., Bureau of Standards

] ibrary, N.W. Bldg ^

JUL 3 1963

^ecknlcal ^lote 170

PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT

AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA

WILLIAM R. BOZMAN

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

'Cecknical ^ote 170

ISSUED JUNE 25, 1963

PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT

AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA

William R. Bozman

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bu-reau's regular publications program. They provide a

means for making available scientific data that are of

transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may belisted or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington 25, D.C. - Price 10 cents

ContentsPage

1. Photocomposition of computer output 1

2. Description of character codes 1

3. Conclusion 4

ii

Phototypesetting of Computer Output

William R. Bozman

A photocomposition machine controlled by the magnetic tape output from a computer was used to

prepare a 559-page table of atomic transition probabilities at the National Bureau of Standards. Thismethod makes possible the publication of computed data in high quality typography in a reasonable timeand at a reasonable cost. Many styles of type are readily available to the programmer including Greek,italic, mathematical symbols, upper and lower case alphabets, etc.

1. Photocomposition of

Computer Output

Modern electronic computers are used to calcu-

late and process large quantities of basic mathe-matical and physical data. Hundreds of pages of

numerical or tabular information can be obtained in

a few hours, or even a few minutes. When the final

calculations are completed, the problem of publica-

tion of the data then arises.

This problem can be handled in two ways. Tra-

ditionally the information is set in metal type. Thismethod produces high quality typography of graphicart quality, and is the preferred style. However, in

order to minimize the time needed between the com-puter calculations and the final printed page, andalso to reduce printing costs, it is frequently de-

cided to forgo traditional typographic quality. In

these instances the printing plates may be madefrom photographs of pages prepared on a high-speedcomputer printer.

Unfortunately these printed pages are usually

much less clear than those that have been typeset,

page formats may be wasteful of space, and the limi-

tations on the styles of type and special charactersavailable may be a severe handicap, leading to the

use of nonstandard or even misleading notations.

A solution to this dilemma is now possible by usingan automated photocomposition machine which canproduce first class typography in a reasonable timeand at a reasonable cost.

A recent publication of the National Bureau ofStandards produced by this method is NBS Mono-graph 53, Experimental Transition Probabilities forSpectral Lines of Seventy Elements by C. H. Corhssand W. R. Bozman.The transition probabilities were computed by an

IBM 7090 electronic computer and written onto amagnetic tape in a Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)form. This BCD tape was printed on the IBM 1403printer for reference purposes. A FORTRAN com-puter code was then written to convert this BCDtape into a binary tape which contained the properbit-patterns to operate a magnetic-tape-controlledLinofilm photocomposition machine. This machinewas located at the IBM Watson Research Centerwhere it was being used in a language translationproject.

The table of transition probabilities consists of 559pages of data. Preparation of the film from the

magnetic tape took about 80 hours. About twelve50-foot rolls of 8-inch wide positive film were used.The plates for offset printing were made photo-

graphically, directly from the films. The computa-tion of the data and preparation of the BCD tape tooktwenty minutes on a 7090 computer; the conversionfrom the BCD tape to the binary tape in Linofilmformat took thirteen minutes. It would have takenabout 300 hours to set the table by conventionalmethods. The proofreading and correcting of typo-

graphical errors would also have taken considerablymore time, especially since the table produced wasnot completely proofread. (After proofreading the

first few pages without finding an error, a decision

was made to check only the first and last fine of eachpage.)

Data for a second publication, Spectral-Line In-

tensities and gf-Values in the First Spectrum ofCopper by Charles H. Corhss, National Bureau of

Standards Journal of Research 66A (Physics andChemistry), No. 6, 497 (Nov.-Dec. 1962), was pre-

pared by using a magnetic-tape-to-paper-tape con-

verter. The paper tape was then fed into a standard(paper-tape-controlled) photocomposition machine.

2. Description of Character Codes

The binary magnetic tape for input to the papertape converter was recorded in "records" of 250computer "words" of 36 bits each at high density(556 bits per inch). Each computer word containedtwo characters to be typeset, corresponding to tworows of holes on the 15-channel paper tape.

The binary information on the magnetic tape mustcorrespond exactly to the binary holes to be punchedon the paper tape, except for three bits per characterwhich are not read from the magnetic tape. Theseextraneous bits are taken care of automatically bythe proper choice of octal numbers which representeach character. For example, if the upper caseletter, capital "A" is designated by the octal num-bers 0504g followed by the proper width informationfor the font to be used, e.g., a width of thirteen

units^lSg units, then the octal number 0504158 will

write the proper bit pattern on the magnetic tape(eighteen bits) so that the correct fifteen-bit patternwill be punched on the paper tape. All letters,

numbers and printed symbols start their code num-ber with a zero. Instructions to the photocomposi-tion machine such as "change grids," "change point

size," "justify," or "quad left," etc., start with a 1, 2,

or 3 as the first digit.

As each computer word (IBM7090) consists of 36bits, it is possible to place two characters in eachword. For example, the chemical symbol for so-

dium, Na, would be written on the magnetic tape as

040416022311, the 0404 representing the upper case"N" having a width of 168 units and the 0223 thelower case "a" having a width of lis units.

These computer words are prepared by a com-puter code. Our data were converted from a BCDmagnetic tape, in standard IBM format, to the binarymagnetic tape, in Linofilm format, by a FORTRANcode containing a SUBROUTINE (FORTRAN sub-routine) of the following type:

ENTRY LINOB

LINOB SXA XRl.lSXA XR2,2AXT 1,1 INPUTAXT 1,2 OUTPUT

LOOP LDQ DATA+1,1ZACCAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIRST CHARACTERALS 18

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SECOND CHARACTERSLW OUTPUT+1,2TXI *+l,2,l

ZACCAQ TABLE-127,0,1 THIRD CHARACTERALS 18

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FOURTH CHARACTERSLW OUTPUT+1,2TXI *+l,2,l

ZACCAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIFTH CHARACTER

ALS 18 ALS 18

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SIXTH CHARACTERSLW OUTPUT+1,2TXI *+l,2,l

TXI *+l,l,l

TXL LOOP,l,12XR1 AXT *,1

XR2 AXT *,2

TRA 1,4

DATA COMMON 12

OUTPUT COMMON 36TABLE COMMON 2584PAGENO COMMON 1

PRNTNO COMMON 3

END

This subroutine selects the proper Linofilm codesfrom a table in the following way: A word (36 bits in

BCD) of DATA is loaded by the LDQ instruction into

the Multiplier Quotient Register (MQ). (For ex-

ample, "HG 198" would be loaded as 30276001-11108 .) The Accumulator Register (AC) is clearedby the ZAC; then the CAQ instruction reads the first

six bits of the DATA word in the MQ (the 308 rep-resenting the "H" in the example) and adds this

number to TABLE-127 to form a new address,TABLE- 127+30. This location contains the Lino-film bit pattern for the letter "h."

In the actual SUBROUTINE used for Mono-graph 53, the first letter of each chemical symbolwas capitalized. This was done by having twotables, TABLE-127 containing the lower case or un-shifted characters and TABLE-63 containing the

upper case or shift position characters. Theproper table was selected by the code; in the aboveexample the address actually chosen would havebeen TABLE-63+30, containing the Linofilm bit pat-

tern for the upper case "H" (033313, the 333 repre-

senting the letter "H", the 13 giving the width of theletter, and the left-most digit being zero since this is

a character to be printed). This number is addedinto the AC which then contains 000000033313.The CAQ instruction rotates the DATA in the MQsix bits to the left so that the next character, repre-

sented by 27, is in the left six bits of the MQ. Thecontents of the AC are then shifted left 18 binaryplaces by the ALS 18 instruction, in order to makeroom for the second character. The AC now con-

tains 033313000000.The next computer instruction, which is another

CAQ, looks up the 27th (octal) entry in TABLE-127,which would be the Linofilm bit-pattern for lowercase "g", and adds it to the contents of the AC:

033313000000g=H000000012310B=g0333130123108=Hg.

This value is stored in the OUTPUT. The codethen continues with the "space" and the numeral 1

which would be stored in the OUTPUT as 0000060-

2051 lg. In this case the "space" is given a value of

6 units, but it could be any value desired from 048

to 378 units. The last two digits, 98, would be stored

as 0212110225118 .

Note that all the numerals have a constantwidth, in this instance 11 8 . The width to be used is

of course determined by the choice of type style.

This SUBROUTINE will convert all BCD data into

the proper bit patterns for the photocompositionmachine. However, additional instructions are

needed for the operation of the photocompositionmachine. The first computer word on the outputtape must contain the point size and film advanceinformation as shown in the octal printout of figure 1.

For example, if a 10 point type size with a 10 point

film advance is specified, then the first word wouldbe 2405002212008 in which 2405 designates "changepoint size" to the fifth size listed.. The next twozeros are ignored. The 2212 specifies the film ad-

vance to be 128 units, which equals 10 points. Thenext instruction is the grid selection; in order to

simplify the coding problem this instruction was re-

peated, so that the second word on the magnetictape was 260400260400 to instruct the machine to

choose grid number 04. The right-hand half of this

word could, of course, be the first character of the

output information.

An "end-of-line" code must be given at the end of

each fine. This work, being tabular, was given a

"Quad left" instruction. In order to simulate this

instruction as punched on the standard paper tape,

the following is written on the magnetic tape:

3114001000008 followed by six words of zeros, i.e.:

000000000000 written six times.

Ten quad-lefts were written on the tape at the endof each page in order to give 10 blank lines betweenthe pages for cutting them apart.

The output tape must be written in the binary

mode and must not contain any extraneous wordssuch as tape-checking words. This meant that the

FORTRAN "WRITE TAPE" instruction cannot beused. However, a subroutine can be called by aFORTRAN statement such as:

CALL WTBA6 (BLOCK(J),K,IOERR)

where J, is the index for the end of each record, K, is

the record size e.g. 250, and IOERR is the tape error

exit. The following SUBROUTINE written in theFAP symbolic coding system was used:

WTBA6ENTRY WTBA6SXA XRA,1AXT 10,1

CLA 1,4

STA 10CLA* 2,4

STD 10WTBA 6

RCHA 10TCOA *

XEC *-lTRCA *+5

240500205103340050310434131140042300423002340040310000000003occcocoooo00001000010000105321032510000105321031210000100001oocco05251020510532102251000000000100001

0221200102310570403110040311226010001C0000603031160414137CC0036201231000000006000036COOOOOO00000002CC001220425122C0001220231052000012202051220C0012205321220000122000012CCC000020325122C21212202310520205120000000200001220C0012

260400000030020311060312311400ccoccc032313C00036C0003600000600000CC00036CCCCCCC0OO0OC00012053212C00012053212311400051212C00012051212C00012012212cooooo051212C00012053212C00012CC0CC0000012CCC012

2604002605000223120603121C00000C0000023407000025000023012310COOOOO0C0027CCOOOO0000000000120212120000120532121C0000020512000012020512000012052512000000042512012212031212000012000000CC0012042512

00C031030413020311030310000000OOOCCC051406042415012310052307000036020511000000000000052512042512053212042512oooooc000012000012000012000012023105OOOOOC023105000012022512000012000000000012

000031033407051406033407000000000000042306032313050415000005000036053211000000000000032512042512023105051212COOOOO000012C00012C 00012000012020512CCOOOO021212031212000012C00012000000000012

000036000036022312032312021406051406260600040622000000000000000000000000031511000022030311033410000036000036311400100000000036000036260200013307000000000000000000000000052512032512000012012212053212042512000012000012000000000000000012000012000012051212000012000012053212023105042512000012000012020512051212000012032512021212000012000012000012000012000000000000052512032512

0000360023407004230600224150000000000000000405220012310000003600000000000006026010000000000000000002310500000120052512000001200000000000012002121200000120053212031140010425120000012004121200000120012212000000000425120

00030514065140640311000000000022307315110000700000504153060600000000003251231212000120001200000000125321200012532120000041212000122121200012525120000041212

03041042300303103231000000000004151000000123100000000030234000000000010225102121000010000100000052510205105321031210000000001000010000100001023100000002310

4022312605140600234072042306000000000000001030311605331400523070000000600003670303110000000200001220000122053212200001220000120000000203251220212122023105205121200000002000012200001220000122000012505321200000005051212

020312021411040311032312000006040311051405032312000000000000000000000000021406030311030311041511000036000036000000000000000036000036050311260300311400100000031212022512000012000012353212051212000012000012012212052512oooooooooooo051212053212000012012212053212031212000012000012oooooooooooo000012000012000012051212000012000012053212023105021212000012000012000012053212000012

030312000006052307053412000000023304032313030311000022000000000027311400000000000012000012000012000012023105000000023105000012053212000012000000000012021212000012053212311400042512000012

000006060312000006030311000000032313012310021406053314000000013317100000000000000012000012000012000012051212oooooo053212031212000012000012000000000012053212000012053212100000020512000012

05321000010532131140032510000104251C000101221CCOCOCCOCO0~2310

00001022510000100C0OCC001021210000105321311400225100001031210000101221

202051220C0012205321201000002053212200001220205122C000122052512COOOOOOCCOOOOO50425122031212203121220C001200000002CC001220 5 32 12

2C000122053212010000020412122000012205121220000122052512

020510532105251cocooC0001C000100001CCC0102310CCCCCC00010225103251C000100001CCCCO05251020510532102121CCCCCCC001C0001C0001C000102310

20425122023105205121200000002CC0012200001220000122CC00125042512000000020000122000012205321220C0012200001200000002022512202121220231052031212COOOOOO20000122CC0012200001220000125022512

000012053212000012000000000012000012000012053212031212311400020512000012032512000012012212oooooo041212000012053212000012OOCOOO0000120000120CC012053212021212

012212052512000012000000000012042512000012023105000012100000041212000012042512000012052512OOOOOO

0225J2012212022512C00012000000000012020512C00012023105000012

000012031212052512000012000012000012OOOOOOOOOOOO000012000012053212020512000012000012053212053212311400100000OOOOOOOOOOOO000012000012000012000012000012000012000012000012023105021212OOOOOOOOOOOO023105052512000012031212053212000012000012000012OOOOOOOOOOOO000012000012020512052512000012 000012053212053212311400100000

03121200000120000012000000000525120020512005321200512120000000000000000000120000012000001200532120022512000001200525120051212000001200000120000000005251200532120053212002051200000000

2121200012000120000032512425122310542512000000000000012425120001223105000122051200012212120001200012000002251251212231055121200000

05321000010122100000042510000105321000010000000000000010532100001053213U400512100001021210000101221000000412100001053210000100000

20412122000012205251200000002021212201221220512122000012000000000000002000012202121220000122053212010000020212122000012204121220000122052512000000020225122012212202051220000120000000

000012000012023105oooooo023105000012051212000012oooooooooooo052512042512053212020512oooooo000012000012000012000012023105OOOOOO023105000012053212000012000000

000012000012032512oooooo022512031212000012000012000000000000022512042512023105020512000000000012000012000012000012053212OOOOOO031212042512000012000012000000

000012053212051212000012042512031212000012000012000000000000042512000012053212000012OOOOOO000012000012000012053212020512000012051212032512000012000012000000

000012023105000012000012000012022512000012000012000000oooooo032512012212053212000012000000000012051212000012023105000012020512000012020512000012000012OOOOOO

FIGURE 1. Octal print-oat of data on magnetic tape used to prepare paper tape forthe photocomposition machine.

XRA AXT MOUT TRA 4,4

ERR STZ 3,4

TRA 4,4

TNX ERR,1,1BSRA 6TRA B

10 IOCDEND

** i

An example of the data on the binary tape is given

by the octal print-out in figure 1. The data of

figure 1 may be interpreted by the use of the octal

codes given in figures 2 and 3. The final result, as

produced by the photocomposition machine, is

shown in figure 4.

3. Conclusion

Computed and computer-processed data can nowbe prepared for publication by an automatic methodthat retains the high typographic quality of conven-tional typesetting. Better page formats with less

waste space result in less cost for paper, with the

added benefit of a smaller size which is easier to

handle. Probably the most important improvement,however, is in readability. The printing is not only

clear and distinct, but the availability of a choice of

type styles, mathematical symbols, special symbols,and Greek and italic characters to fit each particular

job contributes toward the publication of data whichis easier to understand and a pleasure to readand use.

I

Keyboord Chart

Shift

Unshift

502 335 402 202 235 302 406 316 535 522 215 306

435 205 525 512 425 412 325 312 225 212 532 331

Shift

Unshift

22

Q

2

W

3

E

4

R

5

T

6

Y

7

U

8

1

9 10

P

II 12

505 405 424 413 304 432 213 233 324 124 321

222 322 303 334 423 315 534 514 403 603 431

23

Shift

Unshift

A S D F 6 H J K L

504 513 313 204 604 333 613 133 533 615 416

223 234 434 523 123 414 134 614 214 132 421

24 30 32 33 34

Shift

Unshift

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Figure 2. Keyboard chart showing the octal code for each key position.

43

z X C V B N M

232 305 224 332 524 404 433 516 506 122

515 422 503 415 203 323 314 221 231 605

44

Acknowledgment

I wish to thank all those who helped me with this problem, especially

Charles DeWitt Coleman for his valuable suggestions and assistance

with the computer programming.

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TABLE 1. Transition probabilities of copper— Continued

Intensity WavelengthA

Energy Levels

KgA

108/sec

gf Loggf

78131

14541

60

2626.682630.002634.932645.302649.84

40944 -

39019 -

39019 -

40114 -

40114 -

- 79003- 77031- 76959- 77905- 77841

0.0420.0700.0780.0220.033

0.00430.00730.00810.00230.0034

-2.36-2.14-2.09-2.63-2.47

15

1391856556

2846.482858.222858.732890.842891.64

40944 -

39019 -

11203 -

44406 -

44544 -

- 76064- 73995- 46173- 78988- 79116

0.00870.0800.0100.0380.033

0.00110.00970.00130.00480.0042

-2.98-2.01-2.89-2.32-2.38

11

2911910398

2931.702933.062978.302979.382998.38

40944 -

39019 -

43514 -

43514 -

11203 -

- 75044- 73103- 77080- 77068- 44544

0.00650.0170.0720.0630.0036

0.000840.00220.00960.00830.00048

-3.08-2.66-2.02-2.08-3.32

161

54191

17990

3012.003014.853021.543022.613024.99

40114 -

41153 -

40909 -

39019 -

30535 -

- 73305- 74313- 73995- 72093- 63585

0.0960.0330.120.11

0.044

0.0130.00450.0160.0150.0060

-1.88-2.35-1.80-1.84-2.22

Figure 4. Portion ofpage from the machine that was produced from the dataillustrated in figure 1.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 OL— 685632

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCELuther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDSA. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., andBoulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated byits title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of thefront cover.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.Dielectrics. High Voltage.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer-ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. CombustionControls.

Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Charac-terization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Microscopy and Diffraction. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysisand Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials.Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Bunding Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Op-erations Research.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. ElectronPhysics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru-ments. Basic Instrumentation.

Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele-mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryo-genic Technical Services.

CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Re-search. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. VerticalSoundings Research.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre-

quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Physics. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time-Interval

Standards. Radio Plasma. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Circuit Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High FrequencyImpedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Frequency Calibration

Services.

NBS