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ble to assume that mechanical stress to the muscles wasreater for men than women. This could explain the greaterhanges in ROM, CIR and CK for men; however, this was noteflected in MVIC and SOR. It is concluded that sex differ-nce in EIMD depends on which marker is used to determineIMD.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.210

09

lood rheology may facilitate changes in cardiovascularynamics at the onset of submaximal cycling

. Simmonds 1,∗, J. Tripette 2,3,4, S. Sabapathy 5, S.arshall-Gradisnik 1, P. Connes 2,3

Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University,ustraliaUPRES EA 3596 (ACTES), Université Des Antilles Et Dea Guyane, Campus De Fouillole, Guadeloupe, FranceUMR Inserm 763, CHU De Pointe À Pitre, Guadeloupe,ranceLaboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, Uni-ersity of Montreal Hospital, CanadaSchool of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith Uni-ersity, Australia

Introduction: Given that oxygen supply is dependent onhe flow and distribution of blood, it is surprising that littles known regarding the influence of blood rheology on theynamic responses of the cardiovascular system at the onsetf exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whethermportant parameters of blood rheology were related to theime-course changes in oxygen uptake (VO2), cardiac outputQ), and/or arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2D) at thenset of submaximal cycling.

Methods: Ten healthy subjects (age: 21.7 ± 1.3 yr; bodyass index: 22.7 ± 2.0 kg m−2) performed submaximal

ycling at an intensity reflecting 105% of the first ventilatoryhreshold. Whole blood was collected at rest before exer-ise for assessment of red blood cell (RBC) deformability,BC aggregation, and blood viscosity. During exercise, VO2as measured breath-by-breath (ZAN 600 USB, Oberthulba,ermany) and Q was measured beat-by-beat (Physioflow,anatec type PF05L1, Paris, France). The a-vO2D was

ubsequently determined using the Fick principle. A mono-xponential equation was used to describe the time course ofhe VO2, Q, and a-vO2D responses to exercise.

Results: RBC aggregation was negatively correlated withteady-state VO2 during exercise and the a-vO2D at restr = −0.73, p < 0.05), and RBC aggregation was positivelyorrelated to Q at rest (r = 0.71, p < 0.05). Blood viscosity atarious shear rates was negatively correlated with the timeonstant of on-transient kinetics for VO2 (all p < 0.01) and

-vO2D (all p < 0.05), and RBC deformability at varioushear stress was positively correlated to the time constant

(aa

ine in Sport 14S (2011) e1–e119 e101

f on-transient kinetics for VO2 (all p < 0.05) and a-vO2Dall p < 0.05).

Conclusions: While our finding that faster a-vO2D andO2 kinetics was related to increased blood viscosity andecreased RBC deformability initially seems counterintu-tive, accumulating evidence suggests that mildly elevatedlood viscosity may facilitate peripheral blood flow due toncreased nitric oxide production, secondary to the increasedhear stress applied to the endothelium. Moreover, slightlyecreased RBC deformability could paradoxically improveissue extraction of oxygen from blood due to (i) an increasedransit time for RBC to pass through capillary networks, and;ii) reduced distance between the RBC and vessel wall. Theesults of the present study support that the rheological prop-rties of blood may modulate, at least in part, the rate ofhange in the uptake and extraction of oxygen at the onset ofxercise.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.211

REE PAPERS: Physical activity – adults epidemiology, Sat-rday 22 October, 0930–1030, Rottnest Room

10

hysical activity and all-cause mortality in older womennd men

. Brown 1,∗, D. McLaughlin 2, J. Leung 2, L. Flicker 3,. Almeida 3, G. Hankey 3, D. Lopez 3, K. McCaul 3, A.obson 2

School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queens-and, AustraliaSchool of Population Health, University of QueenslandAus-

raliaUniversity of Western AustraliaAustralia

Background: There is strong epidemiological evidencehat physical activity in young-middle adulthood is associ-ted with lower all-cause mortality in both women and men.he aim of this study was to examine the relationship betweenhysical activity and mortality in older people.

Methods: Data from two Australian cohorts [the Aus-ralian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (N = 10,430)nd the Health in Men Study (N = 12,203)] aged 65 years orore were analysed to assess the relationship between phys-

cal activity and all-cause mortality over a median follow-upf 10.4 years for women and 11.5 years for men.

Results: After adjustment for other behavioural risk factorsnd demographic variables, there was an inverse dose-esponse relationship between physical activity and all-causeortality, with lower hazard ratios for mortality in women

han men at all levels of physical activity. The hazard ratiosor all-cause mortality in the ‘low’ physical activity category

40–600 MET min/week) were 0.58 (0.52–0.65) for womennd 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.99) for men; and in the ‘moder-te’ physical activity category (600–<1200 MET min/week)

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ere 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73–0.86) in men and 0.52 (95% CI:.45–0.60) in women, compared with the lowest physicalctivity group (<40 MET min/week).

Conclusions: For people aged over 70 years, levels ofhysical activity lower than those recommended in currentuidelines were associated with significant reductions in all-ause mortality. For those who met the guidelines, the riskeduction was greater in these older people than in most stud-es of younger adults, and the relative risk reduction wasreater in women than in men.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.212

11

ustralians do not exercise at sufficient levels to promoteood health

. Humphries ∗, M. Kingsley, V. Dalbo, M. Duncan, F.oulson

CQ University, Australia

Introduction: Decades of research into muscle strengthen-ng activities has shown a multiplicity of health benefits foroth healthy and elevated risk populations. Physical activityuidelines for older adults in several countries explicitly statehat older adults should initiate and maintain engagement in

uscle strengthening activities in conjunction with aerobic,exibility and balance based activities to continue to leadealthy lifestyles. National health authorities have widelyromoted physical activity in the form of aerobic exercise tohe public, although the promotion of muscle strengtheningctivities has received far less attention. The primary objec-ive of this research was to highlight the lack of prevalencef muscle strengthening activities across a six-year periodn an Australian population whist examining gender and agerends.

Methodology: A Computer-Assisted-Telephone-nterview (CATI) survey conducted by Population Researchaboratory at CQUniversity performed a survey ofentral Queensland adults in October–November 2006

n = 1236; male = 620, female = 616), 2008 (n = 1237;ale = 619, female = 618) and 2010 (n = 1289; male = 635,

emale = 654). Respondents were asked to report on theirtrength training knowledge, sources of strength trainingnowledge, participation levels, duration, frequency andntensity of training, and barriers and constraints to engagingn strength training. Participants: Respondents were 18 yearsf age or older that could be contacted by direct-dialed,and-based telephone service. A telephone database using

computer program to select, with replacement, a simpleandom sample of phone numbers selected respondents.

Results: Across the six-year time period almost 85% ofhe population sampled did not perform strength training

ctivities with only 13.7% in 2006, 16.9% in 2008 and3.2% in 2010 responding to participating in strength train-ng activities. Males (2006 12.5%, 2008 22.4%, 2010 13.2%)

Cts

ine in Sport 14S (2011) e1–e119

ere consistently more likely to perform muscle strengthen-ng activities than females (2006 14.8%, 2008 17.7%, 20101.2%). Significantly more males performed strength train-ng and at sufficient physical activity levels than femalesp < 0.05). Respondents over 65 years were less likely to par-icipate in strength training and less likely to train at sufficientevels than younger cohorts (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: The present data suggests that the prevalencef Australian’s participating in regular muscle strengtheningctivity programs is very low and unlikely to provide healthenefits to stave off age associated muscle decline and healthisks. The findings also underscore the need to increase over-ll education on the benefits of regular strength training withn emphasis among targeted adult populations to increasearticipation in strength training programs.

oi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.213

12

n examination of the physical activity and physical func-ion relationship in older adults: The 45 and Up Study

. Kolt ∗, L. Yorston, R. Rosenkranz

School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University ofestern Sydney, Australia

Introduction: Reduced participation in physical activityas been associated with functional decline in older adults.he growing population of older adults is placing unprece-ented pressure on health and welfare systems due, in part,o increasing inability of these older adults to perform func-ional tasks essential for independent living. Further, thencreasing rates of non-communicable chronic disease add tounctional limitations in this population group. Understand-ng how physical activity can impact on physical function inlder adults is therefore important. The purpose of this studyas to investigate the relationship between physical activity

evels and physical function in older adults.Methods: Participants were 62,290 older adults aged 65

ears and older (mean age 73.8 ± 6.6 years) drawn from the5 and Up Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 266,848eople (45 years and older) from across New South Wales,ustralia. Baseline data on physical activity (Active Australiaurvey) and physical function (Medical Outcomes Studyhysical Functioning Scale), as well as data on body mass

ndex, psychological distress (Kessler-10), smoking history,ge, gender, and educational attainment were used for cross-ectional analysis.

Results: In bivariate and fully adjusted logistic regressionodels, higher levels of physical activity were associatedith higher physical function in older adults (p < 0.001). The

actors most likely to influence this relationship were psy-hological distress (p < 0.001) and advancing age (p < 0.001).

ompared to those in the lowest tertile of physical activity,

hose reporting higher levels of physical activity had progres-ively lower odds of functional limitation (middle tertile of