Chapter 17: The Marcos Dictatorhip (1965-

1986) (6th president of the 3rd Philippine

Republic December 30, 1965- February 25,

1986)

Marcos First Term (1965-1969)

He promised to make the nation great

again in his inaugural speech of

December 30, 1965.

His political venture began with his

election to the House of Representatives

in 1949 as a Congressman from Ilocos.

He became the Senate President in

1963 and was married to Imelda

Romualdez from Leyte.

He won the 1965 Presidential Election as

a Nacionalista candidate.

He stabilized financial status of the

government through intensified tax

collection.

Marcos Second Term (1969-1972)

November 1969- Ferdinand Marcos with

his running mate Fernando Lopez won

for the second term as President and

Vice-President respectively.

Marcos became the first president to be

re-elected.

He gained criticisms due to the

fraudulent 1969 presidential elections

Failed to curb the bribery and

corruption

His presidency had more general

discontent because the population

grew faster than the economy causing

greater poverty, violence, and

criminality.

The Communist Party of the Philippines

formed the New Peoples Army (NPA) and the Moro National Liberation Front

(MNLF).

Rise of student activism

January 1970- most violent student

demonstration, Battle of Mendiola;

thousands of student demonstrators

tried to storm the gates on Malacanang

in which many of the students died,

injured, or imprisoned.

Proclamation of Martial Law

January 1970- protests against the

constitutional commission which

allowed President Marcos to run for a

third term.

June 1971- the Constitutional

Convention convened to replace the

1953 Constitution.

August 21, 1971- Plaza Miranda

Bombing; two hand grenades were

thrown at the stage of a liberal party

rally, eight people were killed and over

100 others were injured.

A staged assassination attempt on

Secretary Defense Juan Ponce Enrile

and Plaza Miranda Bombing prompted

President Marcos to suspend the writ of

habeas corpus to maintain peace and

order.

September 21, 1972- Marcos issued

Proclamation no. 1081, placing the

entire country under Martial Law; this

marked the beginning of Marcos dictatorship; congress was abolished

and he ruled the country by issuing

letters of instruction and presidential

decrees.

September 23, 1972- announced the

main reason for martial law: to save the

nation from communist rule and

rebellion and to reform society.

It was believed that the true reason why

Marcos declared martial law was to

perpetuate his rule over the Philippines.

Constitutional Authoritarianism- Marcos

was a civilian king followed by Military

authorities.

Marcos disregarded the constitution.

The New Society

A new spirit of self-sacrifice for the national welfare was necessary if the

country were to equal the

accomplishments of its Asian neighbors Resolution from the Top - deprived

significant portion of the old elite power

and patronage

For example:

The powerful Lopez family was stripped

off most of its political and economic

assets.

Important Decrees

September 1972- the entire Philippines a

land reform area; by the end of 1973,

the number of land titles issued free to

poor farmers totaled about 100,000.

National Grains Authority(NGA)-

distribute grain to the people

He forced government employees to

work efficiently and be polite to the

public; it punished lazy, dishonest,

discourteous, ignorant, and abusive

government employees and officials.

The Proclamation of Martial Law

prevented the collapse of the

government.

He encouraged the people to make

their surroundings clean in order to

improve public health.

Green Revolution Program that was

started by Imelda Marcos

Encouraged the citizens to pay their

taxes.

The 1972 Constitutional Convention

June 1971- a constitutional convention

was called to replace the constitution of

1935.

Eduardo Quintero exposed the scandal

of the Constitutional Convention; of

which he was harassed.

National Assembly would not be

convened

Martial was to continue

Encouraged the approval of the New

Constitution on January 17, 1973

Congress was abolished

July 27, 1973- a national referendum

about Martial Law yielded 90.6%

approval.

The Fourth Republic

Shortly after lifting martial law, the

Interim Batasang Pambansa proposed

amendments to the constitution.

April 7, 1981- the 1973 Constitution

became significantly different from the

original charter.

The amended constitution established a

strong presidency in a mixed

presidential-parliamentary form of

government instead of democratic-

parliamentary.

The president becomes the head of

state and chief executive

He may run for as many six-year terms as

he wishes

Birth of the New Republic

June 16, 1981- a presidential election

was held which many people did not

vote, Marcos won another six-year term

as president.

June 30, 1981- President Marcos was

inaugurated into office.

The Fall of the Dictator

The new society had little impact on

local and landless peasants

The large, most productive and most

advance manufacturing enterprises

were gradually brought under the

control of Marcos Cronies

Lopez broadcast networks, newspapers, and Meralco were broken

up and distributed to Marcos loyalists

including Benjamin Romualdez

(Imeldas brother) and Roberto Benedicto

Philippine Airlines was nationalized and

was turned into a private commuter line

for Imelda Marcos and her friends on

shopping excursions to New York and

Europe.

Ninoy Aquinos Death

Former Senator, Benigno Aquino Jr.

went home to the Philippines from his

exile in the United States

He was assassinated upon his arrival

Marcos created the Agrava Fact-

Finding Board to investigate the case.

25 military men are accused including:

AFP Chieg of Staff General Fabian C.

Ver, General Prospero Olivas and

General Custodio

December 3, 1985- the Sandigan Bayan

handed down the decision; It was

Galman who was hired by the

communist who killed Aquino.

The Decline of the Economy

After the investigation of the Aquino-

Galman murder case, the Philippine

economy went down with foreign

investors hesitating to review or

negotiate new ventures in the

Philippines.

Labor unrest escalated

There was a decline in export and

tourism

The government was forced to borrow

money from the International Monetary

Fund

Philippine Debt reached up to $26B.

The failure of the recovery was due to

the lack of credibility of Marcos and the

rampant graft and corruption in the

government.

Chapter 18: 1986 Snap Elections

As the economy continued to decline,

the IMF, World Bank, the US, and the

Philippines Foreign creditors pressured president Marcos to institute reforms as

a condition for the grant of additional

economic and financial assistance.

There was a clamor for a snap elections,

which President Marcos believed

needed a new mandate from the

people to carry out a national

economic recovery program.

February 7, 1986- 1986 Snap Elections;

Marcos was almost sure of winning

because of his well-financed political

machinery and the divided nature of

the opposition.

The divided opposition proposed that

Mrs. Corazon Aquino and Salvador

Laurel of the UNIDO should be the

standard bearer of the opposition.

Mrs. Aquino geared for the campaign

period that lasted up to February 5,

1986.

The 1986 Snap elections was the most

difficult in the history of the third republic

and yet the most controversial and

confusing election ever held in the

Philippines.

National Movement for Free Elections

(NAMFREL) declared Mrs. Aquino the

winner.

Commision on Elections (COMELEC)

declared Marcos the winner.

February 25, 1986- Marcos was

inaugurated in Malacanang while Mrs.

Aquino was inaugurated in Sampaguita

Hall, Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan.

The Enrile-Ramos Revolt and People Power 1

February 22- National Defense Minister,

Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of

Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos severed

tied with President Marcos and

announced their control of Camp

Crame and Camp Aguinaldo in Quezon

City.

Col. Gregorio Honasan- leader of the

Reform the Armed Forces Movement

(RAM)

February 24- an estimated 1,000,000

people through the appeal of Cardinal

Sin (voice of the revolution) kept vigil at

the barricaded area along Epifanio de

los Santos Avenue (EDSA) until the

morning of February 26.

Cory Aquino Proclamation and Marcos Ouster

Marcos took his oath as president for the

fourth consecutive term since 1965 on

February 25, 1986.

Senior Supreme Court Justice Claudio

Teehankee- swore Cory Aquino into

office as the seventh president and first

woman president of the Philippines.

Executive Order No. 1- filling in of three

key positions in her cabinet: Salvador

Laurel as Prime Minister, Juan Ponce

Enrile as Defense Minister, and Gen.

Fidel Ramos as Chief of Staff of the new

Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Marcos left the country in a chopper for

Paoay which ended up in Hawaii.

The Aquino Revolutionary Government (11th

president of the 3rd Philippine Republic,

February 25, 1986- July 1,1992)

(1986-1992)

Pres. Aquino saw the need of

reorganizing the government upon her

assumption into power.

Luis Villafuerte - chair of commission on

government reorganization; abolition of

Batasang Pambansa.

Issued executive order removing all KBL

local election officials and replaced

them with officers-in-charge.

Lifted the suspension of the writ of

habeas corpus.

Released political prisoners:

o Jose Ma. Sison-founder of the

Communist Party of the

Philippines

o Commander Dante- founder of

the New Peoples Army of the Philippines

o Col. Victor Corpus- former PC

Lieutenant who defected to the

NPA.

Jose W. Diokno- head of the

Commission on Human Rights.

The Freedom Constitution

Proclamation No. 3-temporary

constitution for the Philippines; took

effect on March 25, 1986, provided for

the smooth transition of the government

under a new constitution.

Framing of the 1987 Constitution

June 2, 1986- Independent Constitution

Commission(CONCOM) to draft a new

constitution.

Cecilia Munoz Palma- president of the

Constitutional Commission.

February 2, 1987- ratification of the 1986

Constitution.

Proclamation No. 58- the new

constitution is in full force and effect.

February 25, 1986- ratification of the

new constitution ended the

revolutionary government of Aquino

which was established.

Senate President, Jovito Salonga and

Speaker Ramon Mitra and other

government officials pledged

allegiance to the new constitution

Achievements of Aquino Administration

Restoration of peace, democracy,

freedom, and justice

partial recovery of the Marcos ill-gotten

wealth

Stability of the government despite six

successive military coup attempts

Easier credit terms and better conditions

for repayment

defeat of NPA and arrest of its

henchmen

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law

End of Aquinos Administration She inherited a 27-BILLION-DOLLAR

foreign debt, and a society suffering

from extreme poverty and moral decay.

May 11, 1992- first general election

under the 1987 Constitution. COMELEC

Chairman Christian Monsod ensured an

honest, and violence-free elections.

Chapter 19: The Ramos Administration and his

Philippines 2000 (1992-1998) (12th president of

the 3rd Philippine Republic, July 1, 1992-June

30, 1998)

June 30,1992- Fidel Ramos was

inaugurated as the 12th president of the

Third Philippine Republic at the

Grandstand in Luneta.

Joseph Estrada was also sworn as his

vice-President.

Ramos Program of Government

5-point program

1. Peace

2. Stability

3. Economic growth and

sustainable development

4. Energy and power generation,

environmental protection

5. A streamlined bureaucracy.

100th / Centennial President

Achievements of Ramos Administration Philippines 2000 Policy-a newly

industrialized country by the year 2000

It was during Ramos term that the Philippines was cited for being one of

the tiger economies of Asia with

improved economic growth and

investments.

September 1992- lift on the ban of the

Communist Party; he also eliminated

foreign currency restriction to attract

foreign investments to the Philippines.

He liberalized the Philippine economy

for it to surge toward industrialization.

Negotiated with MNLF head, Nur Misuari

to bring peace to Mindanao.

September 21, 1996- a peace

agreement was signed with the MNLF.

Presidential Anti-Crime Commission-

headed by Vice-Pres. Joseph Estrada.

National Centennial Commission-

headed by Salvador Laurel this was

made to take charge of the celebration

of the Philippine independence.

Filipino Act of 1995- gave better

protection for overseas foreign workers.

Chapter 20: Joseph Estrada and the People

Power 2

Estrada Administration (13th President of the 3rd

Philippine Republic, June 30, 2000- January 19,

2001)

May 1998- Joseph Ejercito Estrada

became the 13th president of the

Philippines; a college dropout , Estrada

tried his fortune at acting and

succeeded.

Erap- reverse of the Spanish pare. Estrada- street

First FAMAS Hall of Fame Awardee for

Best Actor

He entered politics as mayor of San

Juan (1969-1986).

He became a awardee for Public

Administration and was also cited as the

Most Outstanding Mayor.

He ran for senatorial seat and was

proclaimed in 1987. As a senator, he

chaired the Committee on Rural

Development and authored many bills.

1992- he won as vice president under

the ticket Partido ng Masang Pilipino.

He was given the task to head the

Presidential Anti-Crime

Commission(PACC), a superbody

mandated to go after organized crime

and their perpetrators.

I will not play politics, walang kamag-anak, kaibigan, at kumpare. Estrada

rose to power and was considered as

the idol of the masses.

Fall of Estrada The Impeached President Governor Luis Chavit Singson started of

Ilocos Sur, a presidential friend and well-

known protector of illegal gambling

called jueteng, shocked the whole country when he accused Erap as the

lord of all Jueteng Lords House of Representatives filed and

impeachment case against the

president on the grounds of:

o Bribery

o Graft and corruption

o Betrayal of Public Trust

o Culpable violation of the

Constitution

National Day of Protest calling for the president to resign

December 7, 2000 Impeachment Trial Started: Chief Justice of the Supreme

Court Hilario Davide Jr. served as the

presiding officer of the trial

A bank executive, Clarissa Ocampo

testified that Estrada has a hidden bak

account in Equitable PCI bank worth

500M under a name Jose Velarde

A new set of evidence inside the Brown Envelope was to prove that the 500M pesos was indeed ill-gotten and it was

also there to show that the president

owns more bank accounts under

different names

11 of 21 senators voted to bar the

opening of the Envelope

Jaime Cardinal Sin, a prominent figure

during the First EDSA Peple Power called

on Filipinos to go to EDSA until good has conquered evil

Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos joined

the anti-Estrada crowd

January 17, 2001 the impeachment trial

was suspended and 100,000 was

already in EDSA Shrine

High ranking military and police officials

joined the protest in EDSA

Estrada persisted on staying on his

position; He will not resign unless the

Impeachment Trial proves him guilty

The EDSA crowd gave him a 6:00 am

deadline to go down of his office

The 6:00 am deadline was not met.

Supreme Court decided to file a

resolution saying that the presidential

position was open

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo swore and

oath in the presence of the people in

EDSA and became the 14th president of

the Republic of the Philippines

Chapter 21: Arroyo Administration

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the

fourteenth president of the Philippines;

second Female President

Educator teaching at the UP school of

economics and Ateneo de Manila

University

1987, she was invited by President C.

Aquino to serve as assistant secretary of

the Department of Trade and Industry

(DTI)

She joined the Laban ng Demokratikong

Pilipino (LDP) as one of its senatorial

candidates

As a senator, she authored and co-

authored 55 bills that were enacted into

laws

1998 Presidential election: KAMPI

(Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino) formed

alliance with Jose De Venecia and

became his running mate; Gloria: VP

She served at the DSWD and resigned

amidst allegations of corruptions and

scandal

GMAs First Term She named Teofisto Guingona was her

new Vice President

Her program government consists of:

o Strengthening the bureaucracy

o Lowering crime rate

o Increasing tax collections

o Improving economic growth

o Intensifying the fight against

terrorism

o Refocus the all out war policy of

against the Muslim secessionists in

Mindanao

President Arroyo vigorously pushed for

the holding of peace negotiations

between the government and the two

rebel groups

By 2003, peace negotiations in Europe

with the National Democratic Front led

by Jose Maria Sison the founder of the

Communist Party of the Philippines

(CPP)

The government vigorously pursued in

military campaign to destroy this Muslim

terrorist group

President Arroyo focused her campaign

against illegal drugs in the country

PNP launched a massive anti-drug drive

which resulted in the destruction of

several drug syndicate and the killing or

capture of many drug lords

A group of junior military officers led by

Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV occupied

the Oakwood Hotel in Makati City

The mutiny was settled without

bloodshed and President Arroyo formed

the Feliciano Commission to investigate

and to hold those who were involved

Senator Panfilo Lacson disclosed in his

privilege speech about the alleged

money laundering activities by the First Gentleman, Jose Miguel Arroyo

GMAs Second Term (2004-2010) Her rivals were Fernando Poe Jr, Panfilo

Lacson, Senator Raul Roco and Eddie

Villanueva

June 23, 2004 Congress proclaimed

Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president

and vice-president

Arroyos inaugural speech was at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila

The Hello Garci Controversy

GMA was accused of rigging the

presidential election results

Samuel Ong holds in his possession the

tape regarding the alleged wire tapped

conversation between GMA and Virgilio

Garciliano (COMELEC Commissioner in

the South)

o Arroyo was asking assurance

from Garciliano to secure at least

one million vote advantage

against her closest rival Poe

The expose triggered massive protest

from the society and the resignation of

some key cabinet members known as

the Hyatt 10

Charter Change (CHACHA)

A constitutional change: a shirt from a

presidential-unitary to a parliamentary

form of Government

The Church was in great opposition with

this movement

This failed plan to change the

constitution gave way for the pursuance

of national and local elections to be

held in May 2007.

National State of Emergency

Another coup de etat was uncovered

by military and allegedly headed by

Gen. Danilo Lim of the Philippine Army

Proclamation 1017 was made:

declaration of a state of emergency

throughout the Philippines

o Purpose was to preserve the

State to promote peace and

stability in the country

This lasted for only a week

Controversies Under Arroyos Administration Forged deal of the government with a

Chinese telecommunication company

(ZTE) to install a broadband

Alleged anomalous deal was exposed

by Jairus Bondoc, a newspaper

columnist of the Philippine Star

Lawmakers investigated those persons

involved including the

Telecommunication Secretary: Leandro

Mendoza, NEDA Secretary: Romulo Neri

and NEDA Consultant turned whistle

blower and witness: Rodolfo Jun Lozada

Senate investigation led to the

resignation of the COMELEC Chairman

Benjamin Abalos

House of Representative, Speaker of the

House Jose De Venecia was unseated

from his post due to the involvement of

his son Jose De Venecia Jr. in the said

anomalous transaction

Extravagant Expenses: Dinner at Le

Cirque New York

Fertilizer fund scam

Extra-judicial killings

Maguindanao Massacre

Achievements of the Arroyo Administration

She led the country to its

unprecedented GDP growth rate (7%):

able to make the economy withstood

the global financial crisis

Implementation of Expanded Value

Added Tax: able to raise revenues

needed to boose economic activities in

order to reduce high unemployment

rate and the countrys budget deficit RoRo project: network of inter island

ships designed to link the different

islands in the country to facilitate trade

and commerce among the different

major islands

Encouraged and convinced foreign

business sectors to invest in the country

Different and big infrastructure projects

throughout the country:

o Domestic and International

Airports (Clark and Bacolod)

o Highways: Halsema (Cordillera to

Baguio and Kalinga Apayao)

SCITEX (Pampanga, Tarlac and

Manila) Star Tollway (Port of

Batangas and Manila) SLEX (

Calabarzon)