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1Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 1
Physics 2850Imaging Science and
Technologies in Todays World
Earth Observation Applications
Anne M. SmithDepartment of Geography, University of Lethbridge
Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, Alberta
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Passive Active
Types of remote sensing
e.g. AVHRR, MODISSPOT, Landsat, ASTER, AWiFS,QuickBirdIKONOS, Hyperion, Aircraft, UAV
e.g. Radarsat-1, Radarsat-2, SSM/I. AMSR-E, TerraSAR-X
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 2Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
2Remote sensing
Acquisition of information about the Earths surface from a distance.Variety of platforms
http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/space_weapons/technical_issues/ucs-satellite-database.html
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 3Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Satellite sensors
SensorSwath width(km)
Spatial resolution
(m)
Spectral bands
Temporal resolution
(Days)Cost
AVHRR 2399 1100 4 1 $0.00 /km2
MODIS2330
250500
1000
25
291 $0.00 /km2
Landsat-5 Landsat 7 ETM+
185 306061 16 $0.00/km
2
SPOT-5 60 510-2014 26 $4.00
#/km2
RapidEye 77 5 5 5.5 $1.40#/km2
Quickbird/ Worldview 16.5
0.5/0.62.0/2.4
14 3.5 $22.00
#/km2
Airborne/UAS Variable Variable Variable As required $4.00-$7.00 /acImaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 4Spring 2014
Earth Observation Applications
3Page 5
Earth Observation Applications
Ocean and ice monitoring ship detection, wind and surface-wave field estimation,
sea ice monitoring, ocean blooms, climate change Disaster monitoring oil spills, earthquakes, tsunami, hurricanes, nuclear
accident, flooding, fire Land use change Vegetation, minerals, hydrology, urbanization
Vegetation health Disease, insect damage, moisture, nutrients, yield
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldSpring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Page 6
Earth Observation Applications
Who can use this information?Relief agenciesPolicy makers and land managers GovernmentsIndustry ScientistsPublic Impact assessment, risk analysis, habitat analysis
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldSpring 2014Earth Observation Applications
4Sea Ice Monitoring
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 7
Sea Ice MonitoringSeptember/March
(min/max)Septemberave extent (106 km2)
Marchave extent (106 km2)
1979-2000 7.0 15.7
1999/2000 6.2 15.3
2000/2001 6.3 15.6
2001/2002 6.8 15.4
2002/2003 6.0 15.5
2003/2004 6.2 15.1
2004/2005 6.1 14.7
2005/2006 5.6 14.4
2006/2007 5.9 14.7
2007/2008 4.3 15.2
2008/2009 4.7 15.2
2009/2010 5.4 15.1
2010/2011 4.9 14.6
2011/2012 4.6 15.2
2012/2013 3.6 15.0
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 8
Special Sensor Microwave/Imagers (SSM/Is) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E)
Exploits different microwave emissions from sea ice and open water
Implications for Climate Change
September 14, 1984
September 13, 2012
5Sea Ice Monitoring
The Canadian Ice Service analysts use the Radarsat images on a daily basis to monitor the ice flows in Canadian waters
Petermann glacier, northern Greenland August 4, 2010 enormous chunk
of ice (250 km2) largest iceberg in the last 50
years.
Radarsat-2 ScanSAR Wide mode July 31, 2010 August 7, 2010 August 14, 2010 August 17, 2010.
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 9
Greenland
Nunavut
EllesmereIsland
Sea Ice Monitoring
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 10
The Canadian Ice Service analysts use these Radarsat images on a daily basis to monitor the ice flows in Canadian waters
Petermann glacier, northern Greenland August 4, 2010 enormous chunk
of ice (250 km2) largest iceberg in the last 50
years.
Radarsat-2 ScanSAR Wide mode September 9, 2010 September 11, 2010 September 13, 2010
Petermann fjord
13 km long fragment 1.9 km/h
6Sea Surface Temperature
Sea surface temperature measured by the AVHRR sensor on a NOAA Polar Orbiting Satellite.
The Gulf Stream is very visible as the red filament separating the yellow and blue regions.
Knowledge of the location of this very strong current is important for ship routing, and for the commercial fishing industry.
Red = warm, Blue = cold
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 11
Sea Algal Blooms
Vancouver Island, BC
MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
June 25, 2006 Wind and ocean currents Phytoplankton
photosynthesis and support fish populations.
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldPage 12
7Page 13
Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion Gulf of Mexico. April 21, 2010
Landsat 7 ETM+Optical sensor
Oil spills
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldSpring 2014Earth Observation Applications
ALI, April 25,2010
Page 14
Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion Gulf of Mexico. April 21, 2010
Oil spill monitoring
Original oil rig location
TerraSAR-X radar sensor
Launched June 15, 2007
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
8 April 24, 1986 Ukraine, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Reactor #4 exploded Radioactive fallout
http://earthshots.usgs.gov.Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 15
Chernobyl
fallouthttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/02/chernobyl-25-years-after-_n_816902.html#s233577
Chernobyl
Spring 2014T19: Earth Observation Applications A
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldP.M. Teillet
Page 16
>400 x radioactive material released by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
released 1/100 to 1/1000 of the total amount of radioactivity released by nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s and 1960s.[
~100,000 km of land was significantly contaminated with fallout, the worst hit regions being in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.
9City of Pripyat, Ukrainebefore and after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant disaster as seen using Landsat TM
May 31, 1986
Landsat 5 TM image, false colour composite
26 July 1992
Landsat 4 TM image, false colour compositehttp://earthshots.usgs.gov.
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
Page 17
Chernobyl
Before and after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant disaster as seen using Landsat TMhttp://earthshots.usgs.gov/earthshots
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 18
April 29, 1986 July 26, 1992 June 5, 2011
Chernobyl
10
Mt. St. Helens
Yakima
Pullman
Volcanic eruption
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 19
Mount St. Helens WA, USA May 18th, 1980, 08:32
Volcanic eruption: Mount St. Helens WA, USA Landsat images over three decades.
Aug 29th 1979 Sept 24th 1980 Aug 23rd 1981
Jul 22nd 1985 Sept 22nd 1990 Aug 19th 1995
Aug 16th 2000 Aug 14th 2005 Aug 12th 2010
11
RADARSAT-1 September 2, 2006, S6 May 5, 2008, S1 submerged ground = red partially submerged vegetation
areas = pale blue
Flooding
Saint John River in New BrunswickMay 2008
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 21
2000 2005 2010
Shrinking of the Aral Sea
Time series of Landsat true colour composite images.B=Band 1 (450-520 nm), G=Band 2 (520-600 nm) and R=Band 3 (630-690 nm)
1960 shoreline
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldPage 22
Year Area (cubic kilometers) Salt content (g/liter)
1960 >700 14
2007 75 100
12
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 23
Shrinking of the Aral Sea
Aralsk, Kazakstan
September 1977 September 1998 September 2010
Landsat 2 Landsat 5 Landsat 5
Aralsk to Aral Sea0 km
Aralsk to Aral Sea91 km
Aralsk to Aral Sea13 km
Urban Development
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 24Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
20002002200320042005200620072008200920102011
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) False Colour Composite Images (15 m spatial resolution)
13
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 25
Urban Development
Las Vegas
Time series of Landsat satellite images shows development.
True colour images Blue band (450-520 nm) = BGreen band (520-600 nm) =GRed band (630-690 nm) = R
19721986199220002011
Year Population (x 1000)
1972 2731986 6081992 8632000 13762010 1951
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 26Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Urban Development
Las Vegas Landsat time series Analysis and classification Land cover Land use Changes over time
1994
19941972
14
Athabasca oil sands
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldPage 27
Landsat true colour composite images (30 m spatial resolution) Athabasca oil sands
Spring 2014T19: Earth Observation Applications A
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldP.M. Teillet
Page 28
Athabasca oil sands
1984
2001
2011
Classification of images or simple digitization can be used to estimate growth from over time Substantial growth 2001-2011
15
Oil and Gas-GIS Analysis 2001 NWA Infill Project
29Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
CFB Suffield NWA (pre-infill--1997)
30Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and sustainable Resource Development
16
CFB Suffield NWA (post-infill--2001)
31Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and sustainable Resource Development
Lost grazing (by area): loamy (12.5%), sands (11.1%), choppy sandhills (1.8%)32
17
Canadian grasslands
Grassland Cultivated crop
C emission 26 Mg ha-1
C sequestration0.5 Mg ha-1 year-1 Photographs courtesy of
G. Bourgeois, M. Didkowsky,R. Bourchier, J. Nicholsen, G. Larson, C. Kloppenburg.
2
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
Grassland spatial extent and fragmentation
Page 34
18
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 35Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Newell, Taber, Cypress and Forty Mile County.
Highlights areas of change
Validation? lack of historic
ground data Local
knowledge
County Unchanged To crop To grassland Total area in ha (% change)
Newell 590714 (95) 23241 (4) 9867 (2) 623823Cypress 884880 (95) 34339 (4) 9961 (1) 929180Taber 413384 (96) 11185 (3) 4439 (1) 429009Forty Mile 424616 (98) 4724 (1) 3638 (1) 432978
Grassland change (1999-2005)
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 36Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Native Prairie Vegetation Inventory 1990-1993 1:30,000 aerial photography section based % ground cover of tree, shrub, graminoid,
riparian, lake or wetland
Grassland Vegetation Inventory (GVI) colour infrared digital airborne imagery 0.5 m comprehensive biophysical, anthropogenic and land use inventory polygon-based, 5.0 ha for upland site types and 1.0 ha for wetland
site types. accuracy estimated at >90%
Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development14
19
15Image courtesy of Barry Adams, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 38Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Updated GVI
2007 SPOT Image2006 GVI
GVI updates through satellite imagery?
DatabaseRecordAdd/edit/delete Slides courtesy of Barry
Adams AESRD
20
Crop Condition Assessment Program (CCAP)
Statistics Canada Longest crop monitoring program in Canada (1987) Western Canada and US Northern Plains Crop and pasture/rangeland condition (relative measure) Based on AVHRR/MODIS satellite imagery from Early July mid-
August NDVI
Spring wheat yield based on, seeded acres and linear regression analysis
Accuracy within 5.6% of published estimates for 10 of the 13 years Federal, provincial and private stakeholders Integration remote sensing, GIS and Internet.
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 39
Spring 2014T20A: Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldP.M. Teillet
Page 40NDVI =(NIR-red)/(NIR+red)
21
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 41Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
P.M. TeilletPage 41
Crop Condition Assessment
Program
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays WorldP.M. Teillet
Page 42
Amalgamate Values to Census of Agriculture
Regions
Spring wheat yield estimate using linear
regression and weighting by area
seeded
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
22
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 43Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
P.M. TeilletPage 43
Amalgamate Values to Census of Agriculture
Regions
Spring wheat yield estimate using
linear regression and weighting by
area seeded
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 44Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World
P.M. TeilletPage 44
Amalgamate Values to Census of Agriculture
Regions
Spring wheat yield estimate using
linear regression and weighting by
area seeded
Year CCAP Forecast1
Statistics Canada official
estimate2
Forecast versus Statistics Canada
1989 28.8 26.8 7.4%1990 34.9 33.7 3.6%1991 31.3 33.1 -5.5%1992 31.0 31.3 -0.9%1993 29.0 32.0 -9.4%1994 29.5 30.7 -3.9%1995 29.4 32.3 -9.0%1996 35.2 36.1 -2.6%1997 33.2 36.1 -2.6%1998 31.8 33.4 -4.8%1999 36.7 37.7 -2.7%2000 34.6 36.1 -4.2%2001 28.8 27.4 -4.8%
23
Anne M. SmithDepartment of Geography, University of Lethbridge
Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLethbridge, Alberta
Spring 2014Earth Observation Applications
Imaging Science and Technologies in Todays World Page 45