106) at Lower Burlington.

Glaciofluvia I Deposits

Glaciofluvial deposits i n the map-area can be classified mostly as ice- contact stratified drift. Such deposits, p r i n c i p a I I y kames and a few eskers, were ' I . . . bui l t i n immediate contact with wasting i c e " (Flint, 1957, p. 136). Kames are mainly irregular hi l ls of stratified sand and gravel, b u t they usually include some till and interbedded s i l t and boulders i n varying amounts depending on the nature of the source material (Fig. 10). A few sand a n d gravel deposits a t Johnson Cove, Mutton Cove and Pembroke along the Minas Basin shore may a c t u a I I y be raised beach deposits, but the writer did not spend the time required to d e t e r m i n e their precise origin. Although only one esker (a sub- glacial channel deposit) i s shown on Map 1, several of the other elongate sand and gravel ridges mapped as kames might be more correctly described as eskers.

Kamedeposits i n the map-area are mostly small features scattered along stream valleys. The largest deposits, which cover an area up to a square mile, are found adjacent to French Mill Brook at Falmouth and adjacent to t h e Avon River at Windsor F o r k s . Figure 10 illustrates the size of the kames at Windsor Forks; the deposits i n the Falmouth area are more than 50 feet thick i n p I a c e s (see logs, Appendix A).

I

Outwash i s 'I.. . stratified drift that i s stream built.. . beyond t h e gla- cier itself" (Flint, 1957, p. 136). The two sand and gravel deposits mapped as outwash a t Upper Burlington and Windsor have only poor to fair sorting (Fig. 11). Considering their location on dykeland, these deposits may originally have been kames which have subsequently been beveled by t h e tides. In the F a l m o u t h area, a few outwash (or ice-contact) deposits up to 60 feet thick ate found in- t e r b e d d e d with or underlying glacial til l (e.g., see test holes 2 6 2 a n d 263, Appendix A; and Index No. 71, Appendix B). The extent of t h e s e deposits i s unknown, but they are commonlyfound i n the subsurface adjacent tostream valleys, particularly i n areas where k a m e s and eskers are exposed at the surface. Department of Highways borehole logs, for example, reveal that sandand gravel deposits underlie the Sr. Croix River dykeland near the i u n c t i o n with Thumb Hi l l Creek to a depth of 50 feet below sea level.

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FIGURE 11. Estuarine clay over poorly sorted outwash sand and gravel near . Windsor (21 A 16 D 102 P).

Stream Alluvium

Alluvium i s being d e p o s i t e d on t h e flood plains of many streams and rivers above the zone of tidal influence. Most of the alluvial deposits are fine textured, consisting of clay, s i I t and fine sand. In a few places, for example along Lebreau Creek, alluvium may overlie deposits of stratified drift.

Peat and Muck

Glaciation lef t much of the d r a i n a g e i n the area, particularly i n the lowland but also on South Mountain, deranged. M a n y shallow lakes soon'became swa,mps and subsequently were f i l led with deposits of peat and muck.

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Dykeland, Salt Marsh and Tidal Flat

Since the sea s t a b i I i z e d at i t s present level, tidal flats have formed along the estuarine part of the Avon River and i t s tributaries, partly i n response to the large tides experienced i n this area (mean tidal r a n g e at Avonport, for e x a m p I e, i s 39.3 feet). Many of these areas have been reclaimed by dyking to form r ich farm land. Active deposition of s i l t and clay continues on the salt marsh and tidal f lat beyond the protection of the dykes and on former dykeland where thedykes have been breached(e.g. along the lower reach of the Cogma- gun River).

Structure

"The Wolfvil le map-area i s structurally complex as re- gards the Palaeozoic rocks. This i s especially apparent i n those localized areas where exposures are common, along parts of the shore and in some stream valleys. The general scarcity of out- c r o p s and marker horizons greatly hinders the tracing of structural features inland, p a r t i c u I a r I y i n the areas underlain by Windsor and Horton strata. The structural picture of the Windsor Group i s further complicated by expansion e f f e c t s of sulphate beds during hydration and probably by salt so I u t i o n effects as wel l . The structure of the Horton Group i s more complex to the northeast. O n t h e west side of Avon River, Horton strata have been thrown into sharp-angled recumbant folds and are displaced by innumerable faults F i g . 121.

"Major folds conform to the northeast Appalachian trend. Pre-Carboniferous folds were accentuated b y forces that folded the Carboniferous strata, but fold axes of both correspond. AI- though many of the minor folds conform to the regional northeast trend, there are many east-west folds as well. Except for minor i r r e g u l a r i t i e s , Triassic rocks dip g e n t I y to the northwest" (Crosby, 1962, p. 52).

The bedrock geology shown on Map 1 has been generalized from previous work i n structurally complex areas. Most of the faults, many of which a r e assumed, have not been extended beyond the area where they affect geologic boundaries. The reader i s referred to the reports listed on Map 1, particularly Boyle (1 963), for structural details.

The largest fault i n the map-area i s the Butler H i l l fault (Bell, 1929, p. 12) which probably extends from west of A v o n River at Windsor Forks eastward along an undulating l ine through S t . Croix and i n t o the Kennetcook map-area (Stevenson, 1959, p. 40). This high-angle, reverse fault thrusted pre-Windsor rocks against Windsor strata (Bell, 1960, p. 19). "The s t r a t i g r a p h i c throw

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I - Horton B lu f f Format ion 0 ' ,900 2,000 FEET 1 I

FIGURE 12. Aerial photograph of the shore at Split Rock and Boyle's (1963) interpretation of the geology.

varies i n amount at different places and i n W i n d s o r district certainly exceeds 1,000 feet and probably i s i n the neighborhood of 2,000 f e e t " (Bell, 1929, p. 12). Drillers' logs for wells i n this area are sometimes u s e f u I for defining the boundary of the foult. For example,a well (Index No. 39)at Three M i l e Plains i s i n gypsum from 105-173 feet and i n granite from 173-184 feet. Several wells along Panuke Road and Highway 1 at Five M i le Plains are i n IHortonl sandstone in an area assumed by Fletcher and Faribault (1909) to be underlain by Windsor rocks. This interpretation i s supported by the chemical quality of groundwaters samples i n this area (see discussion on page 37). Consequently t h e boundaries shown on Map 1 have been m o d i f i e d from those shown on Fletcher a n d Fari- bault's (1909) map i n this area.

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Geomorphology

The South Mountain highland i s a l l that r e m a i n s i n the map-area of a peneplain formed throughout eastern North America i n the Cretaceous. Follow- ing uplift of t h i s surface i n the late C r e t a c e o u s or early Tertiary, a second erosional cycle reduced the area underlain by Carboniferous r o c k s to a gently undulating lowland (Goldthwait, 1924).. During some p e r i o d s i n this erosion cycle, major streams i n the region eroded their valleys to depths of 150 or more feet below the p r e s e n t mean sea level (information from Dept. of Mines t e s t holes near Cornwallis River and from Dept. of Highways test borings, Al la in and Bear Rivers, Annapolis County). Although stratigraphic information i s lacking, bedrock near the mouth of the Avon River estuary probably has been eroded to a simi far depth.

Local topographic features i n the Windsor area are partly bedrock con- trolled and partly the result of glacial e r o s i o n and deposition. Of particular interest i s the sink-hole topography developed on gypsum and anhydrite beds of t h e Windsor Group. Differential solution of these evaporite deposits by inf i l - trating precipitation and.circulating groundwater has p r o d u c e d sinks and left residual hills which are sometimes mistaken for drumlins (Goldthwait, 1924, p. 52). Where kame deposits are associated w i t h gypsum terrane, i t i s sometimes d i f f i c u I t to distinguish on aerial photographs the knob and kettle topography typical of kames from pitted gypsum topography.

During ablation of the last ice sheet, the sea, for a time, was above i t s present level i n this region. Evidence for this i s found adjacent tothe map-area in the Gaspereau Valley where s i l t and clay, probably of estuarine origin, are found to an altitudeof 67 feet, and an outwash delta, probably depositedduring this period, i s present at Walbrook (Trescott, 1968, p. 33). The sea returned approximately to i t s present level during post-glacial regional uplift. Drowned forests at Grand Pr6, Avonport, and Hantsport indicate that the area underwent a slight submergence (at least 33 feet) about 4,000 years ago (Goldthwait, 1924, p. 158; and Lyon and Harrison, 1960). Some of this submergence may have been the result of an increased tidal range (Lyon and Harrison, 1960, Borns and Swift, 1966). Sea level i n the last few thousand years, however, has been relatively stable (Goldthwait, 1924, p. 173).

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HYDROSTRATI GRAPHIC UNITS

Introduction

A hydrostratigraphic u n i t i s a group of geologic materials which h a v e similar water-storage and watertransmitting'properties. The c o e f f i c i e n t of storage i s defined as the volume of water the aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unitsurface area of theaquifer per unitchange i n the component of head normal to t h a t surface (Theis, 1935). Under water-table conditions, the coefficient of storage with time approaches the specific yield, the ratio of t h e volume of-water thatcan be obtained by gravitydrainage to the total volume of the m a t e r i a l (common specific yield values range from 0.01 to 0.2). Under artesian conditions, water released from storage i s derived c h i e f I y from com- pression of.the aquifer skeleton and secondarily from expansion of the water itself (common values range from 0.0001 to 0.001).

A material's water-transmitting property i s termed i ts permeability. In. this report the coefficientof permeability i s defined as the rate of flow ofwater through a one square foot cross-section of aquifer under a gradient of one f o o t per foot: The permeability of an aquifer times i t s thickness i s the aquifer's coefficientof transmissibility which i n this report has the units cf imperial gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft.) .

The aquifer coefficients of transmissibility and s t o r a g e , which can be determined from properly run pumping tests, can be u s e d to calculate pumping rates suitable for long.term production and to predict drawdown i n the aquifer after given pumping periods. In the map-area, pumping-test data are available for three test wells i n Horton rocks and one screened w e I 1 i n glaciofluvial deposits .

For geologic units where no pumpingtestdata are available, well yields have been estimated m a i n I y from drillers' bail tests. Well yield i s defined as the discharge which can be sustained for a period of one to twenty years uti l iz- ing the fu l l available drawdown. Drillers' tests are most useful i f drawdown at the end of the t e s t has b e e n recorded. I f information on the drawdown i s not available, the discharge r a t e during the test should be u s e d judiciously as an estimate of the long-term wel l yield because. this rate i s often a function of the equipment used and may range from considerably less than to much greater than the long.term well capacity. Furthermore, the tests are usually of shortduration (0.25 to 2 hours).

In this report the median well y ie ld i n gallons per minute (gpm) per hundred feet of saturated section has been estimated for rock units w h e r e fracture permeability predominates. In such rocks the few wells that produce relatively large amounts of water make the average yield much g r e'a t e r than the median

25

yield (Davis and Turk, 1964; and Snow, 1968). Consequently, the median i s a better measure of the yield which can be expected from wells dri l led at random i n fractured rocks (Snow, 1968).

Bedrock Hydrostratigraphic Units ~

Slate, Quartzite and Granite

Slate, quartzite and grai i te are dense rocks which, for a l l p r a c t i c a I purposes, y ie ld no water i n the unfractured slate. These r o c k s , however, are a l l fractured and consequently have some capacity to store and transmit groundwater. The most numerous f r a c t u r e s i n slate follow their northeast-trending cleavage, making permeability i n these rocks strongly anisotropic. Quartzite and granite commonly are cut by t h r e e sets of nearly orthogonal fractures (see Fig. 13) which make permeability i n these rocks less anisotropic. Permeability

FIGURE 13. Joints in Goldenville Formafion quartzite along Fall Brook (21 A 16 D 67 H; falls are 31 feet high).

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i n fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks i s mostly near the surface where the release of confining pressure by erosion of the overlying rock has allowed fractures to open and where weathering has increased the aperture of many fractures. The z o n e of slightly weathered rock (which i s commonly found i n Nova Scotia below the glacial drift and above fresh rock) may be t e n times more permeable than the unaltered rock (Davis and DeWeist, 1966, p. 320). Drillers, however, often case this zone of 'broken rock' even t h o u g h water i n this zone could be recovered through screens or even perforated casing. From this zone to a depth of about 300 feet the permeability of c r y s t o I I i n e rock decreases about three orders of magnitude (Snow, 1968). This i s due mostly to the decrease i n fracture openings (a result of increasing confining pressure) because permeability varies with the cube of the aperture (Snow, 1968, p. 177). The practical l i m i t of exploration for water i n these rocks, t h e r e f o r e, i s 250 to 300 feet even though significant w a t e r - b e a r i n g fractures may be found i n places at much greater depths (see Meinzer, 1923; Davis and Turk, 1964; and Snow, 1968).

The m e d i a n yield of wells i n the upper hundred feet of saturated slate and quartzite i s estimated to be 1.5 to 2 gpm (based on records for five wells i n Appendix B). Where pumping i s intermittent (e.g. for domestic demand), pumping at rates of 4 to 5 gpm for a well wi th a saturated thickness of 100 f e e t can be sustained for short periods while storage i n the well i s utilized. N o records are available for weilsdrilled i n granite (except for Index No. 39 where granite was reported below gypsum) i n the map-area. The writer (Trescott, 1969) estimated thatwells i n granite i n the Western Annapolis Valley yield an average of 2 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. The yield of wells i n granite and metamorphic rocks ranges from I ess than 0.25 gpm (which Snow, 1968, classified as a failure) to 40 or 50 gpm. For example,^ well 86 feet deep i n granite near Lawrencetown, Annapolis County, was tested at 45 gpm (Trescott, 1968, p. 41), and a well 250 f e e t deep i n s l a t e at Kejimkujik Park was rated at 50 gpm after a 72 hour pumping test.

Horton Group

The Horton Group contains good sandstone aquifers, but i n places where wells penetrate m o s t l y shale, t h e yield i s poor. The grits,and sandstonesare often sil icif ied to quartzites (Crosby, 1962, p. 31), making their intergranular permeability small compared to t h e i'r fracture permeability. The permeability i n finer-grained siltstones and shales i s entirely i n fractures and i s usually much lower than that i n the coarser-grained rocks.

. Pumping tests were conducted on three test wells i n Horton rocks. The two wells near Falmouth (test holes 259 and 260, Appendix A) penetrated mostly dark grey shale and siltstone with interbeds of f i n e - g r a i n e d sandstone. The pumping tests of these wells were di f f icul t to interpret because of variations i n the discharge. Consequently the calculatedaquifer transmissibilities, 40 gpd/ft. for test hole 259 and 60 gpd/ft. for test hole 260, are only estimates. The long- term yields of test holes 259 and 260 were estimated tobe 10 and 15 gpm (2 and

27

3 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section), respectively. The larger yield of test hole 260 may be related to the more numerous fine-grained sandstones penetrated i n this hole.

A test wel l (Index No. 80) d r i I I e d for the Town o f Hantsport was 465 feet deep and penetratedmostly blackshale wi th some sandstone below the casing which was driven to 90 feet (Bourgeois, 1963). The transmissibility of these rocks, based on data from a 36hour p u m p i n g test, i s 410 gpd/ft. The long- term yield of this well was calculated to be 100 gpm or about 27 gprn p e r hundred feet of saturated section. A detailed lithologic log (if one were available)' mightexplain the relativelyhigh yield of this well compared to the y ie ldof test holes 259 and 260 at Falmouth.

The median yield for wellsdrilled primarily i n shale, basedon the yields of t e s t holes 259and 260 and on drillers' bai l tests, i s estimated to be 2 to 3 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. The median yield for w e I I s dri l led primarily i n sandstone i s estimated to be an order of magnitude g r e a t e r (20 to 30 gprn per hundred feet of saturated section). Yields p e r hundred feet of saturated section w i l l range,from less than 1 gprn i n some shale areas (e.g. Index No. 142) to 50 or more gprn where wells penetrate Horton sandstones, grits and conglomerates (e.g. index Nos. 11 and 123).

Windsor Group

Fracture permeability predominates i n rocks of the Windsor G r o u p and rangesfrom very low i n shales to veryhigh i n limestone and gypsum where solution channels are present. The only data available on the nature of aquifers i n these rocks are the drillers' records i n Appendix B. From these records, i t i s estimated that a wel l dri l led at random in Windsor rocks w i l l yield about 10 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. Yields range from less than 1 gpm i n shale and indense gypsum and limestone where solution channels are absent(e.g. see Index Nos. 3 and 59) to over 100 gpm where solution channels are present. For example, a well (Index No. 57) only 90 feet d e e p in limestone at Falmouth i s pumped at 60 gpm, and a well (Index No. 39) at Three M i l e Plains which penetrates mostly gypsum was tested at 60 gpm.

The most important aquifers i n the Windsor Group are the limestones because they sometimes contain water ofsatisfactory quality and are usuallyfairly productive. A fractured limestone conglomerate i n t h e Pembroke Formation i s illustrated i n figure 14. Note that the fracture openings shown i n t h i s picture are probably at least an order of magnitude larger than they would be i n a well a t a depth of 50 feet (see Bianchi and Snow, 1969). T h i s formation, based on the log of a w e I I (Index No. 129) at Cheverie, may yield 30 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. The relatively g o o d quality of water from this well i s discussed in the next section.

8Z

29 I Wolfvil le Formation

Clean, well-sorted sandstones and conglomerates i n t h e Wolfville For- mation are the best aquifers (except for some g I a c i o f I u v i a I deposits) i n the Annapolis-Cornwallis V a I I ey. Wells i n this formation yield, on the average, nearly a gallon per minute per foot ofsaturated section. In the map-area, however, the formation's potential as an aquifer i s limited by i t s thickness and small areal extent. Depending on the saturated thickness, which may be up to 50 feet i n a few places, wells i n this formation can be completed to yield. from 1 to 40 or more gpm. Few, i f any, wells have been dril led i n the Wolfvil le Formation within the maparea,. b u t i t i s apparent that i t should be c o n s i d e r e d a good source for domestic water supplies.

Surf i c ia I H yd ros t ra t i gra p hi c Un i t s

Glaciofluvial Deposits

Glaciofluvial deposits are more permeable and store more water per unit volume than any other hydrostratigraphic unit i n the map-area. The permeability of these deposits, for example, i s from ten to one hundred times greater than that of the best aquifers i n the Horton Group, and the storage coefficient often approaches the specific yield of the deposits.

One of the largest glaciofluvial deposits i n the map-area i s at Falmouth where confined sand and g r a v e I deposits penetrated by test holes 262 and 263 (see logs, Appendix A) are p r o b a b I y connected laterally with the kame f ie ld along French Mill Brook. A 24-hour pumping test of a screened well constructed i n test hole 262 was used tocalculate a transmissibility of 11,000 gpd/ft. for the aquifer a t this location. The usefulness of this aquifer, however, i s severely l im i ted by the gypsum beds which underlie i t (note i n Appendix C t h e de te r ie ration of water quality during the test). Most of the other glaciofluvial deposits i n the map-area are also associated with Windsor rocks and consequently contain water ofpoor quality or wouldsuffer deterioration i n quality with t ime i f pumped at a rate of more than a few gallons per minute.

The most p r o m i s i n g sand a n d gravel aquifer i n the area i s the one at Windsor Forks. The thickness of the deposit i s unknown, but i t should extent to adepth ofat least 50 feet below mean sea level, assuming that the bedrock Val- ley i n this location i s a t least as d e e p as the o n e at St. Croix. Although this deposit i s l imited i n extent, the yield of a well f ield constructed i n i t would be sustained by infi l tration from the Avon River. Up to the present this would have createda water quality problem because the river i s affected by the tides i n this area. After c om p I e t i o n of the Avon River causeway between Falmouth a n d Windsor, however, a f r e s h w a t e r lake w i l l b e formed i n this area, assuring a source of good quality water for the aquifer.

30

Other Surficial Deposits

1 Except for the scattered glaciofluvia deDosits, surficial deposits 1 the map-area are predominantly fine -grainedand are' poor aquifers. Alihough intergranular permeability may predominate i n the sandy t i l l s which commonly mantle granite terrane, permeability i n heavier-textured t i I I and indykeland deposits i s usually confined to joints and thin sandy stringers and lenses.

Probably the majority. of domestic water s u p p I i e s i n the map-area are obtained from dug wells constructed i n glacial till. Dug wells are usually sufficient to meet domesticdemand because of the storage capacity of the well itself, but they may be a problem.during dry summers when their storage capacity i s reduced due to recession of the watertable.

CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER

Introduction

The dissolved solids i n g r o u n d w a t e r depend on t h e material through which the water passes and on the length of time the water i s i n c o n t o c t with these materials. In humid regions I i k e Nova Scotia where groundwater circu- lation i s relatively rapid, groundwaters that pass through rocks of low solubility h a v e a low concentration of dissolved solids. Groundwaters that pass through anhydrite, gypsum, limestone and salt beds, however, usually contain relatively high concentrations of dissolved so I i d s . Sandstones and shales down gradient from soluble rocks i n r e g i o n a I or local flow systems also contain poor quality water.

The complete analyses, both i n parts per mill ion (ppm) and in equivalents per mill ion (epm), of groundwater samples collected i n the Windsor-Hantsport- Walton area are given in Appendix C. Statistical comparisons of the quality of groundwaters among the hydrostratigraphic units were made i n a manner described previously by the writer (Trescott, 1968, p. 116). Statements made i n the discussion below concerning similarities or significant differences i n the chemistry among various units are based on the results of these statistical comparisons. In general, significant differences i n chemistry are d u e to variations i n t h e concentration of calcium sulphate.

The chemical composition of groundwater may be represented on P i p e r (1944) trilinear d i a g r a m s (Figs. 15 to 17). The major cations i n groundwater (calcium, magnesium, and sodium plus potassium) are given as per cents of total equivalents per mill ion i n one triangular field; i n the other, the major a n i o n s (carbonate p I us bicarbonate, chloride, and sulphate) are given as per cents of

I total e q u i v a I e n t s per million; and the combined chemistry i s plotted i n t h e diamond-shaped field. Most groundwaters plotted i n f i g u r e s 15 to 17 may be classified as one of t h r e e chemica1,types: calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulphate, or sodium chloride.

Relationship of Groundwater Quality to Use

The quality of most groundwaters i n the WindsopHantsport-Walton area i s fair to good for most uses. Windsor rocks, however, generally contain waters ofpoor quality due to the high concentration of calcium sulphate. Salty groundwater i s a problem in flat lowlands (e.g. dyke1and)where the freshwater lens i s relatively thin. Elsewhere, except where deep wells are drilled, salty water i s not a problem because the land (and the water-table) rise rapidly away from the sea, insuring a thick freshwater lens over salt water. Even though mostof the population i n the maparea lives adjacent to the sea, saltwater intrusion (deterioration of water quality due to flow of salt w a t e r towards a cone of depression)

32

i s not a problem at the present because m o s t wells produce only a f e w gallons per minute. In the future, however, t h e possibility of saltwater intrusion near the sea should be considered and evaluated before h i g h capacity wells are installed.

The various ionic constituents and other chemical properties that detep mine the chemical quality of a w a t e r have been discussed elsewhere (see, for example, Hem, 1959; and for a brief discussion, Trescott, 1968). The discussion i n this section i s limited to t h o s e chemical properties that are pertinent to the various uses of the water.

Most groundwater pumped i n the Windsor Hantsport-Walton area i s used for domestic purposes. For such use it s h o u I d meet the mandatory and r e c o w mended limits of the U. S. Public Health Service (1962) 'Drinking Water Stan- dards'. The recommended limits for t h e constituents given i n Appendix C are i ron- 0.3ppm, manganese- 0.05ppm, sulphate- 250ppm, c h l o r i d e - 250 ppm, n i t r a t e - 45 ppm, and total dissolved solids - 500 ppm. Although total dissolved so I ids were n o t determined i n the analyses, they are approximately related to the specific conductance by

specific conductance (p mhos) x 0.55= total dissolved solids (ppm)

for waters low i n dissolved solids. The factor i n the equation above, however, may range f r o m 0.5 to 1 .O depending on the concentration and composition of dissolved solids (Hem, 1959, p. 40).

Iron and manganese, which may cause stainsand impart an objectionable taste to water, exceeded the recommended limits i n several of thewater samples. In most cases the samples were contaminated by the corrosive action of highsul- phate waters on well casing and plumbing fixtures.

Sulphate, chloride and the total dissolvedsolids may have adverse phys- iological effects and give water an objectionable taste i f present i n e x c e s s of the r e c o m m e n . d e d limits. Except for a r e a s underlain by or associated with Windsor rocks, most groundwaters i n the map-area contain these constituents i n concentrations considerably less than the recommended limits. For example, the average chloride content of fresh water in the map-area, b a s e d on 36 samples f r o m Appendix C, i s 20 ppm; the sulphate content of 27 samples that were not affected by gypsum and anhydrite beds averaged 21 ppm; and 24 samples low i n sulphate and chloride had an average specific conductance of 390 t~ mhos. In areas underlain by Windsor rocks, some people use water with an excess of sulphate as drinking water, but the waters very high i n sulphate a r e used only for flushing toilets.

Drinking w a t e r containing a nitrate concentration i n excess of 45 pprn may be poisonous to small children. None of the groundwaters collected i n the

33

, map-area contained nitrate i n excess of this amount, b u t a f e w waters locally have a relatively high.concentration of nitrate (e.g. see Index No. 57, Appen- dix C) which may indicate pollution from septic tanks, barn yards, broken sewer, mains and other sources.

For laundry, cooking and heating purposes, the hardness of water i s important. Hardness i s caused by calcium and magnesium sulphates and carbonates, which form insoluble residues with soap a n d contribute to incrustations. Since the hardness of water for domestic purposes does not become particularly obiec- tionable unti l i t exceeds 100 ppm (Hem, 195Q), waters wi th a hardness less than 100 ppm are c o n s i d e r e d to be 'soft' (a category which includes some of the waters i n the map-area) and waters with a h a r d n e s s i n excess of 100 ppm are 'hard'. A l l waters sampled fromwindsor rocks and overlying till deposits as well as some waters sampled from other units are hard waters.

In classifying water as to i t s s u i t a b i I i t y for irrigation, the important factors to be considered are the total dissolved solids, the concentration ofsome individual constituents,.particularly b o r o n , and the relative concentration of sodium. The sodium or alkal i hazard i s indicated by the soluble sodium percent- age (SSP) which i s defined by

SSP = 100 (Na+K) / (Ca+Mg+Na+K)

or by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) which i s defined by

SAR = N o / ,/ (Ca+Mg)/2

where a l l ions are expressed in epm. The two commonly used methods of classifying irrigation waters (Wilcox, 1948, and Richards, 1954) both use the specific conductance as an indication of the total d i s s o l v e d solids or salinity hazard. Wa t e r i s considered to be good to excel lent for irrigation when the SSP i s less than 40, the SAR i s less than 10 and the specific conductance i s less t h a n 750 p mhos (75 mhos x 10-3. Some groundwaters sampled in the maparea f a I I i n this classification. Groundwaters from the zone of d i f f us i o n in Horton rocks have a relatively high concentration of chloride. These waters have a SSP i n excess of 40, a sa I i n i t y usually i n excess of 750 p mhos, and are only fair i n their suitability for use as irrigation water. Although high sulphate waters generally have a low sodium hazard, their specific c o n d u c t a n c e often exceeds 2,000 p mhos, making these waters p o o r to unsuitable for irrigation use due to the salinity.

Industrial water quality criteria range widelydepending on the use. For example, water exceeding the quality of commercial distilledwater i s sometimes required for boilers of very high pressure; fish plants, on t h e other hand, often need large amounts ofsea water (for a comprehensive discussion of water quality criteria, see McKee and Wolf, 1963). Except for the groundwaters high i n sulphate, many groundwaters i n the Windsor-Hantspor+Walton area a r e of such a quality that they require little, i f any, treatment for many industrial uses.

34

Groundwater i s particularly suited for use as cooling w a t e r because of its relatively constant temperature. M a n y of the f i e 1 d temperatures given i n Appendix C reflect some heating of the water in the distribution system before sampling. Most groundwaters i n the map-area s h o u 1 d have a temperature between 46 and 490F b e c a u s e near-surface groundwater temperatures generally exceed the mean annual air temperature by 2 to 30F (Collins, 1925).

Chemical Quali ty of Groundwater i n the Hydrostratigmphic Units

Slate, Quartzite and Granite

Groundwaters i n slate, quartzite and granite are usually calcium bicarbonate waters low i n d i s s o l v e d solids a n d hardness (see Fig. 15). Waters i n metamorphic rocks are often slightly acid and sometimes contain iron and manganese i n objectionable amounts (Trescott, 1968). O f t h e three water samples

Hardness in ppm .......... IWbRDNLSS NOT INDICATED FOR SbYPLES WITH WARDNE1S LESS THbN 100 P I m l

Megumo Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . Horton Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Scolch V i l l a g e Format ion . . . ..O + T i l l over ly inq Horton Group ....

Per cent of total equivalents per million

FIGURE 15. Trilinear plot of chemical analyses of water samples collected from the Meguma and Horton Groups, Scotch Vil lage Formation, and till overlying the Horton Group..

35

collected from these rocks i n the maparea, the two from quartzite may be considered typical. The sample from slate (Index No. 14), however, contained an unusually I a r g e amount of sodium chloride (289 ppm chloride). The bottom of this well, which i s only 94 feet deep, i s a t least 150 feet above sea level, ne- gating the possibility that the well penetrates the zone of diffusion b e I ow the freshwater lens. The high chloride content of this water, therefore, i s probably due to pollution, possibly from salt used on the roads i n the winter.

N o waters from granite w e r e sampled i n the map-area, but analyses of samples collected from granite west of the map-area have shown that these waters a r e usually of good quality although some of them are m o d e r a t e I y hard (see analyses i n Trescott, 1968 and 1969).

Horton Group

The Horton Group i n many places contains good quality calcium bicarbonate groundwaters (low i n dissolved solids and hardness, usually I ow in iron, and generally slightly basic), but there a r e numerous exceptions (see Fig. 15). Waters with relatively poor q u a I i t y (generally due to a high concentration of sulphate) are usually found where Horton rocks are down-gradient from Windsor rocks i n the groundwater flow system (e.g. see I n d e x Nos. 34 and 127). In a few places groundwaters i n Horton rocks contain a relatively l a r g e amount of bicarbonate hardness. In some areas this i s due to a close association with limestones i n the Windsor Group, But i n others, such as the water from a well (Index No. 143)at Pembroke, the bicarbonate content i s due to the solution of calcareous beds within the H o r t o n Group. No significant difference was found between the composition of waters from t i l l overlying the Horton rocks and waters from the bedrock.

Threeof the samples were collectedfrom wells which penetrate the zone of diffusion between fresh a n d salt water. A well (Index No. 20) at St . Croix i s only 78 feet deep, but i t i s close enough to t h e St . Croix e s t u a r y to yield water with a chloride content of 88 ppm. Test holes 259 and 260, a I t h o u g h over two miles from the Avon River estuary, were deep enough (more than 400 feet below sea level) to penetrate the zone of diffusion i n this area (see analyses, Appendix C). The third sample from test hole 260, a naturally flowing artesian well, was taken more than a month after the pumping test. Evidently the water f I o w i n g from this well i s coming mostly from the upper producing zones because the chloride content was only half of that found i n the samples t o k e n during the pumping test when a mixture of waters from a l l producing zones was being discharged. Note the plot of these chloride waters i n figure 15.

36

Hordnerr in pprn

W i n d s o r Group Till o v e r l y i n g W i n d s o r

- C.

Per cent of total equivalents per -nillion

FIGURE 16. Trilinear plot of chemical analyses of water samples collected from the Windsor Group and the overlying glacial till.

Windsor Group

Most groundwaters from gypsum, anhydrite and associated s h a I e i n the Windsor Group are highly mineralized calcium s u I p h a t e waters which have a hardness ranging from 1,400 to 1,600 ppm (Fig. 16). Although water from these rocks probably contains l i t t le iron and manganese (e.g. see Index No. 74) most water samples had large concentrations of. iron and manganese d u e to corrosion of well casing a n d plumbing f i x t u r e s . A few wells (Index Nos. 55and 148) close to the sea yield water with a relatively high chloride content, indicating that they penetrate the zone of diffusion. The chloride content of water from a %!-foot dri l led wel l (Index No. 44) and from a dug well (Index No. 43) at Up- per Falmouth, however, cannot be explained i n this manner. Neither may the chloride content be attributed to natural salt beds which are unlikely this close to the surface i n a humid climate. This i s probably another case of pollution from highway salt because the dug well, which .contained water with 356 ppm chlo-

X I

37

ride, i s located immediately adjacent to the highway ditch. The nearby dril led well c o n t o i n e d water with 124 ppm chloride and i s probably affected by the same source of pollution even though i t i s about 100 feet from the highway.

The best quality groundwaters i n the Windsor Group are those from limestones. Except for bicarbonate ha rdness , which m a y exceed 200 ppm, their quality i s equal to or better than that of mostgroundwaters i n the map-area (see Index No. 129). Unfortunately the quality of water i n many limestone aquifers i s adversely affected bythe proximity of gypsum and anhydrite beds. The affect of sulphate on the relative c h em i c a I composition and hardness of waters from limestone may be noted i n figure 16 where waters from two weIls(lndex Nos. 55 and 57) i n the Windsor area plot between the high sulphate waters from gypsum and the bicarbonate water from the well (Index No. 129) at Cheverie.

In comparison with waters i n gypsum, anhydrite and associated shale, water i n til l overlying Windsor rocks has a significantly lower calcium sulphate content. Nevertheless these waters have a sulphate (and sometimesbicarbonate) h a r d n e s s ranging from 300 to &lot ppm for the three samples collected i n the map-area. The choice i n these areas, therefore, i s between poor quality, b u t potable water from dug wells i n til l versus water su i t a b I e for l i t t le more than flushing toilets from dril led wells i n the underlying bedrock.

One sample collected from a well (Index No. 37) on Panuke Road near highway 1 had a composition t y p i c a I of water from Horton rocks although the wel l i s i n an a r e a assumed by Fletcher and Faribault (1909) to be underlain by Windsor rocks. The chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of this water lends support to the drillers who claim the area i s u n d e r l a i n by sandstone. Nearby at Five Mile Plains, water from a w e I I (Index No. 34) i n sandstone contained 230 ppm sulphate. This well i s p r o b a b l y i n Horton rocks very close to t h e fault contact with rocks of the Windsor Group. These examples illustrate the possibility of mapping the b o u n d a r y of Windsor rocks or other formations containing highly soluble rocks i n a drift-covered area by analyzing water from wells. Certainly the Butler Hi l l fault can be m a p p e d by t h i s method because of the number of wells along the fault trace.

Scotch Village Formation

The three waters sampled from the Scotch Vil lage Formation a r e fair to good qualitywaters. Water from one well (Index No. 91) had an e x c e s s i v e amount of iron (5.2 ppm) and manganese (0.3 ppm). This may have been due to corrosion of the well cas i n g or to iron bacteria, but i t i s not an isolated case becauseanother wel l (Index No. 103) contained an otherwise good quality water except for an iron concentration of 0.59 ppm. The third wel l ( I n d e x No. 90) may penetrate0 zoneaffected by poor qualitywater i n the Windsor rocksbecause water from this well had, relative to water from the other t w o wells, a greater sulphate content and h a r d n e s s. The waters samples from t h e Scotch Vi1 loge

38

I Formation are similar i n quality to those s a m p l e d from Horton rocks, and l ike waters i n Horton rocks, t h e y are typically calcium bicarbonate i n composition (see Fig. 15). I

I Wolfvil le Formation

No waters were sampled from the Wolfvil le Formation i n the maparea. In t h e Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley, the Wo I f v i 1 I e Formation contains good quality groundwaters low i n dissolved so I i ds and hardness, usually low i n iron and usually slightly basic (see analyses i n Trescott, 1968 and 1964). ,

Glaciofluvial Deposits

The waters sampled from sand and gravel deposits i n the map-area range from calcium bicarbonate to calcium sulphate i n composition (Fig. 17). Many

Per cent of total equivalents per million

FIGURE 17. Trilinear plot of chemical analyses of water samples collected from surficial sand and grave.1 deposits.

39

I of the waters i n glaciofluvial deposits that overlie W i n d s o r rocks have a high sulphate content due to the proximity ofgypsum and anhydrite deposits (e .g. see Index Nos. 41, 49, 149 and test hole 262). Where the sand and gravel deposits are thick and wells receive water from local recharge, t h e sulphate content of shallow groundwater i s low and the q u a I i t y i s generally good (e .g. see Index Nos. 47, 48 and 60). Even where good quality water i s found, the quality may deteriorate with time at the site of a pumping wel l , Note, for e x a m p I e, the i n c r e a s e in sulphate content from 508 to 599 ppm during t h e pumping of test hole 262.

The best quality water sampled inthe map-area came from a locally recharged sand and gravel deposit at Windsor Forks (see Index No. 1). The qual- i t y of w a t e r from the main body of sand and gravel at Windsor Forks should be good because the deposit i s underlain by Horton rocks and granite. When t h i s aquifer i s fu l ly utilized, the quality of water p r o d u c e d w i l l depend, i n part, on the composition of water induced from the Avon River.

40

GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Groundwater, one of the important freshwater resources i n the Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area, i s uti l ized at present primarily f o r individual domestic supplies. The largest groundwater supplies (which yield less than 60 gpm when in use) have b e e n constructed by t h e Town of Hantsport to supplement i t s surface water supply and by a f e w small industries such as McKenzie Creamery i n Windsor and the greenhouses in Falmouth. Future g r o w t h and development of the area w i l l depend, to a large extent, on the availabil ity of adequate freshwater supplies f o r municipal, industrial and i r r i g a t i o n use. In this section, therefore, are summarized t h e possibilities of developing groundwater supplies i n rural areas and i n the v i c i n i t y of the towns and larger communities i n t h e Windsor- Hantsport-Walton area.

Domestic and Livestock Water Supplies

Daily domestic and livestock water requirements have been estimated by Anderson (1963) to be: 100 gallons per day (gpd) for each member of a family, 10 gpd for each horse, 12 gpd for each s t e e r or dry cow, 2530 gpd for e a c h cow producing milk, 2 gpd for each hog, 1.5 gpd for each sheep and 4 gpd for each 100 chickens. Normally a well that w i l l yield 1 to 3 gpm on a long-term basis i s sufficient to meet the average domestic and livestock watering requirements i f adequate surface storage i s available. With rare exceptions, i t should be possibleto constructdrilled wells with such a capacity anywhere i n the map- area. Even in metamorphic and igneous rock terrane where a few wells may be failures, i t i s often possible to construct a successful wel l elsewhere on the same property. In many locations dug wells are sufficient to meet domestic requirements.

The chief problem with groundwater supplies i n the map-area i s notwell yield, but water quality in the areas underlain by the Windsor Group. The high sulphate waters produced f r o m dril led wells i n these rocks are often unsuitable for domestic use. The only alternative for many people i s poor quality, but us- able water from dug wells i n til l. In a few places good quality groundwater can be obtained from dug wells, sand points, and springs i n glaciofluvial deposits.

I Another problem with rural groundwater supplies i s proper well location

and construction to avoidpollution of the supply. Very few dug wells are properly constructed to deep out surface runoff or are i n the b e s t location to avoid subsurface seepage from septic tanks, barn yards a n d other sources of pollution such as salt used on the highways in the winter (see thediscussion on page 36 of Index No. 43). DriIledweIIs are noless subject to pollution i f they are improp- erly constructed and located, particularly i n areas where the c o v e r of glacial

41

dr i f t i s thin and the underlying aquifer has fracture permeability. Rock fractures have - relative to granular materials - l i t t le f i I t e r i n g effect on bacteria and other pollutants. Note, for example, the discussion on page 35 of the chloride pollution of a w e I I (Index No. 14) i n slate at Ellershouse. In these areas surface casing should have a minimum I e n g t h of 20 to 25 feet and preferably the annular space between the casing a n d borehole should be cement grouted. To minimize the chance of pollution of both dug a n d dril led wells, Department of Public Health regulations and regulations under the Well Dril l ing Act should be strictly observed.

Irrigation Water Supplies

Irrigation i s not a common p r o c t i c e i n the Windsor-Hantsport-Walton area. As noted i n the introduction to this report, however, optimum soil moisture conditions c a n be maintained during some periods of the g r o w i n g season only by supplemental irrigation. Except for watering gardens, irrigation usually requires a water source which w i l l yield several tens to a hundred or more gallons per minute. O n the South Mountoin h i g h l a n d and i n areas underlain by Horton shales and Windsor rocks, natural lakes and p o n d s created by damming perennial streams are the only sources thatwi l l ,yield water of satisfactory qual- i t y and quantity for extensive irrigation projects. The limitation i n areas under- Iainby igneous and metamorphic rocks and Horton shales'is quantitybecause in- dividualwells rarelywi l l yieldmore than 10 gpm. Wells i n Windsor rocks, however, w i l l y i e l d relatively large quantities of w a t e r i n many places, but the quality generally w i l l be poor to unsuitable for irrigation.

Only i n areas underlain by Horton, Scotch Village, and Wolfvil le sandstones, i n a few areas underlain by basal Windsor limestones, and in the g l a c i e fluvial deposits a t Windsor Forks can individual we.lIs be expected to yield 100 or more gpm of good quality water for irrigation. Wells i n sand and gravel deposits w i l l have to be screened, but i t should be possible to complete irrigation wells i n the bedrockaquifers as open boreholes because the formations are generally well consolidated. Sand erosion could be a problem, however, i n h i g h capacity we1 Is producing from Scotch Village sandstones because these rocks are usually porous and friable.

Municipal and Industrial Water Supplies

The towns of Hantsport and Windsor and the community ofFalmouth have central water systems supplied mostly from surface water sources. Existing data on these water-supply systems were summarized by J o n e s (1967). This section outlines the potential for developing groundwater supplies to support future urban and industrial growth near the towns and larger communities. i n the map-area.

3.

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Hantsport

Fa 1 mouth

Falmouth i s i n a poor location for the development of large groundwater supplies. Wells i n the limestone, gypsum and s h a I e beds underlying Falmouth produce poor quality water (see I n d e x Nos. 57, 59, 148). The sulphate beds also affect the quality of water i n closely associated glaciofluvial deposits (see analyses for test hole 262). The only wells which produce good quality w a t e r i n the Falmouth area are the shallow dug wells (Index Nos. 47, 48, 49 and 60) i n glaciofluvial d e p o s i t s along French Mill Brook. Additional dug wells and sand points can be installed to produce fresh water from the upper zone of these deposits fordomestic supplies and for watering small gardens, but any large producing well would bring i n high sulphate waters from below orfrom areas where the s a n d and gravel deposits are i n contact with gypsum. It i s unlikely that a significant amount of water could be induced into these d e p os i t s from French Mill Brook because the flood plain of this stream i s composed of s i l t and clay of low permeability (see logs for test holes 256 and 258, Appendix A).

The p um p i n g of test holes 259 and 260 west of Falmouth along French Mill Brook r e v e a I e d that the Horton rocks near the contact with the Windsor Group are poor aquifers i n this area (see previous discussions i n the sections on geology, hydrostratigraphic units and groundwater chemistt-y) .

Hantsport i s i n the most favorable location of any of the towns and larger communities i n t h e map-area f o r developing additional groundwater supplies. The groundwater investigation reported by Bourgeois ( 1 9 6 3 ) demonstrated that the flood p I a i ns of the Halfway River and i t s tributaries are poor aquifers, but that wells capable of producing up to 100 gpm may be completed i n the Horton b e d r o c k (see discussion of Index No. 80 on page 27). Note, however, that some wells i n this a r e a , for example Index No. 84, may produce as l i t t le as 5 gpm per hundred feet of s a t u r a t e d section. The scarcity of outcrops and the possibility of bedrock structures that cannot be observed at t h e surface make i t d i f f icul t to predict where the best producing zones w i I I be found. In general, i t w i l l be necessary todr i l l test holes and conduct pumping tests to evaluate the water-bearing potential of the Horton rocks i n various places a n d to determine the proper w e I I spacing to minimize interference among wells. The quality of water from the Horton rocks i n t h i s area i s good except for a few places where groundwaters contain a moderate amount of hardness (see Index Nos. 83 and 92).

TheTown of Hantsport i s bui l t partly on a glaciofluvial deposit adjacent to the Avon River. Although sand points andsmall screenedwells would produce fresh water, a large supply i s probably n o t possible from this source because of i t s limitated thickness a n d i t s hydraulic connection with the s a l t w a t e r of the Avon River estuary.

43

Newport- Brooklyn

The communities of Newport and Brooklyn are underlain by rocks of the Windsor Group which contain groundwaters of poor quality (see Index Nos. 63 and 74). Where available, surface water i s the best source ofsupply i n this area (note analysis for water from a small lake at Brooklyn, Appendix C). Ground- water of fairly good quality i n quantities adequate for individual domestic supplies can be obtained from springs and d u g wells i n scattered glaciofluvial deposits found in this area (see Index No. 75). Water from dug w e l Is i n til l has fair to poor quality, but this water i s better than that from the underlying bedrock.

Three Mile Plains-St. Croix

The c o m m u n i t i e s of T h r e e M i le Plains, Five Mile Plains, Newport Station and St . Croix straddle the Butler H i l l fault. Those wholive south.of the fault (including most of the residents of Five M i le Plains and St . Croix)are able to obtain adequate amounts of good quality water from the u n d e r I y i n g basal sandstones of the Horton Group. Most of the residents of Three M i le Plains and Newport Station reside north of the fault where dril led wells produce high sulphate waters from gypsum, and dug wells i n till yield only slightlybetter quality water. It may be possible to obtain domestic supplies of good quality water from scattered glaciofluvial deposits which are found along and probably underlying the floodplain of LebreauCreek. Where these deposits are i n contactwith gypsum, however, they w i l l contain waters with a h i g h Concentration of sulphate (see Index No. 41).

A central water system, based on groundwater from wells i n t h e Horton sandstones along the flank of S o u t h Mountain, could be constructed f o r these communities. The sandstones underlying the Panuke Road area, for e x a m p I e, may yield up to 50 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section (see drillers' logs, A p p e n d i x B). A proper evaluation of the groundwater potential of this area, however, must be based on a test-drilling program and pumping tests.

Walton

Litt le i s knownabout the water-bearing potential of the Horton rocks that underlie most of Walton. The average permeability of these rocks may be lower than that found, for example, a t Hantsport because of the m o r e intense deformation i n the Walton area. As a consequence, the best wells i n this area m a y not yield more than 5 to 10 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section. Individ- ual wells 100 feet deep should yield, on the average, between 1 and 3 gpm.

44

The area southeast of the central partof Walton i s underlain by rocks of the Windsor Group. Wells completed i n these rocks m a y be fairly productive, but the water quality probably w i l l be poor.

W indsor

The Town of Windsor i s underlain by Windsor rocks from which only poor quality water can be produced (see Index No. 55). Even i f sulphate beds were

saltwater i n t r u s i o n . The only good quality groundwater at Windsor i s i n the scattered glaciofluvial deposits which should yield e n o u g h water to dug well< and springs to satisfy domestic requirements.

, not present, a wel l f ield i n this low-lying a r e a probably would be affected by

The most p r om i s i n g aquifer near Windsor i s t h e glaciofluvial deposit Hhich occupies the bedrock valley at W i n d s o r Forks. Although i t may not be practical tout i l ize thisdistant source as a supplemental supply for the town, this location would be valuable as the site for an industry that requires large amounts of fresh water.

45

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The economy of the Windsor-Hantsport-Walton area, largely a rural area, i s based on agriculture, forest p r o d u c t s , and on the mining of gypsum, anhydrite and barite. The slow growth of this area could be accelerated i f ad- vantage were taken of favoruble soil and climatic conditions to expand the a* ricultural segment of the economy. Much of the area, for example, i s mantled by soils which make fair to good crop land. Precipitation i s adequate d u r i n g most of the growing season except during August and sometimes during July and September. This i s not a problem, however, i f supplemental irrigation i s available for use during periods deficient i n rainfall. Expanded agricultural act iv i ty would justify t h e establishment of additional f ood-processing industries i n the area.

The South Mountain highland, which forms the l ightly populatedsouthern and southwestern parts of the map-area, i s formed on early Palaeozoic quartzites and slates that havebeen intruded by Devonian porphyritic granite. These rocks are overlain unconformably by C a r b o n i f e r o us rocks which f o r m the Hants- Colchester lowland. The Mississippian Horton Group, which forms the limbs of a northeastitrending synclinorium i n the map-area, consists mainly o f dark grey shales and siltstones but i n c I u d e s basal and interbedded sandstones, grits and conglomerates. Conformably overlying the Horton Group are t h e gypsum, anhydrite, shale and limestone beds of the Mississippion Windsor Group. Pennsyl- vanian fine- to medium-grained sandstones and a few interbedded shales of the Scotch Village Formation are found i n the center of the synclinorium. Carbon; iferous rocks are overlain unconformably along the southern shore of t h e Minas Basin by gently dipping sandstones a n d conglomerates of the Triassic Wolfvil le Formation. Bedrock i n the area i s mantled mostly by glacial t i I I which has an average thickness of 40 feet i n the lowland. Glaciofluvial deposits, consisting of kames and a few outwash deposits, are generally small features found mainly along stream valleys.

The water-storage and water-transmitting capacity of most rocks i n t h e map-area i s found in their fractures. The fractures i n slate, quartzite and granite are more numerous and have larger apertures near the surface due to weathering and release of confining pressure. The decrease in fracture permeability with depth i s such that the practical l i m i t of exploration for water i s 250 to 300 feet. Most wells 100 feet deep i n these rocks yield 1.5 to 2 gpm. A few wells yield less than 0.25 gpm and can be classified as failures, but, at the other extreme, some are known to yield 50 or more gpm .

I

Shales i n the Horton Group, Windsor Group and Scotch Village Forma- tion are poor aquifers. Wells d r i l l e d i n shale yield from less than l to 3 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section.

46

The best bedrock aquifers i n the Windsor-Hantsport-Walton area are the sandstones, grits, and conglomerates i n the Horton Group, Scotch Village a n d Wolfville Formations, and the limestone and gypsum beds in the Windsor Group. Many of the sandstones and conglomerates have m o s t I y fracture permeability; but the coarse clastics i n the ScotchViIlage and Wolfvil le Formations may have significant intergranular permeability. Yields per hundred feet of s a t u r a t e d section i n these rocks commonly range f r o m 20 to.30 gpm but i n places may be more than 50 gpm. Yields from w e I I s i n limestone and gypsum depend chiefly on the number of solution-enlarged fractures penetrated. We1 Is i n fractured limestone often yield about 30 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section, but w e I I yields range from a few gallons per minute where wells penetratedense limestone and gypsum to more than 100 gpm where wells penetrate solution channels.

The larger glaciofluvial deposits at Fa I m o u t h and Windsor Forks m a y yield more than 100 gpm to screened wells. Smaller sand and gravel deposits i n the area canbe used as sourcesfor domestic water supplies butgenerally are not large enough to yield more than 10 gpm to wells on a I o n g - t e r m basis. Dug wells i n till are often sufficient fordomestic supplies ifadequate storage i s provided.

Groundwaters from a l l hydrostratigraphic units except the Windsor Group and units closely associated with the Windsor Group have a chemical q u a I i t y that i s good to fair for most uses (low i n hardness and dissolved solids, a l,ow sodium hazard, and usuallylow i n iron). Groundwaters i n most of the area under- la in by the Windsor Group have a sulphate hardness (up to 1600+ ppm) that severely restricts their usefulness. High sulphate waters are also found i n Horton Group,and Scotch Vil lage Formation rocks and i n glaciofluvial deposits where they are down-gradient from Windsor rocks i n the g r o u n d w a t e r flow system. Relativelygood quality groundwater can be obtained inareas underlain by Wind- sor rocks from shallow wells i n the u p p e r saturated zone of many glaciofluvial deposits. Where glaciofluvial deposits are absent, p o o r quality but p o t a b l e water usually canbe obtained from dug wells completed i n the over!ying glacial till. The only large glaciofluvial deposit that does not overlie Windsor rocks i n the map-area is,found a t Windsor Forks. If this aquifer i s fu l ly u t i I i zed, the quality of water produced from i t w i l l depend largely on the chemistry of water induced from the Avon River.

We1 Is i n the lowlands near the sea may be affected by t h e zone of diffusion b e t w e e n fresh and salt water. Two 500-foot t e s t holes more than two m i l e s from the sea at Falmouth yielded water c o n t a i n i n g 8Ot ppm chloride (average chloride content of fresh water i n this area i s 20 pprn). Closer to t h e sea on the dykeland, even shallow wells may be affected. Of the groundwaters sampled i n the map-area, three domestic supplies contained r e I a t i v e I y high concentrations of chloride due to pollution from highway salt. These cases em- phasize the need for proper wel l location and construction.

47

Of the towns and I a r g e r communities i n the maparea, Hantsport i s i n the most favorable location for expanding i t s water system by constructing wells which, inplaces, may yield 100 or more gpm from aquifers i n the Horton Group. The string of communities from Three M i le Plains to St . Croix could construct a central water system based on wells i n the Horton sandstones along the flank of South Mountain. Although Walton overlies Horton rocks, i t may not be possible to construct wells which w i l l y i e I d more than 5 to 10 gpm per hundred feet of saturated section i n this area. Windsor, Falmouth, and Newport-Brooklyn over- l ie Windsor rocks and have l i t t le prospect of finding convenient sources of good quality groundwater.

48

I REFERENCES

Anderson, K . E., (ed.), 1963, Water Well Handbook: M i s s o u r i Water Well Drillers Assoc. , 281 pp.

Bell, W. A., 1929, Horton-Windsor District, Nova Scotia: G e o l . Survey of Canada, Mem. 155, 268 pp.

, 1960, Mississippian Horton Group of type Windsor Horton District, Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Mem. 314, 112 pp.

Bianchi, L., and Snow, D. T., 1969, Permeability of crystalline r o c k inter- preted from measured orientations and apertures of fractures: Arid Zone Research ASSOC., Annals of Ar id Zone, v. 8, no. 2.

Borns, H. W., Jr., and D. Swift, 1966, A raised Pleistocene terrace i n north- ern Nova Scotia: Paper presented at the Philadelphia meeting, North- eastern Section, Geol . SOC. America.

Bourgeois, P. 0. , 1963, Ground water,investigation, Town of Hantsport: lnt. Water Supply Ltd. , unpublished ieport.

Boyle, R. W., 1963, Geology of the b a r i te, gypsum, manganese, and lead- zinc-copper-silver deposits of the Walton-Cheverie area, Nova Scotia:

I Geol . Survey of Canada, Paper 62-25, 36 pp.

Canada Department of Transport , Met. Branch , 1956, C I i m a t i c Summaries - Volume 1 1 1 .

, 1967, Temperature and precipitation tables for Atlantic Provinces, v. VI, 28 pp.

Cann, D. B., Hilchey, J. D., and G. R. Smith, 1954, Soil su r -vey of Hants N. S. Dept. of Agri. and C a n a d a Dept. of County, Nova S c o t i a :

Agri . , Rept. 5, 65 pp.

Cann, D. B., MacDougalI, J. I., a n d J. D. Hilchey, 1965, Soil s u r v e y of N . S. Dept. of Agri. and Canoda Dept. Kings County, N o v a Scotia:

of Agri. , Rept. 15, 97 pp.

Coligado, M. C., B a i e r , W., and W. K . Sly, 1968, Risk analysis of weekly climatic data for agricultural and irrigation planning, Kentville, Nova Scotia: Canada Dept. of Agri., Tech. Bull. 19.

Collins, W. D., 1925, Temperature of water available for industrial use i n the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 520-F, pp. 97- 104.

49

Crosby, D. G., 1962, Wolfvil le map-area, Nova Scotia (21 H 1): Geol. Sur- vey of Canada, Mem. 325, 67 pp.

Davis, S. N., and R. J. M. Dewiest, 1966, Hydrogeology: John W i l e y 8, Sons, Inc., N. Y., 463 pp.

Davis, S. N., and Turk, L. J., 1964, Optimum depth of we1 I s i n crystalline rocks: Ground Water, v. 2, no. 2, pp. 4-1 1.

Dawson, J . W. , 1848, O n the New Red Sa n ds t o n e of Nova Scotia: ' Quart. Jour. Geol. SOC. London, v. 4, pp. 50-58.

, 1855, Acadian Geology: London, 1s t ed., 833 pp.

, 1893, The Canadian i c e age, being notes on t h e Pleistocene geology of Canada, with e s p e c i a l reference to the l i f e of the period and i t s climatic conditions: privately published, Montreal, 301 pp.

Fletcher, H., 1905, Walton Sheet, No. 74, Hants County, Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Map No. 879.

, 191 1, Kingsport Sheet No. 84, Hants-and Kings Counties, Nova Scotia: Geol . Survey of Canada, Map 13 A.

Fletcher, H.,and E . R . Faribault, 1909, Windsor Sheet, No. 73, Hants County, Nova Scotia: Geol . Survey of Canada, Map No. 1037.

Flint, R. F., 1957, Glacial and Pleistocene Geology: John W i I e y and Sons, lnc., N. Y., 553 pp.

Freeze, R. A., 1967, Program Potev: Computer Programs i n use by the Hydro- logic Sciences Division, Inland Waters Branch, Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources, Canada.

Goldthwait, J . W., 1924, Physiography of Nova Scotia: Geol . Survey of Can- ada, Mem. 140, 178 pp.

Hem, J. D. , 1959, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water: U. 5. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1473, 269 pp.

Hennigar, T. W., 1965, Groundwater survey Fa I m o u t h area, Hants County, N. 5. Dept. of Mines, Groundwater Section open f i le Nova S c o t i a :

report, 14 pp . Holmes, R. M. and G. W. Robertson, 1959, A modulated soil moisture budget:

Mo. Weath. Rev. v. 67, pp. 101-106.

50

Jones, J. F., (ed.), 1967, N , o v a Scotia water resources study, a compilation of existing data: Atlantic Development Board.

K I e i n; G. deV. , 1962, Triassic sedimentation, Maritime Provinces, Canada: Geol. SOC. Am. Bull., v. 73, no. 9, pp. 1127-1146.

Lyell, C., 1843, Travels i n North America in the years 1841-42: 1st. ed.

Lyon, C. J., and W. H a r r i s o n , 1960, Rates of submergence of coastal New England and Acadia: Science, v. 132, no; 3422, pp. 295-296.

McKee, J. E., and H. W. Wolf, (ed.), 1963, Water Q u a l i t y Criteria: The Resources Agency of C a I i f o r n i a, State Water Qual i ty Control Board Publication no. >A, 548 pp.

Meinzer, .O. E., 1923, The occurrence of ground w a t e r i n the United States: U . S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 489, 321 pp.

Nova Scotia Department of Trade and Industry, 1965, Nova Scotia, an econom- i c profile: Econ. Services Div., v. 4, 71 pp.

, 1967, Nova Scotia Directory of Manufacturing, 87 pp.

, 1968, Hants County Survey.

Piper, A. M., 1944, A graphic procedure i n the geochemical interpretation of water analyses: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 25, pp. 914-923.

Powers, S., 1916, The Acadian Triassic: Jour. Geol., v . 24, pp. 1-26, 105 122, 254-268.

Richards, .L. A., (ed.), 1954, Diagnosis a n d improve-ment o f saline and alkali soils: U. 5 . Dept. of Agri. Handbook no. 60, 160 pp.

. . Slater, R., 1967, Report on industrial minerals, - i n N. S. Dept. of Mines,An-

nual Rept. on Mines.

Smitheringale, W. G., 1960, Geology of Nictaux-Torbrook map-area, Annap- olis and Kings Counties, Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Paper 60-13, 32 pp.

Snow, D. T., 1968, Hydraulic characteristics of fractured metamorphic r o c k s of Front Range and implications to the Rocky M o u n t a i n Arsenal well : Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, v. 63, no. 1, pp. 167-199.

51

Stevenson, I. M., 1959, Shubenacadie and Kennetcook map-areas, Colchester, Hants and H a I i f a x Counties, Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Mem. 302, 88 pp. I

Taylor, F. C., 1962, Geology, A n n a p o l i s , Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Map 40 - 1961 .

Theis, C. V., 1935, The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge ofa well using ground-water storage: Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, v. 16, pp. 51P524.

Thornthwaite, C. W., 1948, An approach toward rational classification of climate: Geog. Review, v. 38, pp. 55-94.

Trescott, P. C., 1968, Groundwater resources and hydrogeology of the Annap- olis-Cornwallis Valley, Nova Scotia: N. S. Dept. of Mines M e m . 6, 159 pp.

, 1969, Groundwater resources and hydrogeology of the Western Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia: N. S . Dept. of Mines, Groundwater Section Rept. 6% 1, 47 pp.

United States Public Health Service, 1962, Drinking water standards: Publica- i t ion no. 956, 61 pp.

I Weeks, L. J . , 1948, Londonderry a n d Bass R i v e r map-areas, Colchester and Hants C o u n t i es, Nova Scotia: Geol. Survey of Canada, Mem. 245,

I 86 PP.

, (consult. geol .), 1965, Geological Map of the Province of Nova Scotia: N. S. Dept. of Mines.

Wilcox, L. V., 1948, The quality of water for irrigation use: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Tech. Bull. 962.

52

APPENDIX B.

SELECTED WATER WELL RECORDS IN THE WINDSOR-HANTSPORT-WALTON AREA

Water wel l records given i n this appendix are mostly those which include a lithologic log. These wells have been located i n the f ie ld and a r e shown on Map 1. The lithologic logs have been u s e d as an a id i n mapping t h e geology and for determining the aquifer from which the well i s producing. In cases where the lithologic log i s questionable for a w e 1 I dril led near a geologic boundary, the designation of the aquifer may also be i n doubt. I

The following abbreviations are used in the table:

Driller

1. Atlantic Coast Well Dril l ing Ltd. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Use

Benedict, Edward H. Central Well Dr i l l ing Corkum, George Hall, W. C. Kennedy, 0. V. & Son Ltd. Lalonde, R. J . Nodland Well Dril l ing Co. Trask, S. G. & Sons Ltd.

D = domestic M = municipal I = industrial TH = test hole

Pump or bail test

gpm = imperial gallons per minute DD = drawdown REC = recovered to I

Lithologic log

c l = clay sd = sand gr = gravel dr = dr i f t sh = shale ss = sandstone S I = slate bldrs = boulders qtzi te = quartzite

Note: Only recordsfor dri l led wells are given inthis appendix whereas the In- dex Numbers also includedug wells and springs. Pertinentdata onthe dug wells and springs are given on Map 1.

Well Depth (H.)

210

- Water Hole

Diam . On.)

6

Chemical

Appendis C Ball T a t Aqulfsr

1 nPm Windsa

Analysis h P a

DP30'30 mim. REC-45'12 hn.

C1. Lg*. (ft.) b e

102 D

Index No.

3

- Level (ft.)

Grid Location

21A16D57G

Year Drilled Owner Driller

1965 Mt. MartockSki 4 Ltd .

Lithologic Lag 6 Ramrks I

0-3 cl; 3-25 loore dry d; 2 5 7 5 cl; 7 5 9 7 loore dry d; 97- I10 gypnun; 97- Po rr; 200-215 gypsum 0-15 sd 6 e; 1 5 7 5 ss

Area

W i h r Forks 4s

8 21A16D68H Ponuke Rd. 1969 U p h , Robert 2 1

75 15 6 21 D 1 wm D P S ' 1 hr. REC-15'P 1 I/i gpm mins.

DD-75'1 hr. REC-60'12 mins. 9 m D P 0 ' 1 hr.

x 3 w 4 w

X l g p m

x

DD-40'1 hr. REC-8'10 mins.

DD-31 ' REC-12'4 hn.

DP42'5 mim. REC-6'8 mins.

x 3 1/2npln

Quhrpite (7)

Haton

Hat0I-l

Quartzite Qwrtzite

Slate

Quartzite

Quartzite Horton Horton Horton Hwton Hwton Horton Horton Hartan

1968 U p h , N a m a n 2 125 60 9 21A16D68J Ponuke Rd. 6 7 0 D 0-65cl; * m u

11

12 13

21A16DW

21A16D72B 21A16D72B

Panuke Rd.

Ellenhouse E l lenhousa

1968 Smith, Charles 2

1949 Monley, Joseph 6 1968 -Wallace, M. L. 2

50

140 95

12

12 8

2 S D

8 D 12 D

0-18 cl; 18-!io sa

1965 Morher, Ridgar 4 94 14 21A16D724 Elleohwu, 12 6 14 D 0-10 cl; 10-94 sl

15 21A 16D72H Ellenhwu, 1966 Harvey, Mumry 2 52 6 6 15 D 0-4 cl; 4-52 qtzite

16 18. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 31 32

21A16D72H 21A16D74E 21A16D74C 21A16D74C 21A16D74G 21A 16D74G 21A16D74G 21A16D74G 21A16D74F

21A16D74F 21A 16D74E 21A16D74E 21A16D74E 21A16D7R 21A16D7R

E I lenholae St. Cmix St. Cmix St. Croix St. Cmix St. Croix St. Cmix St. Cmix St. Croix

St. Croix St. Croix St. Croix. St. Cmix N m p a t Stn. Newport Stn.

'1 956 1 958 1 958 1 963 1 963 1962 1 w2 1 956

Murphey, 'Maurice Allen, Eorl Whiting, Jack Smith, Pad L. Cochmne, William Smith, C. L. Douncey, Elmer Spence, Ello (Miss) Superline Service

Ikvson, Miss k n h , Joseph Spence, Gmyton Clark, S. H. (Mn.) Gibson, Fmnk Clark, Graham

Stution

71 103 97 78

122 120 69 85 87

65 105 145 135 47 39

D 4 4 D 24 D 2 9 D 47 D 72 D 3 8 D 23 D 42 D

22 D 62 D 3 8 D

37 D 39 D

66. D

5 0 6 20 13 15 13

11 30 12

over flow

0-42 b ldn 6 gr; 4 1 8 9 sa

0-22 b ldn 6 gr; 22-65 sa 1953 1949 1 963

6 4 4

Chemical Analysis Pump or Appendix C Bail Test -

X 15 gpm DD-0'1 hr.

DD-45'30 mins. REC-25'2 mins.

D B O ' l hr.

5 gpm

3 1/2 gpm

5 BPm

60 gpm

X

DD-0'1 hr.

Well Year Depth

Drilled Owner Driller (ft.)

1968 Lopes, Mr. 2 55

Water Hole Level Diam. (ft.) (in.),

8 6

25 6

csg . Lgth. (ft.) Use

2 0 D

4 8 D

5= Lithologic Log 6 Remarks

G 4 cl; 4-55 s

0-40 cl: 4.0-55 ss

Index No.

34

35

Grid Location

21A16D76L

Aquifer

Horton ,f?)

Horton (7)

-- Area

Three Mi le Plains

Three Mi le Plains

Ponuke Rd.

Panuke Rd. Panuke Rd.

Three Mi le Plains

Three Mi le Plains

Fa I mou th Folmouth Windsor Windsor Falmwth

Falmouth Falmouth

21A16D76L 1968 Pemberton, Edward 2 50

36

37 38

39

21A16D77H

21A16D77H 21A 16D77H

21A16D77F

1968 Coldwell, Jimmy 2

1968 Spencer, Mr. 1968 Coldwell, Cecil 2

School 6

49

50 75

184

12 6

6 2 2 0 6

39

42 D

10 D 29 D

103 D

Horton (7)

Hortor (?) Horton (?)

Windsor

0-35 cl; 3 5 4 9 S I

SI

G20 sd 6 gr; -75 SI

0-105 cl 8, bldrs; 105- 173 gypsum; 173- 184 granite (?) 0-80 cl; -86 gr

gypsum

41

44 46 50 55 56

57 59

21A 16D78H

21A16D82D 21A16D86J 21A 16D89P 21A16D1030 21A16D104P

21A16D104E 21A16D106G

1968 Allard, Edna (Mn.) 2

1963 Lyon, Mr. 1 19455 Alders, E. W. 6 1948 Rafuse, George 6 l9cO McKenrie Creamery 6

Fino Service Sto. 6

1956 Loomer, Ralph 6 1965 Miner, Mn. 4

86

52 188

15 6

5 6 15 6 16 1/2 4 27 6

86 D

4 0 D 156 D 34 1/2 D 75 I

Sand and gravel Windsor Windsor Windsor Windsor Windsor

Windsor Windsor

52 175 142

90 87

0-77 cl, gr 6 sd; 77-142 ? limestone G 4 5 rd; 45-82 gypsum

21 8 17 6

x U g P m x 3gpm

DD-30'35 mins. REC-17'16 hn. 15 gpm

x 40gpm 30 gpm

5 gpm

2 gpm 5 gpm

DD-0'1 hr.

DD-20'1 hr. REC- 16'4 mins.

DD-20'1 hr. REC-16'4 mins.

I 5 0 D

62 63 64

65

2 lH lA lH 2 l H l A l G 2 l H l A l G

21HlAlK

Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn

Brooklyn

1956 Smith, Cor1 6 1957 MacKay, Raymond 6 1968 Lidson, Bob 2

1968 Blackburn, Lennord 2

65 208 60

70

2 0 6 52 6 12 6

16 6

29 D 53 D 5 0 D

6 3 D

Windsor Windsor Windsor

Windsor

sh? slate 8 gypsun 0-30 cI 8 bldrs; 30-60 SI

0-25 cl; 2 5 7 0 SI

66 67

2 lHlAlF 2lHlAlE

Brooklyn Brooklyn

1951 Hennessey, E. D. 6 120 1968 Filmore, G. 2 110

6 0 6 16 6

D 25 D

Windsor Windsor

0-33 cl; 33- 120 sh 0-15cl; 15-110s

71 2 lH lA l% Falmouth 1966 Wile Fruit Stand 3 200 4 102 D Windsor 0-40 cl; 40- 102 sd 6 gr; 102-200 limestone

74 21HIA24D Brooklyn 1967 Keyser, Dr. 2

76 21HIA24C Brooklyn 19.56 Municipal School 6 77' 21HiA24B Brooklyn Parker, John 6 79 21HIA3M Birhapville 1962 Townof Hantsport 7

80 21HIA350 Bishapville 1962 Town of Hanhput 7

53

260 267 40

465

15 6 53

7 0 6 160 80

5

29 73/B 89

D

D D TH

TH

Windaor

Windwr Windsor Harton

Hartan

0-15 cl; 1 5 5 3 ss?

B R - 144

7-40 cI; 40 sh 0-1 tapsail; 1-7 sd 6 mi

0-1 topsail; 1-36 cl with gr; 3 6 4 6 sd 8 cl; 4 6 8 6 cI 8 gr; 86465 sh 0-3 tapaail; 3-9 sd 8 gr; %56 cl; 56 rh 0-2 sd; 2-60 broken rs. 60-93 IS

0-Ztppsail; 2-11 cl; 11- 23 u; 23-96 rh 8 u; 9 6 140 u; 140-225 sh

70 gpm DD-119'27 hrs.

82 21HIA38L Hanhpart 1962 Townof Hantsport 7

83 21HIA39F Hontsport 1968 Minus Basin Pulp 2 8 Paper

84 21HlA390 Hantsport 1962 Townof Hantsput 7

56

93

5

0 5 65

TH

D

Haton

Horton X 3gpm DD-20'1 hr. REC-0'2 1/2 hrr. 12 gpm 225 3 0 9 TH Hortan

,. . Scotch Village Fm. Scotch Village Fm.

Horton

90 21HIAUL Centre Burlinp 1966 Card;Rolph 2 ton

ton 91 21HIA53N Centre Bur l inr 1967 Sonford, Ellsworth 2

92 21HlA57A Hankport , 1965 Benedict, Bob 3

94 21HlA57C Hantsport 1962 T a y o f Hantsport. 7

95

60

4 80

6 5 45

D X

x 8gPm DD-45'6 mins. REC-6'10 mins.

X 8gpm .

D 0-15 cl; 15-93 IS

0-80 mud; 120-230 gr 6 sd O-IOsoiI,decayed veg. 8 cl; 10-18 cl; 16-32 sd 8 gr 8 bldrs;.32-38 cI 8 gr SI

11-38 SS; 3 k h 125- 175 SI 0-18 cl; 16-72 rl

330

38

6 230 D

TH 3 5 Sand and gravel

Hortan Horton Horton Hortan Horton

95 21HlA58A Hantsport 1951 Townof Hantsport 1 96 2iHlA58J Hanhpat 1959 Town of Hpnrport 97 21HIA58P Hontsport 1962 Alley, William 6 98 21HIA580 Hanhpart Haliburton, Harold 6 99 21HlA69Q Lackhartville 1967 Hazlett, Morris 9

450 250 246 1 75 72

8 1 75 8

136 92 8 4 22

M M D

D

55 gpm 50 gpm

15 gpm 5 10 gpm 5 w m DD-52'30 mins. REC-8'20 mins. 10 8Pm DD-10'1 hr.

X

6-15gpm

3 gpm 3 1/2 gpm

. .

X 5gpm

102 21HIA63C Hantsport 1966 Lutr, W. 8. 4

103 21HIA67C Centre Bur l inr 1965 Card, 0 2 ton

ton 106 21HlA79A Lower Burline Rafure , Arthur 6

108 21HIA81Q Summerville 1966 Harriwn, W. 3 109 ZIHIABIP Summerville 1965 Terfly, Mr. 3 110 21HIA83K Lockharbille 1965 Reddick. M. 8

66

85

259

150 55

I 5 0 '

25 5 60

' 6

42 140

6 103 6 10

6 0 6 55

Hortan

Scotch Village Fm. Windsor

Haton Hortan Horton

0-25 cl; 25-40 SI; &to 9r

0-182 cl, bldrs, B gr; 182-259 rh 0-18cl; 1 6 - 1 5 0 s I 0-2 sd 0-4cl ;654sl ; 5 6 1 5 0 1 s

cn cn

cn 0.

. . Well Water Hole Csg. Chemical Index Grid Year Depth Level Diam 19th. Analysis Pump or No. Location Area Drilled Owner Driller (ft.) (ft.) (In.) (ft.) h e Appendix C Boil Test Aquifer . Lithologic Log 6 Remarks

112

113 114 115

21HlA84C

21HlA850 21HlA85P 21 H U85J

Lockhartvil le 1 965

1944. 1 944 1965

Guptell, 8. (Mn.) 4 102 40 6

Fuller, L. F. 6 1 4 4 4 0 6 Lockhart, M m y 6 103 6 Levy, Charley 4 do 8 6

102 D

53 1/2 D 5 3 D 10 D X

11 9Pm

7 9p"

3 wm

3 w m

4 w

DD-22'2 hn.

DD-3'12 hrs. REC-8'4 hn.

DD-30'12 miru.

DD-50'3 miru. REC-10'4 mins. 16 gpm DD-0'1 hr.

DD-0'1 -hr . DD-30'1 hr. REC-12'2 miru.

15 9pm

5 BPn

9 9p"

6 wm

2gpm 3 epn

2gpm

DD-9'3 hn. REC-8'20 mlm.

DB80 '5 mini. REC-50'8 mins.

Horton

Horton Horton Horton

0-35 cl; 35-75?; 75-102 9r

Avonport Avonport Avonport 0-37; 3-60 sh

Miles, Cecil 4 66 10

Ravine, Vicent 6 ? I5 6 Brian, Derick 2 65 10 6

D

4 0 D 4 0 D X

Horton

Horton Haton

0-3 cl; 3-66 rh 116

117 119

21HlA86M

21 H 1A86N 21 HlA89D

Avonport

Avonport Summerville

1966

1961 1 966 0-35 c l 6 bldn; 35-65 SI

0-30 cl; 30-70 u

0-30 cl; 3&90 u

0-20 cl; 20-100 SI

123

1 24

126

2lHlDlOG

21 H1 DlOK

21HlD16M

Kempt

Kempt

Kempt

1968

1 968

1 968

Cmsley,M. (Mn.) 2 70 15 6

Mmher, Raymond 2 90 15 6

Girhen, Harold 2 100 12 6

5 0 D

M D

5 5 ' D

Horton

Haton

Horton

23 D X

4 3 D X

Haton

Windsor

0-3 cl; 3-23 broken u; 23-65 i s 0-36 c l 6 d; 36-43 broken u; 4S60 i s

0-7 cl; 7-80 SI 0-35 cl; 35- 100 SI

127

129

21HlD160

21HlD33D

Cheverie

Cheverie

1 965

1965

R o u , Walter 5 65 9 0

Briron, Clifford 5 60 8 6

Horton Horton

138 142

21 H 1 D68M 21 H 1 D76M

Cambridge Pembroke

1966 1 966

lake, R. 3 8o 4 6 Hiltz, Roy 2 1 0 0 5 0 6

15 D 42 D

19 D X 5 4 1 X

Horton Windsor

0-8 3; k 6 8 SI 143 148

21 H 1 D77A 21A16D 1040

Pembroke Falmouth

1 966 1946

Maron, 8. 3 63 5 6 MacLellan Bras. 9 154 6

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Documents

Groundwater Resources and Hydrogeology of the … · province of nova scotia department of mines groundwater section report 69- 2 groundwater resources and hydrogeology of the w i