Amborel

laNym

phaea

lesAust

robail

eyale

s

“Basal angiosperm”

Magno

liidss

Mon

ocots

Eudico

ts

After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374

Parallel venation

scattered vascularbundles

1 cotyledonTricolpate pollen

Angiosperm

Phylogeny of angiosperms

Phylogeny of monocots

Graham et al., 2006, Aliso 22:3-20

Typhaceae (Cattail family)

Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx

Typha latifolia Typha angustifolia

Typhaceae (Cattail family)

Typhaceae - 1 genus/13 species.Note: different from your textbook treatment, we are not including Sparganium into this family.

Herbs, aquatic or wetland;

Leaves simple, linear (sword-shaped), and entire;

Infloresence a dense spike (with numerous densely clustered flowers in cylindrical cluster), male flowers positioned above the female flowers;

Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious);

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Oryza sativaRef.2

Textbook DVD KRR

Triticum aestivum

Ref.3

Zea maysTextbook DVD KRR

Sorghum vulgare

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Poaceae (or Gramineae) - 650 genera/9,700 species.Note: Alternate family names with an -ae ending are permitted by the International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature for a few families.

One of the largest plant families;

The grass family is THE economically most important family of plants,containing all of the cereal grains: wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum,millet, rye, oats, etc.

Herbs, though bamboo achieves tree-like size (but no true secondary growth in monocots, so no true wood).

Stems jointed, round and usually hollow;

Leaves consist of sheath, ligule, and blade; sheath open, ligule present at junction of sheath and blade.

Infloresence a spikelet of many small flowers; each spikelet subtended by two empty bracts called glumes; each individual flower (floret) enclosed bytwo bracts: the lemma (bract at base of individual floret) and the palea (bract that faces the lemma thereby enclosing the floret).

Florets with very reduced perianth (lodicules); little more than swollen bit of tissue; stamen 1-3;

Fruit a single-seeded caryopsis (grain) with fruit wall fused to the seed;

Growth by intercalary meristem, which is at nodes rather than at tip of stem; Thisallows regeneration when tip is cut, as in grazing or mowing of prairies/lawns;

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Bromus tectorum;Leaf with sheath, blade, and ligule;

Bambusa ventricosa;Stem jointed;

Textbook DVD WSJTextbook DVD JRA

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Textbook DVD KRR

Avena sativa;Spikelets and glumes;

Textbook DVD KMN

Paspalum notatum;Spikelets and stamens;

Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family)

Ref.4 Detailed structure of Spikelets and florets;

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Cyperus papyrus

Ancient Egyptiansused this species formaking paper

Ref.1

Juncaceae - 104 genera/4,500 species. One of the most important families ofwetland plants; the genus Carex contains about 2,000 spp. worldwide, >500spp. in N. America.

Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial;

Stems triangular, solid or hollow;

Leaves with sheath and blade, sheath closed;

Inflorescence a spikelet of many small flowers, with one empty bract at thebase of each spikelet;

Flowers are inconspicuous, each flower subtended by a bract, bisexual orunisexual (then usually monoecious), usually 3 stamens, sometimes only 1 or 2;

Fruit an achene;

In Carex, a perigynium surrounds the ovary;

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Textbook DVD JRA

Scleria triglomerata;

Triangular stem and closed sheath;

Textbook DVD KRR+DLN

Scirpus tabernaemontani;

Spikelet;

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Textbook DVD KRR+DLN

Carex blanda;

Male and female inflorescences;

Carex blanda;

Perigynia (urn-shped or saclike structuresurrounding the female flower of Carex);

Juncaceae (Rush family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD CSC

Juncus dichotomous Luzula multiflora

Juncaceae - 6 genera/400 species. The major genera are Juncus (300 spp.)and Luzula (80 spp.)

Juncaceae (Rush family)

Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial;

Stems typically round and solid;

Leaves with sheath and blade, sheath usually open;

Flowers are inconspicuous, but when you look carefully, they are just like littlelily flowers, with 6 tepas (or 3 sepals and 3 petals), 3 or 6 stamens;

Fruit capsule;

Comparison of the three grass-like families

CapsuleAcheneCaryopsisFruit

abscentusually no ligule,but Carex isexception

presentLigule

Round, solidTriangular, solidor hollow

Jointed, round, andusually hollow

Stem

6-tepals or3-sepals+3-petals

Reduced tobristles

Reduced tolodicules

Perianth

JuncaceaeCyperaceaePoaceae

Ref.1 http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_070221_4773_cyperus_papyrus.Ref.2 http://pictures.nicolas.delerue.org/japan/20030912_riceHarvest/rice_harvest_6745.jpgRef.3 http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content-nw/full/21/suppl_3/161S/F1Ref.4 http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/images/0645.jpg