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Phonemes, Allophones

Eka Novita, S.Pd.,M.A

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Phonemes

A phoneme is the smallest contrastiveunit in the sound system of alanguage.

In the generative tradition, a phonemeis dened as a set of distinctivefeatures.

ed, led, !ed are di"erent !ords

#r#, #l#, #!# are contrastive or distinctive

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$alpiri %r& phonemes

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Allophones

An allophone is a phonetic variant of aphoneme in a particular language.

• %p& and %p'& are allophones of thephoneme #p#.

• %t& and %t'& are allophones of thephoneme #t#.

Allophones are generated (yphonological conditioning.

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E)ample of allophonic ad*ustment+

#k# glotal stop allophone in !orldnal in standard Indonesian

-uduk, tarik

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  allophones rules in Americna

English

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Minimal Pairs

A minimal pair is a pair of !ords !ith di "erent meanings !ith e)actly the samepronunciation e)cept for one sound that di"ers.

E)amples+

• %tek& vs. %tep& /take/ vs /tape/

• %tim& vs %dim& /team/ vs /deam/

0ook for minimal pairs1

• %lif& /leaf/

• %rif& /reef/

• %l2k& /lack/

• %r2k& /rack/.

3iven that !e have minimal pairs that contain %l& and %r&, !e can say that %l& and %r&are contrastive thus they are separate phonemes 4i.e. they are N5 allophones ofthe same phoneme6.