PhilosophyBuilt environment, culture and people

AESTHETICS, ART, ARCHITECTURE

Sir Nikolaus Pevsner (1902-1983)

• was a German-born British scholar of history of art and, especially, of history of architecture.

• He is best known for his 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, The Buildings of England (1951–74).

Buildings and Architecture

Bicycle Shed is a buildingLincoln Cathedral is a piece of Architecture

Lincoln Cathedral

• (in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, or sometimes St. Mary's Cathedral) is a historic Anglican cathedral in Lincoln in England and seat of the Bishop of Lincoln in the Church of England. It was reputedly the tallest building in the world for 249 years (1300–1549).

Buildings and Architecture

Building• „Nearly everything that

encloses space on a scale sufficient for a human being to move in, is a building;

Piece of Architecture• „the term architecture

applies only to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal”

Aesthetics

• Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy.

• The term aesthetics comes from the Greek αισθητική (aisthetike) meaning "sensation" from αίσθησιν (aisthesin) or "sense."

• The study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, the judgments of taste and the perception of the beautiful

• Aesthetics is closely associated with the theory of art and beauty.

Aesthetics

3 ways of a building for causing aesthetic sensations

Aesthetics

– Treatment of walls• Proportions of windows• Relation of wall-space to window-space• The relation of one story to an other• Ornamentation (tracery, leaf and fruit garlands)

Language

• „the tracery of a 14th century window• The lead and fruit garlands of a Wren porch

Tracery

• The curvilinear ornamental branch-like shapes of stone or wood, creating an openwork pattern of mullions

Porch

• A roofed entrance, either incorporated in a building or as an applied feature on the exterior,

Wren, Sir Chistopher (1632-1723)

• One of England’s greatest scientists and architects, he was active in rebuilding London after the fire of 1666. He rebuilt St. Paul’s Cathedral , London (1673)

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Architecture and communication

Aesthetics

– Treatment of the exterior• Contrasts of block against block• Effect of a pitched or a flat roof or a dome• Rhythm of projections and recessions

The building as a volume

• Block against block• Pitched or flat roofs• The rythms of projections and recessions• Three dimensional, a plastic unit, the

sculpture’s way

Eiffel TowerStephen Sauvestre1887-1889Paris, France

Orvieto CathedralUmbria, Central Italy1290-1607

Mercedes-Benz MuseumUN Studio2006Stuttgart, Germany

Notre Dame du Haut,Le Corbusier, 1955Ronchamp, France.

FallingwaterFrank Lloyd Wright1936 – 1939Uniontowm, Pennsylvania, USA

Sydney Opera HouseJørn Oberg Utzon1959-1973Sydney, Australia

Gugenheim Museum Bilbao, Frank Gehry 1997Bilbao, Spain

Aesthetics

– Treatment of the interior• Sequence of rooms• The widening out of a nave at the crossing• The stately movement of a baroque staircase

Space

The importance of ground plansArchitecture = space + volume + surface.

Aesthetics

• Treatment of Walls – 2 dimensional – Painting• Treatment of Exterior – 3 dimensional – Sculpt• Treatment of Interior – 3 dimensional – Arch.

Space

Connection of Ground Plans and Architecture

• Presenting a building• Presenting its Architectural quality• What is the full aesthetic effect of a building?

Architecture as superior to other artistic forms

Why is architecture superior to other forms of art?

Space as an aesthetic media exclusive of architecture

Necessary for human existence

Why?

Human history is inconsceivable without architecture

Notre Dame du Haut,Le Corbusier, 1955Ronchamp, France.

Notre Dame du Haut,

• http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ha/related_sites/ronchamp_360/index.html

Architecture as superior to other artistic forms

• Is human history inconceivable without architecture?

• What does it prove if it is?– That there are no human beings without the practice

of architecure?– That there is no human community without

architecture?– That there is no human society without architecture?– That there is no human culture without architecture?

Architecture as superior to other artistic forms

• Is human history inconceivable without architecture?

• What does it prove if it is?– That we cannot conceive humanity without

architecture?• How do we explain this?• Humanity and Architecure are necessarily bound to

each other?• We are that much used to architecture that we cannot

imagine the world without it?

Architecture as superior to other artistic forms

• Is human history inconceivable without architecture?

• What does it mean that it is?– We cannot imagine a world without … What exactly?– How to define architecture?– Pevsner: „the term architecture applies only to

buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal”– Is it true that we cannot imagine humanity without

the existence of the above defined phenomena?– What is the more important feature of architecture?

• Necessity?• Aesthetics?

Buildings and Architecture

Bicycle Shed is a buildingLincoln Cathedral is a piece of Architecture

Buildings and Architecture

Building• „Nearly everything that

encloses space on a scale sufficient for a human being to move in, is a building;

Piece of Architecture• „the term architecture

applies only to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal”

Notre Dame du Haut,Le Corbusier, 1955Ronchamp, France.

FallingwaterFrank Lloyd Wright1936 – 1939Uniontowm, Pennsylvania, USA

Sydney Opera HouseJørn Oberg Utzon1959-1973Sydney, Australia

Institut du Monde ArabeJean Nouvel1981-1987Paris, France

Gugenheim Museum Bilbao, Frank Gehry 1997Bilbao, Spain

Mercedes-Benz MuseumUN Studio2006Stuttgart, Germany

Eiffel TowerStephen Sauvestre1887-1889Paris, France

Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, the National Parliament of BangladeshLouis Kahn – Muzharul Islam1961-1982Dhaka, Banglades

Louis Kahn