Physical Activity and Physical Activity and FitnessFitness

Gobinder GillGobinder Gill

Source: Buckworth & Dishman (2002) Exercise Source: Buckworth & Dishman (2002) Exercise Psychology Psychology

AimsAims

ALL students will have knowledge of key ALL students will have knowledge of key terms and definitionsterms and definitions

SOME students will apply the process of SOME students will apply the process of exercise and its importance to the human exercise and its importance to the human body (psychologically and physiologically)body (psychologically and physiologically)

MOST students will explain the reason why MOST students will explain the reason why clients drop out from exerciseclients drop out from exercise

SOME students will critique key theories of SOME students will critique key theories of exerciseexercise

MOST students will apply suitable MOST students will apply suitable interventions to exerciseinterventions to exercise

DefinitionsDefinitions

Physical activityPhysical activity produces bodily produces bodily movement that results in energy movement that results in energy expenditureexpenditure

ExerciseExercise is planned, structured, repetitive is planned, structured, repetitive that someone engages for purpose of that someone engages for purpose of improvement or maintenanceimprovement or maintenance

Acute exerciseAcute exercise is a short burst is a short burst Chronic exerciseChronic exercise is over a longer period is over a longer period AdherenceAdherence is a negotiated agreement with is a negotiated agreement with

a specified attendance, usually 60-80%a specified attendance, usually 60-80%

Reasons to ExerciseReasons to Exercise

Weight controlWeight control Reduce cardiovascular riskReduce cardiovascular risk Reduce stress and depressionReduce stress and depression EnjoymentEnjoyment Building self esteemBuilding self esteem Socialising Socialising

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Activity 1Activity 1

Identify reasons to why people Identify reasons to why people fail to exercise:fail to exercise:

Think of your own experiencesThink of your own experiences Think of experiences of other Think of experiences of other

peoplepeople Think of all ages/groups/social Think of all ages/groups/social

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Reason for Not Exercising Reason for Not Exercising

Lack of timeLack of time Lack of energyLack of energy Lack of motivationLack of motivation CostCost Illness/injuryIllness/injury Lack of facilitiesLack of facilities Lack of transportLack of transport

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Activity 2Activity 2

There are many people who There are many people who drop out of exercise. Can you drop out of exercise. Can you identify some reasons?identify some reasons?

In answering this activity attempt In answering this activity attempt to think about both to think about both psychological and physiological psychological and physiological aspectsaspects

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Drop-outDrop-out

Loss of interest & time (Song et Loss of interest & time (Song et al.,1983)al.,1983)

Level of Fitness, fun, challenge, Level of Fitness, fun, challenge, failurefailure

Income, Occupation & Social ClassIncome, Occupation & Social Class Age, Marital Status, Gender, Age, Marital Status, Gender,

EducationEducation Personality, Attitude, Peers Social Personality, Attitude, Peers Social

Support, work demandsSupport, work demands Leadership, Perceived choiceLeadership, Perceived choice

Determinants of Exercise Determinants of Exercise AdherenceAdherence

Personal factors – demographic, Personal factors – demographic, cognitive and personality, cognitive and personality, behavioursbehaviours

Environmental factors – social, Environmental factors – social, physicalphysical

Models of Exercise BehaviourModels of Exercise Behaviour

Transtheoretical modelTranstheoretical model

Health belief modelHealth belief model

Planned behaviourPlanned behaviour

Social cognitive theorySocial cognitive theory

InterventionsInterventions

Theoretical models previously Theoretical models previously covered are useful in determining covered are useful in determining why people do or do not exercise, why people do or do not exercise, focusing on a particular moment in focusing on a particular moment in time.time.

The Transtheoretical model (cf: The Transtheoretical model (cf: Prochaska, DiClemente and Prochaska, DiClemente and Norcross, 1992) proposes the Norcross, 1992) proposes the individuals progress through stages individuals progress through stages of change in a cyclical manner.of change in a cyclical manner.

Stages of changeStages of change

Precontemplation stage - Do not Precontemplation stage - Do not intend to start in the coming six intend to start in the coming six months.months. May be demoralised about their May be demoralised about their

ability to change.ability to change. Defensive due to social pressures.Defensive due to social pressures. Uniformed about the long term Uniformed about the long term

consequences of their behaviour.consequences of their behaviour.

Contemplation stageContemplation stage

People seriously intend to People seriously intend to exercise in the next six months.exercise in the next six months.

Despite intentions, usually Despite intentions, usually remain here for about two years.remain here for about two years.

Thinking of exercising, but not Thinking of exercising, but not actually likely to start.actually likely to start.

Preparation stagePreparation stage

Exercising, but less than three Exercising, but less than three times per week.times per week.

Not exercising regularly.Not exercising regularly. As such, no major benefits As such, no major benefits

gained.gained. A plan of action is formulated.A plan of action is formulated. Behavioural changes have Behavioural changes have

occurred.occurred.

Action stageAction stage

Regular exercise (3 per week, Regular exercise (3 per week, 20 + minutes)20 + minutes)

Have been training for less than Have been training for less than six months.six months.

This stage correlates with the This stage correlates with the highest risk of relapse and is highest risk of relapse and is least stable.least stable.

Most processes for change Most processes for change been used.been used.

Could easily fall back into old Could easily fall back into old habits.habits.

Maintenance stageMaintenance stage

Regular exercise for more than Regular exercise for more than six months.six months.

Once five years reached, more Once five years reached, more likely to be exercising likely to be exercising throughout life span.throughout life span.

Short time-out for injuries etc.Short time-out for injuries etc.

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Activity 3Activity 3

As an exercise psychologist As an exercise psychologist think of strategies that will think of strategies that will enable you to maintain client enable you to maintain client adherence and progress to adherence and progress to exerciseexercise

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Strategies for Exercise Strategies for Exercise AdherenceAdherence PromptsPrompts ContractingContracting Charting attendance and Charting attendance and

participationparticipation RewardingRewarding FeedbackFeedback Goal settingGoal setting AssociationAssociation Social supportSocial support

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SummarySummary

Physical activity to maintain Physical activity to maintain fitness levels is importantfitness levels is important

Practitioners must develop Practitioners must develop effective programmes that are effective programmes that are suitable for individual needssuitable for individual needs

Strategies that are adopted Strategies that are adopted must be identified and assessed must be identified and assessed on a regular basison a regular basis

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