Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Educationebooks.lpude.in/arts/ma_education/year_1/DEDU401... · thoughts: Humanism. 3 Indian philosophical thoughts: Sankhya. Indian

Philosophical�and�Sociological�Foundations�of�Education�DEDU401

f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkfie nXko PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Copyright © 2012 Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.All rights reserved

Produced & Printed byLAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

113, Golden House, Daryaganj,New Delhi-110002

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

Sr. No. Description

1 Education & Philosophy: Meaning, Relationship, Nature and Scope. Significance of

studying Philosophy in Education. Aims of Education: Individual and Social Aims of

Education. Functions of Education: Individual, Social, Moral and Aesthetic.

2 School of Philosophical Thoughts: Idealism. School of Philosophical Thoughts:

Naturalism. School of philosophical thoughts: Pragmatism. School of philosophical

thoughts: Humanism.

3 Indian philosophical thoughts: Sankhya. Indian philosophical thoughts: Vedanta.

Indian philosophical thoughts: Buddhism. Indian philosophical thoughts: Jainism.

Indian philosophical thoughts: Islam

4 Contribution of Indian thinkers to Educational Thoughts: Mahatma Gandhi and

Vivekananda. Contribution of Indian thinkers to Educational Thoughts – Aurobindo

and Radhakrishnan

5 Sociology and Education: Concept of Educational Sociology and Sociology of

Education. Socio-economic factors and their impact on education. Socialisation

Process, Implications in Education

6 Social Change: Meaning, Nature and Causes. Constraints of social change (caste,

ethnicity, class, language, religion, regionalism). Education as an agent of Social and

Economic change, and HRD.

7 Education for social stratification and social mobility. Democracy and Education

8 Social theories: Marxism and Integral Humanism. Theories of functionalist: Emile

Durkheim and Talcott Parsons

9 Women Education and Gender Equity. Globalization: Concept and its Relevance in

Contemporary Situation. Human Rights and Education with Special reference to

Rights of Children. Consumer Rights and Right to Education

10 Education for Peace. Values: concept, need, sources. National Integration and

International understanding: Meaning, need, role of teacher and Educational

Institutions in developing national integrity

To understand the importance of various philosophical bases of education. To understand the impact of social theories on education. To relate the trends of social changes, cultural changes and their impact on education. To understand the application of modern science and technological development on social reconstruction

Objectives

T[d/P f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB doPBPk;soh nXko d/ wjZst B{z ;wMDk. f;Zfynk s/ ;wkfie f;XKsK d/ gqGkt B{z ;wMDk. ;wkfie gfotosB s/ ;z;feqse gfotosB dh gqftosh B{z f;Zfynk s/ gJ/ gqGkt Bkb i'VBk. ;wkfie g{BormB s/ nkX[fBe ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh ftek; d/ nB[gq:'r B{z ;wMDk.

gkmeqw (SYLLABUS)

f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkfie nXko (Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education)

ftPk^t;s{ fJekJh (Units) (CONTENTS) gzBk Bzpo (Page No.)

1H

f;Zfynk ns/ doPB ftZu ;zpzX ns/ f;Zfynk doPB (Relation Between Education and Philosophy and Philosophy of Education)

2H f;Zfynk ftZu doPBPk;so d/ nfXnB dk wjZst (Significance of Studying Philosophy in Education)

3H f;Zfynk d/ ekoi (Functions of Education)

4H nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Idealism and Education)

5H gqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Naturalism and Education)

6H gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Pragmatism and Education)

7H wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Humanism and Education)

8H ;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Sankhya Philosophy and Education)

9H t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Vedant Philosophy and Education)

10H p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Budhism and Education)

11H i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Jainism and Education)

12H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk (Philosophy & Traditions of Islamic Religion and Education)

13H wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB (Philosophical and Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi)

14H ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB (Philosophical and Educational Thought of Swami Vivekanand)

15H Pqh noftzd ns/ okXkfeqPDB dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB (Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of Shri Aurobindo and Radhakrishnan)

16H f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko (Sociological Basis of Education)

17H ;wkfie^nkofEe ekoe ns/ f;Zfynk s/ T[jBK dk gqGkt (Socio-Economic Factors and Their Impact on Education)

18H pkbe dk ;wkiheoD (Socialization of the Child)

19H ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ f;Zfynk (Social Change and Education)

20H Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ T[;d/ ekoe (Social Change in India and its Factors)

21H ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gfotosB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; (Education as Mode of Social and Economic Change and HRD)

22H f;Zfynk L ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Education: Social Stratification and Social Mobility)

23H gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk (Democracy and Education)

24H wkoe;tkd ns/ ;zg{oD wB[Zysktkd (Marxism and Integral Humanism)

25H d[oyhw ns/ gko;z; d/ f;XKs (Theories of Durkheim and Parsons)

26H fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Women Education)

27H t?PtheoD L XkoDk ns/ ;wekbhB go;fEsh ftZu fJ; dh gq;zfresk (Globalization: Concept and its Relevance in Contemporary Situation)

28H wB[ZyhnfXeko ns/ f;Zfynk (Human Rights and Education)

29H T[gG'rsk nfXeko ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXeko (Consumer Rights and Right to Education)

30H PKsh f;Zfynk (Peace Education)

31H w{b f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ io{os (Meaning and Needs of Value Education)

32H okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh f;Zfynk (Education for National Integration)

fJekJh^1L f;Zfynk ns/ doPB ftZu ;zpzX ns/ f;Zfynk doPB

fJekJh^1L f;Zfynk ns/ doPB ftZu ;zpzX ns/ f;Zfynk doPB (Relation Between Education and Philosophy and

Philosophy of Education)

B'N

ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)

1H1 f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Education)

1H2 f;Zfynk dk ftnkge ns/ ;ze{fus noE (Wider and Narrower Meaning of Education)

1H3 f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Education)

1H4 doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Philosophy)

1H5 Gkosh doPBK ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu nzso (Difference between Indian Philosophies and Western Philosophies)

1H6 doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Philosophy)

1H7 doPB dk nfXnB y/so ns/ ftPkt;s{ (Scope and Subject-Matter of Philosophy)

1H8 doPB ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX (Relation between Philosophy and Education)

1H9 f;Zfynk doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Philosophy of Education)

1H10 f;Zfynk doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Philosophy of Education)

1H11 f;Zfynk doPB dk ftPky/so ns/ ftPkt;s{ (Scope and Subject-Matter of Philosophy of Education)

1H12 f;Zfynk doPB d/ ekoi (Functions of Philosophy of Education)

1H13 f;Zfynk doPB dh io{os, T[g:'rsk ns/ wjZst (Need, Utility and Importance of Philosophy of Education)

1H14 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H15 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H16 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H17 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; nfXnkJ/ d/ nfXnB d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh :'r j'Dr/L

f;Zfynk dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh. doPB dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh. Gkosh doPB ns/ gZSwh doPB ftZu nzso ;wMD ;zpzXh. f;Zfynk doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkfie nXko

B'N ikDekoh (Introduction)

f;Zfynk Ppd ;z;feqs GkPk dh f;Zfyn Xks{ ftZu n XkoDk bZrD Bkb pfDnk j?. f;Zfyn dk noE j? f;ZyDk ns/ f;ykT[Dk, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk noE j'fJnk^f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh feqnk. i/eo n;hA f;Zfynk d/ bJh tofsnk ikDk tkbk nzrq/Ih Ppd n?i{e/PB (Education) s/ ftuko eohJ/ sK th T[; dk fJjh noE fBebdk j?. n?i{e/PB Ppd b?fNB GkPk d/ n?i{e/Nw (Educatum) Ppd s'A pfDnk j? ns/ n?i{e/Nw Ppd T[;h GkPk d/ J/ (E) ns/ v:{e' (Duco) d' PpdK s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j?. J/ dk noE j?^nzdo s'A ns/ v:{e' dk noE j?^nZr/ tXkT[Dk, fJ; bJh n?i{e/PB dk noE j'fJnk^pZu/ dh nzdo{Bh PeshnK B{z pkjo tZb gqrN eoBk. 1H1 f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Education) f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ftek; dk w{b ;kXB j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[;B{z ;ZfGn, ;z;feqs, :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?. ns/ fJj ekoi wB[Zy d/ iBw s'A jh nkozG j' iKdk j?. pZu/ d/ iBw d/ e[ZM fdB pknd jh T[; d/ wksk^fgsk ns/ gfotko d/ j'o w?Apo T[; B{z ;[BDk ns/ p'bDk f;ykT[D bZrd/ jB. id'A pZuk e[ZM tZvk j[zdk j? sK T[; B{z^ p?mD, uZbD^fcoB, ykD^ghD ns/ ;wkfie nkuoD dhnK ftXhnK f;ykJhnK ikD bZrdhnK jB. id'A T[; fszBûko ;kb dk j[zdk j? sK T[; B{z gVQBk^fbyDk f;ykT[D bZrd/ jB. fJ;h T[wo s/ T[; B{z ftfdnkb/ G/iDk nkozG ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkb/ ftZu T[; dh f;Zfynk pj[s :'iBkpZX Yzr Bkb uZbdh j?. ftfdnkb/ d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; B{z gfotko ns/ ;w[dkfJ ftZu th e[ZM Bk e[ZM f;ykfJnk iKdk ofjzdk j? ns/ f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dk fJj eqw ftfdnkb/ SZvD d/ pknd th uZbdk ofjzdk j? ns/ ihtB Go uZbdk j?. ns/ ft;Eko Bkb d/yhJ/ sK fe;h ;wki ftZu f;Zfynk dh fJj gqfefonk jw/PK uZbdh ofjzdh j?. nkgD/ n;b noE ftZu fe;h ;wki ftZu jw/PK uZbD tkbh f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fJj :'iBkpZX gqfefonk jh f;Zfynk j?.

i/eo n;hA gq:'r dh fdqPNh Bkb d/yhJ/ sK f;Zfynk Ppd d' o{gK ftZu j[zdk j?^fJZe gqfefonk o{g ftZu ns/ d{ik gqfefonk d/ Bshi/ d/ o{g ftZu. id'A n;hA efjzd/ jK fe T[; dh f;Zfynk ;[uko{ o{g Bkb uZb ojh j? sK fJZE/ f;Zfynk dk gq:'r gqfefonk o{g ftZu j? ns/ id'A n;hA fJj efjzd/ jK fe T[; B/ T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs ehsh j? sK fJZE/ f;Zfynk Ppd dk gq:'r Bshi/ d/ o{g ftZu j?. gozs{ nkX[fBe f;ZfyT[whd;soh f;Zfynk B{z gqfefonk o{g ftZu jh ;theko eod/ jB. T[jBK dk soe j? fe fe;h th gqfefonk ftZu T[; dk Bshik sK Pkfwb j[zdk jh j?. toswkB ftZu f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ Bshi/ B{z frnkB, e"Pb ns/ fttjko gfotosB d/ o{g ftZu ftnes ehsk iKdk j?.

fJ; f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB ftZu w{b G{fwek dkoPfBeK, ;wkiPk;sohnK, okiBhshPk;sohnK, noEPk;sohnK, wB'ftfrnkBeK ns/ ftfrnkBeK B/ fBGkJh j? ns/ fJBQK ;kfonK B/ f;Zfynk B{z nkgD/^nkgD/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A d/fynk^gofynk j? ns/ gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. fJZE/ n;hA fJjBK ;kfonK d/ fdqPNhe'DK dk ;zy/g toDB gq;s{s eoe/ fJjBK d/ d[nkok do;kJ/ sZEK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ns/ T[; B{z gfoGkfPs eoB dk :sB eoKr/. f;Zfynk dh dkoPfBe XkoDk

dkoPfBeK dk ftukoê/Ado wB[Zy j[zdk j?. fJj wB[Zy d/ n;b o{g B{z ikDB ns/ T[; d/ ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fBPfus eoB dk :sB eod/ jB. wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB^wkor fBPfus eoB ftZu jh dkoPfBeK dh o{uh j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; ;ko/ d/ frnkB ns/ f;ybkJh d/ bJh fJj f;Zfynk B{z io{oh wzBd/ jB. fJ; soQK dkoPfBeK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk

2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?. ns/ feT[Afe wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P d/ ;zpzX ftZu dkoPfBeK d/ fGzB^fGzB ws jB fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk dhnK gfoGkPktK ftZu jh fGzBsk j?.

nfXnkswtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy d/ b"fee ihtB dh ng/fynk T[; d/ gob"fee ihtB B{z finkdk wjZstPkbh wzBd/ jB. t/dKsh sK fJ; b"fee ihtB s'A jw/PK^jw/PK d/ bJh S[Nekok ukj[zd/ jB. irsr[o{ Pzeokukfonk dh fdqPNh s'A^

f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh w[esh fdbkJ/.

(;L ftfdnk iK ftw[es^Pzeokukfonk)

B'N

B'N; f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ftek; dk w{b ;kXB j?. f;Zfynk dk noE j?^f;ZyD f;ykT[D dh

fefonk.

Gkosh wBhPh ;[nkwh ftt/ekBzd wB[Zy B{z iBw s'A g{oD wzBd/ jB ns/ f;Zfynk d/ d[[nkok T[; B{z nkgDh fJ; g{oDsk dh gfjukD eoB :'r pDkT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

wB[Zy dh nzdo{Bh g{oDsk B{z ftnes eoBk jh f;Zfynk j?.

(Education is manifestation of perfection already present in man.

-Swami Vivekanand)

:'rg[oy wjkswk rKXh B/ Poho, wB ns/ nksw, fJjBK fszBK d/ ftek; s/ ;wkB i'o fdZsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk s'A w/ok Gkt pkbe ns/ wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB ns/ nkswk d/ ;otKrhD ns/ ;G s'A T[Zsw ftek; s'A j?.

(By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best in child and man-body, mind and

spirit. -Mahatma Gandhi)

:{BkBh dkoPfBe gb/N' th Poho ns/ nkswk, d'jK d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eod/ ;B. T[jBK ftuko Bkb^

f;Zfynk dk ekoi wB[Zy d/ Poho ns/ nkswk B{z T[j g{oDsk gqdkB eoBk j? fi;d/ fe T[j :'r jB.

(Education consists in giving to the body and soul all the perfection to which they are

susceptible. -Plato)

gb/N' d/ u/b/ no;s{ wB[Zy d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. T[jBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe T[fus Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; j'D s/ jh wB[Zyh nkswk B{z gfjukD ;edk j?. T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk B{z nZr/ fby/ o{g Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

f;jswzs Poho ftZu f;jswzs wB dk fBowkD jh f;Zfynk j?.

(Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body. -Aristotle)

G"fsetkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy d/ e/tb b"fee ihtB B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[Dk j? ns/ ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[D d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe wB[Zyh Poho ns/ wB s'A f;jswzd ns/ fJzdoh G'r d/ ;kXBK Bkb g{oD j't/. fJj ;ko/ ekoi T[j f;Zfynk d[nkok eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. G"fsetkdh ukotkeK dh fdqPNh Bkb^

f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihtB ihT[D d/ :'r pDkT[Adh j?.



B'N gZSwh irs d/ gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe th G"fse ;[yK dh gqkgsh eoB d/ g?y ftZu jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A wB[Zy nkgD/ nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh tksktoD ftZu ;wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoB. jopoN ;g/A;o d/ nB[;ko^

f;Zfynk dk noE nzdo{Bh PeshnK dk pkjoh ihtB Bkb ;wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoBk j?.

(Education means establishment of coordination between the inherent powers and the outer

life. -Herber Spencer)

gZSwh dkoPfBeK ftZu j[D nfij/ dkoPfBeK dk pj[sks j? fijV/ wB[Zy d/ ihtB B{z T[;h o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB fi; o{g ftZu T[j fdykJh fdzdk j?. gq:'iBtkdh wB[Zy B{z ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ jB ns/ fJj wzBd/ jB fe f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy ftZu toswkB ;wki ftZu nB[e{bB eoB ns/ GftZy d/ ;wki dk fBowkD eoB dh ;woZEk dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe i'B vhth d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk ftnesh dhnK T[jBK ;kohnK :'rsktK dk ftek; j? fijVhnK T[; ftZu tksktoD T[Zgo fB:zsoD oZyD ns/ nkgDhnK ;zGktBktK B{z g{ok eoB dh :'rsk gqdkB eo/.

(Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable

him to control his environment and fulfil his possibilities. -John Dewey)

f;Zfynk dh ;wkiPk;soh XkoDk

;wkiPk;sohnK dk ftuko e/Ado ;wki j[zdk j?. T[j ftneshrs B{z T[; d/ ;wki d/ ;zdoG ftZu gfogq/y ftZu jh d/yd/^;wMd/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z fJj ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d/ ftek; dk ;kXB wzBd/ jB. fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk gqfefonk dh gqfeosh d/ ftP/ ftZu fBwB fbys sZE T[ikro ehs/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk ;wkfie gqfefonk j?^;wkiPk;sohnK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe id'A d'A iK d'A s'A tZX ftneshnK d/ ftZu ;wkfie nzso^fefonk j[zdh j? sK T[j fJZe^d{i/ dh GkPk, ftuko ns/ nkuoD s'A gqGkfts j[zd/ jBl fJ; gqGkfts j'D dh gqfefonk B{z f;ZyDk efjzd/ jB ns/ id'A ekoi e[ZM fBPfus T[d/PK B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ ehsk iKdk j? sK T[;B{z f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe wB[Zy PeshnK b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j?, gqfeosh ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu T[; dhnK fJjBK PeshnK dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'A jh wB[Zy d/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh X[DhnK B{z T[ukfos eoB dk szso wB[Zy B{z iBw s'A gqkgs j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJ; szso Bkb GkPk T[j T[jBK jh b'eK dh f;Zydk j? fiBQK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[Adk j? ns/ fijBK Bkb ftukoK dk ndkB^ gqdkB eodk j?. wB[Zy dh g{o ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;fes dk ftek; ;wkfie gqfefonk dk jh Bshik j?. jK, fJj rZb io{o j? fe eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK d/ ftek; ns/ GkPk ftnkB j'D d/ pknd wB[Zy ;[szso o{g s'A th ntb'eB, gqhyD, fuzsB ns/ wBB eodk j? ns/ fJ; soQK th f;Zydk j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ bJh io{oh eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK dk ftek;, GkPk frnkB ns/ ftuko Pesh dk ftek; ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu jh j[zdk j?. ;wki dh xkN ftZu Bk sK n;hA GkPk f;Zy ;ed/ jK ns/ Bk ftuko eoBk f;Zy ;ed/ jK. pZu/ nkgD/ ukoK gkf;nK dhnK t;s{nK, GkPk ns/ fefonktK dk frnkB ;wki ftZu ofj e/ jh gqkgs eod/ jB. ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ fJj th ;gPN ehsk fe f;Zfynk ;wki d/ T[d/PK ns/ NhfunK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?. fit/A ;wkij[zdk j? ns/ fi; soQK dhnK T[;dhnK neKfynktK j[zdhnK jB T[;h soQK jh T[; dh f;Zfynk j[zdh j?. ;ZukJh fJj j? fe f;Zfynk ;wki d/ G{s, toswkB ns/ GftZy, fszBK Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdh j?l fJ; d/ d[nkok ;wki d/ G{s dk frnkB, toswkB dhnK io{osK dh g{osh ns/ GftZy dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb th f;Zfynk ;wkfie gqfefonk j[zdh j?.

2H f;Zfynk fBozso gqfefonk j?^f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;wkiPk;sohnK B{z d{ik sZE fJj T[ikro ehsk j? fe f;Zfynk fBozso uZbdh j?. wB[Zy d/ iBw d/ e[ZM fdB pknd s'A



jh T[; dh f;Zfynk nkozG j' iKdh j? ns/ ihtB d/ nzs sZe uZbdh ofjzdh j?. ns/ finkdk ft;Dkog{oD fdqPNhe'D Bkb d/yhJ/ sK ;wki d/ w?Apo (ftnesh) sK ysw j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB gozs{ f;Zfynk gqfefonk ghVh do ghVh uZbdh ofjzdh j?l T[j ed/ ftPokw BjhA b?Adh. fJ; soQK fBozsosk T[; dk d{ik bZSD j?.

3H f;Zfynk d'Xo{th gqfefonk j?^;wkiPk;sohnK B/ ;gPN ehsk j? fe f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu fJZe gZy gqGkfts eodk j? ns/ d{ik g{y gqGkfts j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe d'Xo{th gqfefonk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ d' Xo{t j[zd/ jB^fJZe fijVk gqGkfts eodk j? (nfXnkge) ns/ d{ik T[j fijVk gqGkfts j[zdk j? (f;ZfynkoEh). nw/foeh f;ZfyT[whd;soh i'B vhth B/ th f;Zfynk d/ d' Xo{t wzB/ jB^fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ d{ik ;wkfie. wB'ftfrnkBe nzr s'A T[jBK dk Gkt f;ZyD tkb/ dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ Pesh s'A j? ns/ ;wkfie nzr s'A T[jBK dk Gkt T[; d/ ;wkfie tksktoD s'A j?. gozs{ nkgDk sK fJj nB[Gt j? fe e/tb ;wkfie tksktoD jh BjhA pbfe gqfeose tksktoD th f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fefonk B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. :'iBkpZX f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu nfXnkge, f;ybkJh d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK th gqGkth sZs j[zd/ jB. fJjBK ;kfonK B{z j[D f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dhnK gofEshnK efjzd/ jB. T[; ;w/A fJj efjDk finkdk T[fus j't/rk fe f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk f;ZyD tkb/ ns/ f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dhnK go;fEshnK d/ ftZu ubdh j?.

4H f;Zfynk ftek; dh gqfefonk j?^wB[Zy dk iBwiks fttjko gP{tkbk j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok T[; d/ fJ; fttjko ftZu gfotosB ns/ gfowkoiB ehsk iKdk j?. ns/ finkdk ft;Ekog{oD fdqPNhe'D Bkb d/yhJ/ sK wB[Zy nkgD/ nB[GtK B{z GkPk d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;[oZfyns oZydk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z nkT[D tkbh ghVh d/ jZEK ftZu ;"Ag fdzdk j?. nkT[D tkbh ghVh fJ; frnkB d/ nXko s/ j'o nZr/ tXdh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu nkgD/ nB[Gt ns/ ftuko i'V fdzdh j?. fJ; soQK fe;h ;wki dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk ftek; j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu fJj ;G ;zGt BjhA. ;gPN j? fe f;Zfynk ftke; dh gqfefonk j?. ;kB{z fJZE/ fJZe rZb ;wM b?Dh ukjhdh j? fe ;z;ko dk jo gqDkbh nkgDh iks d/ gqkDhnK d/ ftZu ofje/, nB[eoD d[nkok, T[jBK d/ nB[;ko uZbDk^fcoBk, ykDk^ghDk ns/ p'bDk nkfd f;Zydk j?. gP{^gzShnK d/ ihtB T[Zs/ ftuko eo'. fJj iBw d/ e[ZM fdB pknd jh nkgDh iks d/ gqkDhnK dh soQK ykD^ghD, uZbD^fcoB iK T[ZvD d/ sohe/ f;Zy iKd/ jB, gozs{ T[jBK dh f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fJj gqfefonk e/tb go;fEshnK d/ Bkb ;wkBsk eoe/ nkswôZfynk d/ ekoiK sZe ;hfws ofjzdh j? id'A fe wB[Zy dh f;Zfynk T[; B{z go;fEshnK d/ Bkb ;wkBsk eoBk jh BjhA f;ykT[Adh pbfe T[; ftZu nkgD/ nB[e{b go;fEshnK dk fBowkD eoB dh ;woZEk dk ftek; th eodh j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok d/ ofjD^;fjD, ykD^gkB ns/ ftukoK ns/ ihtB B{z ;[ydkfJe pDkT[D d/ bJh ;kXB ns/ T[g;kXBK d/ fBowkD ftZu jw/PK gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; gfotosB dk d{ik Bkb ftek; j?. fJ; Bkb fJj ;gPN j? fe wB[Zy dh f;Zfynk jh ftek; dh gqfefonk j?, gP{^gzShnK ns/ j'o ihtK dh BjhA.

5H f;Zfynk rshPhb gqfefonk j?^f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh ftZu fBozso ftek; eodk j?. fJ; ftek; d/ bJh T[; dh fJZe ghVh nkgD/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb nkfd B{z d{ih ghVh B{z j;sKsfos eodh j?. fJ; j;sKsoD d/ bJh jo/e ;wki ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk dk fB:'iB eodk j?. fJ;h bJh ;w/A ftP/P dh ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ;kohnK fBPfus j[zdhnK jB. gozs{ fit/A^fit/A ;wki ftZu gfotosB j[zd/ jB T[;h soQK f;Zfynk T[jBK go;fEshnK B{z ;theko eodh j'Jh nZr/ tXdh j?. fJ; soQK T[; d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK nkfd ftZu io{os nB[;ko gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJjh T[; dh rshPhbsk j?. i/eo f;Zfynk rshPhb Bk j[zdh sK n;hA ftPtk; gE s/ nZr/ BjhA tXd/ ofj ;ed/ ;h.

e[ZM f;ZfyT[whd;sohnK B/ f;Zfynk B{z T[go'es sZEK d/ nXko s/ jh gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. Gkosh ftukoe G?otBkE Mk d/ PpdK ftZu^

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk fJZe gqfefonk j? ns/ fJZe ;wkfie noE j? i' e'Jh ;wki nkgD/ fjs d/ bJh eodk j?.

(Education is a process, a social function carried on and by the society for its own sake.

- B.N. Jha)

gZSwh irs d/ gqf;ZX f;Zfynk ;wkiPk;soh UNkt/ B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g ns/ ekoi d'jK B{z ;wkBfjs eod/ j'J/ f;Zfynk B{z fBwB fbys PpdK ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

f;Zfynk dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk ftneshrsK ns/ ;wkfie ;w{jK d/ ftZu dh nzso^fefonk j? fijVh ftneshrsK d/ ftek; d/ bJh e[ZM fBPfus T[d/PK d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?.

(The whole process of education is the interaction of individuals and social groups, with

certain ends in view for the development of the individuals.

-A.K.C. Ottaway)

f;Zfynk ;wkiPk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nkgD/ ;wki ftZu nB[e{bB eodk j?. NhH o/w/AN B/ fJ; sZE B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ f;Zfynk B{z gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[; d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk ftek; dh T[j gqfefonk j? fi; ftZu wB[Zy P?Pt ekb s'A gq'VQ ekb sZe ftek; eodk j? ns/ fi; d/ d[nkok T[j j'bh^j'bh nkgD/^nkg B{z eJh soQK Bkb nkgD/ gqfeose, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnkswe tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[dk j?.

(Education is the process of development in which consists the passage of human being

from infancy to maturity, the process by which he adapts himself gradually in various ways

to his physical, social and spiritual environment. -T.Raymont)

f;Zfynk dh okiBhse XkoDk

okiBhshPk;soK dk ftuko e/Ado oki ns/ T[; dk Pk;Bszso j[zdk j?. T[j ftneshrs ns/ ;wki, d'jK B{z oki ns/ T[; d/ Pk;Bszso d/ ;zdoG ns/ gfogq/y ftZu d/yd/^;wMd/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z fJj okPNo d/ fBowkD dk ;kXB wzBd/ jB. okPNo dk fBowkD j[zdk j? T[Zu BkrfoeK s'A ns/ T[Zu BkrfoeK dk fBowkD j[zdk j? f;Zfynk d[nkok. fJjBK dh fdqPNh d[nkok^n;b f;Zfynk T[j fijVh T[Zu BkrfoeK dk fBowkB eodh j?.

f;Zfynk dh noEPk;soh XkoDk

noEPk;sohnK dk ftek; e/Ado ;wki d/ nkofEe ;o's ns/ T[; dk nkofEe szso j[zdk j?. fJj ftnesh iK ;wki dhnK ;kohnK fefonktK B{z nkofEe gfogq/y Bkb d/yd/^;wMd/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z fJj fJZe T[sgkde fefonk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh Bkb f;Zfynk T[g:'r dh t;s{ d/ Bkb^Bkb T[sgkdB dk ekoe th j[zdh j?. P'XK d/ Bhsi/ fJj dZ;d/ jB fe f;Zfyns wB[Zy dh T[sgkdB Pesh ns/ ;zrmB ;woZEk nf;Zfyns ftnesh dh ng/fynk finkdk j[zdh j? ns/ fJzBh finkdk j[zdh j? fe T[; d[nkok j'D tkbk tkX{ bkG T[; dh f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ rJ/ you s'A tZX j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh noEPk;soh f;Zfynk B{z nkofEe fBt/P d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A^

f;Zfynk T[j nkofEe fBt/P j? fi; d/ d[nkok ftnesh ftZu T[sgkdB ns/ ;zrmB d/ e"PbK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo dh T[sgkdB ;woZEk tXkJh iKdh j? ns/ T[jBK dk nkofEe ftek; ehsk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh wB'ftfrnkBe XkoDk Gkosh :'r wB'ftfrnkB dk ftuko e/Ado wB[Zy dk pkjoh ;o{g ns/ T[;dk nzdo{BheoD d'B' j[zd/ jB. pkjoh ;o{g ftZu T[; T[; dhnK eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK dk nfXnB eodk j? ns/ nzdo{BheoD ftZu fus (wB, p[ZXh ns/ njzeko) dk nfXnB eodk j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A^



f;Zfynk dk noE j? wB[Zy dh pkjoh fJzdohnK ns/ nzdo{BheoD dh f;ybkJh.

gZSwh wB'ftfrnkBeK dk ftuko e/Ado wB[Zy dk Poho, fdwkr ns/ fttjko j[zdk j?, T[j j[D sZe T[; d/ nzdo{BheoD d/ w{b sZs^wB, p[ZXh ns/ njzeko dh y'i BjhA eo ;e/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy fJZe wB'Pohoe gqkDh j? fijVk iBw s'A e[ZM PeshnK b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j? ns/ fJjBK PeshnK s/ jh T[; dk ftek; fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK fJjBK PeshnK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe fJjBK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek; fe; fdqPk ftZu ns/ fezBk ehsk ikt/. fJ; ftP/ ftZu ;ft; f;ZfyT[whd;soh g?;Nkb'ih dk ws j? fe fJj ftek; ;[Gkfte, ;wo; ns/ gqrshPhb j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk B{z fJ;h fdqPNh Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk wB[Zy dh iBwiks PeshnK dk ;[Gkfte, ;wo; ns/ gqrshPbh ftek; j?.

(Education is a natural, harmonious and progressive development of man‟s innate powers.

-Pestalozzi)

g?;Nkb'ih d/ u/b/ co'p/b B/ f;Zfynk B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

f;Zfynk T[j gqfefonk j? fi;d/ d[nkok pkbe nkgDhnK nzdo{Bh PeshnK B{z pkjo tZb gqrN eodk j?.

(Education is a process by which a child makes its internal external. -Froebel) f;Zfynk dh ftfrnkBe XkoDk

ftfrnkBeK dk ftuko e/Ado G"fse irs ns/ T[; dhnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK j[zdhnK jB. fJj fe;h th t;s{ iK fefonk B{z t;s{fBPm Yzr Bkb d/yd/ jB. fiZE/ sZe wB[Zy dh iBwiks PeshnK dk gqPB j?, T[j wB'ftfrnkB Bkb ;fjws jB, gozs{ fiZE'A sZe wB[Zy d/ fttjko dk gqPB j?, fJj ;wkiPk;soh sZEK B{z ;theko eod/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z fJj wB[Zy dhnK PeshnK d/ pkjoh ihtB nB[e{b ftek; d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. jopoN ;g/A;o d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ nzso^PeshnK dk pkjoh ihtB Bkb ;wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoBk j?.


life. -Herbert Spencer) f;Zfynk dh ;jh XkoDk

f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu dkoPfBeK, ;wkiPk;sohnK, okiBhshPk;sohnK, noEPk;sohnK, wB'ftfrnkBeK ns/ ftfrnkBeK d/ fGzB^fGzB fdqPNhe'D jB. i/eo n;hA fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/ sK ;gPN j't/rk fe T[j y/so ftP/P sZe ;hfws jB. nZi n;hA f;Zfynk dh ftnkfynk eod/ ;w/A fJjBK ;kfonK d/ fdqPNhe'D d[nkok sZEK dh u'D eod/ jK. f;Zfynk irs ftZu fJ; B{z ;zebe gqftosh (Eclectic Tendency) efjzd/ jB. fJjBK ;ko/ fdqPNhe'DK Bkb f;Zfynk dh gqftosh d/ ftP/ ftZu fJj sZE T[ikro j[zd/ jB fe f;Zfynk fJZe T[d/Pg{oD, ;wkfie, fBozso, rshPhb ns/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j?. ns/ fJ;d/ ekoiK d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fJ; d/ d[nkok wB[ZyK dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;, T[jBK d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z ;ZfGn, ;z;fes ns/ :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?.

gozs{ j[D sZe n;hA f;Zfynk dhnK fijVhnK th gfoGkPktK d/yhnK jB T[jBK ftZu finkdkso d'P jB^fJZe sK fJj fe fJj d[nkok f;Zfynk gqfefonk dh gqfeosh dk ;gPN p'X BjhA j[zdkl ns/ d{ik fJj fe fJj f;Zfynk d/ fe;h T[d/P ftP/P s/ jh i'o fdzdhnK jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj ;oGwzBD:'r gfoGkPktK BjhA j' ;ehnK. f;Zfynk dh ;G s'A T[fus gfoGkPk sK T[j j't/rh

B'N



B'N fi; Bkb f;Zfynk gqfefonk dh gqfeosh ns/ ekoi, d'jK dk ;gPN p'X j't/. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb f;Zfynk B{z nZr/ fby/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

f;Zfynk fe;h ;wki ftZu jw/PK uZbD tkbh T[j T[d/Pg{oD ;wkfie gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; B{z ;ZfGn, ;z;feqs ns/ :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d'B' fBozso ftek; eod/ jB.

f;Zfynk dh fJj gfoGkPk nkgD/ ftZu g{oD j?. fJ; Bkb f;Zfynk gqfefonk dh gqfeosh (fe fJj T[d/Pg{oD, ;wkfie, fBozso, rshPhb ns/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j?) ns/ fJ; d/ ekoiK (fe fJ; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebk e"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; B{z ;ZfGn, tXhnk ;z;feqs :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?, d'jK dk ;gPN p'X j[zdk j? ! wB[Zy B{z ;ZfGn, tXhnk ;z;feqs ns/ :'r Bkrfoe pDkT[D ftZu fe;h th ;wki dh f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ T[d/P ns/ eko Pkfwb jB. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh fJj gfoGkPk ;G B{z ;theko j'Dh ukjhdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self-Assessment)

ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks):

1H f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fdbkJ/.

2H f;jswzd Poho ftZu f;jswzd wB dk fBowkB jh HHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

3H n;b f;Zfynk T[j fijVh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk fBowkD eodh j?. 1H2 f;Zfynk dk ftnkge ns/ ;ze{fus noE (Wider and Narrower Meaning of Education) n;hA ikDd/ jK fe fe fe;h ;wki ftZu fe;h pZu/ dh f;Zfynk, T[; d/ gfotko, S'N/^tZv/ ftfGzB ;wkfie ;w{jK, ;w[dkfJe e/AdoK ns/ ftfGzB soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK, wjKftfdnkfbnK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu uZbdh j?, gozs{ e[ZM b'e e/tb ftfdnkfbnK, wjKftfdnkfbnK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu uZbD tkbh f;Zfynk B{z jh f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk Ppd dk gq:'r d' o{gK ftZu j[zdk j?^fJZe ftnkge o{g ftZu ns/ d{ik ;ze{fus o{g ftZu.

f;Zfynk dk ftnkge noE

n;hA ikDd/ jK fe jo gqkDh nkgDh iks ftZu iBw b?Adk j? ns/ T[; d/ ftZu ofje/ nkgDh iks d/ gqkDhnK dh soQK uzbDk^fcoBk, ykDk^ghDk, ;[BDk^p'bDk ns/ eJh soQK dhnK j'o fefonktK eoBk f;Zydk j?. wB[Zy id'A g?dk j[zdk j? pj[s jh n;jkfJ nt;Ek ftZu j[zdk j?, gozs{ iBw d/ e[ZM fdB pknd jh nkgDh iksh d/ gqkDhnK dk nB[eoD eoe/ uZbDk^fcoBk, ykDk^ghDk ns/ ;[BDk^p'bDk f;ZyD bZrdk j? ns/ j'bh^j'bh eJh soQK dhnK j'o fefonktK eoBk f;Zydk j?. T[j ;G s'A gfjbk gkm nkgDh wK dh r'd ftZu gVQdk j?, fco nkgD/ xo/b{ tksktoD s'A f;Zydk j? ns/ T[; d/ pknd fi; d/ th ;zgoe ftZu nkT[Adk j? T[;h s'A e[ZM Bk e[ZM f;ZyDk j?. ;ZfGn ;wki nkgD/ pZfunK dhnK iBwiks PeshnK d/ T[fus ftek; eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ fttjko ftZu fJZSs gfotosB eoB d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB. gozs{ pZu/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ Bkb^Bkb j'o ;EkBK s/ th e[ZM Bk e[ZM f;ZyD/ ofjzd/ jB. ns/ ;Zu sK fJj j? fe ftfdnkb/ SZvD d/ pknd th f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh gqfefonk uZbdh ofjzdh j? ns/ ihtBGo uZbdh ofjzdh j?. ftnkge noE ftZu ihtBGo uZbD tkbh f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fJj gqfefonk jh f;Zfynk j?. fJ; f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, gkuuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ;G ftnkge j[zdhnK jB, T[jBK B{z ;hwk ftZu BjhA pzfBnk ik ;edk, gozs{ j[zd/ ;ko/ ftek;w[Zyh jh



jB. eJh ftdtkBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ fJ; o{g B{z gfoGkPk ftZu pzBD dk :sB ehsk j?. T[jBK ftZu'A i/H n?;H w?e/Aih dk :sB ;okjD:'r j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

ftnkge fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk ihtBGo uZbD tkbh gqfefonk j? ns/ ihtB d/ jo nB[Gt d/ d[nkok fJ; dk ftek; j[zdk j?.

(In wider sense, it is a process that goes on throughout life and that is promoted by almost

every experience in life. -J.S. Mackenzie)

finkdkso ftdtkB ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk dh fJ; gfoGkPk s'A ;fjws jB, gozs{ fJ; gfoGkPk d[nkok Bk sK f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g dk ;gPN frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ Bk T[; d/ Bshi/ dk. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

ftnkge noE f;Zfynk fe;h ;wki ftZu jw/PK uZbD tkbh T[j T[d/Pg{oD ;wkfie gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; B{z ;ZfGn, ;z;feqsg{oD ns/ :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d'B' fBozso ftek; eod/ jB.

f;Zfynk dk ;ze{fus noE

;XkoD o{g s'A b'e ftfdnkfbnK, wjKftfdnkfbnK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu uZbD tkbh f;Zfynk (Schooling) B{z jh f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. fJj f;Zfynk dk ;ze{fus noE j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe jo ;wki dh nkgDh ihtB P?bh j[zdh j? ns/ nkgDhnK neKfynkttK jzdhnK jB ns/ ;wki d/ gq'VQ w?Apo nkgDh nkT[D tkbh ghVh B{z fJ; ihtB P?bh ftZu f;Zfyns eoB ns/ nkgDhnK neKfynktK dh g{osh eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB. fJ; f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK, ;ko/ fBPfus j[zd/ jB. fJj f;Zfynk pZu/ dh fJZe fBPfus T[wo s/ nkozG j[zdh j? ns/ fJZe fBPfus ekb sZe uZbdh j?. fJj f;Zfyn fBPfus ;EkBK (ftfdnkfbnK) s/ fBPfus ftneshnK (nfXnkgeK) ns/ fBPfus pZfunK (ftfdnkoEhnK) d/ ftZu uZbdh j?. nZi fJ; f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ;wki iK oki d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?. T[; ;w/A fJj ;wki iK oki d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?. fe;h okPNo dh T[Bsh ftP/P o{g s'A fJ;h f;Zfynk s/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; noE ftZu ftfdnkb/ ftZu dkfybk b?D s'A gfjbK ns/ ftfdnkbk SZvD d/ pknd f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk BjhA uZbdh. eJh ftdtkBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ fJ; o{g B{z gfoGkPk ftZu pzBD dk :sB ehsk j?. fJjBK ftZu'A i/H n?;H w?e/Aih dk :sB ;okjD:'r j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

;ze{fus fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk noE nkgDhnK PeshnK d/ ftek; ns/ ;[Xko d/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ fe;/ th u/sBkg{oD :sBK s'A fbnk ik ;edk j?.

(In narrower sense, it may be taken to mean any consciously directed efforts to develop and

cultivate our powers. -J.S. Mackenzie)

finkdkso ftdtkB ;ze{fus noE ftZu f;Zfynk dh fJ; gfoGkPk s'A ;fjws jB, gozs{ fJ; d[nkok Bk sK f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g dk ;gPN frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ Bk T[; d/ Bshi/ dk. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A ;ze{fus noE ftZu f;Zfynk B{z fBwBfbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

;ze{fus noE ftZu f;Zfynk fe;h ;wki ftZu fJZe fBPfus ;w/A ns/ fBPfus ;EkBK (ftfdnkfbnK) ftZu :'iBkpZX Yzr Bkb uZbD tkbh T[j T[d/Pg{oD ;wkfie gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek; eoe/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk ns/ fttjko ftZu gfotosB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; B{z ;ZfGn, tXhnk ;z;feqs ns/ :'r Bkrfoe pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ d[nko ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d'B' fBozso ftek; eod/ jB.

B'N



B'N ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

4H G"fsetkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy d/ e/tb b"fee ihtB B{z jh wzBd/ jB^

(T) ;Zu (n) M{m (J) nBzs (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H wB[Zy dk iBwiks fttjko j[zdk j?^

(T) ft;Ekog{oD (n) gP{ ;zpzXh (J) ;gPN (;) n;gPN

6H nw/foeh f;ZfyT[whd;soh i'B vhth B/ f;Zfynk d/ wzB/ jB^

(T) d' Xo[t (n) fszB Xo[t (J) uko Xo[t (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 1H3 f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Education) f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh d/ ftP/ ftZu w{b o{g s'A dkoPfBeK, ;wkiPk;sohnK, okiBhshPk;sohnK, noEPk;sohnK, wB'ftfrnkBeK ns/ ftfrnkBeK B/ ftuko ehsk j?. fJjBK ;ko/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh d/ ftP/ ftZu fBwB fbys sZE T[ikro j[zd/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?. fJ; d/ gqw[Zy o{g Bkb fszB nzr j[zd/ jB^f;ZyD tkbk, f;ykT[D tkbk ns/ f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh ;wZroh iK fefonk, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe f;ZykT[D tkbk f;ZyD tkb/ d/ ;kjwD/ gqsZy o{g ftZu T[gf;Es ofjzdk j? iK gVd/ d/ fgZS/ ekoi eodk j?.

2H ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk fe;h ;wki ftZu fBozso uZbdh j?, gozs{ ;ze{fus noE ftZu fJj e/tb ftfdnkfbnK ftZu jh uZbdh j?. ;kB{z f;Zfynk B{z T[; d/ fttjko ftZu jh b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fJj fJZe fBozso gqfefonk j?.

3H f;Zfynk T[d/Pg{oD gqfefonk j?, fJ; d/ T[d/P ;wki d[nkok fBPfus j[zd/ jB ns/ ftek;w[Zyh j[zdh jB. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ftek; dh gqfefonk j?.

4H ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk dh ftPk^;wZroh nfs ftnkge j[zdh j?, T[; B{z ;hwk ftZu BjhA pzfBnk ik ;edk, gozs{ ;ze{fus noE ftZu fJ; dh ftPk^;wZroh fBPfus gkmuo:k sZe ;hfws j[zdh j?. gozs{ d'jK noEK ftZu fJj ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d/ ftek; ftZu ;jkJh j[zdh j?.

5H ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk dhnK ftXhnK nfs ftnkge j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ ;ze{fus noE ftZu brGr fBPfus j[zdhnK jB.

6H f;Zfynk dk ;o{g ;wki d/ Xow^doPB, T[;dh ;zouBk^;z;feqs, Pk;Bszso, noEszso ns/ ftfrnkBe gqrsh nkfd eJh sZsK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?.

7H T[go'es sZEK s'A ;gPN j? fe fe;h ;wki d/ Xow^doPB, ;zouBk^;z;feqs, Pk;Bszso, noEszso ns/ ftfrnkBe gfotosBK d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g ftZu th gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh rshPhb j[zdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' f;jswzs Poho ftZu f;jswzs wB dk fBowkD jh f;Zfynk j?.



1H4 doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Philosophy)

doPB wB[Zy d/ fuzsB dh T[Zusw ;hwk j?. fJ; ftZu ;zg{oD pqfjwzv ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ n;b ;o{g, f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^nfrnkB, frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ wB[Zy d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dk soe nXkfos toBD ehsk iKdk j?. Gkos doPB dh r[o{;Ebh wzfBnk iKdk j?. Gkos/ d/ pknd fJ; y/so ftZu :{BkB (rqh;) d/P dk Bkw nkT[Adk j?. nZi sK ;z;ko d/ brGr ;ko/ ;ZfGn d/PK ftZu doPB dk ftek; j' fojk j?, gozs{ doPB d/ ftP/ ftZu Gkosh ns/ gZSwh fdqPNhe'DK ftZu E'Vk nzso j?. fJZe/ T[; ;G dh uouk eoBk io{oh j?l T[; d/ pknd jh n;hA doPB d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wM ;eKr/.

doPB dh Gkosh XkoDk

gqkuhB Gkos ftZu fe;h th soQK d/ fuzsB B{z fuzsB fejk iKdk ;h, gozs{ fit/A^fit/A frnkB d/ y/so ftZu ftek; j'fJnk T[; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; B{z fGzB^fGzB nB[Pk;BK ftZu tzvDk nkozG ehskl fit/A^wB[ZyhPk;so, XowPk;so, noEPk;so ns/ fue;kPk;so nkfd. frnkB dh T[; Pkyk B{z fi; ftZu pqfjwzv d/ nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) dh y'i ehsh iKdh j?, T[; B{z n;hA doPBPk;so dk BKt fdZsk. T[gfBPd ekb ftZu doPB B{z fJ;h o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk ;h. T[; ;w/A doPB dh gfoGkPk ;h^

fi; Bkb d/fynk ikt/ iK ;Zu d/ doPB ehs/ ikD T[j doPB j?.

(fdqP:s/ nB/B fJfs doPBw^T[gfBPd)

nkyoh ;Zu dh y'i ftZu ;kB{z pqfjwzv d/ ;o{g ns/ fJ; d/ eosk ns/ T[sgkdB ekoB T[Zs/ pokpo ftuko eoBk fgnk. dkoPfBeK B/ ;G s'A tZX ftuko ehsk wB[Zy d/ nkgD/^nkg d/ n;b ;o{g T[Zs/ ns/ T[; ;zdoG ftZu nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^nfrnkB, frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ wB[Zy d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK s/ y{p ftuko j'fJnk. nZr/ uZb e/ fJjh ;G e[ZM doPBPk;so dh ftPk ;wZroh pfDnk. ;kv/ d/P ftZu doPB B{z nZi th nkyoh ;Zu dh y'i eoB tkb/ Pk;so d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. vkH ;otgZbh okXkfeqPBD d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB ;Zu d/ ;o{g dk soe nXkfos toDB j?.

(Philosophy is a logical inquiry into the nature of reality. -Dr. Radhakrishnan) doPB dh gZSwh XkoDk

gZSwh irs ftZu doPB dk ;G s'A gfjbK ftek; :{BkB (rqh;) d/P ftZu j'fJnk. nkozG ftZu sK T[ZE/ th doPB dk y/so pj[s ftnkge ;h, gozs{ fit/A^fit/A frnkB d/ y/so ftZu ftek; j'fJnk doPB fJZe ;[szso nB[Pk;B d/ o{g ftZu ;hfws j[zdk ufbnk frnk. doPB d/ bJh nzrq/Ih ftZu fcb';ch (Philosophy) Ppd dk gq:'r j[zdk j? fijVk rqhe PpdK^fcb'; (Philos) ns/ ;'fcnk (Sophia) s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j?. fcb'; dk noE j?^gq/w ns/ ;'chnk dk noE j?^frnkB, fJ; bJh fcb';ch dk noE j[zdk j?^frnkB, fJ; bJh fcb';ch dk noE j[zdk j?^frnkB ns/ gq/w. fJj doPB dk ft;Ekog{oD noE j?. :{BkBh (rqhe) dkoPfBe gb/N' doPB B{z fJ;h noE ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^T[j ftnesh fijVk jo soQK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB dh fJZSk oZydk j? ns/ jw/PK T[s;[e ofjzdk j? ns/ edh th ;zs'y eoe/ o[edk BjhA j?, n;b ftZu dkoPfBe j?. gozs{ ;G e[ZM ikDB s'A T[jBK dk noE ;G e[ZM fgZS/ fSg/ w{b o{g sZs B{z ikDB s'A ;h. T[jBK d/ jh PpdK ftZu^

gdkoEK d/ ;BksB ;o{g dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk jh doPB j?.

(Philosophy aims at a knowledge of eternal nature of things. -Plato)

gb/N' d/ u/b/ no;s{ XkoDk d/ Bkb^Bkb fttjkfoesk T[Zs/ th i'o fdzd/ ;B. T[jBK B/ gb/N' d[nkok gq;s{s doPB dh gfoGkPk B{z E'V/ nzso d/ Bkb gq;s{s ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko^

B'N



B'N doPB fJZe nfijk ftfrnkB j? fijVk sZs d/ :EkoE ;o{g dh iKu eodk j?.

(Philosophy is the science which investigates the nature of being as it is in itself. -Aristotle)

iowB dkoPfBe eKN B/ doPB B{z e/tb frnkBPk;so d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB p'X fefonk dk ftfrnkB ns/ T[; dh nkb'uBk j?.

(Philosophy is the science and criticism of cognition. -Kant)

fcPN/ B/ th doPB B{z fJ;h o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB frnkB dk ftfrnkB j?.

(Philosophy is the science of knowledge. -Fischte)

gozs{ nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu gZSwh doPB ftZu fJZe tZvk w'V nkfJnk j?. j[D T[j w{b sZs dh y'I d/ ;EkB s/ frnkB dhnK ftfGzB PkyktK d/ soe nXkfos toDB tZb tfXnk j?. doPBPk;so dh fJ; ftnkgesk B/ doPB dhnK eJh PkyktK B{z iBw fdZsk j?l fit/A^;wkfie doPB, okiBhfse doPB, nkofEe doPB, Xow doPB, ftfrnkB doPB ns/ f;Zfynk doPB nkfd. fJ; bJh j[D T[ZE/ doPB B{z ftfrnkBK dk ftfrnkB ns/ nkb'uBk dh nkb'uBk fejk iKdk j?. e'w/N d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB ftfrnkBK dk ftfrnkB j?.

(Philosophy is the science of sciences. -Comte)

ns/ jopoN ;g/A;o d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB ftfrnkBK dh ;wkBsk iK ;z;kogZXoh ftfrnkB j?.

(Philosophy is the synthesis of sciences or a universal science. -Herbert Spencer)

pokJhNw?B B/ doPB B{z E'V/ ft;Eko o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB dh gfoGkPk fJZe nfij/ :sB d/ o{g ftZu fdZsh ik ;edh j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;zg{oD wB[Zyh nB[G{shnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;ZukJh Bkb ftuko ehsk iKdk j? iK fi; d/ d[nkok n;hA nkgD/ nB[GtK dk n;b ;ko ikDd/ jK.

(Philosophy may be defined as the attempt to think truely about human experience as a whole or to make our whole experience intelligible. -Brightman)

;?bo; B/ th doPB B{z T[; d/ ftnkge o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB fJZe nfijk fBozso :sB j? fi; d/ d[nkok n;hA ;z;ko ns/ nkgDh gqfeosh d/ ftP/ ftZu eqwpZX nB[GtK d[nkok nzsofdqPNh gqkgs eod/ jB.

(Philosophy is a persistent attempt to gain insight into the nature of the world and of ourselves by means of systematic reflection. -R. W. Sellers.)

nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ fJZe wjkB nzrq/I ftukoe poNq/Av o;/b B/ doPB B{z j'o finkdk o{g ftZu d/fynk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

doPB ftZu n;hA nkgD/ ;XkoD ftukoK dh ;zfdrXesk ns/ Gowesk dh goy eod/ jB, T[jBK ;kfonK s/ ftuko ns/ y'I eod/ jB fijV/ ;kv/ nkyoh gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqkgs eoB ftZu Gow g?dk eod/ jB ns/ nzs ftZu nkgD/ nkyoh gqPBK d/ nkb'uBkswe T[Zso gqkgs eod/ jB.

(Philosophy is the attempt to answer ultimate questions critically, after in investing all that makes such questions puzzling and after realizing the vagueness and confusion that underline our ordinary ideas. -Bertrand Russell)



doPB dh n;b XkoDk

T[Zgo dh uouk s'A ;gPN j? fe doPB d/ pko/ ftZu Gkosh fdqPNhe'D ns/ gZSwh fdqPNhe'D ftZu E'Vk nzso j? ns/ T[j fJj fe finkdkso Gkosh doPBK ftZu nZi th ;G s'A gfjbK f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ T[gkfJnK T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fco fJ; frnkB B{z soe dk nXko pDke/ wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ T[;dhnK ;kohnK G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe T[gbpXhnK dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j? id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPBK ftZu f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs nkfd s/ ftuko eo/ fpBK wBwkB/ soe eoB dh gqftosh finkdk j?. pj[s y/d dh rZb j? fe e[ZM Gkosh ftdtkb f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs ns/ iBw^woD nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs gqPBK d/ T[Zso gqkgs ehs/ fpBK wBwkB/ soe g/P eoe/ nkgD/^nkg B{z dkoPfBe ;wMD dh G[Zb eoB bZr/ jB. e[ZM ftdtkB sK doPB B{z fJjBK gqPBK Bkb i'VB B{z e[gwzv[esk wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk e[soe j? fe nZi id'A gZSwh irs ftZu dkoPfBe f;qPNh^f;qPNk ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk nkfd dk ftuko ehs/ fpBK ;wZf;nk ftP/P B{z f;ZXk wB[Zyh T[g:'rsk dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ e;D bZr/ jB ns/ T[;h nXko s/ T[; dh ftnkfynk eoB bZr/ jB, Gkosh ftukoe nkswk^gqwkswk d/ uZeo ftZu jh cz;/ jB. ;kB{z sK fJjBK b'eK dh p[ZXh s/ so; nkT[Adk j?. wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ojZ; B{z ;wM/ fpBK T[; d/ bJh eh T[g:'rh j?, fJj fet/A fBPfus ehsk ik ;edk j? ! ;kB{z GkoshnK B{z gZSwh dkoPfBeK dk nzBknB[eoD BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;kv/ wjKfoPhnK B/ ;kB{z ;Zuk sZsk frnkB fdZsk j?, T[; d/ nXko s/ n;hA fe;h th t;s{ iK fefonk dh ;Zuh ftnkfynk eo ;ed/ jK. ;kvh fdqPNh d/ fpBK sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w[Zb ns/ nuko whwK;k d/ doPB dk e'Jh ti{d jh BjhA. fJ; bJh doPB B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

doPBPk;so frnkB dh T[j Pkyk j? fi; ftZu ;zg{oD pqfjwzv d/ nkyoh ;Zu ns/ wB[Zy d/ n;b ;o{g, f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^ftfrnkB, frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXBK dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j?.

doPB dh fJj gfoGkPk nkgD/^nkg ftZu g{oD j?. fJ; gfoGkPk ftZu gqfeoshtkdh, gq:'iBtkdh ns/ nkdoPtkdh, ;ko/ doPB nk iKd/ jB. fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d gqsh i/eo ;kvk fJj fdqPNhe'D j? fe fJjBK d/ w[Zb ftZu gqfeose gfotosBK d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe Pesh ekoi BjhA eodh sK T[go'es gfoGkPk d/ nB[;ko fJj ftukoXkok th doPB jh j't/rh. Gkosh ukotke ns/ nkihte ns/ gZSwh gqfeoshtkd fJ; e'Nh d/ doPB jB. ns/ fJj fdqPNhe'D fe fJj ;zg{oD pqfjwzv fe;h n;hw Pesh (pqjwk, r'v, nZbkj, ftuko, ;Zu nkfd) d[nkok fBofws j? sK fJj ftukoXkok th doPB jh j't/rh. Gkosh T[gfBPd ns/ PNdoPB ns/ gZSwh nkdoPtkd fJ;h e'Jh d/ doPB jB. doPB d/ bJh w{b rZb fJj j? fe T[; ftZu f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^ftfrnkB, frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ wB[Zy d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK T[Zs/ ftuko j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fdqPNhe'D sK fGzB^fGzB j'Dr/ jh, fij' fijh fi; dh nB[G{sh j't/rh T[;h soQK T[; d/ soe j'Dr/ ns/ T[;h d/ nB[e{b T[; dk doPB j't/rk. dkoPfBe fuzsB ns/ j'o fusB ftZu nzso

nZi fiZE/ ehs/ th fuzsB fdykJh fdzdk j? T[ZE/ ;kB{z doPB fdykJh d/D bZrdk j?. n;hA ;wkfie fuzsB, okiBhfse fuzsB, nkofEe fuzsB ns/ ftfdne fuzsB nkfd, ;kfonK B{z doPB dh e'Nh ftZ oZyD dh G[Zb eod/ jK. fJ; soQK dk c?PB gZSwh d/PK ftZu nkozG j'fJnk ns/ ;kv/ d/P ftZu T[; dh Beb ehsh ikD bZrh. j?okBh dh rZb j? fe doPB dh r[o{;Ebh Gkos d/ b'e th doPB d/ n;b ;o{g B{z G[Zb oj/ jB. ;ktXkB! dkoPfBe fuzsB dk P[ZG^nkozG sZs whwK;k s'A j[zdk j?, T[; d/ ftukb/ frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k j[zdh j? ns/ T[; dk nzs w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k s'A j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fi; fuzsB ftZu sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w[Zb ns/

B'N



B'N Nkuko whwK;k j't/ T[; B{z jh doPB fejk ik ;edk j?. doPB dk ;zpzX ihtB Bkb j[zdk j?, T[j ihtB d/ ;ko/ y/soK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?, Gkt/A T[j ;wkfie y/so j't/, Gkt/A okiBhfse ns/ ukj/ nkofEe. T[j f;Zfynk B{z th gqGkfts eodk j?. fJj g[;se ftZu f;Zfynk s/ doPB d/ gqGkt dk jh nfXnB ehsk frnk j?. 1H5 Gkosh doPBK ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu nzso (Difference between Indian Philosophies and Western Philosophies) e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu doPB ns/ fcb';ch (Philosophy) d/ nzso B{z ;gPN eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. doPB ns/ fcb';ch (Philosophy) sK fJZe jh ftP/ (nB[Pk;B, Discipline) d/ bJh fjzdh ns/ nzrq/Ih GkPk d/ nbZr^nbZr Ppd jB, fJjBK ftZu sK T[jh nzso j? fijVk rK ns/ ekT{ (Cow) PpdK ftZu j?. ojh Gkosh doPBK ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu nzso dh rZb, sK fJjBK ftZu e[ZM nzso io{o j?.

nuko:k gqto gzfvs pbd/t T[gkfXnkJ/ B/ Gkosh doPBK ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu fBwB fbys gzi nzso dZ;/ jB^

1H Gkosh doPBK dk ftek; wB[Zy B{z d[y (nfXnksfwe, nkfXG"fse ns/ nkfXd?fte) s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D ;zpzXh j'fJnk j?, id'A fe gZSwh doPBK dk ftek; j?okBhiBe t;s{nK ns/ feqfonktK B{z d/yD s'A T[sgzB e"s[jb B{z PKs eoB d/ :sB d[nkok j'fJnk j?.

2H Gkosh doPBK dk ftek; ;[szso o{g s'A j'fJnk j?, id'Afe gZSwh doPBK dh ;wZroh j'o nB[Pk;BK (wB[ZyhPk;so, ;wkiPk;so ns/ okiBhshPk;so) d/ nXko s/ ftef;s ehsh rJh j?.

3H Gkosh doPB n;b frnkB d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB tZb tX/ jB, id'Afe gZSwh doPB ;ko/ frnkB^ftfrnkB dh ftnkfynk eoB tZb tX/ jB.

4H Gkosh doPB nB[G{s frnkB s/ nXkfos jB ns/ soe d[nkok g'fPs jB, id'Afe gZSwh doPB e/tb soe s/ nXkfos jB.

5H Gkosh doPBK dk Xow Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?, id'Afe gZSwh doPBK dk Xow Bkb e'Jh ;zpzXh BjhA j?.

;kvk nkgDk ws

fJ; ftZu d' ws BjhA fe Gkos ftZu nZi th doPB B{z fJ; pqfjwzv d/ nyhob/ ;Zu d/ y'ieosk ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ n;b ;o{g d/ ftnkfynkeko d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk j?, gozs{ id'A n;hA doPB B{z T[; d/ ftPtftnkge o{g ftZu d/yd/^;wMd/ jK ns/ d/P^ftd/P d/ doPBK dh ftPk^;wZroh d/ nXko s/ d/yd/^;wMd/ jK sK Gkosh doPBK ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu e'Jh ftP/P nzso fdykJh BjhA fdzdk. Gkosh doPBK B{z jh b? fbU. i/eo tdw[be doPB wB[Zy B{z d[y s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D tkb/ wkor dh y'i tZb tXkT[Ad/ jB sK ukotke ns/ nkihte doPB wB[Zy B{z G"fse ;[Zy gqdkB eoB tkb/ wkor dh y'i eoB tZb tXd/ jB. ojh nB[G{sh ns/ soe dh rZb, sK ;ko/ Gkosh ns/ gZSwh doPBK d/ gqshgkdeK dh nkgDh^nkgDh nB[G{shnK ns/ nB[Gt jB ns/ ;kfonK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ wsK dh g[PNh soe d[nkok ehsh j?. ;Zu g[ZS' sK Gkosh doPB sK yzvB^wzvB P?bh s/ jh ftef;s j'J/ jB. ojh doPB ns/ Xos d/ ;zpzX dh rZb, finkdkso Gkosh doPBK B/ iK sK Xow B{z iBw fdZsk j? iK fco XowK d/ nXko s/ doPBK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?, gozs{ ;ko/ Gkosh doPBK d/ Bkb fJj rZb bkr{ BjhA j[zdhl Gkosh ukotke ns/ nkihte doPBK dk fe;h th Xos Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe Gkos ns/ j'o ;ko/ d/PK ftZu G"fsetkdh ns/ nfXnkswtkdh, d'jK soQK d/ doPBK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?, jK fJj rZb io{o j? fe^



1H finkdkso Gkosh doPB nfXnkswtkdh doPB jB ns/ wB[Zy B{z ;z;kfoe d[yK s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D d/ tZb tXd/ jB, id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPB G"fsetkdh doPB jB ns/ wB[Zy B{z ;z;kfoe ;[Zy gqkgs eokT[D d/ tZb tXdk j?.

2H finkdkso Gkosh doPB ;zg{oD pqfjwzv d/ n;b ;o{g ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zy d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ tZb tXd/ jB, id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPB e/tb wB[Zy d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ tZb tXd/ jB.

3H finkdkso Gkosh doPB n;b frnkB d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ tZb tXd/ jB, id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPB ;ko/ frnkB^ftfrnkB dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ tZb tXd/ jB.

4H finkdkso Gkosh doPBK dk ftek; ;[szso o{g s'A j'fJnk j?, id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPBK dk ftek; j'o ftfPnK (nB[Pk;BK, disciplines) d/ nXko s/ j'fJnk j?.

5H finkdkso Gkosh doPBK dk Xow Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?, id'Afe finkdkso gZSwh doPBK dk Xow Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?.

6H Gkos ftZu nZi th doPB B{z ;XkoD o{g s'A sZs whwK;k gqXkB Pk;so d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB, id'Afe gZSwh d/PK ftZu j[D doPB B{z ;XkoD o{g s'A ;ko/ frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ ftnkfynkeko d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB.

7H Gkos ftZu nZi th fe;h th doPB ftZu fe;h th frnkB^ftfrnkB iK fefonk dh ftnkfynk ;XkoD o{g s'A T[; dh sZs whwK;k d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?, id'Afe gZSwh d/PK ftZu j[D fe;h th frnkB^ftfrnkB iK fefonk dh ftnkfynk ;XkoD o{g s'A f;ZX/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j?.

1H6 doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Philosophy) doPB dh XkoDk ns/ d/P^ftd/P d/ doPBK d/ ;o{g dk nfXnB eoB Bkb doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK d/ ftP/ ftZu fBwB fbys sZE T[ikro j[zd/ jB^

1H doPB nB[Gt (Experience), gfoebgBk (Speculation) ns/ soe (Logic) nXkfos Pk;so jB, gq:'rf;ZX (Empirical) ftfrnkB BjhA.

2H doPB ftneshfBPm (Subjective) Pk;so j?, t;s{fBPm (Objective) Pk;so BjhA.

3H doPB fJZe fBd/Pkswe Pk;so (Directive Doctrine) jB, fBPfunkswe Pk;so (Positive Doctrine) BjhA.

4H doPB fJZe T[dko nB[Pk;B (Liberal Discipline) jB, em'o nB[Pk;B (Rigid

Discipline) BjhA.

5H doPB ftZu fJ; pqfjwzv d/ nyhob/ ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j?.

6H doPB ftZu frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ ftXhnK dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j?.

7H doPB ftZu w[ZbK ns/ wB[ZyK d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j?.

1H7 doPB dk nfXnB y/so ns/ ftPkt;s{ (Scope and Subject-Matter of Philosophy) finkdkso b'e fe;h ftP/ (nB[Pk;B) d/ nfXnB y/so ns/ ftPkt;s{ ftZu G/d BjhA eod/, gozs{ fJjBK d'jK ftZu E'Vk nzso j[zdk j?. nfXnB y/so dk noE T[; ;hwk s'A j[zdk j? fiZE/ sZe fe;h

B'N



B'N ftP/ dk nfXnB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? iK ehsk ik ;edk j?, id'Afe ftPkt;s{ dk noE T[; ;hwk Bkb j[zdk j? fi; ;hwk sZe nfXnB ehsk ik u[Zek j[zdk j?.

fiZE/ sZe doPB d/ y/so dh rZb j?, T[j pj[s ftnkge j?. T[; ftZu ;zg{oD pqfjwzv ns/ T[; dhnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK d/ n;b ;o{g dh y'i nkT[Adh j?, gozs{ fJ; y/so ftZu j[D sZe i' e[ZM ;'u^;wM gkfJnk j?, T[j doPB dh ftPkt;s{ j?.

Gkosh fuzse doPB d/ nfXnB y/so B{z w[Zy o{g s'A fszB GkrK ftZu tzvd/ jB^sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB whwK;k (Epistemology) ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Ethics). d{i/ gk;/ gZSwh fuzse doPB d/ nfXnB y/so B{z w[Zy o{g s'A gzi GkrK ftZu tzvd/ jB^sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB whwK;k (Epistemology), w[Zb whwK;k (Axiology), soePk;so (Logic) ns/ ;"Ado:Pk;so (Aesthetics).

doPB d/ nfXnB y/so d/ fJjBK Gkosh ns/ gZSwh torheoDK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJZE/ uko rZbK ;gPN eoBk io{oh j?. gfjbh fJj fe doPB ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK d/ ;zdoG ftZu soe ftXhnK dh th uouk ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; soQK fJ; B{z frnkB whwK;k d/ nzsors jh oZfynk ik ;edk j?. d{ih fJj fe Gkosh doPBK ftZu nkuko whwK;k ftZu w[Zb whwK;k Pkfwb j[zdh j? ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu w[Zb whwK;k ftZu nkuko whwK;k Pkfwb j[zdh j?, fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z fJeZm/ fbnk ik ;edk j?. fsZih fJj fe doPB ftZu e/tb n;b ;"Ado: T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; n;b ;"Ado: ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ ftP/ jB, fJ; soQK ;"Ado:Pk;so B{z nbZr oZyDk T[fus BjhA j?. ns/ u"Eh ns/ nkyoh fJj fe j[D n;hA d/P^ftd/P d/ doPBK dk nfXnB fJeZm/ eod/ jK, fJ; bJh ;kB{z T[jBK dh ftPk^;wZroh B{z e[ZM ;XkoD torK ftZu jh tzvDk ukjhdk j?. ;kvh nkgDh T[Zgo dh ftt/uBk s'A ;gPN j? fe fJj ;XkoD tor^sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and

Logic) ns/ w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and Ethics) jh j' ;ed/ jB. fJZE/ fJjBK fszBK dh nfXnB ;wZroh dk toDB ;zy/g ftZu gq;s{s j?^

1H sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics)^doPB ftZu sZs whwK;k dk y/so pj[s ftnkge j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu f;qPNh ;zpzXh sZs frnkB Gkt f;qPNh Pk;so (Cosmogomy), f;qPNh ftfrnkB (Cosmology) ns/ ;Zsk ftfrnkB (Ontology) nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ nkswk ;zpzXh sZs frnkB (Metaphysics of the Soul) ns/ fJPto ;zpzXh sZs frnkB (Theology) nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; ftZu f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk ns/ ihtîrs d/ Bkb^Bkb wB[Zyh ihtB dh ftnkfynk th ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu n;b ;"Ado: dh ftt/uBk th ehsh iKdh j?. n;b ;"Ado: dh ftt/uBk B{z ;"Ado:Pk;so (Aesthetics) efjzd/ jB. fJ; y/so ftZu j[D sZe i' e[ZM ;'funk^ftukfonk ik u[Zek j?, T[; dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ftPkt;s{ j?.

2H frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic)^frnkB whwK;k d/ y/so ftZu wB[Zyh p[ZXh, frnkB d/ ;o{g, frnkB dh ;hwk, frnkB dh gqwkfDesk, frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB, frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK, frnksk ns/ r/n d/ ftZu d/ ;zpzX, soe dhnK ftXhnK, ;Zu^M{m gqwkD ns/ Gow dh ftnkfynk nkT[Adh j?. fJ; y/so ftZu j[D sZe i' e[ZM ;'funk^ftukfonk ik u[Zek j?, T[; dh soe nXkfoe ftt/uBk fJ; dh ftPkt;s{ j?.

3H w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and Ethics)^w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k y/so ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkdoP ns/ w[ZbK dh ftt/uBk nkT[Adh j?, wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P B{z gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXBK dh ftt/uBk nkT[Adh j? ns/ wB[Zy d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dh ftt/uBk nkT[Adh j?. eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dh ftt/uBk B{z jh BhshPk;so (Ethics) efjzd/ jB. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe e'Jh th nkdoP w[Zb dk o{g sK jh XkoD eodk j? id'A T[j ;kv/ nkuoD ftZu fdydk j?, ;kv/ nkuoD dk nzP pD iKdk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe w[Zb ns/ nkuoD fJZe^d{i/ Bkb i[V/ jB, w[Zb ;kv/ fttjko Gkt nkuko B{z fBod/fPs ns/ fB:zsfos eod/ jB ns/ ;kvk nkuko T[jBK w[ZbK B{z gqdofPs eodk j?. id'A sZe e'Jh doPB wB[Zy B{z nkuoD dh fdPk gqdkB BjhA eodk T[; ;w/A sZe T[; dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA j[zdk. fJ; ftZu fJ; ;G dh ftnkfynk d/ Bkb^Bkb



ihtB d/ n;b ;"Ado: B{z gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK th nkT[AdhnK jB. fJ; y/so ftZu j[D sZe i' e[ZM ;'funk^ftukfonk ik u[Zek j?, T[; dh soe nXkfos ftt/uBk fJ; dh ftPkt;s{ j?. 1H8 doPB ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX (Relation between Philosophy and Education) doPB d/ w[Zy o{g Bkb fszB nzr jzd/ jB^sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k. fJ; soQK fe;h th doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w[Zb ns/; nkuko whwK;k, T[; dh whwK;k T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ ;[thXk dh fdqPNh s'A n;hA fe;h th doPB dk nfXnB fJjBK fszBK nzrK ftZu nbZr^nbZr eod/ jK. doPB d/ fJj nzr f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB nzrfK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB.

1H sZs whwK;k ns/ f;Zfynk (Metaphysics and Education)^fe;h th doPB dh sZs whwK;k ftZu fJ; pqfjwzv d/ n;b ;o{g ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dh ssekfbe ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w{b T[d/PK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ ;kXB wkorK dh ftt/uBk ehsh iKdh j?. e'Jh th wB[Zyh ;wki wB[ZyK B{z fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ :'r pDkT[D d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. T[; ;w/A efjDk BjhA j't/rk fe fe;h th ;wki dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P w{b o{g s'A T[; d/ ihtB doPB T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. fiZE/ sZe f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k dh rZb j?, fJj sK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh ;gPN j? fe fJ; dk ftek; th sZs whwK;k d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkd (Naturalism) ns/ nkdoPtkd (Idealism) dh sZs whwK;k B{z fbU. gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko fJj ;zg{oD pqfjwzv gqfeoshiBe j? ns/ gqfeosh d[nkok fBofws fJj G"fse irs jh ;Zu j?, fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe irs BjhA j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy th fJZe gqfeoshiBe ouBk j? fi; d/ ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[Dk j?. Bshi/ ti'A fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihtB d/ ihT[D d/ bJh fsnko eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ ;[Zyg{oD Yzr Bkb ihtB ihT[D d/ bJh T[; d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ T[; B{z fe;h T[sgkdB ekoi iK eko'pko ftZu fBg[zB eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j? fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ ihtB dhnK io{osK dh g{osh eo ;e/ ns/ ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihtB ihT[A ;e/. fJ; d/ T[bN nkdoPtkd ;zg{oD pqfjwzv B{z fe;h go'y (nfXnksfwe) Pesh d[nkok fBofws wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko fJj G"fse ;z;ko BkPto j?, fJj fpbe[b M{m j? ns/ fJ; d/ go/ B{z go'y (nfXnksfwe) ;z;ko nBkPto j?, fJj fpbe[b ;Zu j?. wB[Zy B{z fJj nkswkXkoh gqkDh wzBdk j? ns/ fJj wzBdk j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh iK fJPto dh gqkgsh eoBk j?. Bshi/ ti'A fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkswknB[G{sh eoB d/ :'r pDkT[D T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[; d/ ufosoe ns/ B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?.

2H frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ f;Zfynk (Epistemology and Ethics and Education)^fe;h th doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ftZu frnkB d/ n;b ;o{g ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXBK ns/ ftXhnK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ frnkB dh ;ZukJh B{z gqwkfDs eoB dh soe dh ftXhnK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fi; ;wki ftZu i' doPB ftnkgs j[zdk j? T[; ftZu f;Zfynk dh ;wZroh (gkmuo:k) ns/ f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB ns/ ftXhnK w{b o{g Bkb T[;h doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k d/ nXko s/ ftef;s ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh, gqfeoshtkd ns/ nkdoPtkd dh jh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k B{z fbU. Gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko fJj t;s{irs jh ;Zu j? ns/ fJ; t;s{irs dk frnkB jh ;Zu frnkB j? ns/ fJ; t;s{ris dk frnkB wB[Zy nkgDhnK eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK d[nkok jh gqkgs eo ;edk j?. Bshi/ ti'A fJj f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu

B'N



B'N eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK d[nkok f;ZyD T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?. fJ;d/ T[bN nkdoPtkd nfXnksfwe irs d/ frnkB B{z ;Zu wzBdk j? ns/ fJ; nfXnksfwe irs dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh nkswPesh ns/ ftt/ePesh B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko fe;h th soQK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh nkswê/Adfos ftXhnK jh T[Zsw ftXhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJj t;s{ irs d/ fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs frnkB B{z jh soe ns/ ftt/e dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ e;e/ ;theko eoB s/ i'o fdzdk j?.

3H w[Zb ns/ nkuko whwK;k ns/ f;Zfynk (Axiology and Ethics and Education)^fe;h th doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k w{b o{g s'A T[; dh sZs whwK;k T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ nzsors wB[Zy d/ nkdoPK, w[ZbK ns/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. e'Jh th ;wki wB[ZyK B{z fJjBK nkdoPK ns/ w[ZbK dk frnkB eokT[D ns/ T[jBK B{z eoDh eowK d/ ;zgkdB ftZu f;ybkJh d/D d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. T[; ;w/A efjDk BjhA j't/rk fe fe;h th ;wki dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, T[;dh gkmuo:k, nB[Pk;B dk ;o{g ns/ nB[Pk;B gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK, nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ eosZt ns/ T[jBK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX, doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB.

T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkd ns/ nkdoPtkd dh jh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z fbU. gqfeoshtkd fe;/ PkPts w[ZbK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dh w{b gqfeosh nkgD/^nkg ftZu fBowb ns/ P[ZX j[zdh j?, ;wki jh T[; B{z yokp eodk j?, fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d[nkok T[; d/ nkgD/ gqfeofse ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dh gqfeosh ;[szso ofjD dh j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pZfunk B{z fe;h th soQK d/ nB[Pk;B d/ pzXB ftZu BjhA oZyDk ukjhdk, T[jBK B{z nkgDh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko ftek; eoB d/ ;[szso w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN nkdoPtkd PkPts w[ZbK ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy gkPfte ftoshnK b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j?, T[; B{z ;jh wkor T[Zs/ fbnkT[D d/ bJh T[; T[Zs/ fB:zsoD oZyDk io{oh j?. T[j f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B dk jkwh j?. T[j nkozG s'A jh pZfunK B{z fJzdoh fBrqj ns/ w{bK d/ gkbD eoB d/ tZb tXD T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA, Gkt/A T[j nfXnkgeK s'A th fJzdoh fBrqj ns/ w{b gkbD dh ng/fynk eodk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko id'A sZe nfXnkge fJzdoh fBrqj ns/ w{bK dK gkbD BjhA eod/, f;ZfynkoEhnK s'A fJjBK dh ng/fynk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJj d'jK d/ bJh nkuko ;zfjsk fBPfus eodk j?.

gq':fre fdqPNh s'A d/yhJ/ sK th doPB ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu nN[ZN ;zpzX j?, fJj fJZe^d{i/ T[Zs/ nkPfos jB. doPB fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu ihtB dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P ns/ T[; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ ;kXB wkorK T[Zs/ th ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. j[D fJj T[d/P fet/A gqkgs j'D, fJ; ftZu f;Zfynk ;kv/ ;jkfJsk eodh j?. f;Zfynk ;kv/ nkuko^ftuko ftZu gfotosB eodh j? ns/ ;kB{z Bt/A frnkB dh y'i eoB d/ bJh ntb'eB, gqhyD, fuzsB ns/ wBB PeshnK dk ftek; eodh j?. fJ; frnkB ns/ e"Pb d/ nXko T[Zs/ n;hA doPB dk g{BofBowkD eod/ jK. BtK doPB BthA f;Zfynk B{z iBw fdzdk j? ns/ BthA f;Zfynk Bt/A doPB B{z iBw fdzdh j? ns/ fJj uZeo jw/PK uZbdk ofjzdk j?. doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dh fJ; nB:'B:kPfosk B{z ;wMD d/ bJh ;kB{z doPB d/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ gqGkt ns/ f;Zfynk d/ doPB T[Zs/ gqGkt B{z nbZr^nbZr d/yDk^;wMDk j't/rk. doPB dk f;Zfynk T[Zs/ gqGkt

fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk w[Zy o{g s'A T[; ;wki d/ ;o{g, T[; d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB, Pk;Bszso, ns/ nkofEe ftt;Ek ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe sZEK ns/ ftfrnkBe gqrsh T[Zs/ nXkfos j?. fJjBK ftZu doPB dk gqGkt pj[s ;EkJh j[zdk j?. doPB dh sZs whwK;k Bkb f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ gkmuo:kl frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k Bkb whwK;k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k Bkb f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ eosZt ns/ nB[Pk;B dk ;o{g fBPfus j[zdk j?. ;gPNheoD gq;s{s j?^



1H doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dh XkoDk^doPB f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJ; ftnkfynk s'A ;kB{z f;Zfynk dh ;jh XkoDk dk frnkB j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe f;Zfynk B{z gqfeofse gqfefonk wzBd/ jB, gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe T[; B{z ;wkfie gqfefonk wzBd/ jB ns/ nkdoPtkdh T[; B{z nksfwe fefonk wzBd/ jB.

2H doPB ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P^doPB dk ;G s'A gfjbk Gkr sZs whwK; j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs ns/ iBw^woD nkfd dh ftnkfynk j[zdh j? ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ iKd/ jB. f;Zfynk d[nkok fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z T[Zu gP{ wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j f;Zfynk d[nkok T[; ftZu G"fse PeshnK dk ftek; eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ jB, gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe T[; B{z ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[; T[;d/ ;wkfie ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB, ns/ nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe T[; B{z nkswXkoh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j T[; d/ nksfwe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

3H doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k^doPB dk d{ik Gkr frnkB ns/ soe whwK; j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu frnkB d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu T[;h frnkB dk ;wkt/P ehsk iKdk j? fi; B{z T[j wB[Zy d/ b"fee ns/ gkob"fee ihtB d/ bJh io{oh ;wMd/ jB. fco, gkmuo:k sK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?l fJ; bJh i/eo f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P doPB Bkb gqGkfts j[zd/ jB sK T[; dh gkmuo:k th T[; Bkb gqGkfts j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJfsjkf;e sZe th fJ; dk ;woEB eod/ jB. fi; ;wki ftZu gqfeoshtkdh doPB dk p'bpkbk j[zdk j?, T[; ftZu wB[Zy B{z ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihtB pshs eoB d/ bJh fsnko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu Pohoe fefonktK, G"fse ftfrnkBK ns/ eko'pkoe ftfPnK B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?, fi; ;wki ftZu gq:'iBtkdh doPB dk gqGkt j[zdk j?, T[; dh f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkfie ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?, ns/ fi; ;wki ftZu nkdoPtkdh doPB dk gqGkt j[zdk j?, T[; ftZu nkswknB[G{sh d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu ;kfjs, Xow ns/ doPB B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?.

4H doPB ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK^doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ftZu wB[Zyh p[ZXh, frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK dh ftnkfynk j[zdh j?. fJ;h d/ nXko s/ dkoPfBe f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftXkB eod/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z e/tb wB'Pohoe gqkDh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j fJzdohnK d[nkok f;ZyD T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jBl gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j ;wkfie fefonktK d[nkok f;ybkJh T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB, ns/ nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z nkswkXkoh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j f;Zfynk dh nkswe/Adfos ftXhnK T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

5H doPB ns/ nB[Pk;B^doPB dk fsZik w[Zy Gkr j[zdk j?^w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy B{z eh eow eoB ukjhd/ jB ns/ eh BjhA, fJ; dh ft;Ekog{oD ftnkfynk j[zdh j?. fJ; frnkB d/ nXko s/ jh nB[Pk;B dh XkoDk fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z fJZe gqfeofse ouBk wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j T[; B{z gqfeofse fB:wK dk gkbD eoB dh ;bkj fdzd/ jB, T[j e/tb gqfeofse B?fsesk d/ jkwh jBl gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j ;wkfie fB:wK d/ gkbD B{z nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jBl T[j ;wkfie B?fsesk d/ jkwh jB ns/ nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z nkswkXkoh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j d?fte fB:wK d/ gkbD B{z nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jBl T[j nfXnksfwe B?fsesk d/ jkwh jB.

6H doPB ns/ nfXnkge s/ f;ZfynkoEh^doPB dh sZs whwK;k ftZu wB[Zy d/ ;o{g ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK; ftZu T[;d/ eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK dh ft;Ekog{oD ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?. doPB dh fJ; ftnkfynk d/ nB[;ko jh nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh dk ;o{g ns/ T[jBK d/ eosZt fBPfus j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe fJj wzBd/ jB fe wB[Zy e/tb gqfeofse ouBk j? i' iBw s'A e[ZM w{b PeshnK b? e/ g?dk

B'N



B'N j[zdk j? ns/ fJjBK d/ nXko s/ T[; dk ftek; j[zdk j? fJ; bJh T[j f;ZfynkoEhnK B{z nkswgqekPB dh S{N fdzd/ jB ns/ nfXnkgeK s'A e/tb fJzBh jh T[whd eod/ jB fe T[j f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;[Gkfte ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBl gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK B{z ;wkfie nkuoD eoB dh ;bkj fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK ;wkfie nkgD/^nkg dk ftek; eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB, ns/ nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z nkswkXkoh wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh ftZu G/d jh BjhA eod/, T[j d'jK B{z fJzdoh fBrqj ns/ nkswfB:zsoD dh ;bkj fdzd/ jB.

7H doPB ns/ ftfdnkfbnk^brGr ;ko/ dkoPfBe wB[Zy d/ bJh nkuko ;zfjsk fsnko eod/ jB ns/ fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eod/ jB. j[D fJj f;Zfynk feZE/ fdZsh ikt/ ns/ fet/A fdZsh ikt/, fJ; T[Zs/ th T[j gqekP gkT[Ad/ jB. gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnkgeK d[nkok bZdh fe;h th soQK dh ftt;Ek dk fto'X eod/ jB. gqfeoshtkdh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pZu/ edh th j'o e[ZM th eoB d/ bJh ;[szso j[zd/ jB. gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD pDkT[D T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJjBK d/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pZu/ ;w{fje o{g s'A ;w{fje fefonktK ftZu Gkr b? e/ f;Zyd/ jB. nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnksfwe tksktoD pDkT[D T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJjBK d/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnkge nkswfrnkBh ns/ f;ZfynkoEh nkfrnkekoh j[zd/ jB.

8H doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK^doPB ftZu f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK, fit/AîzB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu dybnzdkIh nkfd T[Zs/ th ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu edh th fe;h soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB d/ bJh th n;hA dkoPfBe f;XKsK dk gq:'r eod/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh nZi n;hA izB f;Zfynk d/ gquko ;zpzXh ;kfonK B{z f;Zfynk d/ ;wkB w"e/ d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe fJj w"e/ fdZs/ ikD iK BjhA ns/ i/eo fdZs/ ikD sK fet/A< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso fGzB^fGzB dkoPfBe fGzB^fGzB o{g ftZu fdzd/ jB. gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z e/tb gqfeofse ouBk wzBd/ jB ns/ fJj wzBd/ jB fe ;ko/ wB[Zy iBs s'A e[ZM PeshnK b? e/ g?dk j[zd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk ftek; fJjBK PeshnK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?, ns/ feT[Afe wB[ZyK dhnK fJjBK iBwiks PeshnK ftZu fGzBsk j[zdh j? fJ; bJh n;hA j[D wB[ZyK B{z fJZe' fijk BjhA pDk ;ed/. fJ; bJh fGzB^fGzB pZfunK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB soQK dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBh j't/rh. fJ; dk noE j? fe i/eo n;hA ;G pZfunK B{z f;Zfynk d/ ;wkB w"e/ d/Dk ukj[D sK n;hA T[jBK d/ bJh T[jBK dh iBwiks fGzBsk d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBh j't/rh. (gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo sK eod/ jB gozs{ ;wkfie gfogq/y ftZu. T[j fB;wki ftnesh dh ebgBk BjhA eod/. T[j f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy dk iBwf;ZX nfXeko wzBd/ jB, gozs{ fJj f;Zfynk ;wki d/ nB[e{b j't/rh.) T[j izB f;Zfynk B{z ftneshrs ns/ ;wki d'jK d fjsK d/ bJh io{oh ;wMd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy B{z iBw s'A g{oD wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh d/ bJh f;Zfynk B{z io{oh wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;G ftnesh ;wkB jB ns/ ;G f;Zfynk d/ nfXekoh jB ns/ ;G d/ bJh ;wkB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

f;Zfynk dk doPB T[Zs/ gqGkt

f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ ftek; dh nXkoPhbk j?. T[fus f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu wB[Zy doPB fij/ ftP/ dk ftek; jh BjhA eo ;edk ;h. doPB d/ fBowkD ns/ ftek;, d'jK d/ bJh T[fus f;Zfynk io{oh j?. ;gPNheoD g/P j?^



1H f;Zfynk doPB d/ fBowkD dh nXkoPhbk j?^fJj rZb ;ko/ ikDd/ jB fe doPB d/ fBowkD ns/ ftek; d/ bJh ntb'eB, fuzsB ns/ wBB io{oh j?. id'A sZe wB[Zy dh nzsofdqPNh ;u/s BjhA j[zdh T[; ;w/A sZe T[j ;G ekoi BjhA eo ;edk ns/ fJ; ;G dk ftek; j[zdk j? f;Zfynk d[nkok. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh n;hA GkPk f;Zyd/ jK ns/ T[;h d/ d[nkok n;hA ftuko eoBk f;Zyd/ jK! nf;Zfyns ftnesh s'A doPB fij/ ftP/ d/ ftek; dh T[whd BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk doPB d/ ftek; dh nXkoPhbk j[zdh j?.

2H f;Zfynk doPB B{z fiT[Adk oZydh j?^dkoPfBe f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîVQ ns/ iBw ns/ w"s nkfd dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB. T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;XKsK Bkb doPB ftP/ dk ftek; j[zdk j?. e'Jh th ;wki nkgD/ g[oyK d[nkok fBPfus fJjBK f;XKsK dk frnkB f;Zfynk d[nkok jh gqkgs eodkêokT[Adk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu n;hA dkoPfBe f;XKsK dk frnkB gqkgs BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk doPB d/ frnkB B{z ;[oZfyns oZydh j?.

3H f;Zfynk dkoPfBe f;XKsK B{z w{os o{g fdzdh j?^doPB fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dh ftnkfynk eodk j?, wB[Zy ihtB d/ T[d/P fBPfus eodk j? ns/ fJj ;gPN eodk j? fe fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j?. f;Zfynk T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok n;hA doPB d[nkok fBPfus T[d/PK B{z gqkgs eod/ jK. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dkoPfBe ftukoK B{z w{os o{g gqdkB eodh j?. nzrq/Ih ftdtkB i'B J/vw fJ; ;Zu B{z ;theko eod/ j'J/ fejk eod/ ;B fe f;Zfynk doPB dk rshPhb gfjb{ j?l fJj dkoPfBe ftek; dk ;eoh gZy j? ns/ ihtB d/ nkdoPK B{z gqkgs eoB dk n;b ;kXB j? (Education is the dynamic side of philosophy. It is the active aspect of

philosophical belief, the practical means of realising the ideals of life.-John Adam). nw/foeh ftdtkB i'B vhth B/ fJ;h ;Zu B{z d{i/ PpdK ftZu ftnes ehsk j?. T[jBK ftZu PpdK ftZu^doPB, nkgD/ ;XkoD o{g ftZu f;Zfynk dk f;XKs jh j? (............... it

(philosophy) is the theory of education in its most general phases. -John Dewey)

4H f;Zfynk doPB B{z BthnK ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j?^wB[Zy fJZe rshPhb ns/ gqrshPhb gqkDh j?. ftek; d/ fJ; gZE ftZu T[; d/ ;kjwD/ fBs BthnK ;wZf;nktK nkT[AdhnK jB. f;Zfynk ftZu ;kB{z fJjBK ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j? ns/ i/eo ;kv/ ftZu dkoPfBe dh shePD p[ZXh j[zdh j? sK n;hA T[jBK ;wZf;nktK T[Zs/ ftuko eoB bZrd/ jK ns/ doPB dk ftek; j[zdk j?. Gkos ;oeko d/ g{opb/ f;Zfynk wzsoh Pqh ekb{okw Pqhwkbh sK f;ZfynkPk;soh s'A fJj T[whd eod/ ;B fe T[j BthnK ;wZf;nktK dk dkoPfBe jZb bZGD. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu, f;ZfynkPk;soh dk ekoi d/P dh g{BoôuBk eoBk ns/ w{bK dh g{Bo^gfoGkPk eoBk j? fi; s'A fe T[j w{b ;kv/ gfotosBPhb ihtB ns/ ftuko dk ;gPNheoD eo ;eD. (The task of educationist

is to reconstruct the country‟s philosophy and redefine values so that they may

interpret our changing life and thought.-Dr. K. L. Shrimali)

5H f;Zfynk doPB B{z rshPhb oZydh j?^f;Zfynk ;kv/ ftZu BohyD ns/ fuzsB Pesh dk ftek; eodh j? ns/ ihtB dhnK BthnK^BthnK ;wZf;nktK d/ gqsh ;kB{z ;zt/dBPhb pDkT[dh j?. dkoPfBe fJjBK BthnK ;wZf;nktK d/ dkoPfBe jB bZGd/ jB. fJ; ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB dh fefonk ftZu Bt/A^Bt/A dkoPfBe f;XKsK dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. fJj ;G frnkB doPB iK doPBPk;so dk nzr pDdk iKdk j?. frnkB dhnK j'o PkyktK dh soQK doPB th T[jBK f;XKsK dk fsnkr eodk uZbdk j? fijV/ M{m f;ZX j[zd/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK f;XKsK B{z nkgBkT[Adk uZbdk j? fiBQK d/ nXko s/ iht ns/ irs dh ;jh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJjh T[;dh rshPhbsk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu doPB dk fJj ftek; ;zGt BjhA.

fJZe Gow ns/ T[; dk fBtkoD

doPB d/ ftP/ ftZu ;ze{fus fdqPNhe'D oZyD tkb/ ftneshnK dk ftuko j? fe doPB ;[yw

B'N



B'N (nkswk ns/ gqwkswk) Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk w{os (wB[Zy d/ fttjko) Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh fJjBK ftZu nkg; ftZu e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j' ;edk. nkgDh ;wM ftZu fJj T[jBK dk Gow j?. n;hA ;gPN eo u[Ze/ jK fe ;kv/ ftuko, Gkt/A T[j ;[yw dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'D Gkt/A gdkoE dk, gozs{ T[j ;kv/ doPB dk nzr j[zd/ jB. fiBQK ftukoK ftZu ;kvk ftPtk; j[zdk j?, T[jBK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh n;hA f;Zfynk dk ;jkok b?d/ jK. i/eo fe;h f;Zfynk d/ fgZS/ e'Jh doPB BjhA j? sK T[; d/ T[d/P ;gPN BjhA j'Dr/, T[d/PK dh nfBPfussk d/ ekoB gkmuo:k th fBPfus BjhA j't/rh ns/ T[; ;w/A T[fus f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBowkD th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; soQK fpBK doPB d/ f;Zfynk uZb jh BjhA ;edh. fcPN/ d/ PPdK ftZu^doPBPk;so dh ;jkfJsk d/ fpBK f;Zfynk g{oh soQK ;gPNsk B{z gqkgs BjhA eo ;edh (The art of education can never attain complete clearness in itself without philosophy.

-Fichte).

i/AfNb th fJ; ftuko d/ jB. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^doPB dh ;jkfJsk dh xkN ftZu f;Zfynk ;jh wkor T[Zs/ BjhA uZb ;edh (The process of education cannot go along right lines without the help of philosophy. -Gentle).

;g/A;o d/ PpdK ftZu^n;b f;Zfynk dk ftXkB ;Zuk dkoPfBe jh eo ;edk j? (The education is practicable only to a true philosopher. -Herbert Spencer).

e[ZM ftdtkB sK doPB ns/ f;Zfynk B{z nfGzB wzBd/ jB. o'; d/ PpdK ftZu^doPB ns/ f;Zfynk fJZe f;Ze/ d/ d' gfjb{nK d/ ;wkB fJZe t;s{ d/ ftfGzB gZyK dk p'X eokT[Ad/ jB (Philosophy and education like the two sides of same coin, present different views of same things. -J. S. Ross).

e[ZM ftdtkB f;Zfynk T[Zs/ wB'ftfrnkB d/ tXd/ j'J/ gqGkt B{z d/ye/ fJj efjzd/ jB fe nZi doPB f;Zfynk d/ e/tb T[d/PK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?, f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k, f;ybkJh ftXhnK ns/ nB[Pk;B nkfd sK wB'ftfrnkB Bkb gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu n;hA gfjbK jh fby u[Ze/ jK fe fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[; ;wki d/ ;o{g, T[; dh dkoPfBe fuzsB, Pk;Bszso, nkofEe ftt;Ek, wB'ftfrnkBe sZE ns/ ftfrnkBe gqrsh T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdh j?. j[D fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ T[; d/ ;o{g dk finkdk gqGtk j[zdk j?, fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ T[;d/ doPB dk finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j?, fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ T[; d/ Pk;Bszso dk finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j?, fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ T[;dh nkofEe ftt;Ek dk finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j?, fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ wB'ftfrnkBe sZEK dk finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j? ns/ fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ ftfrnkBe gqrsh dk finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j?, gozs{ w{b o{g ftZu T[j dkoPfBe ftukoXkok s'A nbZr BjhA j' ;edh. 1H9 f;Zfynk doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Philosophy of Education) f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, frnkB^ftfrnkB, eoDh ns/ neoDh eowK nkfd d/ ;zpzX ftZu dkoPfBeK d/ nkgD/ ws jB. doPBPk;so ftZu fJjBK ftfGzB wsK dk toDB j[zdk j?. T[; d/ nfXnB s'A n;hA fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dk eh wjZst j?, fJ; s'A ikD{ j[zd/ jK ns/ T[;d/ nXko s/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ T[d/P fBPfus eod/ jK. fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh n;hA f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok eod/ jK. brGr ;ko/ dkoPfBeK B/ fJ; T[Zs/ gqekP gkfJnk j? fe Gkt/A T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe doPB ftZu f;Zfynk doPB dk ftek; j'fJnk. d{i/ gk;/ f;ZfynkPk;soh th id'A f;Zfynk dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk jZb bZGd/ jB sK T[jBK B{z ;G s'A gfjbK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK T[Zs/ ftuko eoBk j[zdk j?, ns/ feT[Afe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P brGr T[jh j[zdh j? fijV/ doPB fBPfus eodk j?, fJ; bJh f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B{z th ;G s'A gfjbk doPB T[Zs/ fBoGo eoBk g?Adk j?. id'A f;ZfynkPk;soh ftfdne ;wZf;nktK d/ gqsh ikro[e j[zd/ jB ns/ T[jBK



d/ ;wkXkB d/ bJh doPB dk ;jkok b?Ad/ jB sK f;Zfynk doPB dk iBw j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK dkoPfBe ns/ f;ZfynkPk;soh, d'jK d/ jh d[nkok doPB dk fBowkD j[zdk j?.

T[Zgo d/ toDB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe doPB dk T[j Gkr fi; ftZu f;Zfynk dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK ;wZf;ntkK dk jZb g/P ehsk iKdk j?, f;Zfynk doPB ejkT[Adk j?. doPB wB[Zy dh ftnkfynk eoe/ T[;d/ T[d/P ns/ fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;kXB wkor fBPfus eodk j? ns/ f;Zfynk doPB ftZu fJjBK T[d/PK ns/ ;kXBK dh ftnkfynk j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJ; ftZu Gkt/A T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g T[Zs/ th ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ gqsh dkoPfBeK fGzB^fGzB fdqPNhe'D jB ns/ fJ; fGzBsk d/ ekoB doPB dhnK eJh XkoDktK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?. fJjBK ftfGzB XkoDktK B/ f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z nkgD/^nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D s'A d/fynk j? ns/ T[; dh fGzB^fGzB o{g ftZu ftnkfynk ehsh j?. f;Zfynk doPB ftZu fJ; ;G dk nkb'uBkswe toDB j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ fJ; ;o{g T[Zs/ fJZews j[zd/ j'J/ th ftdtkBK B/ T[; B{z fGzB^fGzB o{gK ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. finkdkso ftdtkB ftfdne ;wZf;nktK d/ dkoPfBe jZb B{z jh f;Zfynk doPB efjzd/ jB. gZSwh ftdtkB j/Avo;B d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk doPB, f;Zfynk dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ nfXnB ftZu doPB dk gq:'r j?.

(Philosophy of Education is the application of Philosophy to the study of the problems of

Education.-Henderson)

gozs{ fJj gfoGkPk nkgD/ ftZu ng{oD ns/ n;gPN j?. fJ; d[nkok f;Zfynk doPB d/ eb/to dk frnkB BjhA j[zdk. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk doPB B{z fBwBfbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

f;Zfynk doPB doPB dh T[j Pkyk j? fi; ftZu wB[Zy ns/ T[; dh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d/ nXko s/ ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[; dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK d/ dkoPfBe jZb g/P ehs/ iKd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?.

8H ;XkoD o{g s'A ftfdnkfbnK, wjKftfdnkfbnK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu uZbD tkbh f;Zfynk B{z jh f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. fJj f;Zfynk dk ftnkge noE j?.

9H doPB wB[Zy d/ fuzsB dh T[Zusw ;hwk j?.

10H gdkoEK d/ ;BksB ;o{g dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk jh doPB j?. 1H10 f;Zfynk doPB dh gqfeosh ns/ ftP/PsktK (Nature and Characteristics of Philosophy of Education) n;hA nkozG ftZu th ;gPN ehsk j? fe Gkosh doPB ns/ gZSwh doPBK ftZu E'Vk nzso j?. Gkosh doPB nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate reality) dh y'I d/ tZb tXd/ jB ns/ fJ; y'I ftZu T[j pop; f;qPNh^f;qPNk, nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs ns/ iBw^woD T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB T[Zs/ ;wro o{g s'A ftuko eod/ jB. jK, fJj rZb io{o j? fe e[ZM dkoPfBeK d/ ws T[jBK d/ nkswdoPB ns/ ;kePks nB[G{shnK s/ nXkfos jB ns/ e[ZM e/tb soe T[Zs/ nXkfos jB. gozs{ gZSwh doPBK ftZu soe dk pkIko finkdk row j?, T[j sK soegqXkB jB ns/ feT[Afe f;Zfynk doPB dk ftek; gZSwh d/PK ftZu j'fJnk j?, fJ; bJh fJ; dk th soegqXkB j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?.

B'N



B'N nZi n;hA f;Zfynk doPB B{z Gkosh doPBK dh iBwG{wh ftZu th ftef;s eoB dk :sB eo oj/ jB. gozs{ ;kv/ wkor ftZu d' o[ektNK jB^gfjbh fJj fe fJjBK ftZu e[ZM sK ;kv/ foPhnK d/ nkswdoPB ns/ ;kePks nB[G{shnK T[Zs/ nXkfos jB ns/ e[ZM e/tb soe d/ nXko T[Zs/ yV/ jB, ns/ d{ih fJj fe n;hA nkgD/ foPhnK d[nkok ;kePks nB[G{s frnkB dh nB[G{sh eoB ftZu n;woZE jK. Gkt/A fe nZi ;kv/ foPhnK d[nkok nB[G{s frnkB d/ eJh sZsK B{z G"fse ftfrnkBK dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ th yok gkfJnk frnk j?, gozs{ pkeh frnkB B{z sK n;hA nkgsfrnkB d/ o{g ftZu jh ;theko eo oj/ jK. T[; ;w/A efjDk BjhA j't/rk fe Gkosh doPBK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk doPB dh fijVh ;wZroh ftef;s j' ojh j?, T[j th soegqXkB finkdk j?, gq:'r gqXkB xZN. fJ; ;G ftt/uBk Bkb f;Zfynk doPB dh gqfeosh d/ ftP/ ftZu fBwB fbys sZE T[ikro j[zd/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk doPB, doPBPk;so ns/ f;ZfynkPk;so, d' ftfPnK d/ ;z:[es fuzsB dh T[gi j?.

2H fJj fJZe nzso^nB[Pk;B (Inter-Discipline) j? fijVk f;Zfynk dhnK ;wZf;nktK dh dkoPfBe ;wkXkB dh y'i d/ tZb tXdk j?.

3H fJj fJZe soegqXkB (Logical) Pk;so j?, gq:'rf;ZX (Empirical) ftfrnkB BjhA.

4H soePk;soK ftZu th fJj ftneshfBPm (Subjective) Pk;so j?, t;s{fBPm (Objective) Pk;so BjhA.

5H f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d/ nXko s/ wB[Zy ns/ T[; dh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?.

6H f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d/ nXko s/ pqfjwzv d/ nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; ;Zu d/ nXko s/ ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo dk wkordoPB ehsk iKdk j?.

7H f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d/ nXko s/ frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?.

8H f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d/ nXko s/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w{b nkdoPK ns/ w{bK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j?.

9H f;Zfynk dk fJZe fBd/Pkswe nB[Pk;B (Directive Discipline) j?. fJj ftfGzB dkoPfBe wsK d[nkok g/P wB[Zy d/ n;b ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eodk j?, T[; B{z T[; d/ ihtB d/ T[d/PK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adk j? ns/ fJjBK T[d/PK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[fus f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eoB ftZu T[; dk wkordoPB eodk j?.

10H f;Zfynk doPB, fJZe T[dko nB[Pk;B (Liberal Discipline) j?. fJj ftfGzB doPBK dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{bK ns/ nkuko whwK;k dk ;wkb'uBkswe nfXnB g/P eodk j? ns/ ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo B{z nkgDk wkor u[BD ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[; d/ nB[e{b f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB dh ;[szsosk fdzdk j?.

11H f;Zfynk doPB nkgD/ ftZu fJZe fefonk (An Activity) j?. fJj edh ftPokw BjhA b?Adk. fJj fBozso uZbD tkbh T[j fefonk j? fi; ftZu g[okD/ dkoPfBe wsK d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe dkoPfBe wsK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fJ; soQK n;b ;Zu dh y'i ikoh oZyh iKdh j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b d/P ns/ ekb d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fBoXkoD eoB ftZu ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo dk fBozso wkordoPB ehsk iKdk j?.

1H11H f;Zfynk doPB dk ftPky/so ns/ ftPkt;s{ (Scope and Subject-Matter of Philosophy of Education). f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j? fi; dk ;zpzX wB[Zy d/ g{oD ihtB Bkb j[zdk j?. doPB



jw/PK fJ; gqfefonk dk ;zukbB e/Ado fojk j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ nzsors n;hA ftfGzB doPBK ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk dh XkoDk, T[; d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk nfXnB eod/ jK.

;kohnK dkoPfBe ftukoXkotK B/ f;Zfynk ftZu nB[Pk;B dk noE nkgDh^nkgDh fdqPNh s'A fbnk j? ns/ T[; d/ fGzB^fGzB ;o{gK dk fBowkD ehsk j?. nB[Pk;B gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;kXBK ns/ T[g;kXBK dk T[jBK B/ fBowkD ns/ ;woEB ehsk j?, T[jBK ftZu th tZvh fGzBsk j?, f;Zfynk doPB ftZu fJ; ;G dk nfXnB th ehsk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d/ ;g/ye wjZst T[Zs/ th brGr ;ko/ doPBK B/ ftuko ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZtK B{z fBPfus eoe/ T[jBK d/ bJh nkuko ;fjzsk th fsnko ehsh j?. f;Zfynk doPB dh ;w/A ftZu fJ; ;G dk nfXnB th nkT[Adk j?.

fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe f;Zfynk doPB ftZu f;Zfynk T[Zs/ g?D tkb/ ;wkfie, Xkofwe ns/ okiBhfse gqGktK dk th nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ dkoPfBe ns/ f;ZfynkPk;soh T[jBK gqGktK B{z nkgDhnK wkBsktK d/ nB[;ko fdPk gqdkB eoB dhnK ftXhnK T[Zs/ th ftuko eod/ jB. ;wki ns/ okPNo dhnK io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh f;Zfynk B{z eh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fJ; dk T[Zso y'iDk th dkoPfBeK dk ezw j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk doPB dk y/so pj[s ftnkge j?.

fJZE/ fJZe rZb io{o ;wM b?Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[j fJj fe fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk T[; d/ doPB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; d/ gqfeofse, ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ekoeK T[Zs/ th fBoGo eodh j?. f;Zfynk T[Zs/ fJjBK ;ko/ gqGktK dk ;wkiPk;so ftZu nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj nfXnB y/so j[D f;Zfynk doPB d/ y/so s'A fBeb e/ f;Zfynk ;wkiPk;so d/ nfXnB y/so ftZu nkT[Adk bZfrnk j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ y/so ftZu sK w[Zy o{g s'A ftfGzB dkoPfBe ftukoXkoktK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh XkoDk, T[d/Pk, gkmuo:k, f;ybkJh ftXhnK, nB[Pk;B, nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh dk ;g/ye ;EkB ns/ ftfdnkfbnK dh io{os ns/ T[jBK d/ ;o{g dh uouk jh j[zdh j?. ftfdne w{bK dk fBowkD ns/ T[jBK dh ftnkfynk fJ; dk w[Zy nzr j[zdk j?.

Pzek ns/ ;wkXkB

e[ZM ftdtkBK dk fJj ftuko j? fe doPB e/tb wB[Zyh ihtB dh ftnkfynk g/P eo/ T[; d/ nkyoh T[d/P B{z fBPfus eodk j? ns/ fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fejV/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eoBh ukjhdh j?, fJj fBPfus eodk j?. T[jBK d/ ftuko ftZu fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gkmuo:k dk rmB ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBowkD eoBk f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB dk ftPk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk doPB dk y/so wB[Zyh ihtB dh ftnkfynk, T[; d/ nkyoh T[d/PK dk fBoXkoD ns/ T[jBK T[d/PK dh gqkgs d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB sZe jh ;hfws j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj ftuko Gowe ns/ so[ZNhg{oD j?. ;gPNheoD g/P j?^

gfjbh rZb sK fJj j? fe e'Jh th dkoPfBe wB[Zy ihtB dh ftnkfynk eoe/ T[; d/ nkyoh T[d/P B{z fBPfus eoe/ jh PKs BjhA j[zdk pbfe T[j j'o T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ T[gkfJnK T[Zs/ th ftuko eodk j?. T[j T[gkn jh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk o{g XkoD eod/ jB. jK, n;hA fJj rZb wzBd/ jK fe nZi doPB iK dkoPfBeK d[nkok fBPfus f;ybkJh ftXhnK B{z gqPBktbh pDkT[D d/ bJh f;ZfynkPk;soh wB'ftfrnkB dk ;jkok finkdk b?Ad/ jB.

fJ; ;zpzX ftZu d{ih p/Bsh fJj j? fe doPB ns/ wB'ftfrnkB nkgD/^nkg nkg; ftZu fJZe^d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs jB. ;Zu g[ZS' sK fJj fJZe^d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. fJ; Bkb ;gPN j[zdk j? fe f;Zfynk doPB dk y/so e/tb f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z fBPfus eoBk jh BjhA j? pbfe fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[fus gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ns/ T[fus f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftXkB th T[; d/ y/so ftZu nkT[Adk j?. n;hA sK fJ; s'A e[ZM finkdk efjDk ukj[zd/ jK ns/ T[j fJj fe fJZe ;Zuk dkoPfBe fe;h th ;wZf;nk d/ nX{o/ jZb Bkb edh PKs BjhA j[zdk. id'A T[j

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B'N f;Zfynk ns/ T[; dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[Zs/ ftuko eodk j? sK th T[j T[; ;w/A sZe PKs BjhA j[zdk id'A sZe T[jBK dk g{ok jZb gqkgs BjhA eo b?Adk. T[j f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ fBowkD d/ pknd, T[; s'A nZr/ th ;'udk j?. T[j nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ bJh nkuko ;fjzsk fsnko eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgD/^nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ eosZtK dk frnkB eokT[Adk j?. T[; dk ftukoeqw fJ; s'A nZr/ tXdk j?. T[j ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;o{g d/ ftP/ ftZu th ftuko eodk j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe T[; d/ ftuko dh nkgDh ;hwk j[zdh j?. ;gPN j? fe f;Zfynk doPB d/ y/so ftZu ;kohnK ftfdne ;wZf;nktK ns/ T[jBK d/ dkoPfBe jZb nkT[Ad/ jB.

Nk;e Gkosh doPB ns/ gZSwh doPB T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

1H12 f;Zfynk doPB d/ ekoi (Functions of Philosophy of Education)

f;Zfynk doPB d/ w[Zy ekoi fBwBfbys jB^

1H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ wB[Zy ns/ T[; dh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoBk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

2H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ ftef;s f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh ftnkfynk eoBk ns/ ;wki s/ okPNo ftP/P B{z nkgDh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

3H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ ftef;s f;Zfynk dhnK gkmufonktK dh ftnkfynk eoBk ns/ ;wki ns/ okPNo ftP/P B{z nkgDh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

4H ftfGzB dkoPfBeK d/ nXko s/ ftef;s f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh ftnkfynk eoBk ns/ ;wki ns/ okPNo ftP/P dh T[fus f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

5H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ ftef;s f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoBk, T[; d/ n;b o{g s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B ;Ekfgs eoB dh T[fus ftXhnK Bkb ;zpzXs b'eK B{z ikD{ eokT[Dk.

6H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nfXnkgeK ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoBk ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgD/^nkgD/ eosZtK s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk.

7H ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ j'o wkBsktK d/ jZb g/P eoBk ns/ ;zpzXs b'eK B{z T[fus jZb dh u'D eoB ftZu ;jfJsk eoBk.

ftP/P

e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu f;Zfynk doPB d/ ;ko/ ekoiK B{z fszB torK^ gfoebgBkswe, wkBe ns/ ftPb/PDkswe ftZu tzfvnk frnk j? ns/ fJjBK jh torK ftZu T[jBK dk nfXnB eoB s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?, fJ; soQK g/P j?^

1H f;Zfynk doPB d/ gfoebgBkswe ekoi (Speculative Functions of Philosophy of

Education)^;ko/ doPB w{b o{g s'A ebgBktK (gfoebgBktK) d/ nXko s/ ftef;s j'J/ jBl fit/A^fJ; pqfjwzv ftZu Xosh, ;{oi, sko/ nkfd gsk BjhA fezB rqfj (Planets) jB, ns/ fJjBK ftZu gsk BjhA fezBhnK soQK dhnK t;s{nK ns/ fezBhnK dhnK soQK dhnK fefonktK j' ojhnK jB, T[; ;w/A fJjBK ;kfonK dk e'Jh fBowksk io{oh j'Dk ukjhdkj?. ns/ T[j fBowksk ;zg{oD pqfjwzv ftZu fJzB/ tZv/ ekoi eo fojk j?, fJ;



bJh T[j ;oGftnkge, ;oGfrnksk, ns/ ;oGPeshwkB j'dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; B{z e[ZM B/ pqjwk, e[ZM B/ r'v, e[ZM B/ nj[owIdk ns/ e[ZM B/ nZbkj dk Bkw fdZsk. d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM dkoPfBeK B/ soe fdZsk fe i/eo fJ; pqfjwzv dk eosk pqjwk, r'v, nj[owIdk iK nZbkj j? sK T[; dk e'Jh eosk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJ; bJh fJjBK dk ti{d fJjBK dh nkgDh e;"Nh T[Zs/ jh f;ZX BjhA j[zdk. fJjBK B/ fJ; soe d/ nXko s/ gfoebgBk ehsh fe fJj nkgD/ nkg pD^fprB fojk j?. e[ZM B/ fJ; B{z gqfeofse gqfefonk dk BKt fdZsk sK e[ZM B/ e/tb fefonk Go fejk. f;Zfynko doPB e[ZM ekoi fJ;h soQK dh soeg{oD ebgBktK d/ nXko s/ eodk j? fijBK B{z T[; d/ gfoebgBkswe ekoiK dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?. fit/A^f;Zfynk dk w{b T[d/P nswknB[G{sh dZ;Dk ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfGzB ;kXB wkorK dh uouk eoBk.

2H f;Zfynk doPB d/ wkBe ekoi (Normative Functions of Philosophy of Education)^ ;z;ko ftZu e[ZM doPB nfij/ th ftef;s j'J/ jB fijV/ pqfjwzv ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk fij/ nfBofDs ftfPnK T[Zs/ fuzsB jh BjhA eod/, T[j f;ZX/ wB[Zy d/ n;b ihtB T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, T[; d/ ;[y^d[y d/ ekoBK T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, T[; B{z d[yK d/ ekoBK T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, T[; B{z d[yK s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D tkb/ ns/ ;[y gqkgs eokT[D tkb/ ;kXB wkorK dh y'i eod/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk fBowkD eod/ jB. f;Zfynk doPB ftZu nfXnkswe ns/ G"fse d'jK soQK d/ doPBK d/ nXko s/ T[fus f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; d/ ekoiK dh ftnkfynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ nZSh f;Zfynk d/ wkBe (Norms) fBPfus ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJjBK B{z f;Zfynk doPB d/ wkBe ekoiK d/ nzsors oZfynk iKdk j?l fit/A^f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB d/ nxko g/P eoBk, f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD d/ f;XKs g/P eoBk ns/ f;ybkJh f;XKsK ns/ f;ybkJh;{so fBPfus eoBk.

3H f;Zfynk doPB d/ ftPb/PDkswe ekoi (Analytical Functions of Philosophy of

Education)^f;Zfynk doPB ftZu e/tb ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk ns/ T[;dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB jh BjhA y'i/ iKd/ pbfe fe;h th ftfdne fuzsB ns/ gq:'r dh ;wkb'uBk th ehsh iKdh j?, T[; d/ r[D^d'PK dh ftt/uBk th ehsh iKdh j? ns/ ;wki ftP/P d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fBPfus ehsk iKdk j?. f;ZfynkdoPB d/ fJ; soQK d/ ekoiK B{z ftPb/PDkswe ekoiK d/ tor ftZu oZfynk iKdk j?l fit/A^nfXnkswtkdh ns/ G"fsetkdh d'jK soQK d/ doPBK d/ nXko s/ ftef;s f;Zfynk gqDkbhnK d/ r[D^d'PK dh ftt/uBk eoe/ wB[Zy d/ fszB'A gZyK^gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe d/ ftek; eoB tkbh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

;kvh nkgDh ;zwsh

;kvh nkgDh ;zwsh ftZu f;Zfynk doPB d/ ekoiK B{z fJjBK torK ftZu tzvDk :[esh^;zrs BjhA j?, feT[Afe f;Zfynk doPB ftZu fszB'A soQK d/ ekoi fJeZm/ uZbd/ jB ns/ fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu uZbd/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'A id'A f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh ftnkfynk eoe/ ;wki ftP/P d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ iKd/ jB sK T[; ftZu gfoebgBkswe, wkBe ns/ ftPb/PDkswe, fszB'A soQK d/ ekoi fJeZm/ uZbd/ jB ns/ fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu uZbd/ jB. 1H13 f;Zfynk doPB dh io{os, T[g:'rsk ns/ wjZst (Need, Utility and Importance of Philosophy of Education) f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB dh io{os T[Zs/ d' ws BjhA j' ;ed/. fJ; d/ nfXnB Bkb nfXnkge B{z fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ;o{g dk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ T[j f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD ns/ f;Zfynk dhnK ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoB dh ;woZEk gqkgs eodk j?. fJjh fJ; dh T[g:'rsk j? ns/ fJjh fJ; dk wjZst j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB dh io{os, T[g:'rsk ns/ wjZst B{z n;hA fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

B'N



B'N 1H fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ gqsh ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK dk frnkB^doPB ftZu n;hA fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ojZ; s'A ikD{ eokT[Adk j? ns/ fijVk ojZ; pkeh ofj iKdk j? T[; B{z ;wMD d/ bJh nzsofdqPNh gqdkB eodk j?. fpBK nkgD/ pko/ ftZu ikD/ n;hA nkgDk e[ZM Gbk eo ;edk jK, fJj ;'uDk :[esh^;zrs BjhA. fJ; bJh doPB dk doPB eoBk io{oh j?. f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB doPBK d/ w{b f;XKsK dh ftnkfynk j[zdh j?. T[; d/ nfXnB s'A n;hA fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ gqsh ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK dk frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ;jh ihtB doPB dh u'D eod/ jB.

2H wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftfGzB T[d/PK ns/ T[jBK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ T[gkfJnK dk frnkB^ f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ;o{g ns/ fJ; d/ T[d/PK dk ft;Ekog{oD frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; frnkB ns/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt ns/ soe d/ nXko s/ jo/e nfXnkge nkgDk fdqPNhe'D pDkT[Dk j? ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb T[j wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftfGzB T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ T[gkfJnK dk th frnkB gqkgs eodk j? ns/ T[; frnkB d/ nXko s/ nkgDk wkor pDkT[Adk j?.

3H f;Zfynk dh XkoDk ns/ T[d/PK dk frnkB^f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBe ftukoXkoktK d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk dh XkoDk ns/ T[; d/ T[d/PK dk toDB j[zdk j?. fi; doPB dk fJ; pqfjwzv T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ gqsh fijVk fdqPNhe'D j[zdk j? T[;h d/ nB[;ko T[j f;Zfynk dk ;o{g ns/ T[; d/ T[d/P fBPfus eodk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ihtB d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j? fJ; bJh T[; d/ T[d/P T[jh j[zd/ jB fijV/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ j[zd/ jB, ns/ feT[Afe wB[Zyh ihtB d/ T[d/P fGzB^fGzB doPBK d/ fGzB^fGzB fBPfus ehs/ jB fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu th fGzBsk j?. f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb nfXnkge fJjBK ;ko/ T[d/PK dk frnkB gqkgs eodk j? ns/ fJ; frnkB d/ nXko s/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ T[d/PK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh nkgDh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z ;wMD ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. fpBK T[d/PK B{z ;gPN frnkB d/ T[j nkgD/ ekoi ftZu ;cb BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; soQK T[; B{z f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

4H f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ;zpzXh frnkB^f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB d[nkok nfXnkge B{z f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB T[d/PK d/ frnkB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfGzB dkoPfBeK d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk dhnK gkmufonktK dk frnkB th gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nfXnB d[nkok nfXnkge gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ f;XKsK Bkb th ikD^gfjukD eod/ jB ns/ ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu gkmuo:k ftZu io{oh gfotosB eoB :'r pDd/ jB. n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe T[d/PK d/ frnkB dh xkN ftZu gkmuo:k B{z BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk ns/ gkmuo:k d/ n;b o{g B{z ;wM/ fpBK f;Zfynk B{z ;jh wkor T[Zs/ BjhA ubkfJnk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z ;jh o{g ftZu nZr/ tXkT[D d/ bJh nfXnkge B{z fJjBK ;kfonK dk frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; B{z f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB io{oh eoBk ukjhdk j?.

5H f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk frnkB^f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb nfXnkge B{z ftfGzB dkoPfBeK d[nkok fBofws f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ fe;B{z, ed'A ns/ fe; soQK gVQkT[Dk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ftfGzB dkoPfBeK ns/ f;ZfynkPk;sohnK d/ soe gVQB B{z fwbd/ jB. fJ; nfXnB d/ nXko s/ nfXnkge nkgD/ nkdoPK Gkt f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[fus f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh T[; B{z fJ; dk nfXnB io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

6H f;Zfynk ftZu nB[Pk;B ;zpzXh ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK dk frnkB^f;Zfynk doPB ftZu ftfGzB doPBK ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok nB[Pk;B dh ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ ftnes ftukoK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nfXnB Bkb nfXnkge nB[Pk;B d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wMdk j? ns/ T[; dh gqkgsh d/ T[gkfJnK dhnK ftXhnK B{z ikDdk j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK



fe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th nB[Pk;B dh io{os j?, fJ; bJh T[; d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wMD ns/ T[; dh gqkgsh dhnK ftXhnK B{z ikDB d/ bJh nfXnkge B{z f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

7H nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d/ wjZst ns/ ekoiK dk frnkB^fB:'fis f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d/ ftZu uZbdh j?. fJ; gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh dk ;kg/ye ;EkB eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fJ; ftP/ ftZu fGzB^fGzB dkoPfBe ftukoXkDktK dh fGzB^fGzB gj[zu j?. f;Zfynk doB ftZu fJ; ;G dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; nfXnB d/ nXko s/ nfXnkge nkgD/ eosZtK B{z fBPfus eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?.

8H ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;o{g ns/ eosZtK dk frnkB^f;Zfynk ftZu doPB ftZu fJ; rZb dk th nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? fe fB:'fis f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ubkT[D d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK dk eh ;o{g j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ eh eosZt j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu dkoPfBeK d/ ftukoK ftZu pj[s wsG/d j?. fJ; wsG/d d/ fgZS/ T[jBK d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ soe jB. f;Zfynk doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb nfXnkge B{z fJ; ;G dk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ T[j f;Zfynk d/ fBPfus T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfdnkb/ d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; d/ ekoiK B{z fBPfus eoB ftZu ;cb jzdk j?. f;Zfynk doB d/ nfXnB dh xkN ftZu n;hA ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;o{g ns/ eosZtK B{z fBPfus BjhA eo gkT[Ad/. fJ; fdqPNh s'A th nfXnkge B{z f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

9H f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK dk dkoPfBe jZb^doPB dh xkN ftZu e'Jh th nfXnkge ftfdne ;wZf;nktK dk n;b ;wkXkB BjhA bZG ;edk. f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB eoB d/ pknd jh nfXnkge f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ;wZf;nktK ns/ ftfGzB ftdtkBK d/ T[jBK d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'DK B{z ;wMD ftZu ;cb j' ;edk j? ns/ ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK B{z nkgD/ nB[Gt dh e;"Nh s/ e;e/ d/yD Bkb n;b jZb B{z bZG ;edk j?. id'A sZe n;hA f;Zfynk dh XkoDk, T[; d/ T[d/P, T[;dh gkmuo:k ns/ T[; dh f;ybkJh ftXhnK nkfd d/ eqfwe ftek; ns/ T[jBK d/ BshfinK s'A ikD{ BjhA j[zd/ T[; ;w/A sZe nkgDhnK ftfdne ;wZf;nktK dk jZb bZGD ftZu ;woZE BjhA j' ;ed/.

10H e[ZM j'o^;z;ko gfotosBPhb j? ns/ nZieZbQ fJj gfotosB pj[s s/Ih Bkb j' fojk j?. ;kvh ;wkfie, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh th pj[s s/Ih Bkb pdb ojh j?. ftfrnkB dhnK y'iK B/ ;kv/ ihtB B{z g{oh soQK pdb fdZsk j?. f;Zfynk B{z fJ; d/ Bkb edw fwbk e/ uZbDk j? BjhA sK n;hA nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftZu nkgD/ nkgB{z ;[oZfyns BjhA oZy ;eKr/. gozs{ n;hA fezBk pdbDk j? ns/ fezBk BjhA ns/ fizBk pdbDk j?, T[j feT[A, ns/ fizBk BjhA pdbDk j?, T[j feT[A, fJjBK ;kfonK dk T[Zso sK T[jh d/ ;edk j? fi; B/ f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB ehsk j't/. fJ; d/ pknd fJZe ;wZf;nk j'o T[Zmdh j? ns/ T[j fJj j? fe T[; ;G dh gqkgsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu eh gfotosB eoBk j't/rk, fJ; dk T[Zso th T[jh nfXnkge d/ ;edk j? fi; B/ f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB ehsk j't/. fJ; bJh nfXnkge B{z f;Zfynk doPB dk nfXnB io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ T[; B{z T[; dh ;wZroh B{z nkgD/ nB[GtK dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ e;d/ ofjDk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bt/A^Bt/A nB[GtK ns/ fBofDnK B{z T[; ftZu i'Vd/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. nfijk eoB Bkb jh f;Zfynk doPB dk ftek; ;zGt j?.


doPB d/ w[Zy o{g Bkb fszB nzr j[zd/ jB^sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k. T[AM fe;h th doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k, T[; dh sZs whwK;k T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ ;[thXk dh fdqPNh s'A n;hA fe;h th doPB dk nfXnB fJjBK fszBK nzrK ftZu nbZr^nbZr eod/ jK. doPB d/ fJj nzr f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB nzrK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB.

B'N



B'N 1H15 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;ze{fus noE (Narrower Meaning)L noE dk bx{ ;so

2H ftnkge noE (Wider Meaning)L ft;Ekog{oD noE 1H16 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk fby'.

2H doPB dhnK ftP/PsktK dZ;'.

3H f;Zfynk doPB d/ ekoiK dk toDB eo'.

4H Gkosh doPB ns/ gZSwh doPB ftZu nzso ;gPN eo'. T[Zso : ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H w[esh 2H f;Zfynk 3H T[Zu BkrfoeK dk 4H (T)

5H (n) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H rbs

9H ;jh 10H ;jh 1H17 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;

1H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkfie nXko, wkE[o, n?;Hn?;H ftB'd g[;se wzfdo.

2H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, :'r/Ado e[wko, wX[fbek Powk.

3H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, UHghH.

4H f;Zfynk ns/ wB'ftfrnkB L wkgB ns/ w[bnzeD, PPh gqGk.

5H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, gKv/, okwPeb.

6H f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;soh nXko, u"p/, n?;HghH, fJzNoB?PBb p[e;, w/om.

7H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, vkH n?BHe/H.


fJekJh^2L f;Zfynk ftZu doPBPk;so d/ nfXnB dk wjZst

fJekJh^2L f;Zfynk ftZu doPBPk;so d/ nfXnB dk wjZst (Significance of Studying Philosophy in Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


2H1 f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Aims of Education)

2H2 f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoe sZs (Factors Determining Educational Aims)

2H3 ;wK ns/ ;EkB Bkb ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Education in Relation to the Time and Place)

2H4 ftPtftfdnkb/ f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by University Education Commission)

2H5 wZXfwe f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by Secondary Education Commission)

2H6 Gkosh f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by Indian Education Commission)

2H7 f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh^1986 (Aims of Education and National Education Policy, 1986)

2H8 Gkos dh toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education in the Present Conditions of India)

2H9 f;Zfynk d/ ;XkoD T[d/P (General Aims of Education)

2H10 f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P (Individual Aim of Education)

2H11 f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P (Social Aim of Education)

2H12 f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie T[d/PK ftZu ;wBt? (Synthesis between Individual and Social Aims of Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh io{os s/ wjZst ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk d/ ;XkoD T[d/P ikDB ;zpzXh.

g{oD ihtB d/ T[d/P ikDB ;zpzXh.

Ihthek^T[sgkdB dk T[d/P ikDB ;zpzXh.



B'N ikDekoh (Introduction)

T[d/Pg{oD f;Zfynk Bkb ;wK ns/ Pesh d'jK dk ;dT[g:'r j[zdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ;[uko{ o{g Bkb uZbdh j?. ;gPN T[d/PK d/ nXko s/ jh gkmeqw dh ouBk j[zdh j? ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. T[d/P s'A go/ dh f;Zfynk Bkb Bk f;ybkJh dh gkmuo:k fsnko ehsh ik ;edh j?, Bk f;ybkJh dh Bhsh ouBktK dk T[fus gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?, Bk f;Zfynk d/ ;kXBK dh u'D ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk jh pbeK d/ ftneshst dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. 2H1H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Aims of Education) ihtB dk jo ekoi fe;h T[d/P T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. T[d/P ofjs ekoi ftZu fe;h dk wB BjhA bZrdk. T[d/P ofjs f;Zfynk th noEjhD j?. T[d/P ofjs f;Zfynk s'A edh th fJZSs cb dh T[whd BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. T[d/P ofjs f;Zfynk nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK B{z T[dk;hB pDkT[Adh j?. phH vhH GkNhnk d/ PpdK ftZu “T[d/P d/ frnkB d/ fpBK nfXnkge T[; Bkfte d/ ;wkB j[zdk j? fi; B{z nkgD/ Nhu/ dk frnkB BjhA j[zdk ns/ f;ZfynkoEh T[; gstko s'A fpBK dh fePsh ;wkB j[zdk j? fijVk ;w[zdo dh bfjoK d/ Eg/V/ ykT[Adh j'Jh sN d/ tZb pfjzdh ik ojh j?.” T[dkjoDg{oD f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z ihtzs pDkT[Adh j?l nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh B{z ikro[e pDkT[Adh j?l T[jBK ftZu d{odofPsk ns/ dhox^fdqPNh T[sgzB eodh j?l T[jBK ftZu T[s;kj, gq/oDk ns/ ekoi eoB dh ng{ot Pesh g?dk eodh j?. T[dkjoDg{oD f;Zfynk jh f;ykT[D tkb/ dhnK fefonktK dk wkor fBod/PB eodh j?. fJ; Bkb f;ZyD tkb/ Gkt f;ZfynkoEh B{z fJj gsk j[zdk j? fe T[; B{z eh f;ZyDk j? ns/ f;ykT[D tkb/ Gkt nfXnkge B{z fJj gsk j[zdk j? fe T[; B{z eh f;ykT[Dk j?<

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh wjZssk fJjBK fpzd{nK s'A th ;gPN ehsh ik ;edh j?^

1H f;Zfynk fJZe T[d/Pg{oD gqfefonk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fJ; f;ybkJh gqfefonk B{z fJZSs fdPk gqdkB eod/ jB.

2H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P f;ybkJh gqfefonk d/ BshfinK dk w[bnzeD eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB.

3H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z wjZst ns/ fBozsosk gqdkB eod/ jB.

4H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ekoiK B{z fBPfus ns/ ;gPN fdPK gqdkB eod/ jB.

5H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ftfdnkb/^gqPk;B dh dePsk d/ bJh pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD jB. nfXnkgeK dh u'D, gkmuo:k, fB:'iB, g[;sekb/ dk rmB ns/ gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB nkfd fefonktK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK s'A jh fBod/fPs j[zdhnK jB.

6H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK d/ wksk^fgsk, foPs/dko ns/ iB;XkoD d/ bJh th wjZstg{oD jB.

7H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P p[ZXhwsk Bkb ekoi eoB ftZu ftnesh dh ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ uZbD Bkb ftnesh B{z fJj gsk j[zdk j? fe T[j eh ns/ feT[A eo fojk j?< fJ; Bkb ;wK ns/ Pesh dh pus j[zdh j?.

B'N; f;Zfynk fJZe T[d/Pg{oD gqfefonk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fJ; f;ybkJh gqfefonk

B{z fJZSs fdPk gqdkB eod/ jB.



2H2 f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoe sZs (Factors Determining Educational Aims)

1H ihtB doPB (Philosophy of life)^f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ihtB d/ T[d/PK d/ nXko s/ fBPfus j[zd/ jB ns/ ihtB d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu ;wki ns/ ftnesh d/ doPB dk pj[s tZvk jZE j[zdk j?. ;z;ko ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB T[d/P fdykJh fdzd/ jB feT[Afe ftfGzB b'eK d/ ftukoK ns/ doPB ftZu nzso j[zdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[d/P d/ ;zdoG ftZu nkdoPtkd nkswknB[G{sh T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?, gqfeoshtkd nksw^nGhftnesh T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ gq:'iBtkd ;wkfiesk T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?.

2H okiBhfse sZs (Political Factors)^fe;h th d/P ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P T[; dh okiBhfse ftukoXkok s'A gqGkfts j'J/ fpBK BjhA ofj ;ed/. gqiksKsfoe d/PK dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nfXBkfJetkdh ns/ ;kwtkdh d/PK dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ;wkB BjhA j' ;ed/. gqiksKsfoe d/PK dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P buhb/ j[zd/ jB ns/ wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ wB[Zy dh ;t?wkB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

3H ;wkfie sZs (Social Factors)^ftnesh fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. ;wki ftZu ftnesh dk iBw j[zdk j?, ;wki ftZu jh T[; dk gkbD^g'PD j[zdk j?, ;wki ftZu jh T[; dh f;Zfynk^fdZfynk j[zdh j?, ;wki ftZu ofj e/ jh T[;dhnK io{osK dh g{osh j[zdh j? ns/ ;wki ftZu T[; dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;wki dh ;fEsh, ;wki dhnK io{osK, ;wki d/ w{bK ns/ nkdoPK B{z nXko pDk e/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBoXkfos ehs/ iKd/ jB.

4H nkofEe sZs (Economic Factors)^;wki dh nkofEe dPktK th f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek ndk eodhnK jB. T[sgkdB dh wksok, tzv dh gZXsh ns/ ;wki dh ;fEsh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ pj[s gqGkt gkT[Adh j?. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ftef;s okPNo jh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu ;woZE j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu nkofEe sZs T[Zs/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?.

5H Xkofwe sZs (Religious Factors)^Xkofwe ftukoXkoktK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z g{oh soQK Bkb gqGkfts eodhnK jB. fiBQK d/PK dk e'Jh okiXow j[zdk j? T[jBK d/PK d/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu T[; okiXow dk ftP/P ;EkB j[zdk j?. Gkt/A fe Gkos fij/ XowfBog/y oki dk e'Jh okiXow BjhA j?. fco th ftfGzB Xkofwe ftukoXkoktK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z gqGkfts eodhnK jB. ftfGzB Xkofwe ;zrmBK d[nkok ;Ekfgs f;ybkJh ;z;EktK ftZu fJjBK XowK d/ ftukoK, ftPtkPK ns/ f;XKsK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBoXkfos ehs/ iKd/ jB.

6H ftfrnkBe ns/ T[dg:'re sZs (Scientific and Technological Factors)^nZi dk :[Zr ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh dk :[Zr j?. fdB^gqshfdB frnkB d/ Bt/A^Bt/A ft;c'N j' oj/ jB. y/so ftZu BthA^BthA seBhe dk dkfybk j' fojk j?. ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh B/ nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfefonk B{z s/i rsh gqdkB ehsh j?. nfij/ ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P Bt/A frnkB ns/ seBhe s'A gqGkfts j'J/ fpBK fet/A ofj ;ed/ jB.

7H ;z;feqse ekoe (Cultural Factors)^g[oyK d/ jikoK ;kbK dh nEe fwjBs d/ cb;o{g fe;h ;wki dh ;z;feqsh pDdh j?. ;z;feqsh d/ nzsors ;wki ftP/P dh gqzgok, ohshôhtki, ofjD^;fjD, ;XkoD ;ZfGnsk, GkPk, ;kfjs, nkuko^ftuko nkfd Pkfwb j[zdk j?. fi; ;wki dh ;z;feqsh fizBh T[Zu j[zdh j?, T[; ;wki d/ w?Apo T[B/ jh T[Zu j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[; ;wki d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu T[; dh ;z;feqsh fe;h^Bk^fe;h o{g ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek io{o ndk eodh j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu nzrq/Ih Pk;B ftZu ;kvh w{b ;z;feqsh dh T[g/fynk ehsh rJh ;h gozs{ ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd fJ; rZb dh pokpo wzr ehsh ik ojh j? fe d/P d/ Gkth Bkrfoe, nkgDh ;z;feqsh d/ T[dko sZsK B{z fdb ftZu p;k e/ T[; d/ nB[;ko nkgDk ftek; eoB. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw ftZu gfotosB ns/ ;zP'XB ehs/ ik oj/ jB.

B'N




ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks):

1H ihtB dk jo/e ekoi fe;h HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zdk j?.

2H ftnesh fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHH gqkDh j?.

3H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;z;ko dh gq/oDk PeshnK ftZu ;G s'A tZvh Pesh j?. 2H3 ;wK ns/ ;EkB Bkb ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Education in Relation to the Time and Place) f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, ekb ns/ ;EkB d/ nB[;ko gfotofss j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. ftfGzB ekbK ftZu ftfGzB d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. gqkuhB ekb ftZu ;gkoNk dh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P tho, foPN^g[PN, nkfrnkekoh, nB[Pkf;s f;gkjh ns/ d/PGrs Bkrfoe T[sgzB eoBk ;h feT[Afe T[jBK dh ftukoXkok ;h, "jo/e ftnesh nkgD/ bJh BjhA pbfe okPNo d/ bJh g?dk j[zdk j?." J/Ez; dh ftukoXkok s'A fGzB ;h. J/Ez;tk;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsst d/ g{oD ftek; B{z wjZst fdzd/ ;B, fJ; bJh T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P d/Ptk;hnK dk okiBhfse, p"fXe, B?fse ns/ ;"Ado:kswe ftek; eoBk ;h. wZX :[Zr ftZu f;Zfynk T[Zs/ Xow dk pj[s finkdk gqGkt j'D d/ ekoB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P Xkofwe ;B. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fiZE/ gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy dh rohwk B{z ;Ekfgs eoBk ns/ nkdoP BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk fojk, T[ZE/ ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk fojk j? fijV/ ;kwtkdh nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko ekoi eo ;eD. Gkos ftZu th ekb d/ ;zdoG ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu gfotosB j'fJnk j?. nbZr^nbZr ;w/A ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fGzB^fGzB T[d/P oj/ jB. gqkuhB Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

gqkuhB Gkos ftZu Xow B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB gqkgs ;h. gqkuhB d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftZu Xow dh gqXkBsk ;h. w'eP gqkgsh jh ihtB dk gow Nhuk ;h, fJ; bJh T[; ekb ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nfXnksfwe fdqPNhe'D B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/ ;B. t?fde ekbhB f;Zfynk d/ gqw[Zy T[d/P j/m nB[;ko ;B^

1H fJPto Gesh ns/ Xkofwe GktB,

2H ufoZso dk fBowkD,

3H ftnefsst dk ftek;,

4H Bkrfoe ns/ ;wkfie eosZtgkbD dh GktBk dk g'PD,

5H ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk ftek;,

6H okPNoh ;z;feqsh dk ;zoePD ns/ gq;ko.

pqkjwDekbhB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

pqkjwDekbhB f;Zfynk t?fde ekbhB f;Zfynk dh nB[feqsh ;h. fJ; ekb ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys T[d/P ;B^

1H nfXnksfwe ftek;,

2H Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek;,

3H ufoso dk ftek;,



4H fJeZbkgD, eo ;ziw ns/ fJzdoh fBrqj,

5H gfotkfoe ns/ ;wkfie GktBk dk g'PD,

6H ;wkBsk dk g'PD.

p"fXeekbhB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

p"X f;Zfynk w[Zy o{g s'A fBtkoD gqkgsh ns/ Xow gq;ko d/ bJh fdZsh iKdh ;h. fi; soQK jo/e pqkjwD dh ekwBk w'eP gqkgs eoB dh j[zdh ;h, T[;h soQK fJ; ekb ftZu fBtkoD gqkgs eoBk jo/e p"X d/ ihtB dk w[Zy T[d/P ;h. fpjkoK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z GrtkB p[ZX d/ T[gd/PK s'A ikD{ eokfJnk iKdk ;h ns/ T[jBK B/ Xow gq;ko d/ bJh T[s;kfjs ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ; ekb ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nZr/ nB[;ko ;B^

1H frnkB dk ftek;,

2H ;wkfie nkuoD dh f;Zfynk,

3H ufoso fBowkD,

4H wB[Zyh ;z;feqsh dk ;zoePD ns/ ftek;,

5H ebk e"Pb ns/ ftnt;kfJnK dh f;Zfynk,

6H p"X Xow dh f;Zfynk.

wZXekbhB w[;fbw f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

wZXekbhB w[;fbw f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P j/m nB[;ko ;B^

1H frnkB dk gq;ko,

2H fJ;bkw Xow dk gquko ns/ gq;ko,

3H fJ;bkw ;z;feqsh dk gq;ko,

4H ufoso dk fBowkD,

5H ;z;kfoe n?Pgq;sh dh gqkgsh,

6H ebk e"PbK ns/ eko'pkoK dh f;Zfynk.

fpqfNPekbhB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

;kvk d/P brGr 150 ;kbK sZe nzrq/IK dk r[bkw fojk. nkgD/ Pk;B ekb ftZu nzrq/IK B/ nkgDh GkPk ns/ ;z;feqsh B{z ;kv/ T[Zgo bZdD dk Gog{o :sB ehsk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ :'iBk fJ; soQK fBoXkfos ehsh fi; Bkb bzp/ ;w/A sZe T[j fJ; d/P T[Zs/ Pk;B eo ;eD. T[; ekb d/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z n;hA j/m nB[;ko eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fpqfNP ;wkoki B{z ;zrfms eoBk,

2H nzrq/Ih GkPk ns/ ;kfjs dk gq;ko eoBk,

3H gZSwh frnkB^ftfrnkB Bkb ikD{ eokT[Dk,

4H G"fse T[Bsh eoBk,

5H oki ;/tk d/ bJh ;[:'r eowukoh fsnko eoBk,

6H wkBf;e ftek; eoBk ns/ p"fXe ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkT[Dk.

B'N



B'N ;[szso Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

Gzfvs Bfjo{ B/ fejk ;h, "f;Zfynk B{z ;zs[fbs wB[Zy dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ :[teK B{z ;wki d/ bJh bkGgqd ekoiK B{z eoB ns/ ;w{fje ihtB ftZu Gkr b?D d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?, gozs{ id'A ;wki ftZu fdB^gqshfdB gfotosB j' oj/ j'D sK fJj dZ;Dk w[Pfeb j? fe :[teK B{z fe; soQK fsnko ehsk ikt/ ns/ f;Zfynk d/ eh T[d/P j'D." ;[szso Gkos ftZu okPNo dhnK io{osK, go;fEshnK, gozgoktK, ng/fynktK ns/ nzsoôkPNoh gfofdqP d/ nkb'e ftZu ftfGzB f;ZfynkPk;sohnK, dkoPfBeK, ftukoeK, ;wki ;[XkoeK ns/ okiBhshrK B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. Gkos dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk T[b/y eoB s'A gfjbK ;[szso Gkos ftZu pDkJ/ pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD f;Zfynk nk:'rK ns/ BthA f;Zfynk Bhsh d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk toDB eoBk pj[s finkdk io{oh ns/ gq;zfre j?. 2H4 ftPtftfdnkb/ f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by University Education

Commission)

nk:'r B/ Gkos dhnK pdbhnK j'JhnK go;fEshnK ftZu ftPtftfdnkfbnK dh nfjw G{fwek dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ f;Zfynk d/ fBwBfbys T[d/P dZ;/ jB^

1H nrtkJh rqfjD eoB dh :'rsk dk ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ ftneshnK dk fBowkD eoBk j? fijV/ ;wkfie, okiBhfse, gqPk;fBe, T[d:'fre ns/ eko'pkoe y/soK ftZu nrtkJh rqfjD eo ;eDh, fi; d[nkok d/P dk uj[zw[Zyh ftek; j' ;e/.

2H Pohoe ftek;^f;jswzd Poho ftZu f;jswzd fdwkr dk fBtk; j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P Pohoe fdqPNh s'A f;jswzd ftneshnK dk fBowkD eoBk j?. ;zs[fbs Pohoe ftek; Bkb jh nB[Pk;B, ;kj;, nrtkJh ns/ ;w{fje GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

3H p"fXe fdqPNhe'D dk ftek;^nZi frnkB dk ft;c'N s/I rsh Bkb j' fojk j?, fJ; bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z wkBf;e o{g s'A gqpZX pDkT[Dk j't/rk, T[jBK d/ p"fXe fdqPNhe'D B{z ftnkge pDkT[Dk j't/rk, T[jBK ftZu P'X dh gqftosh dk ftek; eoBk j't/rk ns/ T[jBK ftZu fuzsB, wBB, soe, fBoDk ns/ ebgBk Pesh dk ftek; eoBk j't/rk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P p"fXe fdqPNh s'A T[Zu ftneshnK dk fBowkD eoBk j?.

4H ftt/ePhb ns/ e[Pb Bkrfoesk dk ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk j? fijV/ ftt/ePhb j'D, e[Pb j'D, T[sodkJh j'D, d/PGrs j'D, ;wki;/th j'D, ftnkge ns/ T[dko fdqPNhe'D tkb/ j'D, sK jh d/P ftZu gqikszso ;cb j' ;edk j?.

5H ihtB ns/ frnkB d/ ;wBt? dh ;woZEk dk ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ihtB ns/ frnkB d/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eoB dh ;woZEk dk ftek; eoBk j? feT[Afe fJ; Bkb jh ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;oGgZyh ftek; j' ;edk j?.

6H ;z;feqs dk ;zoePD ns/ ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ Bt:[teK dk fBowkD eoBk j? i' gZSwh ;z;feqs ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ w'j ftZu nkgDh ;z;feqfse ftok;s B{z Bk G[ZbD. f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb T[j nkgDh ;z;feqs dk ;zoePD eoB ns/ T[; d/ ftek; ftZu nkgDk :'rdkB d/D.

7H nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK dk nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse ftek; eoBk j?. nfXnksfwesk dk noE j?^wB[Zy d/ T[Zsw r[DK dk ftek;. ;G d/ gqsh ;wkB fdqPNh, wB[Zy dh rohwk ftZu ftPtk;, nZfsnkuko ns/ nBkuko d/ gqsh r[Z;k, ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk, GkJhukok ns/ fBnk dk ;zoePD, PKsh d/



gqsh nB[okr, dhB^d[yhnK dh ;jkfJsk ns/ T[Zsw ufoso tkbk ftnesh jh nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse j?.

8H ;z;ko pzX[st ns/ nzsoôkPNoh ;dGktBk dk ftek;^f;Zfynk dk T[d/P Gkos d/ gqkuhB nkdoP t;[X?t e[N{zpew d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftPt^pzX[st ns/ nzsoôkPNoh ;dGktBk dk ftek; eoBk th j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, ekb ns/ ;EkB d/ nB[;ko gfotofss j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.

2H5 wZXfwe f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by Secondary Education

Commission)

1H Gqikszsfoe Bkrfoesk dk ftek; (Development of Democratic Citizenship)^Gkos ftZu ;zg{oD gqG{st ;zgzB gqikszsokswe rDoki dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j??. fJ; d/ nB[;ko iBsk jh Pk;B dh ;otT[Zu Pesh j?, T[;h d/ jZE ftZu Pk;eK B{z u[BD dk nfXeko j?. fJ; soQK gqikszso dh ;cbsk d/ bJh :'r, e[Pb ns/ nkdoP BkrfoeK dh io{os j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk j? fijBK ftZu ;fjDPhbsk, ;ZukJh, goT[geko, fB;tkoE GktB, gq/w, fsnkr, eosZt gkbD ns/ okPNo d/ gqsh nN[ZN Grsh dh GktBk j't/.

2H eko'pkoe e[Pbsk ftZu tkXk (Improvement of Vocational Efficiency)^f;Zfynk dk d{ik T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu eko'pkoe e[Pbsk dk tkXk eoBk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJ; soQK dh eko'pkoe f;ybkJh fdZsh ikt/ fe T[j nkgDh ihtek T[sgkdB d/ bJh eko'pko u[D ;eD ns/ T[; ftZu e[Pbsk gqkgs eo ;eD fJ; Bkb ftfdnkoEh ;tktbzph j' ;eDr/ ns/ T[jBK B{z B"eoh d/ bJh fJZXo^T[Zxo GneDk BjhA gJ/rk ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; th j' ;e/rk.

3H ftnefsZst dk g{oD ftek; (Development of Personality)^f;Zfynk B{z fsZik T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ftnefsZst dk g{oD ftek; eoBk j?. ftnefsZst d/ g{oD ftek; s'A Gkt j?, T[jBK dk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;zt/rkswe, ;wkfie, B?fse, nfXnksfwe nkfd jo soQK dk ftek;. f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe d/ iBwiks r[DK B{z ftef;s eoBk ns/ T[jBK ftZu T[jBK d/ gq:'r eoB dh ;woZEk T[sgzB eoBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B{z ouBkswe ekoiK ftZu Gkr b?D d/ tZX s'A tZX w"e/ gqdkB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.

4H nrtkJh d/ bJh f;Zfynk (Education for Leadership)^;[szso Gkos d/ ftek; d/ bJh jo y/so ftZu ;Zuh ns/ gqGktPkbh nrtkJh dh io{os j?. Gkt/A ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nrtkJh d/ r[DK dk ftek; eoBk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ihtB d/ jo y/so^;wkfie, okiBhfse, nkofEe, B?fse, nfXnksfwe, Xkofwe nkfd d/ bJh f;Zfyns eoBk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ T[ZsodkfJst dk fBotjB uzrh soQK Bkb eo ;eD ns/ d/P B{z T[Bsh ns/ ftek; d/ tZb tXk ;eD.

2H6 Gkosh f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education as Recommended by Indian Education

Commission)

okPNoh g{Bo^fBowkD dhnK ;wZf;nktK ns/ ihtB dhnK io{osK ns/ fJZSktK dh fdqPNh s'A nk:'r B/ fBwBfbys T[d/P dZ;/^



B'N 1H T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk (To Increase Production)^nk:'r B/ fejk fe Gkos dh Xkofwe ;fEsh pj[s so;:'r j?. ;kv/ fJZE/ nBki dh ewh j?, yks^gdkoEK dh ewh j?, g?No'b s/ vhIb dh ewh j?, BthnK^BthnK wPhBK ns/ ebg[oiK dh ewh j?, T[otoeK ns/ y/so d/ j'o ftfrnkBe T[geoDK dh ewh j?. fJjBK ;kohnK t;s{nK dh ewh d/P d/ bJh rzGho ns/ fteN ;wZf;nk j?. fi; rsh Bkb ;kv/ d/P ftZu izB;zfynk tZX ojh j?, T[; rsh Bkb T[sgkdB BjhA tZX fojk j?, fi; Bkb d/P ftZu p/ekoh, rohph ns/ G[Zywoh c?bh j'Jh j?. i/eo fJ; ;fEsh s'A d/P B{z T[pkoBk j? ns/ d/P dh T[Bsh eoBh j? sK ;kv/ ;kjwD/ fJZe jh ok;sk j? fe n;hA jo/e y/so ftZu T[sgkdB B{z tXkJhJ/. fJ; bJh ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh ftfrnkB dh f;Zfynk B{z gkmeqw dk fJZe nzr pDkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?, ekoi^nB[Gt B{z f;Zfynk ftZu ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ y/sh ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

2H ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/esk dk ftek; (To Develop Social and National Unity)^ nk:'r d/ nB[;ko, Gkos ftZu ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK nkgDk f;o T[mk ojhnK jB. Gkostk;h ;EkBh, gqKsh, y/soh, iksh, ;zgqdkfJe, GkPh, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse dbpzdhnK ftZu g? e/ d/Pfjs B{z G[Zb oj/ jB fi; Bkb d/P dh ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/esk y/so ftZu g? rJh j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/esk dk ftek; eoBk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNo d/ gqsh Grsh ns/ T[; d/ GftZy d/ gqsh ftPtk; dh GktBk T[sgzB eoBk j? ns/ S'NhnK^S'NhnK rZbK T[Zs/ nXkfos ;zehoDsk dh GktBk B{z ysw eoe/ T[jBK ftZu nkdoP Bkrfoesk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk j?.

3H okPNo dk nX[fBeheoD eoBk (To Modernise the Nation)^nk:'r B/ fejk fe nZi d[BhnK s/ih Bkb nZr/ tZX ojh j?. frnkB^ftfrnkB dk pj[s s/ih Bkb ftek; j' fojk j?. i/eo n;hA dB d/PK dh pokpoh eoBk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kB{z th frnkB^ ftfrnkB d/ ftek; ftZu T[jBK d/ Bkb uZbDk j't/rk. n;hA nkgDh f;Zfynk B{z fJ; d/ nB[;ko pDkT[Dk j't/rk ns/ ;wkfie, ftfrnkBe, T[d:'fre ns/ ;z;feqfse y/soK ftZu okPNo dk nkX[fBeheoD eoBk j't/rk, fi; Bkb okPNo B{z gqrsh d/ tZb b? ikfJnk ik ;e/. fJ; soQK nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P okPNo dk nkX[fBeheoD eoBk j?.

4H ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK dk ftek; (To Develop Social Moral and

Spiritual Values)^f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;wkfie, B?fse ftek; eoBk j?. nk:'r d/ nB[;ko, nkX[fBesk B{z nkgDh ihtB Pesh nfXnksfwesk s'A jh b?Dh j?. nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu feT[Afe ftnesh B{z frnkB d/ d[nkok pj[s Pesh gqkgs j' rJh j? fJ; bJh T[; ftZu B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe r[DK d/ ftek; dh th wfjsh io{os j?. nZi nkgD/ d/P ftZu n;hA g[oksB w{bK B{z G[Zbd/ ik oj/ jK ns/ Bt/A w{bK dh ;EkgBk BjhA eo gkJ/ jK fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu fJZe ykbhgD g?dk j' frnk j?. fJ; soQK ;kB{z f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nkgD/ pkbeK dk nfXnksfwe ns/ ufosfoe ftek; eoBk j? fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu wB[Zyh r[D g?dk j' ;eD ns/ T[j nZS/ pkbe pD ;eD.

5H gqikszso B{z wip{s pDkT[Dk (To Consolidate Democracy)^nk:'r d/ nB[;ko, d/P d/ gqikszso B{z wip{s pDkT[Dk f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD T[d/P j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gqikszsokswe GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK ftZu gqikszsfoe w{bK ns/ nkdoPK d/ gqsh ftPtk; ns/ nk;Ek g?dk eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu okPNoh u/sBk dh GktBk dk gbtB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.



;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


4H Xkofwe ftukoXkoktK f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z g{oh soQK Bkb eodhnK jB^

(T) gqGkfts (n) ngqGkfts (J) ewi'o (;) wip{s

5H ihtB dk jo/e ekoi nXkfos j[zdk j?^

(T) XzB T[Zs/ (n) T[d/P T[Zs/ (J) f;Zfynk T[Zs/ (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H T[d/Pg{oD f;Zfynk Bkb ;wK ns/ f;Zfynk d'jK dk j[zdk j?^

(T) d[oT[g:'r (n) ;dT[g:'r (J) gq:'r (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 2H7 f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh^1986 (Aims of Education and National Education Policy, 1986) okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh (1986) dk Nhuk ;zg{oD d/P ftZu fJZe okPNoh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dk ftek; eoBk ;h. „f;Zfynk dh u{D"sh‟ ftZu fejk frnk j? fe f;Zfynk d[nko ftnesh dh ;wkfie, nkofEe p/jsoh, T[; dh ;woZEk ns/ f;oiBPhbsk T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; ftZu fBwB fbys rZbK Pkfwb jB^

^ Ftnefsst dk Pohoe, p"fXe ns/ ;"do:kswe ftek;,

^ ftfrnkBe wB'ftosh, b'eszsfoe ufosfoe ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK B{z wB ftZu fpmkT[Dk,

^ T[bN go;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk eoB ns/ T[jBK B{z pdbD d/ bJh nkswftPtk; dk ftek;;

^ Pohoe, ;wkfie, T[d:'fre, nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse d/fyb/ d/ gqsh ikro[esk g?dk eoBkl

^ fwjBs ns/ em'o fwjBs d/ gqsh f;jswzs fdqPNhe'D ngBkT[Dkl

^ XowfBog/ysk ns/ ;wkfie fBnk d/ f;XKsK d/ gqsh tuBpZXskl

^ d/P dh J/esk, T[; d/ ;zBwkB ns/ ftek; B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh ;wogD dh GktBk ns/

^ nzsoôkPNoh ;wM B{z tXktk d/Dk.

T[Zgo dZ;/ rJ/ ftneshrs r[DK B{z ftef;s eoB d/ fJbktk f;Zfynk dk fJj dkfJst th j? fe T[j ftfGzB ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzXs ;zebgBktK ns/ sZEK d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqdkB eo/. GkPk ns/ ;zuko d/ y/soK ftZu e[Pbsk tXkJ/ ns/ y/vK ns/ ftnk;zrK ftZu o{uh ftef;s eo/. 2H8 Gkos dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education in the Present Conditions of India) ftfGzB nk:'rK d[nkok fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk ftPb/PD eoB s/ toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys T[d/P j'D/ ukjhd/ jB^

1H ftnefsst dk ;oGgZyh ftek; (Harmonious Development of Personality)^d/P ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh sK jh j' ;edh j? id'A T[;d/ Bkrfoe Pohoe fdqPNh Bkb f;jswzd, p"fXe fdqPNh Bkb p[ZXhwkB, ;zt/rkswe fdqPNh Bkb ;fEo, nfXnksfwe fdqPNh s'A Xkofwe ns/ ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A ;wki;/th j'D. gqikszso ftZu sK ftnesh dh rohwk B{z j'o th wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbe dk ;oGgZyh ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb Gkos d/ Gkth Bkrfoe nZr/ uZb e/ jo/e y/so ftZu d/P dk Bt^fBowkD eo ;eD.

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B'N 2H eko'pkoe e[Pbsk (Vocational Efficiency)^toswkB f;Zfynk gqDkbh T[Zs/ fijVk ;G s'A tZvk nky/g brkfJnk iKdk j? T[j fJj j? fe ;kvh f;Zfynk gqDkbh pkbeK B{z fe;h eko'pko d/ bJh fsnko BjhA eodh. nikdh d/ 58 ;kbK d/ pknd th fJ; ftZu e'Jh ftP/P gfotosB BjhA j'fJnk, fi; Bkb f;Zfyns p/ekoK dh ;zfynk fdB d[Dh oks u"rDh tZX ojh j? ns/ ftfdnkoEh tor ftZu x'o n;zs'P g?dk j' fojk j?. fJ; bJh ;kvh f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy T[d/P jo pkbe B{z T[; dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ o{uh d/ nB[;ko eko'pkoe f;ybkJh gqdkB eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgDh ihthek T[sgkdB eo ;e/ ns/ d/P dh nkofEe T[Bsh j' ;e/.

3H fttjkfoe f;Zfynk (Practical Education)^;kvh toswkB f;Zfynk gqDkbh f;XKse ns/ feskph j?, fJ; bJh nfttjkfoe j?. T[; dk pkbe d/ ihtB Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe pkbe T[; ftZu e'Jh o{uh BjhA b?Adk. fJ; bJh ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbe B{z nfijh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fijVh pkbe d/ toswkB ns/ Gkth ihtB Bkb fe;h^Bk^fe;h o{g ftZu ;zpzXs j't/. nfijh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ jh pkbe ihtB ftZu dkfyb j'D d/ pknd ;cbsk gqkgs eo ;eDr/. vkH nkswkokw fwPo d/ PpdK ftZu, “toswkB f;Zfynk gqdkbh fBoh ;kfjfse pDh j'Jh j?. i/eo frnkB dk T[g:'r ihtB dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu Bk j' ;e/, sK T[;dk eh bkG< frnkB dh f;oc p"fXe u/sBk Bkb eh j't/rk< T[; d/ gq:'r d/ bJh sK ukjhdk j? fefonk eoB dk e"Pb ns/ w[bnzeD eoB dh ;zt/dBPhbsk. fJ; s'A fJbktk e"PbK ns/ ;zt/rK dh f;ybkJh T[Zs/ i'o d/Dk io{oh j't/rk. eko'pkoe f;Zfynk ftZu sK frnkB dh fttjkfoesk ns/ gq:'rkswesk j'o th io{oh j[zdh j? fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEh i' f;ZyD T[; dk T[g:'r n;b ihtB dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu eod/ ofjD.”

4H ufosoe ftek; (Character Development)^ftnesh d/ ufoso dk f;ZXk gqGkt ;wki ns/ okPNo T[Zs/ g?Adk j? ufosotkB ftnesh jh fe;h ;wki ns/ d/P dh gqrsh d/ nXko j[zd/ jB. nZi ;kv d/P ftZu ufoso dk ;zeN j?. d/P d/ Pso{nK B{z d/P dh r[gs rZbK ns/ ojZ;K B{z dZ;Dk, okiBhfse Pesh gqkgs eoe/ nkgD/^nkg B{z, nkgD/ gfotko B{z, nkgD/ ;zpzXhnK B{z ns/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db B{z nkofEe bkG gj[zukT[Dk, T[Zu gd gqkgs eoe/ nB?fse ns/ GoPN nkuoD eoBk, foPts b?Dk, s;eoh eoBk nkfd nfij/ ekoi jB fijV/ d/P dh gqrsh ftZu o[ektN gj[zuk oj/ jB. fJ; soQK toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j BkrfoeK B{z ufosotkB pDkJ/.

5H ;wkitkdh ;wki dh ;EkgBk (Establishment of Socialistic Society)^Gkos dk T[d/P, ;wkitkdh ;wki dh ;EkgBk eoBk j? Gkt nfij/ Gkos dh ;EkgBk eoBh j? fiZE/ ;kohnK ikshnK, gqikshnK, ;zgqdkfJnK d/ b'eK B{z ;ko/ y/soK ftZu ;wkB w"e/ gqkgs j'Dr/, fe;h soQK dh n;wkBsk BjhA j't/rh, ;kfonK B{z Pohoe ns/ nkofEe ;[oZfynk gqkgs j't/rh, ;kfonK B{z ;[yh ihtB pshs eoB d/ ;ko/ w"e/ gqkgs j'Dr/ ns/ ;kfonK B{z ;kohnK Bkrfoe ;[thXktK gqkgs j'DrhnK. fJj ekoi f;ybkJh d/ d[nkok jh j' ;edk j?. ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftneshnK ftZu ;wkitkd dh GktBk B{z ftef;s eoe/ T[; B{z ;EkJh pDkT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gzfvs Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ftZu, “w?A ;wkitkdh oki ftZu ftPtk; eodk jK ns/ ukj[zdk jK fe f;Zfynk dk fJ; T[d/P d/ tZb ftek; ehsk ikt/.”

6H Gktkswe J/esk dk ftek; (To Develop Emotional Integrity)^;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd d/P ftZu nB/eK ;wZf;nktK g?dk j'JhnK jB fiBQK B/ Gkosh ihtB B{z nzd'fbs ehsk j?. fJjBK ;wZf;nktK ftZu fJZe gqw[Zy ;wZf;nk Gktkswe J/esk dh j?. n;hA gqikszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh B{z ngDkfJnk j?. gqikszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh dh ;cbsk d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe d/Ptk;hnK ftZu gko;gfoe gq/w, ;fj:'r, GkJhukok fsnkr ns/ d/P T[Zs/ wo fwND dh GktBk j't/. d[oGkr Bkb nZi d/P ftZu fJ; dh ewh j?. nZi d/P ftZu ikshtkdsk dh GktBk, ;zgqdkfJesk, GkPktkd nkfd e[ZM nfijhnK



gqftoshnK B/ i'o cfVnk j? fe T[jBK Bkb d/P dh J/esk ftZu o[ektN g? ojh j?. fJjBK gqftoXhnK B/ d/P dh nIkdh ns/ gqikszsoh ;cbsk B{z fJZe ipod;s u{D"sh d/ j'Jh j?. fJ; bJh fJjBK gqftoshnK B{z BPN eoe/ okPNo dh oZfynk eoBh j?. fJ; d/ bJh ;kB{z nkgDh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pbeK ftZu Gktkswe J/esk dk ftek; eoBk j't/rk. f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu nfijhnK GktBktK B{z o'eDk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fijVhnK gqEesk ns/ ftxNB B{z T[s;kj d/D ns/ nfij/ ;zt/rK dk fBowkD eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fijVk T[jBK B{z J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBD.

7H nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; (To Develop Inter-Cultured Understanding)^;kvk d/P pj[s ftPkb j?. ;kv/ fJZE/ gqkuhB ekb s'A jh ihtB d/ nkdoPK, w{bK, wkBsktK, gqzgoktK, ohshfotkiK, ykD^gkB, ofjD^;fjD, gfjoktk, GkPk nkfd ftZu pj[s ftfGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB Gkt ;kv/ fJZE/ ftfGzB ;z;feqfse XkoktK gqtkfjs j' ojhnK jB. i/eo e[ZM b'e nkgDh ;z;feqsh B{z T[Zu ;wMD bZrD ns/ d{i/ ;z;feqsh B{z fxoDk Bkb d/yD bZrD sK b'eK ftZu nkg;h t?oGkt ns/ fJoyk g?dk j' iKdh j?, fi; Bkb ftnesh ns/ okPNo d'jK dk jh pj[s nfjs j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb pkbe fJZe^d{i/ dh ;z;feqfse d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ gqsh nkdo ns/ PoXk oZyD.

8H NzsoôkPNoh ;wM dk ftek; (To Develop International Understanding)^nZi ftfrnkB B/ d[Bhnk ftZu pj[s gfotosB ehs/ jB. ftfrnkBe y'iK ns/ frnkB d/ d/PK B{z pj[s B/V/ fbnk fdZsk j?. nZi i/eo d[Bhnk d/ fJZe f;o/ s/ ;fEs fe;h d/P ftZu e'Jh xNBk j[zdh j? sK T[; dk gqGkt d[Bhnk d/ d{i/ fjZ;/ s/ ;fEs j'o d/PK T[Zs/ th g?Adk j?. nZi e'Jh th d/P nkgD/ pb s/ PKsh Bk ;Ekfgs eo ;edk j? ns/ Bk T[Bsh eo ;edk j?. T[; B{z d{i/ d/PK dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMDk j't/rk, T[jBK ftZu o{uh b?Dh j't/rh ns/ T[jBK d/ ;wkXkB ftZu ;zGt sohe s'A ;jkfJsk eoBh j't/rh. fJ; ekoi d/ bJh ;kvh f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fijVh pkbeK ftZu ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh d/ gqsh gq/w dh GktBk g?dk eo ns/ T[jBK B{z d{i/ d/PK dh ;ZfGnsk, ;z;feqsh, Xow ns/ frnkB dh ikDekoh d/D.

i/eo T[go'es T[d/PK d/ nXko s/ Gkosh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Eh ehsh ikt/ sK fBPu/ jh ftnesh ;wki s/ d/P dk Gbk j't/rk ns/ d/P toswkBekb ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoB ftZu ;cb j't/rk. 2H9 f;Zfynk d/ ;XkoD T[d/P (General Aims of Education)

f;Zfynk fJZe rshPhb gqfefonk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P th ;wK ns/ go;fEsh d/ nB[;ko pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB. gzfvs Bfjo{ d/ PpdK ftZu, “f;Zfynk B{z ;zs[fbs wB[Zy dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ B"itkBK B{z ;wki d/ bJh bkGgqd ekoiK B{z eoB ns/ ;w{fje ihtB ftZu Gkr b?D d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ id'A ;wki ftZu fdB^gqshfdB gfotosB j' oj/ j'D sK dZ;Dk w[Pfeb j? fe B"itkBK B{z fe; soQK fsnko ehsk ikt/ ns/ f;Zfynk d/ eh T[d/P j'D” ftfGzB f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK, dkoPfBeK, ftukoeK ns/ ;wki ;[XkoeK d[nkok ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo dhnK io{osK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB T[d/P dZ;/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK ftZu gqw[Zy fJ; soQK jB^ 2H9H1 frnkB gqkgsh dk T[d/P (Knowledge Aims)

e[ZM f;Zfynk^Pk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P frnkB^gqkgs eoBk j?. fJjBK dk efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh d/ fdwkr B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk j? fe fJj nkgDh ;[Gkfte ;hwktK ftZu ;zGt s"o s/ tZX^s'A^tZX frnkB gqkgs eo ;e/. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko frnkB d/ tkX/ Bkb jh ftnesh dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJj nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;[Zy ns/ PKsh gqkgs eodk j?. fJj frnkB d/ bJh frnkB (Knowledge for Knowledge Sake) dk Bkok brkT[Ad/ jB ns/ p"fXe T[Zusk gqkgs eoBk jh g{oD ns/ ;w:e frnkB gqkgs eoBk wzBd/ jB. fJ; T[d/P

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B'N d/ fBowkDdksktK ftZu ;[eoks, gb/N', no;s{, dKs/, ew/fB:; ns/ p/eB nkfd gqw[Zy jB. ;[eoks (Socrates) d/ PpdK ftZu „frnkB Pesh j?‟ (Knowledge is power). no;s{ (Aristotle) d/ nB[;ko frnkB gftsosk j?‟ (Knowledge is Virtue). ;'fc;NK d/ ws ftZu „frnkB gqrsh j?‟ (Knowledge is Progress). fJ; d/ ;woEeK d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgs eoBk ns/ gqkgs ehs/ j'J/ frnkB B{z d{finK sZe gj[zukT[Dk jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j?. ew/fB:; B/ fejk j? fe nkdoP ftfdnkb/ dk gqw[Zy ekoi d{finK B{z frnkB gqdkB eoBk j?. fJ; bJh nfXnkgeK dk eosZt j? fe pkbeK B{z ftfGzB ftfPnK dk tZX^s'A^tZX frnkB d/D. gqkuhB Gkos ftZu th frnkB d/ fJeZsoheoD T[Zs/ pj[s finkdk i'o fdZsk iKdk ;h ns/ nfXnkge d[nkok pkbeK B{z Pb'e nkfd oNkJ/ iKd/ ;B. nZi th gqkuhB Yzr dhnK nfijhnK gkmPkbktK ns/ wesp jB fiZE/ ofje/ frnkB gqkgsh T[Zs/ pb fdZsk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJj frnkB gqkgsh dk ;ze{fus noE j?. ftnkge noE ftZu frnkB gqkgsh dk noE wkBf;e ftek; Gkt fdwkr dh ;wZf;nk PeshnK^ftuko, ebgBk, soe ns/ ;woD nkfd d/ ftek; s'A j?. frnkB B{z fttjkfoe ihtB ftZu gq:'r eoe/ jh ftnesh f;Zfynk dk n;b gq:'r eo ;edk j?. ;[p'X ndktb d/ nB[;ko^“frnkB gqkgsh e/tb nksw;zs[PNh ns/ nkswbkG d/ bJh BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fijVk frnkB fBozso ;wki d/ ;zgoe s'A ndG[s j't/ ns/ d[pkok T[;h d/ bkG d/ bJh T[; dk gq:'r j't/, T[jh n;b frnkB j?.” 2H9H2 ufoso ftek; dk T[d/P (Character Development Aim)

;wkJhb B/ fejk j? fe “ufoso ;z;ko dh gq/oDk PeshnK ftZu ;G s'A tZvh Pesh j?.” ufoso d[nkok wip{s fJZSk Pesh T[sgzB jzdh j?, wB[Zyh r[DK dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ PkPts w{bK dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ ftdtkBK ns/ f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ ufoso ftek; B{z f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzfBnk j?. e[ZM ftdtkBK dk sK fJZE/ sZe efjDk j? fe ufoso ftek; iK B?fse ftek; jh f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A wjkB T[d/P j?. (The Sole aim of education is moral

development). jopoN B/ f;Zfynk ftZu ufoso ftek; iK B?fsesk T[Zs/ pj[s finkdk i'o fdZsk j?. T[; d/ PpdK ftZu, “f;Zfynk d/ ;zg{oD ekoi B{z fJZe jh Ppd ftZu gqrN ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[j Ppd j? B?fsesk.”

ufoso ftek; iK B?fsesk B{z f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzBD tkb/ ftdtkBK dk efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P Pohoe ftek; eoBk iK frnkB gqkgsh eoBk iK nfXnksfwe ftek; eoBk BjhA j? pbfe T[Zsw ufoso dk fBowkD eoBk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ufosotkB ftnesh ;dr[DK dk ftek; eodk j?, nZSk nkuoD eodk j? ns/ T[Zu nkdoPK ns/ f;XKsK d/ nB[;ko ekoi eodk j?. fpBK ufoso d/ wB[Zy dk ftek; BjhA j' ;edk. vkH okXkfeqPBD B/ fejk j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ;ko/ ekoBK ns/ T[; d/ gsB dk fJZewkso ekoB b'eK dh ufoso^jhDsk j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu, “Gkos ;fjs ;ko/ ;z;ko d/ d[yK dk ekoB fJj j? fe f;Zfynk e/tb fdwkr d/ ftek; sZe ;hfws ofj rJh j?. T[; ftZu Xkofwe ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK dk e'Jh ;wkt/P BjhA j?.” fJ; bJh f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdk j? fijVh ftneshnK ftZu ;dftuko g?dk eo ;e/, B?fsesk ns/ ufosoe r[DK B{z g?dk eo ;e/ ns/ T[jBK B{z nkuoDPhb pDk ;e/. NhH o/wKN (T. Raymont) B/ fJ; ftP/ ftZu fbfynk j?, “f;Zfynk dk ;oGT[Zu ekoi tZX s'A tZX Pohoe Pesh tXkT[Dk BjhA, frnkB dh g{oDsk BjhA, GktBk dk gfowkoiB BjhA pbfe wip{s ns/ gftZso ufoso dk fBowkD eoBk j?.”

Gkos ftZu gqkuhBekb s'A jh f;Zfynk ftZu ufoso^fBowkD T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. Gkos dh gqkuhB f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu r[o{ u/b/ B{z wzB, tuB ns/ eow Bkb gftZso ofjD dh f;Zfynk fdzdk ;h, ;w/A dk nB[rwB eoB d/ bJh gq/fos eodk ;h ns/ nkdoPK d/ gqsh fBPmk ns/ PoXk oZyD d/ bJh efjzdk ;h. nkX[fBe ekb ftZu th ;tkwh fdnkBzd, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd, wjKfoPh noftzd, oftzdoBkE N?r'o ns/ wjkswk rKXh nkfd f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ f;Zfynk d/ B?fse ns/ ufoso ftek; d/ T[d/P T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJZe tko rKXh ih s'A fJj g[ZfSnk frnk fe ;[szsosk gqkgs eoB d/ pknd Gkosh f;Zfynk dk eh T[d/P j't/rk. rKXh ih B/ s[ozs T[Zso fdZsk „ufoso fBowkD‟ w? fJ; rZb dk :sB eoKrk fe ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;ZukJh, thosk, ;kj;, fsnkr ns/ nkgD/ nkgB{z G[Zb ikD dh :'rsk d/ Gkt g?dk j't/. rKXh



ih dk ftuko ;h fe fJj ;G rZbK jh ufoso ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. T[jBK dk efjDk ;h fe ;wki d/ w?ApoK dk ufoso fizBk T[Zuk j't/rk T[j ;wki T[Bk jh T[Zu ns/ B?fse o{g s'A PeshPkbh j't/rk. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd B/ ufoso ns/ B?fsesk d/ wjZst B{z dZ;d/ j'J/ fejk j?, “i/eo s[;hA nkgD/ ;[zdo ftukoK dk ;zrqfj eoe/ T[jBK B{z nkgD/ ihtB ns/ ufoso dk nXko pDkfJnk j? sK s[jkv/ e'b T[jBK ;ko/ b'eK s'A tZX f;Zfynk j? fijBK B/ ;zg{oD g[;sekb/ B{z jh oN e/ nksw;ks eo fbnk j?.”

B'N

Nk;e f;Zfynk d/ T[d/Pk d/ fBoXkoe sZsK T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

2H9H3 Pohoe ftek; dk T[d/P (Physical Development Aim)

;[ywJh ihtB d/ bJh f;jswzd Poho pj[s io{oh j?. j'b (Hall) d/ PpdK ftZu, “nkgDh f;js dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. T[; dh ntj/bDk eoB dk s[jkB{z e'Jh nfXeko BjhA j?, feT[Afe nfijk eoe/ s[;hA nkgD/ ns/ d{finK d/ bJh Gko pD iKd/ j'.” f;jswzd Poho d/ wjZst B{z d/yd/ j'J/ jh pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBK ns/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B/ f;Zfynk ftZu Pohoe ftek; d/ T[d/P B{z wjZst fdZsk j?. f;Zfynk d/ Pohoe ftek; d/ T[d/P d/ ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk fJ; soQK dh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fijVh pbeK B{z f;jswzd, foPN^g[PN ns/ pbtkB pDkJ/. f;Zfynk fJ; soQK dk tksktoD gqdkB eo/ fi; ftZu pkbeK dh B?;frqe PeshnK dk ftek; j't/ ns/ T[jBK d/ ftfGzB Pohoe nzrK B{z ;[Gkfte o{g s'A ftef;s eoB j'D dk w"ek fwb/. fJ; d/ bJh y/ve[Zd, e;os nkfd dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. pkbeK B{z Poho oZfynk ns/ f;j d/ fB:wK s'A ikD{ eokfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ftfGzB o'rK s'A puD d/ T[gkfJnK dk frnkB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

Gkos dh gqkuhB f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu pkbeK d/ Pohoe ftek; T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk iKdk ;h. fJ; d/ bJh ;ziw ns/ pqjwkukoh ofjD ns/ fB:fws ihtB ihT[D d/ bJh fejk iKdk ;h. ;gkoNk ftZu sK f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P Pohoe ftek; jh ;h. gb/N' (Plato) B/ nkgDh f;Zfynk :'iBk ftZu Pohoe f;Zfynk B{z gqw[Zy ;EkB gqdkB ehsk j?. o{;' (Russoe) dk jh efjDk ;h fe pkbe d/ bJh nkozG s'A jh y/vê[Zd ns/ e;so dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[; dhnK Pohoe PeshnK dk ftek; j't/ ns/ g{oh soQK Bkb f;jswzd j' ikt/. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu g/;Nkb'ih, c'op/b, jopoN ;g/A;o, wKN/;oh ns/ wjkswk rKXh nkfd dkoPfBeK ns/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B/ th pkbe d/ Pohoe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. o?pb B/ sK fJZE/ sZe fejk j? fe “f;js d/ fpBK ihtB, ihtB BjhA j?. fJj e/tb ;c{oshjhDsk ns/ t/dBk dh dPk j?, w"s dk gqsho{g j?.” fJ; s'A fJbktk gqkuhB ekb s'A nZi sZe f;Zfynk ftZu pkbe d/ Pohoe ftek; B{z wjZst fdZsk frnk j?. 2H9H4 nfXnksfwe ftek; dk T[d/P (Spiritual Development Aim)

nkdoPtkdhnK B/ nfXnksfwe ftek; B{z f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy T[d/P dZf;nk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh d/ ihtB ftZu G"fse iK ;z;kfoe ;[Zy dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA j?. ftnesh dk uow Nhuk ;z;kfoe wkfJnk^w'j B{z SZv e/ gow ;Zsk ftZu nksw^;kePkseko eoBk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk f;Zfynk dk ekoi ftnesh dk nfXnksfwe ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb T[j ;z;kfoe MzMNK s'A d{o ofj e/ nkswnB[G{sh iK nksw^;kePkseko eo ;e/. fJ; T[d/P B{z ftP/ ftZu vkH okXkfeqPDB dk efjDk j?, “f;Zfynk dk T[d/P Bk sK okPNoh e[Pbsk j? ns/ Bk nzsoôkPNoh J/esk, pbfe ftnesh B{z fJj nB[Gt eoBk j? fe T[; ftZu p[ZXh s'A tZX e/ th e'Jh uhi j?, fi; B{z i/eo s[;hA ukj' sK nkswk efj ;ed/ j'.” Gkos ftZu sK gqkuhB ekb s'A jh f;Zfynk dk fJj T[d/P fojk j?. gb/N' (Plato) ns/ no;s{ (Aristotle) B/ th fJ;h f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy T[d/P wzfBnk ;h. nZi d/ G"fsetkdh :[Zr ftZu fJ; dk wjZst xZN j' frnk j? gozs{ fco th eJh dkoPfBe ns/ ftukoe jB fijV/ fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P wzBd/ jB.



B'N 2H9H5 ;z;feqfse ftek; dk T[d/P (Cultural Development Aim)

eJh ftukoeK ns/ f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ ;z;feqfse ftek; B{z f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy T[d/P dZf;nk j?. ;z;feqfse T[d/P dk noE ;z;feqs d/ ;zoePD ns/ gq;ko s'A j?. ;z;feqs d/ nzsors T[j ;G ;wkfie ftok;s (Social Heritage) nkT[Adh j? fijVh fJZe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh B{z j;sKsfos j[zdh ofjzdh j?. ;dob?Av ns/ p[vtoE d/ PpdK ftZu, “;z;fes d/ nzsors T[j ;kohnK rZbK nk iKdhnK jB fijVhnK fJZe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh B{z j;sKsfos ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. fe;h iB;w{j dk frnkB, ftPtk;, ebk, nkuko, fB:w iK ekB{zB ns/ ftukoK d/ ndkB^gqdkB dk Yzr jh T[; dh ;z;fes j?.” ;z;feqs dk noE pj[s ftnkge j?. fJ; dk ;zpzX wB[Zyh ihtB d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK gZyK s'A j?. NkfJbo B/ ;z;fes B{z gfoGkfPs eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?, “;z;feqs T[j ifNb ;wZf;nk j? fi; ftZu frnkB, ftPtk;, ebk, G"fse, fB:w, ohsh^fotki, ns/ fJ; soQK dhnK j'o ;woZEktK ns/ nkdsK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB fijBK B{z ;wki dk w?Apo j'D d/ Bks/ gqkgs eodk j?.”

fJ; soQK fJ; T[d/P d/ ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy ekoi ;wkfie ftok;s d/ o{g ftZu fwbh j'Jh ;z;feqsh dk ;zoePD ns/ T[; B{z fJZe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh B{z j;sKsfos eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fijVh ftnesh B{z ;ZfGn, fPPN ns/ ;[;z;feqs pDkJ/ ns/ T[; ftZu ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse ns/ ebkswe r[DK dk ftek; eo/. f;Zfynk d/ ;zz;feqfse T[d/PK T[s/ gqekP gkT[Ad/ j'J/ UNkt/ (Ottaway) efjzd/ jB, “f;Zfynk dk ekoi ;wki d/ ;z;feqfse w{bK ns/ fttjko gqshwkBK B{z nkgD/ :{te ns/ PeshPkbh w?ApoK B{z gqdkB eoBk j?.” rKXh ih (Gandhi ji) B/ th fJ; T[d/P B{z wjZst gqdkB eod/ j'J/ fejk ;h fe “;z;feqafs jh wB[Zyh ihtB dh nXkoPhbk ns/ w[Zy t;s{ j?.” 2H9H6 g{oD ihtB dk T[d/P (Complete Living Aim)

g{oD ihtB d/ T[d/P d/ fBowksk gqf;ZX f;Zfynk Pk;soh jopoN ;g/A;o (Harbert Spencer) jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ihtB d/ ;ko/ nzrK dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? Gkt f;Zfynk fJ; soQK dh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fijVh ftnesh d/ ;ko/ nzrK dk ;w{fus ftek; eoe/ T[; B{z g{oDsk d/ tZb b? ikt/. fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk ftnesh dk ;oGgZyh ftek; eodh j? ns/ T[; B{z jo go;fEsh ftZu ekoi eoB d/ bJh fsnko eodk j?. fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk s'A ftnesh nkgDh Gkth ihtB d/ bJh fsnko j[zdk j? ns/ fJj ikBD ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j? fe T[jBK d/ nkgD/ gqsh, nk;^gV'; d/ gqsh, ;wki d/ gqsh ns/ okPNo d/ gqsh eh eosZt jB. jopoN ;g/A;o (Harbert Spencer) d/ nB[;ko, “f;Zfynk B{z ;kB{z g{oD ihtB d/ fB:wK ns/ Yzr s'A ikD^gfjukD eokT[Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk dk nfs wjZstg{oD ekoi ;kB{z ihtB d/ bJh fJ; soQK fsnko eoBk j? fe n;hA T[fus Yzr s'A eo ;ehJ/ ns/ Pohe, fdwkr ns/ nkswk dk ;dT[g:'r eo ;ehJ/.”

;g/A;o (Spencer) B/ fejk j? fe ;kB{z e/tb G"fse noE ftZu jh BjhA pbfe ftnkge o{g ftZu ihtB phskT[Dk j?. fJ; bJh ;XkoD ;wZf;nk j? fe ;G go;fEshnK ns/ ;G fefonktK ftZu nkuoD T[Zs/ T[fus fB:zsoD oZfynk ikt/. ;g/A;o dh f;Zfynk ;kohnK go;fEshnK ftZu ihtB dhnK ;kohnK fefonktK B{z ;cbskg{oD Yzr d[nko eoB d/ bJh g{oh soQK Bkb fsnko eodh j?. ;g/A;o (Spencer) B/ ihtB dhnK ;kohnK fefonktK B{z gzi GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j? ns/ fJjBK jh fefonktK d/ nB[;ko gkm^ftfPnK dk fBoXkoD ehsk j?. fJj fefonktK ns/ gkm^ftPk j/m nB[;ko jB^

fefonktK (Activities) Gkm^ftPk (Subjects of Study)

1H nkswôZfynk dhnK fefonktK^ Poho ftfrnkB (Physiology)

2H ihtB B{z gqo'y o{g s'A ;[oZfyns oZyD

dhnK fefonktK

f;js ftfrnkB (Hygiene), GkPk (Language), rfDs (Maths)



3H ;zskB dh oZfynk ;zpzXh fefonktK pkb wB'ftfrnkB (Child Psychology),

rqfj ftfrnkB (Domestic Science),

fJfsjk; (History)

4H ;wki oZfynk ;zpzXh^ okiBhsh (Politics), ;wkiPk;so (Sociology) ebk (Art), eftsk (Poetry), ;kfjs (Literature), ;zrhs (Music)

;g/A;o (Spencer) B/ fJjBK fefonktK dk fi; eqw Bkb T[b/y ehsk j? T[;h eqw Bkb ihtB ftZu T[jBK dk wjZst th dZf;nk j?. Gkt ftnesh B{z ;G s'A gfjbK nkswoZfynk dh fefonk ftZu ;woZE j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fco ihftek T[sgkdB ftZu, fco tzP tkXk ns/ fPP{ oZfynk ftZu, fco ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ekoiK ftZu ns/ fco S[ZNh ekb dhnK fefonktK ftZu ;woZE j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK ;g/A;o B/ ;kfjs ns/ ebk dh ng/fynk Poho ftfrnkB ns/ gdkoE ftfrnkB T[Zs/ finkdk i'o fdZsk j?. 2H9H7 ;wftek; dk T[d/P (Harmonious Development Aim)

;wftek; dk noE ftnesh dh Pohoe, wkBf;e, ebkswe, ;zt/rkswe ns/ B?fse PeshnK dk ftek; j?. g/;Nkb'ih, o{;' nkfd dkoPfBeK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ;wftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt f;Zfynk d[nkok ftnesh dh Pohoe, wkBf;e, ebkswe, ;zt/rkswe ns/ B?fse PeshnK dk ;wkB o{g s'A ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;wftek; dk T[d/P wB'ftfrnkBe sZEK T[Zs/ nXkfos j?. jo/e ftnesh e[ZM w{b gqftoshnK B{z b? e/ iBw b?Adk j?. fJjBK w{b gqftoshnK dk ;wftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j? sK jh ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ;zs[fbs ftek; j' ;edk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek fJ; Yzr Bkb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fe ftnesh dk e/tb Pohoe iK wkBf;e iK fefonkswe ftek; jh Bk j't/ pbfe T[; dhnK ;kohnK PeshnK dk ;wkB o{g s'A ftek; j't/. g/;Nkb'ih (Pestalozzi) d/ PpdK ftZu, “f;Zfynk ftnesh dhnK iBwiks PeshnK dk ;zs[fbs ns/ gqrshPhb ftek; j?.”

Ftnefsst B{z gqGktPkbh pDkT[D d/ bJh ftnesh dk Pohoe o{g s'A f;jswzd j'Dk, wkBf;e o{g s'A p"fXe j'Dk, nfXnksfwe ns/ Xkofwe o{g s'A B?fse ns/ ufosotkB j'Dk, Gktkswe o{g s'A ;zt/rkswe, fdqPNh s'A ;fEo (Emotionaly stable) j'Dk ns/ ebkswe o{g s'A nGho{uh ;zgzB j'Dk io{oh j?. fe;h fJZe Pesh dh ewh ftZu th ftnefsst dk ;zs[bB fprV ikJ/rk ns/ T[; dk ;wftek; BjhA j' ;e/rk. rKXh ih (Gandhi ji) B/ Poho, tkXk ns/ nkswk fszBK d/ ;zs[fbs ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j? fe, “Pohoe, p[ZXh ns/ nksw fszBK dk ;wzi; ;fwPoDg{oD ftek; ftnesh d/ fBowkD d/ bJh io{oh j?, ns/ fJj f;Zfynk dh ;Zuh Pesh dk nXko j?.” 2H9H8 ihftek T[sgkdB dk T[d/P (Vocational Aim)

„ihftek T[sgkdB‟ f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD T[d/P j?. fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoe T[d/P th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; T[d/P d/ nB[;ko jo/e ftnesh B{z fJ; soQK f;Zfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fi; T[j e'Jh Bk e'Jh eko'pko ngBk e/ nkgDh ihftek T[sgkdB eo ;e/. fJ; T[d/P B{z ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh d/ ihtB ftZu nkihftek ewkT[D dh ;wZf;nk ;G s'A tZX w[Pfeb, ;G s'A tZX rzGho ns/ ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD j[zdh j?. T[; B{z jZb eoB d/ bJh T[j f;Zfynk gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe fijVh ftnesh B{z nkgD/ g?oK T[Zs/ yVk eoe/ Gkt f;Zfynk d[nkok fe;h eko'pko B{z f;Zy e/ T[j nkgDk ns/ nkgD/ nkPfosK dk gkbD g'PD eo ;e/. vkH ikfeo j[;?B B/ ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j?, “oki dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P j't/rk fe T[j nkgD/ BkrfoeK B{z ihftek T[sgkdB ;zpzXh ;wki d/ fe;h fBPfus ekoi d/ bJh f;Zfyns eo/.”

nZi d/ G"fsetkdh :[Zr ftZu nkofEe T[Bsh B{z jh ftP/P wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?. jo uhI dk

B'N



B'N wkgdzv XzB B{z wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh nZi b'eK d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDhnK w{bG{s io{osK B{z g{ok eoB dh ;wZf;nk j?. i/eo f;Zfynk fJjBK B{z g{ok eoB ftZu n;woZE j? sK T[; dk T[d/P g{ok BjhA j[zdk. nZi b'eK dh fJj XkoDk j? fe fijVh pkbeK B{z fe;h eko'pko d/ bJh fsnko BjhA eodh, Tj ftnoE j?. rKXh ih B/ f;Zfynk d/ fJ; T[d/P dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fejk j?, “;Zuh f;Zfynk d/ d[nko pkbeK B{z p/o[Irkoh s'A fJ; soQK dh ; [oZfynk fwbDh ukjhdh j?.” rKXh ih dk efjDk ;h fe ;kvh f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi;B{z gqkgs eoe/ ftnesh fe;h^Bk^fe;h ekoi B{z eo ;e/, T[; ftZu eko'pkoe e[Pbsk nk ;e/ ns/ T[j p/o[Irko Bk oj/. nZi ;ko/ wksk^fgsk nkgD/ pkbeK B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu fJ; bJh G/id/ jB fe f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ T[j fe;h B"eoh ftZu nk ikD iK fe;h eko'pko B{z ngBk b? fi; Bkb T[j nkgDk gkbD^g'PD eo ;eD. fJ; d/ wjZst d/ ftP/ ftZu jkoNP'oB fbyd/ jB fe “eko'pkoe f;Zfynk iK ihftek T[sgkdB dh f;Zfynk ;G s'A tZX gqGktPkbh f;Zfynk j?. fJ; dh ewh ftZu T[j b'e ihtB Go ePN G'rd/ jB fijV e/tb ftfdnkb jh iKd/ jB.”

ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P d/ gZy ftZu soe (Arguments for the Vocational Aim)

1H fe;h eko'pko dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ ftnesh nkgD/ g?oK T[Zs/ yVk j' iKdk j? ns/ d{finK d/ nXhB BjhA ofjzdk. T[; d/ nksw^fBoGo j'D Bkb T[; dk ns/ ;wki dk d'jK dk bkG j[zdk j?.

2H ihftek T[sgkdB dk T[d/P ftnesh dhnK w{bG{s io{osK dh g{osh eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoe/ T[; B{z nDT[fus ns/ ;wki fto'Xh ekoi eoB s'A pukT[Dk j?. v:{Jh (Dewey) B/ fejk j?, “i/eo fJZe ftnesh nkgDh ihftek BjhA ewk ;edk sK fJj rzGho G?n j? fe T[j nkgD/ ufoso dk gsB eo/ ns/ d{finK B{z jkBh gj[zukJ/.”

3H f;Zfynk d/ fJ; T[d/P s'A p/o[Irkoh dh ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB j[zdk j?.

4H ihftek T[sgkdB dk T[d/P ftnesh B{z fJZe eko'pko d/ bJh fsnko eoe/ T[; B{z fBokP ns/ NhukjhD j'D s'A pukT[Dk j?.

5H eko'pkoe T[d/P d[nkok fdZsh rJh f;Zfynk d[nkok jh ;wki ns/ okPNo d/ ;w/A, XzB ns/ Pesh dk tZX s'A tZX T[g:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

6H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk pkbeK dhnK o{uhnK B{z nkeofPs eoe/ ns/ T[jBK dhnK :'rsktK B{z ftef;s eoe/ T[jBK B{z ;wkfie e[Pbsk d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?.

7H f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoe T[d/P ;wki ns/ okPNo dh nkofEe T[Bsh ns/ ;wfoXh ftZu pj[s ;jkfJe j[zdk j?.

ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P ftZu ftgZy ftZu soe (Arguments Against the Vocational

Aim)

1H ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P Bkb ftnesh B{z G"fse ;[Zy sK fwb ;edk j? gozs{ n;b ;[Zy ns/ nksfwe PKsh BjhA fwb ;edh.

2H f;Zfynk dk fJj T[d/P ng{oD ns/ ;e{fus j? feT[Afe fJj e/tb Pohoe io{osK dh g{osh eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?.

3H fJ; T[d/P Bkb ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; BjhA j' ;edk feT[Afe fJ; ftZu ftnesh d/ p"fXe, ;zt/rkswe ns/ ;wkfie ftek; T[Zs/ pb BjhA fdZsk iKdk.

4H fJ; T[d/P Bkb ftnesh nkgD/ ihtB dk fJZewkso T[d/P e/tb XzB gqkgs eoBk jh pDk b?Adk j? ns/ fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[j B?fse ns/ nB?fse, T[fus ns/ nDT[fus jo soQK d/ ekoi eodk j?. u'oh, p/JhwkBh, M{m, ekbkpikoh nkfd eoB ftZu T[; B{z e'Jh fjue BjhA j[zdh.

5H fJ; T[d/P Bkb ftneshnK ftZu go;go fJoyk, dt/P ns/ gqsh;goXk dhnK GktBktK j' iKdhnK jB fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu nokiesk dh ;fEsh T[sgzB j' ;edh j?. gb/N'



(Plato) d/ PpdK ftZu, “T[j f;Zfynk nDT[dko j? fi; dk T[d/P p[ZXh ns/ fBnk d/ tZb fXnkB Bk d/ e/ e/tb XzB iK Pohoe pb dh gqkgsh j?.”

6H ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P Bkb ftnesh dk ihtB Bho; ns/ rshjhD j' iKdk j?. ;zrhs, ebk, ekft ns/ ;kfjs ftZu T[; dh o{uh BjhA ofjzdh.

7H Ihftek T[sgkdB B{z f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzB b?D Bkb f;Zfynk nkgD/^nkg ;kXe Bk j' e/ ;kXB pD iKdh j? ns/ f;Zfynk B{z ;kXB wzB b?Dk f;Zfynk d/ wjZst B{z ysw eoBk j?.

ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy d/ soeK d/ nXko s/ Bshi/ o{g s'A fejk ik ;edk j? fe e/tb ihftek T[sgkdB B{z jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk feT[Afe ihftek T[sgkdB d/ fJbktk ihtB d/ j'o th eJh wjZstg{oD T[d/P ns/ nkdoP jB. phH vhH GkNhnk d/ PpdK ftZu, “e'ok eko'pkoe f;ybkJh ihtB d/ gqsh ftnesh d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z io{oh o{g s'A ;ze{fus pDk fdzdk j?. fJj T[d/P ftnesh B{z fJZe uzrk :zsfoe, uzrk fufes;e, uzrk n?vt'e/N, uzrk ekohro, uzrk fpibh dk w?e/fBe pDk ;edk j?, gozs{ fJj io{oh BjhA fe T[j uzrk nkdwh th pDk d/t/.”

fJ; soQK ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/P B{z f;Zfynk dk fJZewkso T[d/P BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu f;Zfynk ftZu fJ; d/ wjZst B{z fJzeko th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh ;g/A;o fog'oN dk fJj eEB g{oDsk ;Zu gqshs j[zdk j? fe “eko'pko d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ;kvh f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD nzr j?.” ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H ftnesh d/ ufoso dk f;ZXk gqGkt ;wki ns/ okPNo T[Zs/ g?Adk j?. 8H ;kvh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse Gktbk dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk

j?. 9H ;wkJhb B/ fejk j? fe, “ufoso ;z;ko dh gq/oDk PeshnK ftZu ;G s'A tZvh Pesh j?.” 10H f;Zfynk Pesh dh iBwiks PeshnK dk n;[Gkfte n;zs[fbs ns/ gqrshPhb ftek; j?.

2H10 f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P (Individual Aim of Education)

f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P dk noE j? fe f;Zfynk d[nkok ftneshrs PeshnK, :'rsktK ns/ ;woZEktK dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; T[d/P d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fJ; soQK j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb ftnesh d/ iBwiks r[DK dk ftneshrs ftek; j' ;e/ ns/ T[; ftZu fJjBK r[DK d/ gq:'r eoB dh ;woZEk g?dk j' ;e/. fJj T[d/P w{b o{g s'A ftnesh dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk ukj[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk B{z nfijk tksktoD g/P eoBk ukjhdk fi; ftZu ftnesh nkgDhnK :'rsktK dk ;[szso ftek; eo ;e/ ns/ nkgD/ ihtB B{z finkdk ;cb ns/ ;w[Bzs pDk ;e/. f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P ftnesh dh ftneshrs fGzBsktK T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?. fJ; T[d/P d/ ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh B{z nkgDhnK :'rsktK, ;woZEktK, o{uhnK, nGho{uhnK ns/ io{osK d/ nB[;ko ftek; eoB dh g{oD ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. wksk^fgsk, nfXnkge, ;wki ns/ oki B{z T[jBK d/ ;[Gkfte ftek; ftZu o[ektN BjhA eoBh ukjhdh pbfe f;Zfynk dh :'iBk fJ; soQK Bkb pDkT[Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb T[; d/ r[DK dk ;[Gkfte ftek; j' ;e/. fi; ftnesh dh o{uh ebk ns/ ;zrhs ftZu j?, T[; B{z nfijh jh f;Zfynk fwbDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[;dhnK :'rsktK gBg ;eD ns/ T[j nkgD/ y/so ftZu fBg[zB j' ikt/. nfijh ftnesh B{z fJzihBhno pDkT[Dk, vkeNo pDkT[Dk iK eboe pDkT[Dk T[; d/ gqsh nfBnk eoBk j?. fJ; soQK dk T[d/P nfijk tksktoD g/P eoBk j? fi; ftZu ftnesh nkgDh gqftosh d/ nB[;ko nkgDhnK :'rsktK ns/ PeshnK dk g{oD ftek; eo ;e/.

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P e'Jh BtK BjhA j?. fJ; T[Zs/ gqkuhB ekb s'A b? e/ nZi sZe fe;h^Bk^fe;h o{g s'A ftuko j[zdk nkfJnk j?. gqkuhB ekb ftZu rqh;, Gkos ns/ j'o gZSwh d/PK ftZu fJ; T[d/P T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk ;h ns/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; B{z f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD ekoi wzfBnk frnk ;h. nkX[fBe ekb ftZu id'A s'A wB'ftfrnkB B{z f;Zfynk ftZu gqw[Zy ;EkB fwfbnk j? T[; ;w/A s'A fJ; T[d/P T[Zs/ j'o th finkdk pb fdZsk ikD bZrk j?. toswkB :[Zr ftZu o{;', g/;Nkb'ih, co'fpb, NhH ghH BB (T. P. Nunn) nkfd dkoPfBeK ns/ f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ fJ; T[d/P B{z pj[s finkdk wjZst fdZsk j?. fJjBK dkoPfBeK B/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk j? ns/ fejk j? fe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ftnesh d/ nB[;ko j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gqf;ZX f;ZfynkPk;sohnK o{;' dk efjDk ;h fe pkbe B{z nfijh go;fEsh ns/ tksktoD ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j? fi; ftZu T[; d/ ftnefsst dk ;[Gkfte ftek; j' ;e/. g/;Nkb'ih (Pestalozzi) B/ pkbe dhnK ;kohnK B?;rfoe PeshnK d/ g{oD ns/ fto'XjhD ftek; T[Zs/ pb fdZsk. E'w;B (Thomson) B/ fejk fe f;Zfynk ftnesh d/ bJh j[zdh j? ns/ T[; dk ekoi ftnesh B{z ihfts ofjD ns/ ;zg{oD ihtB pshs eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dk j?. poNo/Av o;b (Bertrand Russel) d/ nB[;ko ftnesh dh f;Zfynk Bkrfoe dh f;Zfynk s'A ehs/ tZX T[Zsw ns/ ;o/PM j?. f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P dk ;woEB eoB tkb/ ftdtkBK ftZu NhH ghH BB (T. P. Nunn) dk ;EkB ;G s'A wjZstg{oD j?. T[jBK B/ ftneshrs T[d/P B{z wjZst gqdkB eod/ j'J/ fejk j?, “f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh d/ bJh nfijhnK go;fEshnK g/P ehsh ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB fiBQK d/ nB[;ko ftneshrssk dkd g{oD ftek; j' ;e/ ns/ ftnesh wB[Zyh ihtB B{z ngBk w"fbe :'rdkB d/ ;e/.”

fJ; T[d/P d/ ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe gfotko, ftfdnkb/, ;wki ns/ okPNo nkfd ;ko/ ftnesh d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB jB. fJjBk ;kohnK ;z;EktK dk T[d/P ftnesh dh ftneshrssk dk ftek; eoBk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk T[d/P th nfijk tksktoD g/P eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; ftZu ofj e/ pkbe nkgD/ ftnefsst dk fBowkD eo ;e/. o'; B/ f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P dk noE ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?, “f;Zfynk ftZu ftneshrs T[d/P dk i' noE n;hA ;theko eod/ jK, T[j fJjh j? fe w{btkB ftnefsst ns/ nfXnksfwe ftneshrssk dk ftek; j't/.” :{eo/B B/ th f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P dk ;woEB ehsk j?, gozs{ T[; B/ ftneshrssk B{z i?fte noE Bk d/ e/ nfXnksfwe noE fdZsk j?. T[; d/ PPdK ftZu, “;kv/ ihtB dk w[Zy ekoi nkgD/ ;Zu/ ;o{g B{z ftef;s eoBk ns/ ftnefsst ns/ nfXnksfwe d/ gfotoXB ftZu fJ; ;o{g B{z fBykoBk j[zdk j?. jo/e ftnesh d/ ;kjwD/ ;ZukJhg{oD ftnefsst ns/ nfXnksfwe ftnefsst d/ fBowkD dk ekoi ihtB Go j[zdk j?.” o'; B/ :{eo/B d/ fJ; ws dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe ihtB dh soQK f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnefsst dk fBy/V j?.

ftneshtkdhnK dk efjDk j? fe fJ; wB[Zyh ;wki ftZu i' ftuko ns/ t;s{nK jB T[j ;G ftnesh dh T[gi jB ftnesh B/ T[jBK dk fBowkD ehsk j?, fJ; bJh ftnesh B{z f;Zfyns ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, T[;dhnK :'rsktK ns/ ;woZEktK B{z gBgB d/ Gog{o w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, sK jh T[j ;o/Pm t;s{ ;wki B{z d/ ;e/rk. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ;wki dk ftek; th ftnesh d/ ftek; T[Zs/ fBoXkos j?. i/eo ftnesh ftek; eodk j? sK g{o/ ;wki B{z bkG j[zdk j? ns/ ;wki dk th ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ftneshrs T[d/P d/ gZy ftZu soe (Arguments for Individual Aim)

1H iht ftfrnkB d/ nB[;ko jo ftnesh dk nkgDk fBist j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ ekoB T[j d{finK s'A nbZr j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok T[; d/ fBist B{z pDkJ/ oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

2H nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu wB'ftfrnkB B/ fJj f;ZX eo fdZsk j? fe ftfGzB pkbeK ftZu e/tb, ozr, tiB, T[ukJh nkfd ftZu jh fGzBsk BjhA j[zdh pbfe T[jBK dh p[ZXh, ;zt/rK nkfd ftZu th nzdo gkfJnk iKkd j?. fJ; bJh jo/e pkbe B{z T[; dh p[ZXh, ;zt/rK nkfd d/ nB[;ko jh f;Zfynk fwbDh ukjhdh j?.



3H ;wki dh T[Bsh ftnesh dh T[Bsh T[Zs/ fBoGo j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok ftnesh B{z T[Bsh Gkt T[;d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?l sK jh ;wki dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; ;zGt j?.

4H fJfsjk; fJ; rZb dk rtkj j? fe id'Aîd'A ftnesh dh ;[szsosk dk dwB ehsk frnk sd^sd ftnesh B/ ftdo'j ehsk. fJ; bJh ftnesh dh ;[szsosk dk dwB BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk pbfe T[; B{z nGhftnesh d/ g{oD w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

5H ftnesh d/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; T[Zs/ jh ;wki dk ;z;feqfse T[EkB fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh ftnesh dk ftek; eoBk jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;[p'X ndktb d/ PpdK ftZu, “;w{fje f;Zfynk d/ ekoB gsk BjhA fezB/ eth ns/ ebkeko nkgDh nkozGe nt;Ek ftZu jh e[zfms iK BPN j' iKd/ jB. pkbe dk fBist jh T[; dk ihtB j? ns/ i/eo T[jh BPN j' frnk sK T[; dk ;zg{oD ihtB e/tb :zso ;jko/ ofj iKdk j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok pkbe d/ nzdo{Bh r[DK d/ ftek; s/ jh ;wki dk ;z;feqfse T[EkB fBoGo eodk j?.”

6H gqikszso ftZu ftnesh dk wjZst j[zdk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgDk ;[szso ftek; eoB dk w"ek gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H i/eo pkbe d/ ;[szso ftek; d/ bJh T[; B{z w"e/ Bk fdZs/ ikD sK T[; ftZu eJh wkBf;e rozEhnK pD iKdhnK jB, jhDsk dh GktBk g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ T[; dk fttjko n;wkfie pD iKdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d[nkok pkbe B{z ;[szso ftek; d/ w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

fJzrb?Av d/ f;Zfynk p'ov B/ ftneshrs T[d/P B{z wjZst gqdkB eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “jo soQK d/ ftfdnkb/ T[; ;hwk sZe nkgDk T[fus T[d/P g{oD eod/ jB fi; ;hwk sZe T[j ftneshrssk dh ;[szso nGhtfoXh d/ bJh w"ek gqdkB eod/ jB ns/ jo/e pkbe s/ pkfbek B{z ;wkfie ihtB d[nkok tZX^s'A^tZX wksok ftZu ftneshrs ftek; eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzd/ jB.” NhH ghH BB (T. P. Nunn) B/ ftneshrssk B{z ihtB dk nkdoP dZ;d/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “ftneshrssk ihtB dk nkdoP j?. f;Zfynk dh fe;h th :'iBk dk wjZst T[; T[Zusw ftneshrs ;o/Pmsk dk ftek; eoB dh ;cbsk s'A iKfunk ikDk ukjhdk j?.” ftneshrs T[d/P d/ ftgZy ftZu soe (Arguments Against Individual Aim)

1H f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB Bkb ftnesh dk wjZst tZX ikJ/rk ns/ ;wki dk wjZst xZN ikt/rk. ftnesh B{z ;wki s'A tZX wjZst d/Dk ;wki d/ bJh nfjseo j? feT[Afe fJ; Bkb ftnesh ftZu njzeko dh GktBk g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ T[; B{z ;wki fto'Xh ekoi eoB ftZu e'Jh ;ze'u BjhA j[zdk. nfijh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ T[j fjNbo, w[;'fbBh ns/ :kfjnk yK pD ;edk j?.

2H wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. ;wki ftZu ofje/ jh T[j nkgDh gkPfte gqftoshnK s'A T[Zuk T[Zmdk ns/ nkgDk ftek; eodk j? fit/A fe p/nov (Baird) B/ fejk j? fe “wB[Zy ;wkfie ihtB B{z nkgDk ;wogD eoe/ jh nkgDh Pohoe gqftoxh s'A T[Zuk T[Zmdk j?.” fJ; bJh ;wkfie ftek; d/ fpBK e/tb ftneshrs ftek; dh rZb ;'uDk ftnoE j?.”

3H ftneshrs T[d/P d/ ;woEe tksktoD dh T[g/fynk eod/ jB id'A fe ;ZukJh fJj j? fe ftnesh d/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; ftZu tksktoD dk ftP/P wjZst j?. b?Afv; ns/ b?Afv; (Landis and Landis) d/ nB[;ko, “tzP gozgok wB[Zy d/ gP{ dh ftnkfynk eodh j? ns/ tksktoD wB[Zy d/ wkBt o{g dh.” ;wkfie tksktoD dh T[g/fynk eoe/ pkbe d/ ftek; dh rZb BjhA ;'uh ik ;edh. o'; (Ross) B/ mhe jh fejk j?, “;wkfie tksktoD s'A nbZr ftneshrssk dk e'Jh w{b BjhA j? ns/ ftnefsst noEjhD Ppd j?, feT[Afe fJ;h B/ fJjBK B{z ftef;s ns/ e[Pb pDkfJnk j?.”

B'N



B'N 4H ftneshrs T[d/P pkbe d/ ftek; d/ bJh g{oD ;[szsosk dh rZb eodk j? gozs{ g{oD ;[szsosk d/D T[Zs/ pkbe wzBwkBh eo ;edk j? ns/ fJS[Ze ns/ T[Sfozyb pD ;edk j? ns/ ;wki fto'Xh ekoiK ftZu gqtfos j' ;edk j?.

5H ftneshrs T[d/P d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/D Bkb pkbe ftZu ;wkfiesk dh GktBk dk b'g j' iKdk j?. T[j ;tkoEh j' iKdk j?. nkgDk fjs jh T[; d/ bJh tZX wjZstg{oD j[zdk j? ns/ T[j ;wki fjs d/ tZb e'Jh fXnkB BjhA fdzdk.

6H fJ; T[d/P Bkb ;Zu, gq/w, fdnk, fJwkBdkoh, eosZtfBPmk nkfd B?fse r[DK dh T[g/fynk j[zdh j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu ftnesh nkgD/ fjs d/ bJh ns/ nkgD/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ bJh ekoios ofjzdk j?.

7H fJj T[d/P ;wkitkd dk d[PwD j?, feT[Afe T[j ftneshtkd dk x'o ;woEe j? ns/ ftnesh d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;G soQK dh ;[szsosk d/D ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?.

8H f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P nfttjkfoe j?. f;XKs o{g ftZu T[; B{z Gkt/A jh mhe wzB fbnk ikt/ gozs{ T[; B{z n;b ihtB ftZu ngBkT[D ftZu w[PfebK jB. ftneshrs ftfGzBsktK d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ pkbeK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk pj[s w[Pfeb j?. jo/e pkbe d/ bJh gkmeqw dk fBowkD oeBk, nfXnkgeK dh fB:[esh eoBk nkfd ;zGt BjhA j?.

f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs T[d/P d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy d/ soeK d/ nXko s/ n;hA fJ; Bshi/ T[Zs/ gj[zud/ jB fe ftnesh d/ ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A fJj T[d/P T[Zsw T[d/P jB feT[Afe fJj T[d/P ;wki dh ntj/bDk eodk j?, fJ; bJh fJj ng{oD ns/ J/ekeh j?. ;wki dh ntj/bDk eoe/ ftnesh dk ftek; BjhA j' ;edk, fJj gow ;Zu j?. 2H11 f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P (Social Aim of Education)

;wkfie T[d/P dk noE ftnesh ftZu ;wkfiesk dh GktBk T[sgzB eoBk j?. fi; soQK f;Zfynk dk ftneshrs T[d/P ftnefsst d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o d/Dk j?, T[;h soQK f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P ;wkfiesk iK Bkrfoesk d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o d/Dk j?. fJ; T[d/P dk fBowkD ns/ ;woEB eoB tkb/ dkoPfBeK ns/ ftukoeK dk efjDk j? fe ftnesh fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. ;wki s'A go/ T[; dk e'Jh n;fsst BjhA j?. T[j ;wki ftZu jh g?dk j[zdk j?, T[;h ftZu ofjzdk j?, T[;h ftZu nkgDhnK :'rsktK dk ftek; eodk j?, ns/ T[;h ftZu nkgDk ns/ nkgD/ gfotko dk ihftek T[sgkdB eodk j?. o/wKN (Raymont) B/ fejk j? fe “fB;wki ftnesh e'oh ebgBk j? (An isolated individual is bigment of the imagination). fJ; soQK ftnesh dk ihtB ;wki dk fdZsk j'fJnk j?. ;wki dh T[Bsh T[;dh T[Bsh j? ns/ ;wki dh jkBh T[; dh jkBh j?. fJ; bJh ftnesh dk eosZt j? fe T[j sB^wzB^XzB Bkb ;wki dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; d/ bJh ekoi eo/. T[j e'Jh th nfijk ekoi Bk eo/ fi; Bkb ;wki B{z jkBh iK B[e;kB gj[zuD dh ;zGtBk j't/. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh ftZu nfijh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk T[sgzB eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb T[j ;wki dh GbkJh eo ;e/, ;wki d/ fjsK d/ bJh nkgD/ fjsK B{z fsnkr dh nZr ftZu ibk ;e/ ns/ ;wki d/ d{i/ w?ApoK d/ Bkb gq/w, ;fj:'r ns/ GkJhuko/ d/ Bkb ofj ;e/. f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek fJ; soQK j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb ;wki dhnK io{osK ns/ nkdoPK dh g{osh j' ;e/ ns/ ftnesh B{z ;wki dk fJZe nkdoP ;wkfie gqkDh pDkfJnk ik ;e/. fb;No ;fwE (Lister Smith) d/ PpdK ftZu, “ftfdnkb/ B{z ftnkge ekoi eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. T[; B{z fBPfus o{g s'A ;wkfie dkfJst ns/ ;wki d/ gqsh Grsh dk fBowkD ns/ ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?.”

gq'H pbr/ (Bagley) ns/ v:{Jh (Dewey) B/ ;wkfie T[d/P dk noE ;wkfie e[Pbsk (Social

Efficiency) B{z dZf;nk j? Gkt f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh B{z ;wkfie o{g s'A e[Pb pDkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. gq'H prb/ d/ nB[;ko, “;wkfie e[Pbsk T[j nkdoP j? fi; d/ d[nkok ftfdnde nk:'rK dk Bshik Bkfgnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.” fJ; soQK gq'H prb/ d/ ws ftZu BkrfoeK ftZu ;wkfie e[Pbsk T[sgzB eoB tkbh f;Zfynk B{z jh ;koEe f;Zfynk fejk ikt/rk. gq'H prb/ B/ ;wkfie o{g s'A e[Pb ftnesh dhnK fszBh ftP/PsktK dZ;hnK jB^



1H nkofEe e[Pbsk (Economic Efficiency)^nkofEe e[Pbsk s'A Gkt ftneshdh nfijh :'rsk iK ;woZEk s'A j? fi; d/ d[nkok T[j nkgD/ ns/ nkgD/ nkPfos ftneshnK dk ihftek T[sgkdB eo ;e/.

2H fBP/Xkswe B?fsesk (Negative Morality)^fBP/Xkswe B?fsesk s'A Gkt fJj j? fe id'A ftnesh dhnK fJZSktK ns/ neKePktK dh g{osh d{i/ b'eK dh nkofEe e[Pbsk ftZu o[ektN gkJ/ sK T[j T[jBK fJZSktK ns/ neKePktK dk fsnko eo d/t/.

3H ftXkfJe B?fsesk (Positive Morality)^ftXkfJe B?fsesk s'A Gkt fJj j? fe id'A ftnesh nkgDhnK fJZSktK ns/ neKePktK dh g{osh ftZu ;wki dk T[EkB ns/ ftek; Bk eo ;e/ sK T[; B{z T[jBK fJZSktK ns/ neKePktK B{z fsnkr d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

v:{Jh (Dewey) B/ ;wkfie e[Pbsk B{z j'o th ftnkge o{g fdZsk j?. T[; B/ ftnesh d[nkok ;w{fje fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D dh ;woZEk B{z ;wkfie e[Pbsk dZf;nk j?. T[; d/ PpdK ftZu, “;G s'A ftnkge o{g ftZu ;wkfie e[Pbsk ftnesh ftZu ;wkfie eZfbnkD dh GktBk dk ;zuko eoB ns/ nkgD/ s/ d{finK d/ fjsK B{z nbZr^nbZr oZyD dh GktBk B{z BPN eoB dh gqftosh j?.” fJ; soQK v:{Jh (Dewey) d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkb/ B{z ;wkfie ihtB dh tZX^s'A^tZX nrtkJh eoBh ukjhdh j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie e[Pbsk ftZu fBwB fbys 7 T[d/P Pkfwb j[zd/ jB^

1H f;js (Health),

2H w"fbe fefonktK B{z nkfrnk d/Dk (Command to fundamental process),

3H gfotko dh :'r ;dZf;nsk (Worthy home membership),

4H eko'pko (Vocation),

5H Bkrfoesk (Citizenship),

6H S[ZNh dk T[fus T[g:'r (Worth use of leisure time),

7H B?fse ufoso (Ethical character)

;wkfie T[d/P d/ gZy ftZu soe (Arguments for Social Aim)

1H ftnesh ns/ ;wki ftZu r[Vk ;zpzX j?. fJj d'B' fJZe^d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. fJZe d/ fpBK d{i/ dk ti{d BjhA j?. ;wki d/ fjs ftZu jh ftnesh dk fjs Pkfwb j?. ftnesh ns/ ;wki fJZe jh f;Ze/ d/ d' gZy jB. o'; (Ross) efjzd/ jB, “fi; ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu ftnesh dh ftneshrssk dk ftek; j[zdk j? T[; d/ gfjb/ j'D s/ fJ; dk e'Jh w{b BjhA ofj iKdk ns/ T[; dk ftnefsst fBooEe j' iKdk j?.”

2H ftnesh e[ZM gkPfte gqftoshnK B{z b? e/ iBw b?Adk j?. fJjBK gqftoshnK dk P'XB ns/ wkorKsoheoD, ;wki ftZu jh j[zdk j?. nZS/ ;wkfie tksktoD dh ewh ftZu wB[Zy gP{ jh pfDnk oj/rk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P wjZstg{oD j?.

3H ;wki dk fjs ns/ eZfbnkD sK jh ;zGt j? id'A T[; d/ w?Apo, gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekfosk, GkJhukok nkfd ;wkfie r[DK s'A g{oD j'D. fJjBK r[DK d/ ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkfie T[d/P dk ;theko ehsk ikDk io{oh j?.

4H ftnesh dk ;zg{oD ihtB ;wki T[Zs/ fBoXkfos j?. T[j ;wki ftZu jh iBw b?Adk j?, tZvk j[zdk j?, nkgDhnK io{osK dh g{osh eoe/ nkgD/ gfotko dk gkbD^g'PD eodk j?, ftukoK B{z nkdkB^gqdkB eodk j?, :'rsktK ns/ ;woZEktK dk ftek; eodk j?, fJZSktK ns/ neKePktK dh g{osh eodk j? ns/ ;wki dh uso[w[yh T[Bsh ftZu nkgDk :'rdkB fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P tZX soe ;zrs, fBnk;zrs ns/ T[fus j?.

B'N



B'N 5H fe;h th Pk;B dh ;cbsk T[;d/ BkrfoeK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; bJh BkrfoeK dk nkdoP Bkrfoesk d/ r[DK Bkb ns/ ;wki ;/tk ns/ d/P^gq/w dh GktBk s'A Gfonk j'Dk io{oh j?. fJ; bJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;wkfie T[d/P d/ nXko s/ jh pkbeK B{z f;Zfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. o'; (Ross) d/ PpdK ftZu, “ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nBzdwJh, ;t?fJS[Ze ns/ gqGktg{oD ;/tkGkt dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?.”

6H ;wki ftZu ;jh ;ZfGnsk dk iBw, oZfynk ns/ g'PD j[zdk j? fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek fJ; soQK Bkb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fe Gkth ghVh B{z fJ; dk g{oD frnkB j' ;e/. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P pj[s wjZstg{oD j?.

7H Ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;wkfie ftek; io{oh j?. pkbvftB (Boldwin) d/ PpdK ftZu, “ftnefsst B{z ;wkfie PpdK d/ fJbktk ns/ fe;h soQK ftnes BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.” fJ; bJh ;wkfir T[d/P wjZstg[oD j?.

;wkfie T[d/P d/ ftgZy ftZu soe (Arguments against the Social Aim)

1H f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P fJZegZyh ns/ J/eKrh j? feT[Afe fJj ftnesh d/ ;wkfie ftek; T[Zs/ finkdk i'o fdzdk j?. fJ; Bkb ftnesh dk ;otgZyh ftek; BjhA j' ;edk.

2H f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P wB'ftfrnkB d/ nB[e{b BjhA j? feT[Afe fJ; ftZu pkbe dh ftneshrs ftfGzBsktK d/ tZb fXnkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk. fJ; d/ nB[;ko pkbeK dhnK :'rsktK, ;woZEktK, o{uhnK, nGho{uhnK nkfd T[Zs/ fXnkB Bk d/ e/ ;kfonK B{z fJZe jh soQK dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?.

3H ;wkfie T[d/P d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB Bkb ftnesh dk ftneshrs ftek; uzrh soQK Bkb BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fi; Bkb ftfrnkB, ;kfjs, ;zrhs nkfd dh gqrsh ftZu o[ektN nkT[Adh j?.

4H fJ; T[d/P d/ nzsors ftneshrs ;[szsosk dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?. fi; d/ cb;o{g ftnesh ftZu ;[szso o{g s'A fuzsB eoB, nGhftnesh eoB ns/ ekoi eoB dh :'rsk ftef;s BjhA j' gkT[Adh ns/ T[; dk ftnefsst e[zfms j' iKdk j?.

5H fJ; T[d/P ftZu ftnesh d/ ;wkfie ftek; T[Zs/ tZX i'o fdZsk iKdk j?, fJ; bJh T[; d/ fdwkr, ufoso, ;zt/rkswe, B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dh T[g/fynk ehsh j[zdh j?.

6H fJj T[d/P pkbeK ftZu ;ze{fus okPNohnsk dh GktBk T[sgzB eodk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ pkbe nkgD/ ;wki ns/ okPNo B{z jh ;G s'A T[Zu, ;ot;o/PN ns/ ;oGPeshwkB wzBd/ jB ns/ d{i/ ;wkiK ns/ okPNoK B{z fxoDk dh Bio Bkb d/yd/ jB. fJ; GktBk Bkb nzsoôkPNoh ;dGtkBk g?dk j'D ftZu o[ektN g?Adh j? ns/ wjK:[ZXK dh ;zGktBk tZXdh j?.

7H ;wki ftnesh d/ T[Zgo, fJj XkoDk ekbgfBe j?. ;wki d/ ftek; d/ bJh ftnesh dk ftek; io{oh j?. fe;h th ftnesh ftZu ;wkfie e[Pbsk g?dk eoB d/ bJh ftneshrssk dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie T[d/P nX{ok j?.

;wkfie T[d/P d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy d/ soeK d/ nXko s/ Bshi/ o{g ftZu fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;wkfie T[d/P nkgD/ nkg ftZu eJh r[D ;w/N/ j'J/ th g{oh soQK d'Pw[es BjhA j?. pkbe dk e/tb ;wkfie ftek; f;Zfynk dk T[d/P BjhA j' ;edk. ;wkfie T[d/P d/ Bkb^Bkb ftnefsst d/ ftek; B{z th wjZst d/Dk j't/rk.



2H12 f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie T[d/PK ftZu ;wBt? (Synthesis between Individual and Social Aims of Education) f;Zfynk d/ ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie T[d/Pk d/ ftP/ ftZu ftdtkBK ftZu pj[s wsG/d jB. ftneshrs T[d/P d/ ;woEe nkgDh f;Zfynk :'iBk ftZu ftnesh B{z gqw[Zy ;EkB fdzd/ jB ns/ T[; d/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; B{z wjZstg{oD wzBd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN ;wkfie T[d/P d/ ;woEe nkgDh f;Zfynk :'iBk ftZu ;wki B{z gqwZy ;EkB fdzd/ jB ns/ ;wki dh GbkJh d/ ftnesh d[nko ;G e[ZM nofgs eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK d'jK ftukoXkoktK d/ ;woEe ftnesh ns/ ;wki B{z io{os s'A tZX wjZst fdzd/ jB. t;s{sk ftnesh ns/ ;wki fJZe^d{i/ d/ fto'Xh BjhA jB pbfe fJZe^d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. Bk ;wki^ftjhB ftnesh dh ebgBk ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk ftneshftjhB ;wki dh. fJZe dh xkN ftZu d{i/ d/ ihtB dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. d'B'A jh nkgD/ ftek; ns/ T[Bsh d/ bJh fJZe^d{i/ T[Zs/ fBoGo jB. w?ekJhto (Maciver) B/ fbfynk j? fe “;wkfieoD ns/ ftnesheoD fJZe jh gqfefonk d/ d' gZy jB.”

ftnesh ns/ ;wki fJZe^d{i/ T[Zs/ fBoGo jB. ftnesh i' e[ZM f;Zydk j? T[j ;wki ftZu ofje/ f;Zydk j?. ;wki d[nkok jj T[; dhnK io{osK dh g{osh j[zdh j?, ;wki ftZu jh T[;dhnK o{uhnK ns/ nGho{uhnK dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ ;wki jh T[; d/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[fus tksktoD g/P eodk j?. fJ; soQK ftnesh edh th ;wki dh ntj/bDk BjhA eo ;edk. ;wki ftZu ofje/ jh T[; dh ihtb ;cb ns/ ;koEe j[zdk j?. fi; soQK ftnesh ;wki dh ntj/bDk BjhA eo ;edk T[;h soQK ;wki th ftnesh dh ntj/bDk BjhA eo ;edk, feT[Afe ;wki sK ftneshnK dk jh ;w{j j?. ftnesh d/ ftek; Bkb jh ;wki dk ftek; j[zdk j?. NhH ghH BB (T. P. Nunn) B/ ftnesh d/ bJh ;wki d/ wjZst B{z fJjBK PpdK ftZu ftnesh fdZsk j?, “ftnefsst dk ftek; e/tb ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu j[zdk j? fiZE/ ;XkoD o{uhnK ns/ ;XkoD fefonktK d[nkok T[; B{z G'iB gqkgs j[zdk j?.”

ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ r[V/ ;zpzX B{z d/y e/ ;fji jh Bshik eZfYnk ik ;edk j? fe f;Zfynk d/ ftnesfsst ns/ ;wkfie T[d/P fJZe^d{i/ d/ fto'Xh BjhA jB pbfe fJZe^d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. d'jK T[d/PK ftZu'A fe;h dh th T[g/fynk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?. fiZE/ fJZe ;Zu j? fe ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie T[d/PK ftZu'A fe;h B{z f;Zfynk dk fJZewkso T[d/P BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk, T[ZE/ fJj th ;Zu j? fe d'jK ftZu'A fe;h B{z SZfvnk th BjhA ik ;edk. fJZe dh T[g/fynk eoB s/ d{i/ dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA ofj iKdk. fJ; soQK ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie d'jK T[d/PK d/ ;wBfts o{g B{z jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. Bk sK ;kB{z ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ bJh ftnesh B{z fJzBh ;[szsosk d/Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb T[j njzekoh, dzGh, ;tkoEh ns/ ;t?fJZSkukoh pD e/ ;wki dh ntj/bDk eoB bZr/ ns/ Bk jh ;kB{z ;wki B{z fJzBk PeshPkbh pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j ftnesh dk P'PD ns/ T[; d/ nfXekoK dk jBB eoB bZr/. Ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie T[d/PK dk ;wBt? fJ; soQK ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK dh GbkJh j' ;e/. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; T[; ;hwk sZe ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fiZE/ sZe ;wki dh GbkJh j' ;e/ ns/ ;wkfiesk dk ftek; th T[; ;hwk sZe ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fiZE/ sZe ftnesh d/ ftnefss d/ ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk fwb/. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK dh GbkJh eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. o/wKN (Raymont) B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P, “ftnesh dh g{oDsk ns/ ;wki dk eZfbnkD” (The perfection of the individual and the good of the community) j'Dk ukjhdk j?.


f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, ekb ns/ ;EkB d/ nB[;ko gfotofss j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. ftfGzB ekbK ftZu ftfGzB d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. gqkuhB ekb ftZu ;gkoNk dh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P tho, foPN^g[PN, nfrnkekoh, nB[Pkf;s f;gkjh ns/ d/PGrs Bkrfoe T[sgzB eoBk ;h feT[Afe T[jBK dh ftukoXkok ;h, “jo/e ftnesh nkgD/ bJh BjhA pbfe okPNo d/ bJh g?dk j[zdk j?.” J/Ez; dh ftukoXkok ;gkoNk s'A nbZr ;h. J/Ez;tk;h ftnesh d/ ftnefsst d/ g{oD ftek; B{z wjZst fdzd/ ;B, fJ; bJh T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P

B'N



B'N d/Ptk;hnK dk okiBhfse, p"fXe, B?fse ns/ ;"Ado:kswe ftek; eoBk ;h. wZX :[Zr ftZu f;Zfynk T[Zs/ Xow dk pj[s finkdk gqGkt j'D d/ ekoB f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P Xkofwe ;B. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fiZE/ gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy dh rohwk B{z ;Ekfgs eoBk ns/ nkdoP BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk fojk, T[ZE/ ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nfij/ BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk fojk fijVk ;kwtkdh nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko ekoi eo ;eD. Gkos ftZu th ekb d/ ;zdoG ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu gfotosB j'fJnk j?. nbZr^nbZr ;w/A ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fGzB^fGzB T[d/P oj/ jB. 2H14 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education)L f;Zfynk d/ fB:w.

2H ihtB d/ T[d/P (Living Aims)L ihtB d/ fB:w.

3H ;wkfie T[d/P (Social Aims)L ;wki d/ fB:w. 2H15 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H Gkosh f;Zfynk nk:'r d[nkok fBoXkfos f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P dZ;'.

2H f;Zfynk d/ ;XkoD T[d/PK dk toDB eo'.

3H ihftek T[sgkdB d/ T[d/PK dk toDB eo'.

4H Gkos dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P dZ;' T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H T[d/P 2H ;wkfie 3H ufoso 4H (T) 5H (n)

6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H ;jh 10H rbs 2H16 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^3 f;Zfynk d/ ekoi

fJekJh^3L f;Zfynk d/ ekoi (Functions of Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


3H1 ftneshrs ftek; (Individual Development)

3H2 ;z;feqfse ftok;s dk ;zukoD (Transmission of Cultural Heritage)

3H3 e"PbK dk noiB (Acquisition of Skills)

3H4 wB[Zyh w{bK dk noiB ns/ T[sgkdB (Acquisition and Generation of Human Values)

3H5 ;wkfie ;zpZXsk (Social Cohesion)

3H6 okPNoh ftek; (National Development)





T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; nfXnkJ/ d/ nfXnB d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh :'r j'Dr/^

Ftneshrs ftek; ikDB ;zpzXh.

;z;feqfse ftok;s dk ;zuko ikDB ;zpzXh.

wB[Zyh w{bK dk noiB ns/ T[sgkdB ikBD ;zpzXh.

;wkfie ;zpZXsk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftek; dh T[j wjZstg{oD gqfefonk j?, fijVh ihtB Go uZbdh ofjzdh j?. fJj ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK d/ ftek; ftZu :'rdkB fdzdh j?. fJ; d/ ekoi pj[w[Zyh jB. fJ; d/ ekoiK d/ ftP/ ftZu ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. e[ZM ftuko j/m nB[;ko jB^

n?wH n?bH i?e; (M. L. Jacks) d/ nB[;ko^“f;Zfynk B{z eJh ekoi eoB/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pkbe B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ nkg ftuko eo ;e/, fwjBs dk ;zBwkB eo ;e/, T[Zsw fwZso pDk ;e/, nBzs d/ gqsZy dk nkBzd gqkgs eo ;e/ ns/ nB[Gt eo ;e/.”

i'B v:{th (John Dewey) d/ PpdK ftZu^“f;Zfynk dk ekoi n;kfJ gqkDh d/ ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk gj[zukT[Dk j?, fi; Bkb T[j ;[yh, B?fse ns/ e[Pb wB[Zy pD ;e/.”



B'N v/Bhnb t/p;No (Danial Webester) d/ nB[;ko^“f;Zfynk dk ekoi GktBktK B{z nB[Pkf;s nkt/rK B{z fB:zsfos, gq/oDktK B{z T[s/fis, Xkofwe GktBktK B{z ftef;s ns/ B?fsesk B{z nGhtfoXs eoBk j?.”

vkH ikfeo j[;?B (Zakir Husain) d/ ws ftZu^ “f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe d/ fdwkr B{z P[ZX, B?fse ns/ p"fXe w{bK dk nB[Gt eoB ftZu fJ; soQK ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoBk j? fe T[j w{bK s'A gq/fos j' e/ T[jBK B{z ;oGT[Zsw sohe/ Bkb nkgD/ ekoi ns/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu gqkgs eo/.”

gzH Bfjo{ (Pt. Nehru) d/ nB[;ko, “f;Zfynk s'A fJj nkPk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ;zs[fbs wB[Zy dk ftek; eo/, pkbeK B{z ;wki d/ bJh bkGdkfJe ekoiK B{z eoB ns/ ;w{fje ihtB ftZu Gkr b?D d/ bJh fsnko eo/.”

fJwo;B (Emerson) d/ PpdK ftZu^“f;Zfynk fJzBh ftnkge j'Dh ukjhdh j? fizBk fe wB[Zy. T[; ftZu (wB[Zy ftZu) fijVhn th PeshnK, f;Zfynk B{z T[jBK B{z g'fPs ns/ gqdofPs eoBk ukjhdk j?.”

f;Zfynk d/ nB/e ekoi jB, fijBK ftZu gqw[Zy ekoi j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H ftneshrs ftek; (Individual Development)

2H ;z;feqfse ftek; B{z ;zukoB (Transmission of Cultural Heritage)

3H e"PbK dk noiB (Acquisition of Skill)

4H wB[Zyh w{bK dk noiB ns/ T[sgkdB (Acquisition and Generations of Human

Values)

5H ;wkfie ;zpZXsk (Social Cohesion)

6H okPNoh ftek; (National Development)

B'N; f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftek; dh T[j wjZstg{oD G{fwek j?, fijVh ihtB Go

uZbdh ofjzdh j?.

3H1 ftneshrs ftek; (Individual Development)

f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy ekoi ftnesh dk ftek; eoBk j?. T[; d/ ihtB B{z ;[ydkfJe, ;zgzB ns/ ;wfoX pDkT[Dk j?. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftnesh dk Pohoe, p"fXe, ;zt/rkswe, ;wkfie, nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse ftek; eodh j? ns/ T[;dhnK io{osK, neKePktK, T[d/PK ns/ w{bK B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB j[zdh j?. ftnesh d/ ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ ekoiK B{z fBwB fbys fpzd{nK ftZu ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j?^

1H iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek;

2H io{osK dh g{osh

3H ftnefsst dk ftek;

4H ufoso dk ftek;

5H ihtB d/ bJh fsnkoh

6H tksktoD Bkb nB[e{bB

7H ekoi dk fttjkfoe frnkB 56 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


1H iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek; (Development of Innate Powers)^pkbe gq/w, fifrnk;k, ebgBk, nksw^;zBwkB nkfd w{b gqftoshnK B{z b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJjBK w{b gqftoshnK dk T[fus ftek; eoBk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu gqftoshnK nftef;s ofjzdhnK jB, fi; Bkb pkbe d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; ;zs[fbs o{g ftZu BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; d/ fJbktk e[ZM gqftoshnK gkPfte j[zdhnK jB ns/ ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[g:'rh BjhA j[zdhnK. f;Zfynk fJjBK gqftoshnK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eoBk, T[jBK dk wkorKsheoD eoBk ns/ P'XB eoBk f;ykT[Adh j?, fi; Bkb T[; dk fttjko ;zs[fbs ns/ ;wkfie pDdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk pkbe dh iBwiks PeshnK dk ftek; eodh j? ns/ T[jBK dhnK GktBktK ns/ nkuoD B{z T[Zsw pDkT[Adh j?. g/;Nkb'ih (Pestalozi) B/ f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe, “f;Zfynk wB[Zy dhnK iBwiks gqftoshnK dk ;[Gkfte, ;oGgZyh ns/ gqrshPhb ftek; j?.”

2H io{osK dh g{osh (Satisfaction of Needs)^ftnesh B{z ihT[Adk ofjD ns/ nkgDk ftek; eoB d/ bJh eJh rZbK dh io{os j[zdh j?. ykT[D d/ bJh o'Nh, gkT[D d/ bJh eZgV/ ns/ fojD d/ bJh wekB dh io{os j[zdh j?. ;wkfie gqkDh j'D d/ Bks/ ;wki d/ ftneshnK d/ wX{o ;zgoe oZyD, ;wki dhnK e[ohshnK B{z d{o eoB ns/ ;wki ftZu ;[Xko eoB dh io{os j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi ftnesh dhnK fJjBK ;kohnK ftneshrs, ;wkfie, Xkofwe ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe io{osK dh g{osh eoBk j?. wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi d/ wjZst B{z fBowkDs eod/ j'J/ ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd (Swami Vivekanand) B/ fbfynk j?, “f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJj gsk brkT[Dk j? fe ihtB dhnK io{osK B{z fe; soQK Bkb jZb ehsh ikt/ ns/ nkX[fBe ;ZfGn ;wki dk v[zxk fXnkB fJ;h rZb ftZu bZfrnk j'fJnk j?.”

3H ftnefsst dk ftek; (Development of Personality)îhtB ftZu ;cbsk gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftnesh dk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, Xkofwe ns/ B?fse ftek; gow io{os j?. fpBK f;jswzd Poho d/ ftnesh ihtB ftZu e'Jh ekoi BjhA eo ;edk. nkgD/ frnkB B{z ft;sfos eoB ns/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D B{z ftPkb pDkT[D d/ bJh wkBf;e ftek; io{oh j?. nkgD/ Poho ns/ fdwkr dk T[fus gq:'r eoB d/ bJh B?fse ftek; ns/ ;wki ftZu ofjD d/ bJh ;wkfie ftek; wjZstg{oD j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi ftnefsst d/ fJjBK ;ko/ gZyK dk ;w{fus ns/ ;zs[fbs ftek; eoBk j?. ;ko/ f;ZfynkPk;soh fJ; rZb T[Zs/ ;fjws jB fe f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoi ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; eoBk j?. co/vfoe No/;h (Frederick Tracy) B/ fbfynk j?, “;koh f;Zfynk dk ;Zuk T[d/P ftnefsst d/ nkdoP dh g{oD gqkgsh j?. fJj nkdoP ;zs[fbs ftnefsst j?.”

4H ufoso dk ftek; (Development of Character)^T[Zsw ufoso ns/ B?fsesk dh xkN ftZu ftnesh nkgD/ Poho ns/ fdwkr dk T[fus gq:'r BjhA eo ;edk. ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo dh T[Bsh ufosotkB j'D s/ jh ;zGt j?. nZi d/ G"fsetkdh :[Zr ftZu sK, id'A fe ukoK gk;/ SbêgN, fxoDk, dt/P ns/ ;tkoE dk p'bpkbk j?, ufosotkB ftneshnK dh wfjsh io{oh j?. f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy ekoi ftnesh ftZu ufosfoe r[DK dk ftek; eoBk j?.

5H ihtB d/ bJh fsnkoh (Preparation for Life)^pkbe B{z wB[Zy dk fgsk (Child is the

father of man) fejk frnk j?. nZi d/ pkbe B{z eZbQ fgsk pDBk j?, ;wki dk eoDXko pDBk j? ns/ okPNo dk fBowksk pDBk j?. nZi d/ pkbe B{z ftn;e j'D s/ nkgDhnK gfotkfoe, ;wkfie ns/ Bkrfoe ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoBk j?. pkbe fJBQK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;cbskg{oD Yzr Bkb sK jh jZb eo ;edk j?, id'A T[; B{z fJ; dh f;ybkJh fdZsh ikt/, fJ; s'A fJbktk f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe B{z Gkth ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j?. ihtB pj[s ;zxoPwJh ns/ ifNb j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk pkbe B{z fJ; ;zxoPg{oD ns/ ifNb ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?. f;Zfynk B{z fe;h eko'pko d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?, eosZt ns/ nfXekoK Bkb ikD^gfjukD eokT[Adh j?, w[Pfeb go;fEshnK dk ;kjwDk

B'N



B'N eoB dh ;woZEk T[sgzB eodh j? ns/ nkgD/ ftneshrs, ;wkfie ns/ Bkrfoe T[ZsodkfJstK d/ fBotkjB dh Pesh g?dk eodh j?. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd (Swami Vivekanand) dk ws j? fe f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk ejkT[D dh nfXekoh BjhA, i' ftnesh B{z ihtB ;zxoP d/ bJh fsnko BjhA eodh. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu, “i/eo e'Jh ftnesh e/tb e[ZM gqhfynktK gk; eo ;edk ns/ nZS/ ftnkfynkB d/ ;edk j?, sK s[;hA T[; B{z f;Zfyns ;wMd/ j'. eh T[j f;Zfynk^f;Zfynk d/ :'r j?, fijVk ;XkoD izB^;w{j B{z ihtB d/ ;zxoP d/ bJh nkgD/ nkg B{z fsnko eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk BjhA fdzdh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu P/o dk ;kj; T[sgzB BjhA eodh j?.”

6H tksktoD Bkb nB[e{bB (Adjustment with the Environment)^T[jh ftnesh nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;cb j' ;edk j? fijV/ nkgD/ G"fse ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD d/ Bkb uzrh soQK Bkb nB[e{b eo ;e/. ihtB ftZu ftnesh B{z eJh w[PfebK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?. i/eo T[j fJjBK w[PfebK dk ;kjwDk eoB ftZu ;woZE ofjzdk j? ns/ tksktoD d/ Bkb nB[e{bB BjhA eo gkT[Adk sK T[j nkgDk ns/ ;wki dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;cb BjhA j' ;edk. f;Zfynk ftnesh ftZu tksktoD d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoB dh ;woZEk gqdkB eodh j?, T[j ftnesh ftZu nfijh ;woZEk T[sgzB eodh j? fi; Bkb T[j go;fEshnK s/ fiZs gqkgs eoe/ nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eodk j? ns/ tksktoD B{z nkgD/ nB[e{b pDkT[D ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi d/ wjZst T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ E'w;B (Thomson) B/ fbfynk j?, “tksktoD nfXnkge j? ns/ f;Zfynk dk ekoi j? ftfdnkoEhnK B{z T[; tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[Dk, fi; Bkb T[j ihfts ofj ;eD ns/ nkgDhnK w{b gqftoshnK B{z ;zs[PN eoB d/ bJh tZX^s'A^tZX ;zGt w"e/ gqkgs eoB ;eD.”

7H ekoi dk fttjkfoe frnkB (Practical knowledge of work)^wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD ekoi pkbe B{z ftfGzB ekoi y/soK dk fttjkfoe frnkB gqdkB eoBk j?. d[BhnK d/ ftfGzB gqrshPhb d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi B{z pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD wzfBnk frnk j?. fJjBK d/PK ftZu jo/e ftfdnkoEh d/ bJh fe;h Bk fe;h ekoykB/ iK toePkg ftZu ekoi eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu fJ; d/ tZb jkb/ fXnkB BjhA fdZsk ik fojk, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek T[Zs/ f;XKse j'D dk nko'g brkfJnk iKdk j?. nZi d/P d/ ;ko/ ;wMdko ftnesh fJ; rZb dh wzr eo oj/ jB fe toswkB f;Zfynk B{z finkdk fttjkfoe pDkfJnk ikt/. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd (Swami Vivekanand) B/ th fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fejk j?, “s[jkB{z ekoi d/ ;ko/ y/soK dk fttjkfoe frnkB gqkgs eoBk io{oh j?. f;XKsK d/ Y/oK Bkb okPNo dk BkP j' fojk j?.”

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy ekoi ftnesh dk ftek; eoBk j?.


ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H f;Zfynk fJzBh ftnkge j'Dh ukjhdh j? fizBk fe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH .

2H ;koh f;Zfynk dk ;Zuk T[d/P HHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nkdoP dh g{oD gqkgsh j't/. 3H2 ;z;feqfse ftok;s dk ;zukoD (Transmission of Cultural Heritage)

f;Zfynk ;z;feqfse ftok;s d/ ;zukoD dk pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?. ikfeo j{;?B d/ PpdK ftZu, “e/tb ;z;feqsh dh ;wZroh d[nkok jh f;fynk dh gqfefonk B{z rsh fdZsh ik



;edh j?. e/tb fJ; ;wZroh Bkb wB[Zyh fdwkr dk ftek; j' ;edk j?.” f;Zfynk d/ ;z;feqfse ekoiK B{z fBwBfbys fpzd{nK ftZu ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?^

1H f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh dh ;zGkb eodh j? (To Preserve the Culture)^jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDh ;z;feqsh Bkb pj[s finkdk brkt j[zdk j? ns/ T[j T[; B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ;o/Pm ;wMdk j?, fi; o{g ftZu T[j j[zdh j? ns/ T[; B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ;[oZfyns oZydk ukj[zdk j?. f;Zfynk fJ; ftZu T[; dh ;jkfJsk eodh j?. f;Zfynk jh T[j ;kXB j?, fijVk w"fye o{g ftZu iK fbfys o{g ftZu iK fttjkfoe o{g ftZu ;z;feqsh B{z ihfts oZydh j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ;kB{z nkgDh ;z;feqsh dk frnkB j[zdk j?. ;z;feqsh d/ d' o{g j[zd/ jB^fJZe G"fse ns/ d{ik nG"fse. G"fse ;z;feqsh ftZu ;wki d/ b'eK dk gfjBktk, ykB^gkB ns/ GkPk nkfd nkT[Ad/ jB, id'A nG"fse ;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX ftnesh d/ ftukoK, ftPtk;K ns/ w{bK nkfd s'A j[zdk j?. fe; ;wki dh G"fse ;z;feqsh ftZu eJh gfotosB j'D d/ pknd th T[; th nG"fse ;z;feqsh ftZu T[Bh s/ih Bkb gfotosB BjhA j[zdk, fit/A ftfrnkBe nftPekoK B/ Gkosh ftZu pj[s ;ko/ gfotosB ehs/ jB, gozs{ ;kv/ ihtB d/ w{b, ftPtk; ns/ wkBsktK T[jh jB, fijV/ gqkuhB ekb ftZu ;B. nZi th n;hA Xkofwe ftPtk; ns/ nfXnksfwesk B{z SZv BjhA ;e/ jB. fJj ekoi f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh j' ;fenk j?.

2H f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh dk j;sKsoD eodh j? (To Transmit the Culture)^f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh dh e/tb ;zGkb jh BjhA eodh, pbfe fJZe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh ftZu j;sKsoD jh eodh j?. ;z;feqsh dk ;gPN frnkB ftnesh B{z f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk ftnesh B{z T[; d/ ;wki dh GkPk ns/ ;kfjs dk frnkB gqdkB eodh j?, ;wki d/ ykB^gkB, gfjBktk nkfd s'A ikD^gfjukD eokT[Adh j? ns/ ;wki d/ w{bK, nkdoPK, ftPtk;K, f;XKsK nkfd d/ gqsh nk;Ek g?dk eodh j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb n;hA ;wki dh ;z;feqsh B{z fJZe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh ftZu j;sKsfos eod/ jB.

3H f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh dk ftek; eodh j? (To Develop the Culture)^Gkt/A fe jo/e ftnesh nkgDh ;z;feqsh B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ;[oZfyns oZyDk ukj[zdk j?, fi; o{g ftZu T[j T[; B{z gqkgs eodk j?, gozs{ gfotosB f;qPNh dk fB:w j?. gfotosB B{z e'Jh BjhA o'e ;edk j?, fJ; bJh ;wK, go;fEsh ns/ io{osK d/ nB[;ko fJ; ftZu th gfotosB j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk fJ; gfotosB B{z T[fus f;Zfynk gqdkB eodh j?. fJ;h B{z ;z;feqsh dk ftek; efjzd/ jB. f;Zfynk dk fJj ekoi j? fe ;z;feqsh w{bK ns/ nkdoPK ftZu fJZSs gfotosB fbnkJ/ ikD ns/ T[jBK B{z ftek; d/ tZb tXkfJnk ikt/. fJZE/ fJj rZb T[b/y:'r j? fe ;z;feqsh B{z ftek; sK j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJj ftek; T[; d/ w{b o{g B{z ;[oZfyns oZyd/ j'J/ jh j[zdk j?.

4H f;Zfynk ;z;feqfse mfjokU B{z d{o eodh j? (To Remove the Cultural Lag)^G"fse ;z;feqsh ftfrnkBe y'iK d/ ekoB s/I rsh Bkb ftef;s j' ojh j?, gozs{ nG"fse ;z;feqsh Gkt ftuko, nkdoP, w{b, gqzgoktK, nkdoP nkfd T[Bh s/I rsh Bkb ftef;s BjhA j' gk oj/ jB, fi; d/ cb;o{g G"fse ns/ nG"fse ;z;feqsh d/ ftZu nzsokb tZX fojk j?. fJ; tX j'J/ nzsokb B{z f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh d{o ehsk ik ; edk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ekoi ;z;feqfse mfjokU B{z d{o eoBk j?.

5H f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh B{z fBozsosk gqdkB eodh j? (To give the continuity to

culture)^;z;feqsh th ;wki d// ihT[Ad/ ofjD dk gqwkD j[zdh j?. ;z;feqsh dh ;zGkt d/ bJh, T[; dh ;[oZfynk d/ bJh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ;Ekfgs ehshnK iKdhnK jB. fJjBK f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZu ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ ftfdnkoEh nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ fJjBK dk fJj dkfJst j[zdk j? fe T[j fJjBK ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nzso^fefonk d/ tZX^s'A^tZX w"e/ gqdkB eoB, fi; Bkb ;z;feqfse J/esk g?dk ehsh ik ;e/ ns/ ;z;feqsh dh fBozsosk pDh oj/.

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B'N 6H f;Zfynk ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh T[dko fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eodh j? (To develop

the liberal attitude towards different cultures)^jo/e ;wki dh nkgDh ;z;feqsh j[zdh j? ns/ T[; ;wki d/ b'e nkgDh ;z;feqsh B{z ;ot;o/PM s/ ;otT[Zsw wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK ;z;feqfse ;zehoDsk d/ fPeko j[zd/ jB. fJ;h ;zehoDsk ns/ ;ze{fus fdqPNhe'D d/ ekoB ;zxoP ns/ :[ZX j[zd/ jB. ;z;ko d/ T[BsPhb ns/ gqrshPhb ;wki nkgD/ nkg B{z fJ; ;zehoDsk s'A d{o oZyDk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ fJj ekoi f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. f;Zfynko ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK ;z;feqshnK dk frnkB gqdkB eodh j?, T[jBK dhnK ftP/PsktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu j'o ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh T[dko fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eodh j?.



3H f;Zfynk ;z;feqfse ftok;s d/ ;zukoD dk ;kXB j?^

(T) pj[s finkd wjZstg{oD (n) xZN wjZstg{oD (J) ftnoE (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDh ;z;feqsh Bkb j[zdk j?^

(T) gq/w (n) pj[s finkdk brkU (J) nbrkU (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H ;z;feqsh fe;h th ;wki d/ ihfts ofjD dk j[zdh j?^

(T) gqwkD (n) ;kXB (J) gq;kXB (;) fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H Pkbe B{z wB[Zy dk fejk frnk j?^

(T) iBwdksk (n) fgsk (J) d[PwD (;) fwso 3H3 e"PbK dk noiB (Acquisition of Skills)

f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbe ftfGzB e[PbsktK dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok ftef;s ehshnK ikD tkbhnK e[PbsktK j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H eko'pkoe e[Pbsk (Vocational Efficiency)^f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ pknd ftnesh nkgD/ ihtB pshs eoB d/ bJh fe;h Bkb fe;h eko'pko dh u'D eodk j?. i/eo T[j nkgD/ eko'pko ftZu e[Pbsk gqkgs eo b?Adk j? sK T[j ;cb ns/ ;[yh ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh ftnesh B{z T[; dh o{uh ns/ neKePktK d/ nB[;ko fe;h eko'pko dh f;ybkJh gqdkB ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[j fe;h eko'pko B{z eo ;e/ iK e'Jh B"eoh gqkgs eo ;e/. f;Zfynk dk ekoi ftnesh ftZu eko'pkoe e[Pbsk d/ tkX/ ftZu ;jkfJsk d/Dk j?, fi; Bkb T[j ;tktbzph pD ;e/ ns/ nkgD/ s/ nkgD/ gfotko dk GoD g'PD eo ;e/. eko'pkoe e[Pbsk dh gqkgsh ns/ T[; ftZu tkX/ Bkb d/P dk T[sgkdB tZXdk j?, T[d:'rK dh T[Bsh j[zdh j?, okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?, ns/ p/o[Irkoh dh ;wZf;nk th xZN j[zdh j?. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd (Swami Vivekanand) d/ PpdK ftZu, “e/tb g[seh frnkB Bkb ekoi BjhA uZb/rk. ;kB{z T[; f;Zfynk dh io{os j?, fi; Bkb e'Jh ftnesh nkgD/ g?oK T[Zs/ yVk j' ;e/.”

2H ;wkfie e[Pbsk (Social Efficiency)^;wki fjs ns/ okPNoh fjs d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; d/ w?Apo ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A e[Pb j'D. f;Zfynk dk ekoi ftnesh B{z ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A e[Pb ns/ :'r pDkT[Dk j?, T[; ftZu ;wkfie e[Pbsk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk j?. ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A e[Pb iK :'r ftnesh iK ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk GktBk d/ ftek; dk noE j? fe ftnesh ;tktbzph j't/, ;wki ns/ okPNo d/ T[Zgo



Gko Bk j't/, T[j d{finK d/ fjsK dh oZfynk eo/, T[jBK d/ ekoiK ftZu o[ektN Bk gkt/ ns/ ;wki s/ d/P dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; ftZu nkgDk ;fj:'r gqdkB eo/. f;Zfynk B{z nfijk tksktoD ns/ go;fEshnK g?dk eoBhnK ukjhdhnK jB, fi; ftZu pkbe ftZu ;wkfiesk dh GktBk dk ftek; j' ;e/. v:{Jh (Dewey) B/ fejk fe “f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEh B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk j? fe T[j nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ns/ Bkrfoesk dh fdqPNh s'A ;z[pb pD ;e/.” r'ovB (Gordon) efjzd/ jB fe “nfXnkge B{z fJj ikDB dh io{os j? fe T[j T[jBK ftneshnK B{z ;wkfie fefonk dh dPK ftZu uZbD B{z gq/fos eo/, i' T[; d/ bJh n:'r jB.”

3H f;oiB dh e[Pbsk dk ftek; (Creative Efficiency)^f;oiB dh ;woZEk dk noE T[sgzB eoBk, f;oiB eoBk, pDkT[Dk, fBowkD eoBk, fuzsB B{z w{os o{g d/Dk nkfd s'A j?. pkbeK ftZu f;oiB ;woZEk dk ftek; eoBk pkbe ns/ ;wki d'jK d/ fjs ftZu j?. e[ZM pkbeK ftZu f;oiB dh ;woZEk pj[s finkdk j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi nfij/ pkbeK dh y'i eoBk ns/ T[jBK ftZu f;oiB ;woZEk dk ftek; eoBk j?. nfij/ jh pkbe GftZy ftZu T[Zu e'fN d/ ftfrnkBe, ebkeko, fusoeko ns/ ;fjseko nkfd pDd/ jB.

4H GkPk dh e[Pbsk dk ftek; (Language Efficiency)^pkbe ftZu GkPk dh e[Pbsk sK jh nk ;edh j?, id'A T[j ;[BD, p'bD, gVQB ns/ fbyD ftZu :'r j't/, e[Pb j't/, gqthD j't/. f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe ftZu GkPk f;ZyD d/ gqsh nGho{uh ikfrqs eoBk j?, GkPk dk gq:'r eoBk f;ZyDk j? ns/ T[; ftZu GkPk dhnK ukoK ;woZEktK^;[BDk, p'bDk, gVQBk ns/ fbyDk^dk ftek; eoBk j?. GkPk, frnkB p'X BjhA nfGnk; p'X j?. GkPk ;Zu/ nfGnk; s'A f;yh iKdh j?. p'bD, fbyD, gVQB ns/ ;[BD dk fizBk nfGnk; pkbe B{z j't/rk, T[Bk jh tZX GkPk^frnkB T[; B{z j't/rk. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbe GkPk s/ g{oD nfXeko ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?.

3H4 wB[Zyh w{bK dk noiB ns/ T[sgkdB (Acquisition and Generation of Human Values) w{b T[j j?, fi;B{z gkT[D d/ bJh ftnesh ns/ ;wki :sB eod/ jB, fi; d/ bJh ihfts ofjzd/ jB ns/ fi; d/ bJh tZv/ s'A tZvk T[s;oe eoB d/ bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jB. P[ZG ns/ ;o/Pm, BshfinK iK ;zebgK T[Zs/ fBoGo BjhA jB pbfe fJj sK ihtB d/ T[jBK nkdoPK s'A ;zukfus j[zd/ jB, fijV/ ;kv/ ihtB dk gowkoE ns/ goweP/ j?. ;[Bzdk e[wkoh d/ nB[p;ko w{btkd dh gqzgok ftZu w{b fJZe ftnkge Ppd j?. fJj Gkt/A ;fjok, ;kXe dk nkdoP iK ;{ue j? sK th e'Jh fJeZbk ;kXe w{b BjhA j?. w{b jw/PK ftt;Ek ftZu fBoXkfos j[zdk j?. ;[y, ihtB, t?okr nkfd jo/e ftZu fJZe w{b j?, gozs{ w{b T[; s'A tZX ftnkge j?. w{b fJZe sZs BjhA j?^fJZe ftt;Ek j? ns/ T[;h ftt;Ek ftZu fe;h w{b dk p'X j[zdk j?. gq'H okwPeb gKv/ efjzd/ jB fe w{b nfijh nkuoD ;fjzsk iK ;dr[D jB, fi; Bkb ftnesh nkgD/ fBPfus NhfunK dh gqkgs ;zpzXh nkgDh ihtB gZXsh dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ ftnefsst dk ftek; eodk j?. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy dhnK XkoDktK, ftuko, ftPtk;, wB'ftosh, nk;Ek nkfd Pkfwb jB. fJj wB[Zyh w{b ftnesh d/ nzdo{BhêoD d[nkok fB;fos ns/ gfog'fPs j[zd/ jB. fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe w{b wB[Zy d/ nzsosw ftZu irdh j'Jh T[j Pesh j?, fijVh T[; B{z ftP/P gqeko Bkb eow eoB d/ bJh gq/fos eodh j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuoD B{z Pkf;s eodh j?. t;s{ o{g ftZu w{b gfotosBPhb ;wki dh T[j X{oh j?, fi; d/ ekoB ;wki dk ti{d j?, feT[Afe T[g:'rsk efbnkDekfosk dh GktBk jh ;wki B{z ;fEo oZydh j?.

;w/A d/ Bkb w{bK ftZu gfotosB nk fojk j?. gqkuhB ekb s'A d/yhJ/ sK gsk bZrdk j? fe fijV wB[Zy w{b ;s:[Zr ftZu ;B, T[j so/sk ftZu BjhA ;B, fijV/ so/sk ftZu ;B, d[nkgo ftZu BjhA ;B ns/ fijV/ d[nkgo ftZu ;B, eb:[Zr ftZu g{oh soQK ftb[gs j' u[Ze/ jB. nZi wB[Zyh iksh fBokPk d/ tZb tZX ojh j?. ;wki d/ w{bK dk jok; j' fojk j?, ;[y, PKsh ysw j[zdh ik ojh j? ns/ wB[Zyh ;t?e/Adfos j[zdk ik fojk j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJjBK wB[Zyh w{bK dk noiB ns/

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B'N T[sgkdB eoBk j?. nZi dh f;Zfynk gqDkbh dk fXnkB e/tb ftnesh d/ fdwkr T[Zs/ e/Adfos j?, fJ; bJh e/tb nfij/ r[DK T[Zs/ fXnkB fdZsk ik fojk j?, fijV/ fe;h ftP/ dh ikDekoh iK fe;h g[se dh ikDekoh iK fe;h gqhfynk ftZu ;cbsk gqkgs eoB Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; d/ T[bN ;zg{oD f;Zfynk dk noE nfij/ r[DK ns/ w{bK d/ ftek; dh ;wkefbs ns/ Bkb^Bkb uZbD tkbh nfijh ftek; gqfefonk s'A j?, fijVh f;Zfynk, ihtB dh f;Zfynk, wkBf;e f;Zfynk, wB' ns/ nfXnksfwe f;Zfynk d/ bJh T[g:'rh j?. Pohoe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu Pkfwb ehs/ ikD tkb/ w{bK dk ;zpzX f;js, Pohoe Pesh, neko, nkGk ns/ ;[zdosk s'A j[zdk j?. GktBkswe f;Zfynk iK ihtB dh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ;kXe w{bK dk ;zpzX ehosh, thosk ns/ ;zrhs s'A j?. skoe nXkfos ftek; d/ y/so ftZu fijV w{b rqfjDh wzB/ iKd/ jB, T[jBK dk ;zpzX fBPgZysk, ;Zu dh y'i, PKsh, ;fjDPhbsk ns/ ;[Gkte w/b s'A j?. ;"Ado:p'X d/ ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs w{bK ftZu tZX ;[zdo ns/ tZX rfjD ;"Ado: dh nB[G{sh ns/ nGhftnesh Bkb i[V/ f;oiBkswe nkBzd dh ebgBk Pkfwb j[zdh j?. pkbe^pkfbektK B{z fJZe T[ZsodkJh Bkrfoe ns/ ;wki d/ T[g:'rh w?Apo pDkT[D d/ bJh ;fj:'r, gq/w, eo{Dk, PKsh, nfjz;k, ;kj;, ;wkBsk, GkJhukok, fwjBs rfowk nkfd w"fbe r[DK dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh, T[jBK ftZu ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB eoB d/ bJh, d/P ns/ ;wki dh ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gof;EshnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ikro[esk T[sgzB eoB ns/ T[jBK ftZu fJZSs ;[Xko fbnkT[D d/ bJh, nkgD/^nkg nkgD/ gqsh, nkgD/ ;kEhnK d/ gqsh, ;ko/ XowK ns/ ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh, ;td/P d/ gqsh, wB[Zysk d/ gqsh, ihtB ns/ tksktoD d/ gqsh f;jswzd fdqPNhe'D ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ekoi wB[Zyh w{bK d/ noiB ns/ T[sgkdB ftZu ;jkfJs eoBk j?.

wB[Zyh w{bK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ftfdnkb/ ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A fBwB fbys d' soQK dhnK fefonktK ftt;fEs ns/ nk:'fis ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB^

1H gkmeqw ;zpzXh fefonktK

2H gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK gkmeqw ;zpzXh fefonktK (Curricular Activities)

ftfdnkbh ftfPnK d/ d[nkok pkbeK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

GkPk ns/ ;kfjs dh f;ybkJh d[nkok w{bK dk ftek;^w{bK dk T[fus o{g Bkb ftek; eoB ftZu GkPk ns/ ;kfjs dk ftP/P ;EkB j?. fe;h th GkPk dk ;kfjs T[; dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dh tkDh j[zdk j?. fBpzX, eftsk, BkNe, ejkDh, T[gzfBnk;, w[jkto/, b'e'efsnK nkfd tZy^tZy ftXktK ftZu ;z;feqsh ftP/P d/ sZs ftnkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh ;kfjs d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftfGzB ;z;feqfse w{bK dk p'X eokfJnk ik ;edk j?. pkbe ;zt/dBPhb j[zd/ jB. GkPk dk nfXnkge gkm^g[;seK d/ fe;h th gkm B{z gVQkT[Ad/ ;w/A T[jBK ftZu Pkfwb nkdoPK ns/ f;XKsK d/ gqsh nk;Ek ns/ gq/w g?dk eo ;edk j?.

;wkfie nfXnB d[nkok w{bK dk ftek;^;wkfie nfXnB d/ nB[;ko fijBK ftfPnK dk nfXnB j[zdk j?, T[jBK ftZu fJfsjk;, G{r'b, Bkrfoe Pk;so, ;wkiPk;so ns/ noEPk;so gqw[Zy jB. fJfsjk; ftZu n;hA e/tb okik^wjkokfinK d/ T[EkB^gsB dh ejkDh jh BjhA gVQd/ pbfe iksh, ;wki ns/ okPNo ftP/P dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk th frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB. fJfsjk; d/ d[nkok okw, feqPD, wjKtho ;tkwh, r"sw p[ZX, r[o{ BkBe fij/ wjKg[oPK dh ihtB rkDk dk nfXnB eoe/ pkbeK ftZu fsnkr, fdnk, goT[geko, gowkoE, eo{Dk, nfjz;k, P[ZXsk, gftZsosk, wB[Zysk nkfd r[DK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. rhsk eqw d/ gqsh nk;Ek T[sgzB eodh j?. owkfJD go;go wB[Zyh ;zpzXK dk nkdoP fusoD eodh j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx, wjKokDh bZSwh pkJh, fPtkih, wjKokD gqskg, Pjhd Grs f;zx nkfd d/ ihtB B{z dZ; e/ pkbeK ftZu thosk, ;kj;, d/P gq/w ns/ okPNo ftek; d/ w{b ftef;s ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. G{r'b d/ d[nkok ftfGzB d/PK dh gqfeofse ;fEsh, ibtk:{ nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; Bkb pkbeK B{z ftfGzB d/PK dh nB:':kPfossk dk frnkB



eokfJnk ik ;edk j?. tksktoD dh ;[oZfynk, ;zoePD, g'X/ brkT[Dk, gqfeqfse ;[zdosk d/ gqsh brkU nkfd d/ Gkt pkbeK ftZu G{r'b d/ d[nkok ftef;s ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. noEPk;so ftZu T[g:'r, T[sgkdB, fwjBs, oki;t, ;kj; nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh fdZsh iKdh j?. noEPk;so d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbeK ftZu fwjBs dk wjZst, XzB dk ;dT[g:'r, fwZsosk, ;kj;, ;fj:'r, fsnkr, fBnk, g{zihgsh dk ;zBwkB ns/ wId{o d/ wjZst nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. BkrfoePk;so d/ d[nko nkdoP BkrfoeK dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?, eosZt ns/ nfXekoK dh ikDekoh fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ okPNohnsk s/ nzsookPNohnsk d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok pkbeK ftZu okiBhfse w{bK dk ftek; pVh ;obsk Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. d/Pgq/w, okPNo u/sBk, GkJhukok, pbhdkB, fsnkr, ;fj:'r, ;fjDPhbsk, fJwkBdkoh, ;ZukJh nkfd w{bK dk ftek; Bkrfoe Pk;so dh f;ybkJh d/ d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?. eosZt ns/ nfXekoK dh ikDekoh d/ e/ eosZtfBPmk ns/ T[ZsodkfJst d/ w{b g?dk ehsk ik ;ed/ jB. „t;{X?t e[N[zpew‟ dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;wkiPk;so d/ d[nko ;wkfie gqzgoktK, ;wkfie ohsh^fotkiK, ;wki ns/ ftnesh d/ ;zpzXK ns/ ;z;feqsh nkfd dh ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok pkbeK B{z fJj dZf;nk ik ;edk j? fe wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j? ns/ fJ; ekoB T[; s'A fJj ng/fynk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ;wkfie w{bK d/ gqsh fBPmk oZy ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eo/.

ftfrnkB f;ybkJhd/ d[nkok w{bK dk ftek;^ftfrnkB dh f;ybkJh d/ d[nkok th pkbeK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. ftfrnkB f;ybkJh d/ d' o{g jB^fJZe f;XKse ns/ d{ik fttjkfoe. fiZE/ f;XKse f;ybkJh Bkb fuzsB, soe, fBoDk, ftt/e nkfd w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?, T[ZE/ fttjkfoe f;ybkJh iK gq:'rPkbk ekoi Bkb ;Zu, X?on, ;kj;, nB[Pk;B, ekoifBPmk, wjZsteKfynk ns/ nkBzd nkfd w{bK dk ftek; j[zdk j?. iht ftfrnkB ftZu ihtîzs{nK s/ gP{^gzShnK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. tB;gsh ftfrnkB ftZu g/V^g'fXnK ns/ gqfeqsh dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJBK dh f;ybkJh d[nkok n;hA pkbeK ftZu ;wk:'iB, ;fjGkrsk, goT[geko, gqfeqsh gq/w, ;"Ado: p'X, ;w[dkfJe ;tZSsk nkfd w{bK B{z ftef;s eo ;ed/ jB. gowkD{ ;zouBk dk frnkB gqdkB eod/ ;w/A ftfrnkB d/ ftXtz;ekoh gqGkt dk toDB eod/ j'J/ T[jBK ftZu PKsh, gq/w, fdnk, nfjz;k, ftPt GkJhukok nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK (Co-curricular Activities)

pkbeK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; eoB ftZu gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. fJBQK fefonktK ftZu pkbe nkgD/^nkg Gkr b?Ad/ jB, o{uh d/ Bkb ekoi eod/ jB, w{bK dk wjZst ;wMd/ jB ns/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ngBkT[D dk :sB eod/ jB. w[Zy gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK fJ; soQK jB^

1H gqkoEk ;Gk (Morning Prayers)^jo/e ftfdnkb/ dk P[ZG^nkozG gqkoEBk ;Gk s'A j[zdk j?. fJPto dh gqkoEBk pkbeK ftZu ;dGkt, gq/w, Gesh, fsnkr, goT[geko nkfd w{bK B{z ngBkT[D dh gq/oDk fdzdh j?. fJPto gqkoEBk d/ pknd nfXnkgeK d/ d[nkok ftfGzB XowK d/ f;XKsK B?fse fB:wK, wjKg[oyK d/ ftukoK, T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs gq/oe gq;zrK dh uouk ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; Bkb w{bK d/ fBowkD ftZu pj[s ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.

2H wjKg[oyK d/ iBw fdjkV/ (Birthday Celebrations)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu okw, feqPD, Jh;k w;hj, wj[zwd ;kfjp, r[o{ BkBe nkfd wjKg[oyK, rKXh, gN/b, ;[GkPuzdo p';, gzfvs Bfjo{, nzp/veo nkfd wjkB okiB/sktK, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd, wjKfoPh noftzd, r[o{d/t oftzdo BkE N?r'o, okXkfeqPDB nkfd ;zsK, wjKfoPhnK ns/ ftdtkBK d/ iBw fdjkV/ wBkJ/ iKd/ jB, fiBQK ftZu fJjBK d/ :'rdkB, fJjBK d/ r[DK ns/ fJjBK d/ ihtB d/ gq/oe gq;zrK dk toDB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb pkbeK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; j[zdk j?.

3H okPNoh fsT{jko (National Festivals)^gzdoQK nr;s, SZph iBtoh, d' neN{po nkfd okPNoh fsT{jkoK B{z wBkJ/ ikD Bkb pkbeK ftZu d/Pgq/w, okPNo d/ bJh fsnkr ns/ ;wogD ns/ ftPtGkJhukok, ;G d/ gqsh ;wkB fttjko nkfd gqikszsfoe w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

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B'N 4H y/ve[Zd (Games and Sports)^y/vK ftZu pkbeK dh ftP/P o{uh j[zdh j?. T[j tZX^s'A^ tZX y/vDk ukj[zd/ jB. y/ve[Zd d/ d[nkok fiZE/ pkbe dk Pohoe ftek; j[zdk j? T[j Pohoe fwjBs d/ wjZst B{z ;wMdk j?, T[Zsw f;js d/ gqsh ikro[e j[zdk j? ns/ nk;B, e;os nkfd eoB ftZu o{uh b?Adk j?, T[ZE/ gq/w, GkJhukok ;fj:'r, ;fjDPhbsk, ;wkBsk, PkbhBsk ns/ fiZs^jko ftZu ;wkB Gkt nkfd w{bK B{z th f;Zydk j?.

5H ;kfjfse ns/ ;z;feqfse ekoieqw (Literacy and Cultural Activities)^;kfjfse ekoieqwK ftZu GkPD, fBpzX, gZso^gkm, tkd^fttkd, ;zr'Pmh ns/ ;z;feqfse ekoieqwK ftZu eth ;zw/bB, eth dopko, ;zrhs ;zw/bB, BkNe, b'eBku, b'erhs nkfd nkT[Ad/ jB. fJjBK ekoieqwK ftZu ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk fdrdoPB j[zdk j?. io{os fJ; rZb dh j? fe fJjBQK ekoieqwK dh ftt;Ek ns/ ;z:'iB fJ; soQK Bkb ehsh ikt/, fi; Bkb wB[Zyh w{bK dh nGhftnesh j' ;e/.

6H ;wki ;/tk d/ ekoieqaw (Social Service Activities)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;wki ;/tk d/ ftfGzB ekoieqwK dk nk:'iB eoe/ pkbeK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;wki ;/tk Bkb ;zpzXs efsg ekoieqw fJ; soQK jB^

(T) T[g/fyns y/soK dh ;ckJh eoBk, PowdkB Bkb ;VQeK pDkT[Dk, ;tZSsk nGhnkB ubkT[Dk.

(n) phwkohnK d/ fto[ZX gquko eoBk ns/ f;js fB:wK B{z dZ;Dk.

(J) gq'VQ f;Zfynk e/AdoK ftZu fBP[be ;/tk eoBk ns/ nf;Zfynk d/ fto[ZX nBhnkB ubkT[Dk.

(;) r[zr/, p'b/, nzB/ ns/ ngkfji b'eK B{z f;Zfyns eoBk ns/ T[jBK dh ;jkfJsk eoBk.

(j) tksktoD dk ;[Xko eoB dk :sB eoBk. G"fse tksktoD B{z ;[XkoD d/ bJh nkgD/ ukoK gk;/ ;ckJh oZyDk, g/V^g'fXnK dh oZfynk eoBk ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD B{z ;[XkoB d/ bJh ;wki ftZu ftnkgs nokiesk, nB?fsesk, GoPNkuko nkfd B{z d{o eoB dk :sB eoBk.

(e) n?BH;hH;hH, n?BHn?;Hn?;H, ;ekT{fNzr, rkJhfvzr nkfd ;zrmBK dk w?Apo pD e/ okPNo ns/ ;wki dh ;/tk eoBk.

(y) gqfeofse nkgdktK d/ ;w/A ftgdk rq;s b'eK dh jo ;zGt ;jkfJsk eoBk.

(r) gZso fwZso ;zrmBK d/ w?Apo pD e/ d{finK d/ gqsh gq/w oZyDk ns/ T[jBK dh jo ;zGt ;jkfJsk eoBk.

7H ;wkfie T[sgkdesk ekoi (Socially Productive Work)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pkbeK B{z ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[g:'rh s/ T[sgkde ekoi eoB d/ bJh gq/oDk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;e/.

8H ;fjekoh ;z;EktK (Co-operative Organisations)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfGzB y/soK ftZu ;fjekoh ;zrmB pDkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. ukj^BkPs/ dh ftt;Ek, G'iB dh ftt;Ek, ftfGzB ;wkBK d/ ftP/ dh ftt;Ek ;fjekoh ;z;EktK d/ d[nkok ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; dk ;zg{oD T[ZsodkfJst ftfdnkoEh$ftfdnkoEDK T[Zs/ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; Bbk T[jBK ftZu fiZE/ ;w{fje ns/ ;fjekoh GktBk g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j?, T[ZE/ fJwkBdkoh, ;ziw, ;fj:'r, ngforqfj nkfd w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

9H gq:NB ns/ :ksoktK (Tour and Excursion)^gq:NB ns/ :ksoktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbe^pkfbektK ftZu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJfsjkf;e, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ;EkBK T[Zs/ ik e/ fiZE/ nkgD/ d/P ns/ ;wki dh ;z;feqsh, Xo'jo, ;z;EktK nkfd dh ikDekoh pkbeK B{z fdZsh iKdh j?, T[ZE/ T[jBK ftZu y/so d/ b'eK Bkb fwb e/ fgnko, ;fj:'r, ;dGktBk d/ w{b g?dk ehs/ iKd/ jB.



10H ;t?Pk;B (Self-Government)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfGzB ekoiK dk ;zgkdB eoB d/ bJh ftfGzB ;fwshnK dk rmB ehsk iKdk j?. fJjBK dk ;zukbB eoB dk g{ok T[ZsodkfJst pkbe^pkfbektK T[Zs/ j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk, ;t?^nB[Pk;B, nkswfB:zsoD ns/ nksw^ftPtk; d/ w{b g?dk j[zdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e „okPNoh ftek;‟ T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

3H5 ;wkfie ;zpZXsk (Social Cohesion)

wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. T[; ftZu ;w{fjesk dh gqftosh gkJh iKdh j?. T[j ;wki s'A nbZr ofj BjhA ;edk. T[j nkgDk ihtB phskT[Dk, ftek;, ;wfoXh, ;wki ftZu jh eodk j?. fJZe gk;/ T[j ;wki ftZu nkgDk ;wk:'iB eodk j?, d{i/ gk;/ T[j ;wki ftZu gfotosB eodk j? ns/ ;wki dk ftek; eodk j?. fJ; y/so ftZu f;Zfynk fBwB fbfys fszB ekoi eodh j?^

1H ;wkfieoD (Socialization)

2H ;wkfie fB:zsoD (Social Control)

3H ;wkfie gfotosB (Social Change)

;wkfieoD T[j gqfefonk j?, fi; d/ d[nkok ftnesh ;wki ftZu ofj e/ T[; d/ w{bK, nkdoPK ns/ ihtB^P?bh B{z f;Zydk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgD/ ftnefsst dk nzr pDkT[Adk j?. ;wkfieoD dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk ;wkfie ekoi d/ nB[;ko nkT[Adh j?. f;Zfynk pkbeK d/ ;kjwD/ T[Zu nkdoPK B{z g/P eoe/, f;jswzd wB[Zyh ;zpzXK dk fBowkD eoe/, ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo GktBk dk ftek; eoe/, ;w{fje fefonktK B{z T[s;kj d/ e/ ns/ T[Zsw ;wkfie tksktoD dk fBowkD eoe/ ;wkfieoD ftZu ;fj:'r fdzdh j?.

;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ d[nkok fJZe ;w[dkfJ nkgD/ w?A;oK d/ fttjko B{z fB:zsfos eodk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok ;wki nkgD/ w?ApoK B{z ;wki d[nkok ;Ekfgs fB:wK ns/ nkdoPK d/ nB[e{b fttjko eoB B{z gq/fos eodk j?. i/eo ;wki nfijk Bk eo/ sK ;wki ftxfNs j' ikt/rk. ;wki d/ ;ko/ w?Apo ;wkB r[DK tkb/ BjhA j[zd/. T[jBK ftZu Pohoe, p"fXe ns/ ;zt/rkswe ftfGzBsktK j[ zdhnK jB, T[jBK d/ ihtB doPB ftZu fGzBsk j[zdh j?. fJjBK ftfGzBsktK T[Zs/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD d[nkok fiZs gqkgs eoe/ ;wki nkgD/ ti{d dh oZfynk eodk j? ns/ T[; B{z wip{sh gqdkB eodk j?.

fe;h ;wki dh ftt;Ek, ;zrmB, Yku/ ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB ;wkfie gfotosB ejkT[Ad/ jB. v:{Jh (Dewey) d/ PpdK ftZu, “;wkfie gfotosB Ppdk dk gq:'r ;wkfie fefonktK, ;wkfie gqshwkBK iK ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ fe;h gZy ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB d/ bJh gq:[es j[zdk j?.” f;Zfynk dk ekoi wB[ZyK ftZu nkgDh GkPk, ofjD^;fjD, ykB^gkB, fttjko dhnK ftXhnK ns/ ohsh^fotkiK ftZu nkgD/ nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ io{oh gfotosB ns/ ftek; dh ;woZEk g?dk eoBk j?. f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;wki d/ b'eK d/ ftukoK ftZu pdbkU fbnkfJn ik ;edk j? ns/ ;wki B{z gqrsh d/ tZb b? ikfJnk ik ;edk j?. e'mkoh nk:'r B/ fejk j? fe nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu f;Zfynk jh fJZe nfijk ;kXB j?, fi; d/ d[nkok PKshg{oD Yzr Bkb ftnkge ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gfotosB d/ bJh fJZe PeshPkbh ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.

f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbeK ftZu ;wkfie GktBk dk ftek; eoBk, ftneshrs fjsK dh s[bBk ftZu ;otiBe fjsK B{z wjZstg{oD ;wMD dh GktBk ftef;s eoBk, ;wkfie :'rsk dk ftek; eoBk, ;wkfie dkfJstK dk fBPmk d/ Bkb fBotjB eoB dh ;woZEk g?dk eoBk, ;wkfie nB[Pk;B dk ftek; eoBk ns/ ;wki d/ eZfbnkD, ;[Xko s/ T[Bsh d/ bJh nkgD/^ngk B{z ;wofgs eoBk j?.




fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H ;[Bzdk e[wkoh d/ nB[;ko, w{btkd dh gqzgok ftZu w{b fJZe ftnkge Ppd j?.

8H w{b ngfotosBPhb T[j X{oh j?, fi; d/ ekoB wB[Zy dk ti{d j?.

9H ftfrnkB dh f;ybkJh d/ d[nkok th pkbeK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

10H gq:NB ns/ :ksoktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbe^pfbektK ftZu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

3H6 okPNoh ftek; (National Development)

f;Zfynk nk:'r (1964^66) d/ gqsht/dB dk f;ob/y jh j?, “f;Zfynk ns/ okPNoh ftek;”. fJj f;ob/y fJ; rZb dk ;{ue j? fe f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh okPNoh ftek; j' ;edk j?. fe;h th okPNo dk T[EkB^gsB T[; d/ BkrfoeK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. i/eo T[; d/ Bkrfoe e[Pb, :'r ns/ fJwkBdko jB sK T[j okPNo T[BshPhb ns/ ;wfoXPkbh j't/rk ns/ i/eo T[;d/ Bkrfoe ne[Pb, n:'r ns/ GoPN jB sK T[j okPNo gsB d/ tZb ikt/rk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy ekoi ftnesh B{z nkdoP Bkrfoe pDB j?, ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A e[Pb pDkT[Dk j? ns/ T[; B{z okPNoh ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j?. okPNoh ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk d/ efsg wjZstg{oD ekoi j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H nkdoP ns/ e[Pb BkrfoeK dk fBowkD (Creation of Ideal Citizens)^nZi d/ pkbe jh eZbQ d/ Bkrfoe pBDr/ ns/ T[jBK d/ jh jZEK ftZu Pk;B dk ;{so j't/rk. fJ; bJh T[jBK dk e[Pb, :'r, p[ZXhwkB ns/ okPNogq/wh j'Dk io{oh j?. fJj ekoi f;Zfynk dk j?. f;Zfynk pkbeK ftZu nkdoP BkrfoeK d/ r[DK dk ftek; eodh j?. T[jBK B{z eosZt ns/ nfXekoK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu d/PGrsh dh GktBk dk ftek; eodh j?. nZi d/ gqikszsfoe :[Zr ftZu sK f;Zfynk dk fJj ekoi j'o th wjZstg{oD j' frnk j?. f;Zfynk jh BkrfoeK B{z ikro[e pDk e/ ns/ nkgD/ T[ZsodkfJstK dk uzrh soQK Bkb fBotjB eoke/ gqikszso B{z ;cb pDkT[Adh j?. f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fBT{:koe dh ftXkBe ;fwsh B/ nkgDh fog'oN ftZu fbfynk j?^ “;otiBe f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dk w[Zy ekoi ftfdnkoEhnK B{z oki ftZu Bkrfoesk d/ dkfJstK ns/ eosZtK d/ fBotjB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j?.”

2H nrtkJh d/ bJh f;ybkJh (Training for Leadership)^fe;h th okPNo dh T[Bsh d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe fJ; d/ ;wkfie, okiBhfse, Xkofwe, ;z;feqafse, ftfrnkBe, T[d:'fre, nkofEe nkfd ftfGzB y/soK ftZu :'r ns/ e[Pb nrtkJh j't/. f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbeK B{z fJ; soQK Bkb f;Zfyns eodk j? fe T[j ;wki dk gD gqdoPB eo ;eD, Pk;B dk ;zukbB uzrh soQK Bkb eo ;eD, Xkofwe f;XKsK ns/ nkdoPK dk gquko ns/ gq;ko eo ;eD, ;z;feqfse T[EkB eo ;eD, BthnK^BthnK ftfrnkBe y'iK eo ;eD ns/ T[d:'fre y/so ftZu BthnK^BthnK bkGdkfJe :'iBktK pDk ;eD, fi; Bkb ;ko/ y/soK ftZu okPNo dh ;wfoXh ns/ ftek; j' ;e/. ftfGzB ftfdne fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb pkbeK ftZu ;dr[DK dk ftek; j[zdk j?, nB[Pk;B dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j? ns/ T[j nrtkJh d/ bJh fsnko j[zd/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nkoH n?;H wDh (R.S. Mani) B/ fbfynk j?, “ftP/P o{g s'A fJ; ;w/A id'Afe d/P ftZu gqikszso ihtB dk Yzr j' frnk j?, uzrh nrtkJh d/ bJh ;/tk dh GktBk d/ Bkb^Bkb uzrh f;ybkJh dh th io{os j?.”

3H ;z;feqsh ns/ ;ZfGnsk dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ;zGkb (Security and Preservation of Culture

and Civilization)^vkH ikfeo j[;?B dk efjDk j? fe, “e/tb ;z;feqsh dh ;wZroh d[nkok jh f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z rsh fdZsh ik ;edh j?. e/tb fJ;h ;wZroh



d[nkok jh f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z rsh fdZsh ik ;edh j?. e/tb fJ;h ;wZroh d[nkok wB[Zyh fdwkr dk ftek; j' ;edk j?.” fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk wjZstg{oD ekoi okPNo dh ;z;feqsh ns/ ;ZfGnsk dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ;zGkt eoBk j?. ftnesh nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh B{z, fi; s/ T[; B{z row j[zdk j?, ;[oZfyns oZyDk ukj[zdk j? ns/ T[; B{z Gkth ghVh B{z j;sKsfos eoBk ukj[zdk j?, fJ; ekoi B{z f;Zfynk jh eodh j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu fJj ekoi fe;h d{i/ ;kXB d/ d[nkok ;zGt BjhA j?. f;Zfynk e/tb ;z;feqsh dh ;[oZfynk ns/ j;sKsoD jh BjhA eodh pbfe T[; dk ftek; ns/ ;[Xko th eodh j?, fi; Bkb ;z;feqsh ihtzs pDh ofjzdh j?. UNkt/ (Ottaway) dk wd j?, “f;Zfynk dk fJZe ekoi ;wki d/ ;z;feqfse w{bK ns/ fttjko d/ gqshwkBK B{z T[; d/ B"itkB ns/ ekoiPhb w?ApoK B{z j;sKsfos eoBk j?.”

4H ;otiBe fjs dh gqw[Zysk (Importance of General Welfare)^fe;h okPNo dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; d/ BkrfoeK ftZu ;otiBe fjs d/ bJh nkgDk sB, wB, XB pfbdkB eoB dh GktBk j't/. f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJ; soQK dh f;ybkJh d/Dk j?, fi; Bkb ftnesh nkgD/ ftneshrs fjsK dh T[g/fynk B{z tZX wjZst dt/ ns/ ;kotiBe wjZst d/ bJh nkgD/ fjsK B{z pfbdkB eoBk nkgDk gow Xow ;wMD. ;kv/ d/P ftZu nZi gkogfoe fJoyk, dt/P, ;tkoE, gqsh;goXk ns/ ;zxoP c?fbnk j'fJnk j?, fi; Bkb d/P dk pj[s nfjs j' fojk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJjBK p[okJhnK B{z d{o eoe/ ;otiBe fjsK B{z gqw[Zysk d/Dk j?. f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi d/ wjZst B{z fBowkDs eod/ j'J/ vkH okXkfeqPDB B/ fbfynk j?, “Gkos ftZu gqikszso dk GftZy nB[Pk;B ftZu ofjD dh fJZSk ns/ ftneshrs pfbdkB T[Zs/ nXkfos j?. i/eo Gkos B{z ;tkXhB, ;z:[es ns/ gqikszsoh oZyDk j? sK f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok b'eK B{z J/esk d/ bJh Bk fe gqd/fPesk d/ bJh, gqikszso d/ bJh Bk fe nfXfBnketkd d/ bJh f;Zfyns eoBk ukjhdk j?.”

5H ufoso ns/ B?fsesk dh f;ybkJh (Training of Character and Morality)ôkPNoh ihtB ftZu ufoso ns/ B?fsesk dk fJZe ftP/P ;EkB j?. ufosoe ns/ B?fsesk Bkb :[es ftnesh okPNo dh nw{b ;zgZsh j?. phuo (Beecher) B/ fejk j? fe, “jo/e B"itkB B{z :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe ;ko/ ;cb ekoiK dk nXko B?fsesk j?.” fJ; s'A fJbktk f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy ekoi pkbeK B{z ufoso ns/ B?fsesk dh f;ybkJh d/Dk j?, fi; Bkb fJjBK r[DK Bkb :[es j' e/ okPNo dk eZfbnkD eo ;eD. rKXh ih dk th efjDk j? fe f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy ekoi B?fse f;Zfynk gqdkB eoBk j?. f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ jopkoN (Herbart) B/ fejk j?, “uzrh B?fse ufoso dk ftek; jh f;Zfynk j?."

6H ;wkfie ;[Xko ns/ T[Bsh (Social Reformation and Progress)^f;Zfynk dk ekoi ;wkfie ;[Xko ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh eoBk j?. f;Zfynk ftnesh B{z ;wki dh ;zrfms gqzgoktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j? ns/ T[jBK B{z pdbD ns/ ;[XkoB dh ;woZEk gqdkB eodh j?. f;Zfynk ftnesh ns/ ;wki B{z T[fus fdPk d/ tZb gqrsh eoB d/ bJh w"ek gqdkB eodh j?. f;Zfynk d/ fJ; ekoi d/ ftP/ ftZu v:{Jh (Dewey) B/ fbfynk j?, “f;Zfynk ftZu fBPfus ns/ nbgsw ;kXBK d[nkok ;wkfie ns/ ;z;Ekrs T[d/P d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wki d/ eZfbnkD, gqrsh ns/ ;[Xko ftZu o{uh dk ftef;s j'Dk gkfJnk iKdk j?.”

7H okPNoh J/esk (National Integration)^fe;h okPNo d/ ;Zu/ ftek; d/ bJh io{oh j? fe T[; d/ BkrfoeK ftZu okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk j't/. ikshtkdsk, ;zgqdkfJesk, gqKshtkdsk, GkPktkd, rohph^nwhoh nkfd eJh r[DK s'A b'eK ftZu eN[sk, t?wB;, fJoyk, dt/P nkfd GktBktK g?dk j' iKdhnK jB fi; Bkb edhêdh tZv/ ;zxoP j' iKd/ jB ns/ okPNoh J/esk yso/ ftZu g? iKdh j?. f;Zfynk dk ekoi eN[sk, t?wB;, fJoyk, dt/P nkfd fJ; soQK dh ;zehoD GktBktK B{z gBgB s'A o'eDk j? ns/ gq/w, ;fj:'r, fwsosk, ;fjekfosk ns/ d/P gq/w dhnK GktBktK T[sgzB eoBk j?, fi; Bkb d/P dh okPNoh J/esk pDh oj/. n?BH ghH ;/B dk efjDk j? fe, “GkPk ;zpzXh ftfGzBsktK, ;z;feqfse em'osktK ns/ ohsh^fotkiK ns/ fttjkoK d/ ekoB gqEesktK B{z d{o eoBk

B'N



B'N pj[s w[Pfeb j?. id'A sZe f;Zfynk d[nkok fJj BjhA ehsk ikt/rk T[; ;w/A sZe fBod/fPs Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eoBk w[Pfeb j?.” okPNoh J/esk ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ wjZst B{z ;gPN eod/ j'J/ Bfjo{ ih B/ fejk, “okPNoh J/esk d/ gqPB ftZu ihtB dh jo/e t;s{ nk iKdh j?. f;Zfynk dk ;EkB fJjBK ;G s'A T[Zs/ j?.”

8H okPNoh nB[Pk;B (National Discipline)^vkH okXkfeqPDB (Dr. Radhakrishnan) d/ nB[;ko, “okPNoh J/esk ns/ okPNoh w/b dk nXko j?ôkPNoh nB[Pk;B.” okPNoh nB[Pk;B okPNo d/ ftek; dh gfjbh io{os j?. okPNoh nB[Pk;B Bkb okPNo wjkB pDdk j?. okPNoh nB[Pk;B Bkb okNPoh ufoso fBowkD j[zdk j?. okPNoh nB[Pk;B ;Ekfgs eoB dk T[ZsodkfJst f;Zfynk dk j?. f;Zfynk okPNo d/ BkrfoeK ftZu ;zrmB, ;fj:'r, fsnkr, eosZtgkbD, d/PGrsh nkfd dh GktBk ftef;s eodh j?. fJjBK r[DK d/ ftek; Bkb d/Ptk;hnK B{z okPNoh nB[Pk;B d/ bJh f;ybkJh fwbdh j?.


f;Zfynk nk:'r (1964^66) d/ gqsht/dB dk f;yb/y jh j?, “f;Zfynk ns/ okPNoh ftek;.” fJj f;ob/y fJ; rZb dk ;{ue j? fe f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh okPNoh ftek; j' ;edk j?. fe;h th okPNo dk T[EkB^gsB T[; d/ BkrfoeK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. i/eo T[; dh Bkrfoe e[Pb, :'r ns/ fJwkBdko jB sK T[j okPNo T[BzsPhb ns/ ;wfoXPkbh j't/rk ns/ i/eo T[[; d/ Bkrfoe ne[Pb, n:'r ns/ GoPN jB sK T[j okPNo gsB d/ tZb nkJ/rk. 3H8 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;[Xko (Reformation) L ;[Xko gqfefonk

2H okPNoh ftek; (National Development) L okPNo dk ftek; 3H9 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek dk toDB eo'.

2H f;Zfynk d/ ekoiK dk toDB eo'. s[jkvh fdqPNh ftZu T[jBK ftZu fejV/^fejV/ ekoi tZX wjZstg{oD jB<

3H ftnefsrs ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ ekoiK dk toDB eo'.

4H f;Zfynk ;z;feqfse ftek; d/ ;zukoD dk ekoi fe; soQK eodh j?<

5H wB[Zyh w{bK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ftfdnkb/ ftZu ehshnK ikD tkbhnK fefonktK dk toDB eo'.

6H ;wkfie ;zpXsk d/ y/so ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ekoiK dk toDB eo'.

7H okPNoh ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk d/ e[ZM wjZstg{oD ekoiK dk toDB eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H wB[Zy 2H ftnefsst 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs

9H ;jh 10H rbs




p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^4L nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Idealism and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


4H1 nkdoPtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Idealism)

4H2 nkdoPtkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Idealism)

4H3 nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Idealism and Education)

4H4 nkdoPtkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Idealism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


nkdoPtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk ikDB ;zpzXh.

nkdoPtkd d/ w{bG{s f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD d/ bJh ;kB{z T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk (Axiology and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK nkdoPtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/. 4H1 nkdoPtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Idealism) nkdoPtkd gZswh doPB dh gqkuhB ftukoXkok j?. frnkB dh feoB Gkos d/ pknd i/eo ehs/ gfjbK g[zroh j? sK T[j :{BkB (rqh;) d/P ftZu. :{BkB gZSwh doPB dh r[o{;Ebh j?. Jh;k dh eJh Pskpdh gfjbK T[ZE/ sZs frnkB dk ftek; j'D bZrk ;h. gZSwh irs ftZu :{BkBh dkoPfBe E/b; (Thales, 640-550 JhH g{H) ;G s'A gfjbK ftnesh ;B fiBQK B/ fJ; pqfjwzv dh ouBk d/ ftP/ ftZu nkgD/ soe g/P ehs/. T[jBK d/ pknd fJNbh d/ dkoPfBe I?B'c/Bhi (Zenophanes, 570-480 JhH g{H) B/ ndt?stkdh ftuko g/P ehs/. fJj gZSwh irs d/ ;G s'A gfjb/ ndt?stkdh ns/ ;ot/Ptkdh dkoPfBe ;B. I?B'c/Bhi d/ pknd gZSwh doPB d/ y/so ftZu :{BkB d/ ;[eoks (Socrate, 469-309 JhH g{H) dk Bkw nkT[Adk j?. ;[eoks th


fJekJh^4 nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk

nfXnksfwe ftukoXkok d/ ftnesh ;B gozs{ T[j nkgD/ fJjBK ftukoK B{z c[Neo o{g ftZu :so^;so eoB sZe ;hfws oj/. T[jBK d/ pknd gZSwh doPB d/ irs ftZu T[jBk d/ jh u/b/ gb/N' (Plato, 427-347 JhH g{H) dk gqkd{oGkt j'fJnk. T[AM gb/N' :{Bkb d/ okixokD/ d/ tzPi ;B, pj[s mkm^pkm Bkb ofjzd/ ;B, Poho ;"Pm ns/ wkB^gqshPmk d/ gqsh ;u/s ;B, gozs{ T[jBK dk dkoPfBe fuzsB ;[eoks d/ nfXnkswtkdh doPB s'A gqGkfts ;h. T[j :{BkB d/ gfjb/ dkoPfBe jB fiBQK B/ nkgD/ dkoPfBe fuzsB B{z pj[s ftt;fEs ns/ soeg{oD Yzr Bkb g/P ehsk j?. gb/N' nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ti{s B{z ;theko eod/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe gqwkswk fJ; f;qPNh dk fB:kwe Gkt eosk j? ns/ ftuko fJ; d/ T[gkdkB ekoB Gkt nXko jB. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe fJj G"fse irs ftukoK d/ irs dk gqrNheoD wkso j?. T[jBK dk soe j? fe G"fse irs f;ZNkPhb j? fJ; bJh fJj jw/PK BjhA j' ;edk, ;Zu BjhA j' ;edk ns/ ftukoK dk irs f;NkPhb BjhA j? fJ; bJh T[j jw/PK j?, ;Zu j?. T[jBK B/ fJj th ;gPN ehsk fe fJjBK ftukoK ftZu fJZe d?th ns/ B?fse ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. ftukoK dh d?th ns/ B?fse ftt;Ek B{z ;theko eoB ns/ T[jBk B/ PkPts wzBD d/ ekoB gZSwh irs ftZu T[jBK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z ftukotkd (Idea-ism, Idealism) dk BKt fdZsk frnk. gb/N' d/ pknd T[jBK d/ u/b/ no;s{ (Aristotle, 384-321 JhH g{H) B/ T[jBK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z e[ZM nkgD/ Yzr d[nkok g/P ehsk. T[jBK B/ ftukoK d/ irs d/ Bkb^Bkb t;s{irs d/ ti{d B{z th ;theko ehsk. nkX[fBe ekb ftZu coK; d/ v/ekoN/ (Decartese, 1596-1650), jkb?Av d/ f;ghB'ik (Spinoza, 1632-1677), iowBh d/ bkJhpBhi (Leibniz, 1646-1716), nkfJob?Av d/ poeb/ (Bishop Berkley, 1885-1735), iowBh B/ eKN (Kant, 1724-1804), fcPs/ (Fichte, 1762-1814), jhrb (Hegel, 1770-1831), P?fbzr (Shelling, 1775-1854), ns/ P"g/Bjkto (Schopenhaaer, 1788-1860) nkfd dkoPfBeK B/ fJ; nfXnksfwe ftukoXkok B{z E'V/^pj[s nzso Bkb nZr/ tXkfJnk. no;s{ B{z SZv e/ j'o ;kfonK d/ ftukoK ftZu d' w{bG{s sZE ;wkB jB. gfjbk fJj fe fJj ;G fJPto B{z nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) wzBd/ jB ns/ T[; B{z jh fJ; f;qPNh dk eosk wzBd/ jB. d{ik fJj fe fJj ;ko/ wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ;o{g B{z gfjukDBk wzBd/ jB ns/ fJj wzBd/ jB fe fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A wB[Zy PkPts w{bK ns/ B?fse fB:wK dk gkbD eoB. PkPts w{bK ns/ B?fse fB:wK ftZu ftPtk; eoB d/ ekoB j[D fJ; ftukoXkok B{z nkdoPtkd (Ideal-ism, Idealism) fejk iKdk j?. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fJ; ftukoXkok B{z nZr/ tXkT[D ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fJ; dk gq:'r eoB tkb/ gZSwh dkoPfBeK ftZu ;ftNIob?Av d/ g?;Nkb'ih (Pestalozze), iowBh d/ jopkoN (Herbart) ns/ co'p/b (Froebel), fJzrb?Av d/ BB (Nunn), fJzNbh d/ i/AfNb/ (Gentle) ns/ nw/foek d/ jkoB (Horn) d/ Bkw ftP/P T[b/y:'r jB.

B'N

B'N; gb/N' d/ nB[;ko, ftukoK dh d?th ftt;Ek ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ;o{g B{z ikDBk jh

;Zuk frnkB j?.

nkdoPtkd dh sZs whwK;k

gb/N' B/ fJ; pqfjwzv B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ftuko irs ns/ t;s{ irs. ftukoK B{z T[j nBkfd, nBzs ns/ ngfotosBPhb wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJjBK ftukoK ftZu fJZe d?th ns/ B?fse ftt;Ek j[zdh j? fi; dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fJPto irdk dk fBowkD eodk j?. ftukoK B{z B?fse ftt;Ek ftZu ftPtk; eoB d/ ekoB T[jBK dh ftukoXkok B{z B?fse nkdoPtkd (Moralistic Idealism) fejk iKdk j?. nkswk B{z gb/N' fJPto dk nzP wzBd/ ;B. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nkswk fJ; ;zz;o ftZu nkT[D s'A gfjbK ftukoK d/ irs ftZu ofjzdh j? fJ; bJh fJZE/ nkT[D d/ pknd fJj ftukoK d/ irs ftZu jh ikDB dh fJS[Ze ofjzdh j?.



B'N bkJhp/Bhi fJ; irs d/ jo/e gdkoE ftZu fJZe ;[szso nfXnksfwe sZs^fudfpzd{nK (Monads) dh ;Zsk ;theko eod/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh ftZu fJj t;s{ irs eJh fudfpzd{nK dk :'r j?. eJh fudfpzd{nK dh ;Zsk ;theko eB d/ ekoB T[jBK dh ftukoXkok B{z pj[sttkdh nkdoPtkd (Pluralistic Idealism) fejk iKdk j?.

poeb/ dk ws j? fe e'Jh t;s{ r[DK dk ;w{j wkso j[zdh j? ns/ r[DK dh gqshfs ftZu nkswk (wB, Mind) d/ ekoB j[zdh j?, t;s{ dk nkgD/^nkg ftZu e'Jh ti{d BjhA j[zdk. T[jBK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z nkswfBPm nkdoPtkd (Subjective Idealism) fejk iKdk j?.

eKN B/ nkswk (wB, Mind) d/ ;EkB s/ soeBkp[ZXh (Intellect) B{z t;s{ d/ frnkB dk nXko wzfBnk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko frnkB gdkoE Bkb wB d/ tZb gqekfPs BjhA j[zdk, pbfe wB d[nkok gdkoE d/ tZb gqekfPs j[zdk j?. id'A sZe wB gdkoE d/ tZb BjhA iKdk, T[; gdkoE d/ gqsh frnkBfJzdohnK fefonkPhb BjhA j[zdhnK. frnkB gqkgsh d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[jBK B/ d{ik sZE fJj ;gPN ehsk fe fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs frnkB bVhpZX j[zdk j?, T[; B{z ;wkB eoB dk ekoi soeBkp[ZXh eodh j?, nkswk BjhA. eKN dh fJj ftukoXkok p[ZXhtkd (Intellectualism) d/ Bkw Bkb gqf;ZX j?.

fJjBK ;kfonK d/ T[bN jhrb dt?stkdh jBl T[jBK B/ nkswk (wB, Mind) ns/ t;s{ (g[drb, Matter), d'jK dh ;[szso ;Zsk ;theko ehsh j?. jhrb d/ nB[;ko nkswk dk uow o{g gqwkswk j? ns/ T[j t;s{ irs dk fBowkD eoB tkbk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh ftukoXkok B{z fBog/y nkdoPtkd (Absolute Idealism) dk BKt fdZsh iKdk j?. nkdoPtkd dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

gb/N' d/ nB[;ko ftukoK dh d?th nt;Ek ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ;o{g B{z ikDB jh ;Zuk frnk j?. frnkB B{z T[jBK B/ fszB o{gK ftZu tzfvnk j?^fJzdohiBe, ;zwshiBe ns/ fuzsiBiBe. fJzdohiBe frnkB B{z T[j M{m wzBd/ ;B feT[Afe fJzdohnK d[nkok n;hA fiBQK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK dk frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB T[j ;G gfotosBPhb ns/ fJedoP M{mhnK jB. ;zwshiBe frnkB B{z T[j nzPe o{g ftZu ;Zu wzBd/ ;B ns/ feT[Afe T[j th nB[wkBiBe j[zdk j? ns/ nB[wkB ;Zu jh j' ;edk j?, M{m th. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko fuzsBiBe frnkB jh ;Zu j[zdk j? feT[Afe T[j ;kB{z ftukoK d/ o{g ftZu gqkgs j[zdk j? ns/ ftuko nkgD/ nkg ftZu ngfotosBPhb ns/ fJZedoP j[zd/ jB. fJ; ;Zu frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gb/N' B/ B?fse ihtB T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ B?fse ihtB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftt/ T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK T[jBK dh fdqPNh frnkB dk nXko ftt/e j[zdk j?. poeb/ ;Zu frnkB dh gqkgsh dk nXko nkswk (wB, Mind) B{z wzBd/ ;B. eKN B/ nkswk d/ ;EkB s/ soeBkp[ZXh B{z frnkB dk nXko wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dk soe j? fe gqsZy frnkB nftt;fEs j[zdk j?, soeBkp[ZXh d[nkok jh T[j ftt;fEs j[zdk j?. nkdoPtkd dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

gb/N' d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh j?. nkswknB[G{sh d/ bJh T[j fszB ;BksB w{bK^;fsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dh gqkgsh io{oh ;wMd/ ;B ns/ fJjBK w{bK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh B?fse ihtB ihT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. B?fse ihtB d/ bJh T[jBK B/ wB[Zy ftZu uko ;dr[DK^;ziw, X?o, frnkB ns/ fBnk dk j'Dk io{oh wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dk ftPtk; j? fe ;dr[D nkswk d/ r[D jB ns/ fijV/ wB[Zy fJjBK fizBk tZX gqkgs eo b?Adk j? T[j T[Bk jh tZX ;fsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow d/ tZb tZXdk iKdk j? ns/ nzs ftZu nskwknB[G{sh eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?. poeb/, eKN ns/ jhrb nkfd nkdoPtkdhnK B/ th B?fse fB:wK d/ gkbD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. T[jBK d/ fJj B?fse fB:w gqfeofse iK ;wkfie fB:wK s'A T[Zgo nfXnksfwe fB:w jB.



nkdoPtkd dh gfoGkPk

nkdoPtkd B{z ftdtkBK B/ fGzB^fGzB o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. fJZE/ T[jBK ;kohnK gfoGkPktK B{z g/P eoBk ;zGt BjhA. T[jBK ;kfonK d/ ftP/ ftZu n;hA fJzBk io{o efjDk ukjKr/ fe T[jBK ftZu nkdoPtkd d/ fe;h fJZe iK e[ZM w{b f;XKsK T[Zs/ jh i'o fdZsk frnk j?, T[j T[; B{z ;zg{oD o{g ftZu g/P BjhA eodhnK. gZSwh ftdtkB j/Avo;B d[nkok fdZsh rJh gfoGkPk s'A finkdkso ftdtkB ;fjws jB. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^

nkdoPtkd wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe gZy s/ i'o fdzdk j?, feT[Afe nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko nfXnksfwe w{b wB[Zy ns/ ihtB d/ ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD gfjb{ jB. fJZe sZsfrnkBh nkdoPtkdh fJj ftPtk; eodk j? fe wB[Zy dk ;hfws wB T[; n;hfws wB s'A fBebdk j?, ftnesh ns/ fJj ;z;ko d'B' p[ZXh (ftuko) dh nGhftnesh jB ns/ G"fse ;z;ko dh ftnkfynk wkBf;e ;z;ko d/ nXko s/ jh ehsh ik ;edh j?.

(Idealism emphasises the spiritual side of man because to the idealists spiritual values are the

most important aspects of man and of life. A metaphysical idealist would believe that man‟s

finite mind springs from the infinite mind that both the individual and the world are

expressions of intelligence, that the material world is to be explained by the mental.

-Stella V. Henderson.)

gozs{ fJj gfoGkPK nkgD/^nkg ftZu fJzBh Y[ethA j? fe fJ; d/ jo gd (Ppd) dh ftnkfynk dh io{os j?. nkdoPtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB, ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b s/ nkuko ;fjzsk d/ nXko s/ n;hA T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK^

nkdoPtkd gZSwh doPB dh fJj ftukoXkok j? i' fJ; pqfjwzv B{z fJPto d[nkok fBofws wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJ; t;s{ irs dh ng/fynk nfXnksfwe irs ;o/Pm j?. fJj fJPto B{z nkyoh ;Zu ns/ nkswk B{z fJPto dk nzr wzBdh j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh j?, fi; B{z nfXnksfwe ihtB ihT[D Gkt PkPts w{bK ns/ B?fse fB:wK d/ gkbD d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh^;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H nkswk B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHH fJPto dk nzP wzBd/ ;B.

2H jhrb d/ nB[;ko HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk uow o{g gqwkswk j?.

fJZe rZb fi; T[Zs/ ;ko/ nkdoPtkdh fJZews jB, T[j fJj j? fe fJj ;ko/ t;s{ irs dh ng/fynk nfXnksfwe irs B{z ;o/Pm wzBd/ jB ns/ fJPto B{z nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) wzBd/ jB. 4H2 nkdoPtkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Idealism)

nkdoPtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b s/ nkuko ;fjzsk B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv fJPto d[nkok fBofws j?^nkdoPtkdhnK dk ftPtk; j? fe fJ; pqfjwzv dh e'Jh fB:kwe ;Zsk io{o j? ns/ fJj ;Zsk nBkfd ns/ nBzs j? ns/ fJ; dk ;o{g nfXnksfwe j?. gb/N' dh fdqPNh s'A fJj ;Zsk fJPto j? fijVh ftukoK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;qPNh dh ouBk eodk j?. jhrb d/ nB[;ko pqfjwzv d/ w{b ftZu d' sZs jB^fJZe nkswk (wB, Mind) ns/ d{ik (gdkoE, Matter). T[jBK d/ nB[;ko gqwkswk (gow wB, Super Mind) gdkoE (Matter) d[nkok fJ; pqfjwzv dh ouBk eodk j?.

B'N



B'N 2H G"fse irs dh ng/fynk nfXnksfwe irs ;o/Pm j?^gb/N' B/ fJ; pqfjwzv B{z d' irsK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ftuko irs ns/ t;s{ irs. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe ftuko fBZs ns/ ngfotosBPhb jB fJ; bJh T[j ;Zu jB ns/ T[jBK s'A pfDnk ftukoK dk irs th ;Zu j?. fJ; d/ T[bN gdkoE nfBZs ns/ gfotosBPhb jB fJ; bJh M{m jB ns/ T[jBK s'A pfDnk irs th M{m j?. T[[jBK d/ nB[;ko fJj G"fse ;z;ko ftukoiBe ;z;ko dh nGhftnesh wkso j?. jhrb th d' irs wzBd/ ;B^ nksfwe irs ns/ gdkoE irs. Nzso fJzBk j? fe T[j nkswk d/ Bkb^Bkb gdkoE dh ;Zsk th ;theko eod/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A d'B' irs jh ;Zu jB. gozs{ fJzBk T[j jh wzBd/ ;B fe nksfwe irs fJ; gdkoE d/ irs d/ T[Zuso j?.

3H nkswk fJZe nfXnksfwe sZs j? ns/ gqwkswk ;otT[Zu nkswk j?^Gkt/A fe nkswk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;ko/ nkdoPtkdh fJZe ws BjhA jB, e[ZM T[; B{z gqwkswk dk nzP wzBd/ jB ns/ e[ZM T[; dh ;[szso ;Zsk ;theko eod/ jB, gozs{ fJj ;ko/ wzBd/ jB fe nkswk nBkfd ns/ nBzs j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe nkswk B{z fJzdohnK d[nkok BjhA ikfDnk ik ;edk, fJ; B{z p[ZXh d[nkok ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. gqwkswk d/ ftP/ ftZu th nkdoPtkdh fJZews BjhA jB, gozs{ finkdkso nkdoPtkdh T[;B{z ;otT[Zu nkswk d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB.

4H wB[Zy ;z;ko dh ;otT[Zu ouBk j?^nkdoPtkdh wB[Zy B{z f;qPNh dh ;otT[Zu ouBk wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe wB[Zy d/ e'b j'o gqkDhnK dh soQK G"fse PeshnK sK j[zdhnK jB, T[jBK d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; ftZu nfXnksfwe PeshnK j'o j[zdhnK jB. fJj nfXnksfwe PeshnK jh T[; B{z ;ZfGnsk, ;z;feqsh, ebk, Bhsh ns/ Xow B{z iBw d/D ns/ T[jBK dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB fiBQK s'A T[; dk G"fse ihtB ;[ywJh j[zdk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe nB[G{sh d/ bJh nfXnksfwe tksktoD fsnko j[zdk j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[; dhnK G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe PeshnK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?^ nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko frnkB dk ;o{g G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d' soQK dk j[zdk j?. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe G"fse frnkB dh gqkgsh G"fse Pesh (fJzdohnK) d[nkok j[zdh j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB dh gqkgsh nfXnksfwe Pesh (nkswk) d[nkok j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; soQK wB[Zy dk G"fse ftek; T[; dhnK G"fse PeshnK d/ nXko s/ j[zdk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; nfXnksfwe PeshnK d/ d[nkok j[zdk j?. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe nfXnksfwe PeshnK d/ d[nkok T[j ;ZfGns, ;z;feqsh, ebk, Bhsh ns/ Xow dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ T[jBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb nkgD/ G"fse tksktoD T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eoB ns/ nkswknB[G{sh eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh Gkt fJPto gqkgsh j?^nkdoPtkdh wB[Zyh ihtB B{z wjZstg{oD ns/ ;gq:'iB wzBd/ jB. T[jBk dk ftPtk; j? fe wB[Zy d/ nzdo nkswk dk fBtk; j?. fJj nkswk ;[yw, nBkfd ns/ nBzs j?. jo/e gqkDh fJ; fdqPNh s'A g{oD j?. gozs{ nfrnkBsk d/ ekoB T[j fJ; g{oDsk B{z ;wM BjhA gkT[Adk ns/ fJ; bJh frnkB ns/ Pesh dk nBzs Gzvko j[zd/ j'J/ th T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z frnkBjhD ns/ PeshjhD ;wMdk j?. wB[Zyh Poho d[nkok g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK wB[Zyh iks gk e/ ;kB{z T[; dh nB[G{sh eoBh ukjhdh j?, T[; ;w/A ;z;ko d/ d[yK s'A pu iktKr/ ns/ ;kB{z gownkBzd dh nB[G{sh j't/rh. e[ZM nkdoPtkdh fJ;h B{z nkdoP ftnefsst dh gqkgsh efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy d/ ihtB dk uow T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh, fJPto gqkgsh, gow ;Zu Gkt gow nkBzd dh gqkgsh j?.

7H nkswknB[G{sh Gkt fJPto gqkgsh d/ bJh nfXnksfwe w{b, ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dh gqkgsh io{oh j[zdh j?^gb/N' fszB ;BksB w{bK ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B. fJj w{b jB^;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe e[ZM nkdoPtkdh XkoDk T[Zs/ finkdk fXnkB fdzd/ jB ns/ e[ZM nkswB T[Zs/ ns/ fJjBK d'jK dk gow o{g gqwkswk j?. ;Zfsnw, fPtw, ;[zdow nkswk ns/ gqwkswk o{gh ot/ dh fszB ;sQK jB



fiBQK B{z fJZe^d{i/ s'A nbZr BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. i' ;Zu j? T[jh fPt j? ns/ i' fPt j? T[jh ;[zdo j?. fJ;h soQK i' ;z[do j? T[j fPt j? ns/ i' fPt j? T[jh ;Zu j?. i/eo n;hA ftuko eoe/ d/yhJ/ sK fJBQK fszBK nfXnksfwe w{bK^;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dk nXko wB[Zyh fdwkr ns/ T[; dh gqfeosh jh j?. wB'ftfrnkB dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh fdwkr dhnK fszB gqfefonktK jBîkDBk, ;zt/r iK nB[G{sh ns/ fJZSk Gkt e[ZM eoB dh fJZSk. wB[Zy fe;h t;s{ iK fefonk d/ ftP/ ftZu ikD e/ ;Zu^M{m ftZu G/d eodk j? ns/ ;Zu B{z ngDkT[Adk ns/ M{m B{z fsnkrdk uZbdk j?. frnkB d/ nXko s/ jh T[j ;[zdo ns/ n;[zdo ftZu G/d eodk j?, ;[zdosk dh nB[G{sh s'A nkBzr bkG eodk j? ns/ n;[zdo ns/ e[o{g t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK B{z fsnkr fdzdk j?. fJ; soQK wB[Zyh fdwkr dh gqftosh ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dh gqkgsh d/ tZb j[zdh j?.

8H nfXnksfwe w{bK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh B?fse nkuoD io{oh j?^;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow nfXnksfwe w{b jB. fJjBK B{z fJ; Poho d[nkok jh gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?, fJ; bJh fJ; Poho B{z T[; d/ :'r pDkT[Dk io{oh j?. frnkB dh xkN ftZu wB[Zy ;z;ko d/ j'o gqkDhnK dh soQK jh bVd/^MrVd/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ gP{nK dh soQK ihtB pshs eod/ jB. ;wkfie GktBk T[jBK B{z fJZe^d{i/ d/ B/V/ fbnkT[Adh j? ns/ T[j fJZe^d{i/ d/ ;[y dh rZb ;'uD bZrd/ jB. nkdoPtkdhnK B/ ;kB{z dZf;nk fe n;hA ;ko/ nkskXkoh jB fJ; bJh ;wkB jB, ns/ fJ; bJh fJZe gqkDh d/ d{i/ gqkDh d/ gqsh e[ZM eosZt jB. eosZtK B{z ;wkfie w{b, Xow, Bhsh ns/ nkdoP, eJh o{gK ftZu ;zrfms ehsk frnk j?. nkdoPtkdhnK dk efjDk j? fe wB[Zy, wB[Zy d/ gqsh nkgD/ eosZtK dk fBotkj eoB ftZu jh ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow d/ doPB eo ;edk j?. fJ; soQK nkdoPtkd wBl[Zy d; fJjb'e ns/ gob'e B{z ;[ywJh pDkT[D d/ bJh nXko g/P eodk j?.

9H oki fJZe ;otT[Zu ;Zsk j?^brGr ;ko/ nkdoPtkdh oki B{z ftnesh s'A T[Zu ;EkB fdzd/ jB. :{BkBh dkoPfBe gb/N' id'A ;Zu ns/ g{oD ftuko eoB tkb/ ftneshnK dh ebgBk BjhA eo ;e/ sK T[jBK B/ ;Zu ftuko (fB:w, Law) B{z jh ;theko ehsk. jhrb ns/ fcPN/ B/ th oki B{z nkdoP ns/ ;otT[Zu ;Zsk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' nkdoPtkdh wB[Zyh ihtB B{z wjZstg{oD ns/ ;gq:'iB wzBd/ jB.

4H3 nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Idealism and Education)

:{BkBh (rqh;) dkoPfBe gb/N' ;G s'A gfjbK ftnesh jB fiBQK B/ nkgD/ nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe ftukoK B{z eqwpZX o{g ftZu g/P ehsk ns/ Bkb jh nkgD/ fJBQK dkoPfBe ftukoK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fBPfus ehsk, T[; d/ T[d/P fBPfus ehs/, T[; dh gkmuo:k fBPfus ehsh, T[; dhnK f;ybkJh ftXhnK ;gPN ehshnK, T[; d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B d/ ;o{g B{z fBPfus ehsk ns/ T[; B{z ;Ekfgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK fBPfus ehshnK. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe T[jBK B/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;o{g fBPfus ehs/, T[jBK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX ;gPN ehs/ ns/ f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK d/ dkoPfBe jZb g/P ehs/. ns/ ;G s'A tZvh rZb fJj j? fe T[jBK B/ ftfdne ftukoK B{z w{oso{g d/D d/ bJh nekdwh (Academy) Bkw Bkb fJZe f;Zfynk ;z;Ek (ftfdnkfbnk) ;Ekfgs ehsh. T[jBK d/ pknd j'o nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBeK B/ th f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; d/ ftfGzB nzrK d/ ftP/ ftZu nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/. fJfsjk; fJ; rZb dk rtkj j? fe nkdoPtkd B/ f;Zfynk B{z pj[s gqGkfts ehsk j?. fJ; ftZu ;z;ko ftZu eJh gfotosB j'J/ jB, eJh ftukoXkoktK B/ iBw fbnk j? ns/ T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ nkgDk^nkgDk gqGkt th gkfJnk j?, gozs{ nZi th f;Zfynk fe;h Bk fe;h o{g ftZu nkdoPtkd s'A gqGkfts j?. fJZE/ nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk dk ;zy/g toDB g/P j?.



B'N f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk B{z frnkB ns/ gqfefonk d'jK o{gK ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. gqkuhB nkdoPtkdh finkdkso f;Zfynk ns/ frnkB ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ ;B. gb/N' d/ nB[;ko^

f;Zfynk dk ekoi wB[Zy d/ Poho ns/ nkswk B{z fJj g{oDsk gqdkB eoBk j? fi; d/ fe T[j :'r jB.

(Education consists in giving to the body and soul all the perfection of which they are

susceptible. -Plato)

gozs{ nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk B{z gqfefonk o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. iowB f;ZfynkPk;soh jopkoN d/ nB[;ko^

f;Zfynk T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;dr[DK dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?.

(Education is the process of attaining virtues. -Herbart)

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

nkyoh T[d/P nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ;o{g B{z ikDBk^nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswk^gqwkswk d/ uow ;o{g B{z ikDBk j?, fJ;h B{z nkswknB[G{sh, nkdoP ftnefsst dh gqkgsh, fJPto dh gqkgsh, nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh gqkgsh iK gow nkBzd dh gqkgsh fejk iKdk j?. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe nkswk^gqwkswk d/ uow ;o{g B{z fet/A ikfDnk ik ;edk j?< nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko fJ; d/ bJh wB[Zy B{z uko gd gko eoB j[zd/ jB. gfjb/ gd T[Zs/ T[; B{z nkgD/ gqfeofse „;t?‟ dk ftek; eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk Pohoe ftek; nkT[Adk j?. d{i/ gd T[Zs/ T[; B{z nkgD/ ;wkfie „;t?‟ dk ftek; eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie, ;z;feqafse, B?fse, ufosoe ns/ Bkrfoesk dk ftek; nkT[Adk j?. fsZi/ gd T[Zs/ T[; B{z nkgD/ wkBf;e „;t?‟ dk ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wkBf;e, p"fXe ns/ ftt/e Pesh dk ftek; eoBk j[zdk j?. ns/ u"E/ ns/ nkyoh gd T[Zs/ T[; B{z nkgD/ nfXnksfwe „;t?‟ dk ftek; eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nfXnksfwe u/sBk dk ftek; nkT[ADk j?. nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko fJBQK ukoK gdK B{z gko eoB dk noE j?^g{oD ftnefsst dk ftek; (Development of Complete Personality). nkdoPtkdh fJBQK ;kfonK B{z f;fynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eod/ jB. fJZE/ fJBQK s/ E'Vk ftuko eoBk io{oh j?.

1H Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek;^nkdoPtkdh fJjh wzBd/ jB fe nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbh io{os wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse „;t?‟ d/ ftek; dh j? fJ; bJh T[j f;Zfynk d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK wB[Zy d/ Pohoe ftek; ns/ wkBf;e ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. e'Jh wB[Zy nkgDk Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; sK jh eo ;edk j? id'A T[j nfijk nkjko bJ/ ns/ nfij/ ftuko eo/ fijV/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e f;js d/ bJh bkGekoh j'D ns/ Bkb jh j'o nkjko ns/ ftuko s/ fB:zsoD oZy/. Gozs{ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; d/ bJh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; dh rZb T[jBK B{z wzBD:'r BjhA j?. T[jBK d/ bJh Poho ns/ wB nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh dk ;kXB j?, nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;kXe BjhA. gb/N' B/ nkgD/^nkg nkgDh nekdwh ftZu pZfunK d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk ;h, gozs{ T[j fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk fJZe ;jkfJe T[d/P wzBd/ ;B, w[Zy T[d/P BjhA. nZi d/ nkdoPtkdh th fJ;B{z f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P sK fBPfus eod/ jB gozs{ T[; B{z ;theko ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu jh eod/ jB.

2H ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek;^nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh d/ wkor dk d{ik gd ;wkfie „;t?‟ j? fJ; soQK f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie „;t?‟ dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? ;wkfie „;t?‟ d/ ftek; dk noE j?^wB[Zy ;wki d[nkok ;theko:'r fB:wK dk gkbD eodk j? ns/ T[; dh g;zd ;wkfie ;theko:'r^ n;fteko:'sk T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; ;so s/ wB[Zy nkgD/ gqfeqfse „;t?‟ (w{b gqtfofsnkswe fttjko) T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eodk j?. fJ; B{z jh nZi ;wkiPk;soh GkPk



ftZu ;wkfie ftek; efjzd/ jB. nkdoPtkdh fJj rZb wzBd/ jB fe wB[Zy dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk ;z;feqsh j?l ofjD^;fjD ns/ ykD^gkB dhnK ftXhnK, ohsh^fotki, GkPk, ;kfjs, ebk, ;zrhs ns/ w{b jB. fJj jh T[; B{z gqfeofse „;t?‟ s'A ;wkfie „;t?‟ d/ tZb tXkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ;wkfie „;t?‟ s'A nfXnksfwe „;t?‟ d / tZb tXkT[Ad/ jB fJ; bJh T[j f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy dh ;z;feqsh dh ;zGkb ns/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P fBPfus eod/ jB. fJzrb?Av d/ ;o NhH ghH BB sK fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P wzBd/ ;B.

3H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;^nkdoPtkdh wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie „;t?‟ d/ T[Zusw ftek; d/ bJh T[; d/ B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe id'A wB[Zy ;wkfie fB:wK ftZu nk;Ek oZydk j? ns/ T[jBK dk gkbD fJZSk Bkb eodk j? sK n;hA efjzd/ jK fe T[; dk B?fse ftek; j' frnk j?, ns/ id'A fe;h th go;fEsh ftZu T[j ;dwkor T[Zs/ nfvr ofjzdk j? sK n;hA T[; B{z efjzd/ jK fe T[; dk ufosoe ftek; j' frnk frnk j?. gb/N' ftnesh, ;wki ns/ oki ;kfonK dh fdqPNh s'A B?fsesk B{z gow io{oh wzBd/ ;B. iowB f;Zfynk Pk;soh jopkoN sK B?fse ftek; dk jh f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P wzBd/ ;B.

4H oki d/ bJh ftP/PZrK dk fBowkD^n;hA ikDd/ jK fe wB[Zy B/ nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ ftek; ftZu fJZe T[Zuk ;wkfie ihtB dk ftek; ehsk j? ns/ T[; dh ;koh ftt;Ek d/ bJh oki dk ftek; ehsk j?. fJ; ;zPfbPN ;wki iK oki d/ ti{d dh oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ ;zukbD d/ bJh jo/e ;wki iK oki B{z ftP/PZrK dh io{os j[zdh j?. gb/N' d/ nB[;ko oki B{z ;?fBe, ftUgkoh, Pk;e ns/ ;/te nkfd ;ko/ ukjhd/ jB, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P ftfGzB y/soK d/ bJh ftP/PZrK dk fBowkD eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B/ fBwB p"fXe ;so gozs{ Poho s'A foPN^g[PN ftneshnK d/ bJh ;?fBe f;Zfynk, T[; s'A T[Zu/ p"fXe ;so d/ ftneshnK d/ bJh T[sgkdB ns/ T[d:'r dh f;Zfynk ns/ fJ; s'A T[Zu/ p"fXe ;so d/ ftneshnK d/ bJh gqPk;fBe f;Zfynk dk ftXkB ehsk ;h.

5H T[Zu BkrfoeK dk fBowkD^gb/N', jhrb ns/ fcPN/ nkfd nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBeK B/ oki B{z ;otT[Zu ;Zsk wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P oki d/ bJh T[Zu BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[Zu BkrfoeK s'A T[jBK dk Gkt nfij/ ftneshnK s'A ;h fijV/ oki d/ gqsh ;wogs j[zd/ jB, oki d/ T[EkB d/ bJh jw/PK fsnko^po^fsnko ofjzd/ jB ns oki d/ fjs d/ nZr/ nkgD/ fjs dk fsnko eod/ jB. fJj T[j f;Esh j? fijVh ftnesh nkgD/ ;tkoD s'A T[Zgo T[Zme/ gowkoE d/ tZb tXdk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe nfijh ftneshnK dk ;wkfie „;t?‟ ftef;s j[zdk j?.

6H p[ZXh ns/ ftt/e Pesh dk ftek;^nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh gqkgsh dk fsZik gd j?^p"fXe „;t?‟ dk ftek;. fJj T[j ;fEsh j? fijVh wB[Zy dk fttjko ;wkfie ;thfeqsh^ n;ftfeqsh iK oki d/ fB:wK Bkb fB:zsfos Bkb j' e/ T[; dh p[ZXh ns/ ftt/e Bkb fB:zsfos j[zdk j?. gb/N' dk soe j? fe wB[Zy dh p[ZXh ns/ ftt/e T[; d/ ;ko/ nkdoPK, feqsK ns/ nfXnksfwe u/PNKtK dk nXko j[zd/ jB. T[jBK dk soe j? fe fpBK p[ZXh d/ frnkB BjhA j' ;edk ns/ fpBK frnkB d/ ftt/e BjhA j' ;edk ns/ fpBK ftt/e d/ ;Zu^ M{m, fPt^nfPt ns/ ;[zdo^n;[zdo ftZu G/d BjhA ehsk ik ;edk ns/ ;Zfsnw, fPtw, ;[zdow dh gqkgsh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dh p[ZXh ns/ ftt/e Pesh gqkgsh dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. iowB dkoPfBe eKN sK ;G s'A finkdk i'o wB[Zy d/ p"fXe ftek; T[Zs/ jh fdzd/ ;B.

7H nfXnksfwe u/sBk dk ftek;^nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh gqkgsh d/ wkor dk u"Ek ns/ nkyoh gd j?^nfXnksfwe „;t?‟ dk ftek;. nkdoPtkdhnK dk ftPtk; j? fe id'A wB[Zy nkgD/ gqfeofse ns/ ;wkfie „;t?‟ s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ nkgD/ p"fXe „;t?‟ d[nkok fB:zsfoe j'D bZrdk j? sK T[; d/ pknd T[j j'bh^j'bh nkgD/^nkg nfXnksfwe „;t?‟ d/ y/so ftZu dkfyb j'D bZrdk j?. ;[eoks (Socrates) fJ; B{z ihtB dk w{b T[d/P wzBd/

B'N



B'N ;B. T[jBK d/ u/b/ gb/N' (Plato) B/ ;gPN ehsk j? fe wB[Zy dh gqftosh ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow d/ tZb M[eh j[zdh j?, T[j jw/PK ;Zy dh y'i d/ bJh :sBPhb ofjzdk j? ns/ i' eZfbnkDekoh ns/ ;[zdo j?, T[;B{z ;theko eodk j? ns/ i' eZfbnkDekoh ns/ ;[zdo BjhA j?, T[; dk fsnkr eodk j?. nkdoPtkdh wB[Zy B{z fJ; gqfefonk ftZu f;Zfyns eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. nfijk wB[Zy jh fuo ;Zs, fuo fPt ns/ fuo ;"Ado: dh y'i eo ;edk j? Gkt nkswk^gqwkswk B{z ikD ;edk j?, feT[Afe nkgD/ fBog/y o{g ftZu ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow nkswk^gqwkswk B{z jh gqks jB.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P nB[G{sh fBPfus eod/ jB ns/ fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJBQK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gkmuo:k ftZu GkPk, ;kfjs, XowPk;so ns/ BhshPk;so B{z gqw[Zy ns/ j'o ftfPnK s/ fefonktK B{z r"D ;EkB fdzd/ jB.

:{BkBh (rqhe) nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe gb/N' d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh iK fJPto dh gqkgsh j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dh gqkgsh io{osh j[zdh j? ns/ fJj fszB'A nfXnksfwe w{b wB[Zy dh eqw nB[;ko p"fXe B?fse ns/ ebkswe fefonktK d/ d[nkok gqkgs j[zd/ jB. gb/N' gkmuo:k ftZu T[jBK jh ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK d/ ;wkt/P T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk ;B fijV/ wB[Zy B{z T[go'es fefonktK ftZu :'rsk gqdkB eoB. T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu p"fXe fefonktK d/ bJh GkPk, ;kfjs, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, rfDs ns/ Pohoe ftfrnkB dkl B?fse fefonktK d/ bJh Xow, BhshPk;so ns/ nfXnkswPk;so dk ns/ ebkswe fefonktK d/ bJh ftfGzB ebktK ns/ ;zrhs dk ;wkt/P ehsk ;h.

iowB nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk Pk;soh jopkoN wB[Zy dh nfXnksfwe T[Bsh d/ bJh ufosoe ns/ B?fse ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ ;B ns/ fJ; d/ bJh gkmuo:k ftZu GkPk, ;kfjs, ebk ns/ ;zrhs B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdzd/ ;B. T[jBK d/ ws nB[;ko gkmuo:k ftZu G{r'b, rfDs ns/ ftfrnkB B{z r"D ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

fJzrb?Av d/ nkdoPtkdh f;ZfynkPk;soh BB PqhwkB dh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu T[jBK jh ftfPnK dk ;wkt/P ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fiBQK s'A wB[Zy B{z wB[Zy ;ZfGnsk dh Mbe fwb ;e/ ns/ fiBQK d/ d[nkok pZfunK B{z e[ZM ftP/P fefonktK ftZu nB[Pkf;s ns/ f;Zfynk fdZsh ik ;e/. BB PqhwkB B/ ftP/P fefonktK B{z d' torK ftZu tzfvnk j?. gfjb/ tor ftZu T[j fefnktK nkT[AdhnK jB fijVhnK izB;zfynk ns/ ;wkfie ihtB dh oZfynk eodhnK jBl fit/A^f;js oZfynk, ;wkfie ;zrmB, fPPN, B?fsesk ns/ Xkofwe nkuoD. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu Poho ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so, BhshPk;so ns/ Xow nkfd B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. d{i/ tor ftZu ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk fBowkD eoB tkbh f;oiBkswe fefonktK nkT[AdhnK jB. fJjBK fefonktK dh f;ybkJh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu ;kfjs, ebk, ;zrhs, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, rfDs, ftfrnkB ns/ d;sekoh B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

nkdoPtkdh fJ; sZE s'A ikD{ jB fe pZuk nkozG ftZu nB[eoD d[nkok f;Zydk j? fJ; bJh T[j pZfunK d/ wksk^fgsk ns/ nfXnkgeK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ T[Zu nkuoD g/P eoB. nfXnkgeK s'A T[j fJj th ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ b/y, fusoebk s/ ;zrhs nkfd d/ T[ikro Bw{B/ g/P eoB fiBQK dk nB[eoD eoe/ T[j fJjBK B{z f;ZyD. T[j nfXnkgeK s'A fJj th ng/fynk eod/ jB fe ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu uzr/ s'A uzrk eoe/ fdykT[D dh gq/oDk ns/ ;goXk T[sgzB eoB. T[; ;fEsh ftZu nB[eoD ftXh d[nkok f;ybkJh nfs bkGekoh j[zdh j?. pZfunK ftZu w{bK d/ ftek; ns/ T[jBK d/ ufoso fBwoDk d/ bJh T[j pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ Xow rqzEK ns/ ;kfjs d/ Xho'dks BkfJeK d/ ufoso g/P eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. nkdoPtkdhnK dk ftPtk; j? fe wB[Zy dh



gqfeqsh uzr/^p{o/ ftZu G/d eoB dh j[zdh j?, T[j Xho'ds BkfJeK d/ r[DK dk nB[eoD eoe/ uzr/ wB[Zy pD ;eDr/.

nkdoPtkdh fJj wzBd/ jB fe wB[ZyK ftZu f;ZyD dh nzdo{Bh fJZSk j[zdh j?, T[j i' e[ZM d/yd/^ ;[Dd/ iK nB[Gt eod/ jB T[; d/ pko/ ftZu nkgD/^nkg ;'uD bZrd/ jB, fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK T[Zs/ fe;h pkjoh T[s/ie d/ dpkn dh io{os BjhA jz[dh. fJ; B{z jh T[j nkswfefonk efjzd/ jB ns/ fJ; rZb T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB fe pZfunK B{z nkswfefonk d[nkok f;ZyD d/ tZX s'A tZX w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB.

nkdoPtkdh gqkuhB ;kfjs dk nkdo eod/ jB. T[j wzBd/ jB fe ;kv/ gqkuhB ;kfjs ftZu ;kv/ g[oyK d[nkok y'fink j'fJnk frnkB fgnk j?, ;kB{z T[; s'A bkG T[mkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. gqkuhD ;kfjs d/ nfXnB d/ bJh T[j ;t?fXnkJ/ ftXh d/ gZyh jB. gozs{ fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r f;Zfynk d/ T[Zu ;so s/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

gZSwh nkdoPtkdh ftukoeK B/ eJh f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftek; ehsk j?. gb/N' d/ r[o{ ;[eoks tkd^fttkd, ftnkfynkB ns/ gqPB T[Zso ftXh d[nkok T[; ;w/A d/ B"itkBK B{z f;Zfynk fdzd/ ;B. T[j fe;h ;EkB T[Zs/ B"itkBK B{z fJeZso eoe/ T[jBK d/ ;kjwD/ gqPB g/P eod/ ;B, B"itkB T[jBK d/ gqPBK T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, T[Zso fdzd/ ;B, sK T[j T[jBK gqPBK d/ ;zdoG ftZu nkgDk ws ;gPN eod/ ;B. ;[eoks d/ u/b/ gb/N' B/ gqPB T[Zso ftXh d/ nXko s/ ;ztkd ftXh dk ftek; ehsk. gb/N' B/ nkgDh finkdk ouBktK th ;ztkdK d/ o{g ftZu fbyhnK jB. gb/N' d/ ;ztkd ftPt gqf;ZX jB. T[jBK d/ u/b/ no;s{ nkrwB ns/ fBrwB ftXhnK T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. nkrwB ftXh ftZu ftP/P s'A ;XkoB d/ tZb uZfbnk iKdk j? ns/ fBrwB ftXh ftZu ;XkoD s'A ftP/P d/ tZb uZfbnk iKdk j?. gfjbK T[j T[dkjoD g/P eoe/ ;XkoBheoD eod/ ;B ns/ fco fJ; soQK gqkgs f;XKs dk gq:'r eod/ ;B. nkX[fBe nkdoPtkdh dkoPBheK ftZu jhrb B/ soe ftXh, g?;Nkb'ih B/ nfGnk; ns/ nkftosh ftXh, jopkoN B/ nB[d/PB gqDkbh ns/ c'op/b B/ y/v ftXh dk ftek; ehsk j?.

nkdoPtkdh ftukoeK ftZu g?;Nkb'ih gfjb/ ftnesh jB fiBQK B/ f;Zfynk gqfefonk B{z wB'ftfrnkBe o{g gqdkB ehsk. T[jBK B/ ;gPn ehsk fe wB[Zy fdwkr dh wkBf;e fefonk fszB ;soK ftZu j[zdh j?. gfjb/ ;so s/ pZu/ frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok t;s{nK dk n;gPN frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB. d{i/ ;so s/ T[j fJ; soQK gqkgs t;s{nK d/ frnkB d/ nXko s/ T[jBK ftZu G/d eod/ jB, fJZe t;s{ Bkb d{ih t;s{ B{z nbZr eod/ jB ns/ fsZi/ ;so s/ T[j t;s{nK dhnK ;gPN XkoDktK dk fBowkD eod/ jB. frnkB gqkgs eoB dh fJ; ftXh B{z T[jBK B/ „nkBPKr‟ Bkw fdZsk. fJ; nXko s/ jh T[jBK B/ nfGnk; ns/ nktosh ftXh dk ftek; ehsk.

g?;Nkb'ih d/ u/b/ jopkoN B/ f;ZyD dh gqfefonk dk pj[s poheh Bkb nfXnB ehsk. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe f;ZyD d/ bJh gfjbh io{os j?^f;ZyD tkb/ dk f;ZyD d/ bJh fsnko j'Dk, fefonkPhb j'Dk. jopkoN dh fdqPNh s'A fefonkPhb j'D d/ bJh fdwkr uko nt;EktK s'A j' e/ r[iodk j?^BohyD (Observation), nkPk (Expectation), wzr (Demand) ns/ fefonk (Action). T[jBK B/ wkBf;e fefonk d/ fJ; eqw ftZu f;Zfynk d/ uko gd fBPfus ehs/^;gPNsk (Clearness), ;zpzX (Association), ftt;Ek (System) ns/ fttjkfoe gq:'r (method). jopkoN d/ u/b/ fibN B/ jopkoN d/ fJjBK uko gdK B{z gzi gdK ftZu pdb fdZsk j?^fsnkoh (Preparation), g/P eoBk (Presentation), s[bBk (Comparison), ;XkoBheoD (Generalization) ns/ gq:'r (Application). toswkB ftZu fJjBK jh gdK B{z jopkoN dh gzi gd gqDkbh efjzd/ jB.

g?;Nkb'ih d/ fJZe j'o u/b/, nkdoPtkdh fuzse c'op/b B/ ;gPN ehsk fe pZfunK ftZu f;ZyD dh ;[Gkfte gqftosh j[zdh j? fJ; bJh f;ZyD dh gqfefonk nkswgq/fos ns/ nksw^fB:zsfos j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe fJj d'B'A r[D y/v fefonk ftZu j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh pZfunK B{z y/v d[nkok f;ZyD d/ w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. T[jBK B/ y/v ftXh dk ftek; fJ;h nXko s/ ehsk ;h.

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B'N nB[Pk;B

nkdoPtkdhnK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy dhnK fJzdohnK T[; B{z G"fse ;[y d/ tZb nkeofPs eodhnK jB ns/ T[; dh nkswk nfXnksfwe nkBzd d/ tZb. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A nkswk Bkb Pkf;s j'Dk jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?. nkdoPtkd d/ fBowksk gb/N' d/ nB[;ko pZfunK dh nfXnksfwesk d/ tZb tXD d/ bJh B?fse nkuoD io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;kvk ;G s'A gfjbk eosZt j? fe pZfunK B{z nB?fse nkuoD s'A o'ehJ/. fJ; d/ bJh T[j em'o fB:zsoD ns/ dzv dk ftXkB ;theko eod/ ;B. gozs{ d{i/ gk;/ T[jBK dk fJj th efjDk ;h fe n;b nB[Pk;B nzdo{Bh j[zdk j? fi; ftZu wB[Zy nkgD/ nzdo{BheoD s'A gq/oDk gqkgs eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eodk j?, fJ; soQK pZfunK B{z nfijkj tksktoD fdZsk ikt/ fe T[j nkgD/^nkg B?fse nkuoD d/ tZb tXD.

nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ nkdoPtkdh ftukoe iowB f;ZfynkPk;soh c'op/b B/ ;gPN ehsk fe dzv d/ G?n s'A n;b nB[Pk;B dh gqkgs BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, pZu/ nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gq/w ns/ ;kjB{G{shg{oD fttjko io{os j[zdh j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^pZu/ T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eod/ ;w/A T[; dhnK o{uhnK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ gq/w ns/ ;jkB[G{shg{oD fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

jkoB B/ th nzdo{Bh nB[Pk;B T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJjBK d/ PpdK ftZu^nB[Pk;B dk nkozG pkjoh o{g s'A j[zdk j? gozs{ fJj T[Zsw j't/rk i/eo fJ; dk nzs nkds fBowkD ns/ nkswfB:zsoD d[nkok nzdo{Bh j't/.

fJ; soQK ;ko/ nkdoPtkdh nB[Pk;B B{z nzdo{Bh GktBk wzBd/ jB ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJ; dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu T[Zu tksktoD d/ fBowkD ns/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. T[fus tksktoD ftZu pZu nkgD/^nkg nB[Pkf;s j'Dr/, fJj sK fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe sZe j?. nfXnkge

nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge B{z ;G s'A T[Zuk ;EkB fdzd/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko pZfunK B{z gP{st s'A wB[Zyst ns/ wB[Zyst s'A d/tst d/ tZb b? ikD ftZu nfXnkge dh pj[s io{os j[zdh j?. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe pZfunK B{z G"fse ftfPnK dk frnkB sK e'Jh th ftnesh eok ;edk j?, gozs{ T[jBK d/ ufoso fBowkD ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh :'r, ;fuso ns/ sg/ j'J/ ftneshnK dh io{os j[zdh j?. gb/N' d/ nB[;ko frnkB d/ Gzvko, dkoPfBe ns/ nzsofdqPNh gqkgs ftnesh jh nfXnkge pDB d/ nfXekoh j[zd/ jB. c'op/b d/ PpdK ftZu ftfdnkb/ o{gh pkr ftZu nfXnkge o{gh wkbh ftfdnkoEh o{gh g'fXnK d/ ftek; ftZu ;fj:'r fdzd/ jB. fJj ;fj:'r T[j sK jh d/ ;ed/ jB id'A T[jBK B{z pZfunK dh gqfeosh ns/ T[jBK d/ ftek; dh gqfefonk dk ;gPN frnkB j't/. fJ; soQK nfXnkge ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK dk T[fus Yzr Bkb ftek; eo ;eD dh Pesh th j'Dh ukjhdh j?. f;ZfynkoEh

nkdoPtkdh wB[Zy B{z nkswXkoh wzBd/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko nB[Gt dk e/Ado fdwkr BjhA, nkswk j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A ;G pZu/ ;wkB j[zd/ jB ns/ g{oDsk dk nfj;k; eoB :'r j[zd/ jB. finkdkso nkdoPtkdh pZfunK B{z nkozG s'A jh fJ; g{oDsk dk nfj;k; eokT[D T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. gozs{ nkX[fBe nkdoPtkdh pZfunK dh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e fGzBsk B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe frnkB B{z nkswk sZe gj[zukT[D ftZu Poho d/ ftfGzB nzr^fJzdohnK, frnkBfJzdohnK ns/ fdwkr ekoi eod/ jB, ns/ fJjBK ftZu fGzBsk j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK pZfunK dk ftek; eod/ ;w/A T[jBK d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek;, o{uh, o{MkB ns/ io{osK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?. ;ft; f;ZfynkPk;soh g?;Nkb'ih ;G s'A gfjb/



ftnesh ;B fijBK B/ pZfunK dh wB'ftfrnkBe fGzBsk d/ nXko s/ T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eoB s/ i'o fdZsk ;h. T[jBK d/ pknd T[jBK d/ u/b/ iowB f;ZfynkPk;soh jopkoN ns/ c'op/b B/ nkgD/ r[o{ d/ ftukoK B{z w{os o{g gqdkB ehsk. ftfdnkfbnk

nkdoPtkdhnK dk soe j? fe wB[Zy nkswknB[G{sh eoB ftZu sK jh ;cb j' ;edk j? id'A T[; dk Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; j' ikt/. fJ; ;G d/ bJh T[j ;wkfie, nkdoPK, w{bK ns/ f;XKsK s'A g{oD T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD dh io{os ;wMd/ jB. fJj ;G ftfdnkfbnK ftZu jh ;zGt j?. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nkdoP nkfXnkgeK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nk e/ pZu/ T[Zu nkdoPK dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eod/ jB. nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkb/ nfij/ ;EkB s/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiZE/ pZu/ T[Zu ;wkfie nkdoPK ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK dh gqkgs d/ tZb/ tX ;eD. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

f;Zfynk d/ j'o gfjb{nKl fit/AîzB f;Zfynk, gq'VQ f;Zfynk ns/ Xow f;Zfynk nkfd T[Zs/ th nkdoPtkdhnK B/ gqekP gkfJnk j?. nkdoPtkd d/ gqtose gb/N' fGzB^fGzB tor d/ b'eK d/ bJh fGzBA^fGzB soQK dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek dh rZb eod/ ;B ns/ dk;K d/ bJh T[j fe;h soQK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. gozs{ j'o nkdoPtkdhnK B/ izB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk, ;kfonK B{z io{os T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. Xow f;Zfynk T[Zs/ sK fJj ;ko/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fpBK Xow d/ wB[Zy dk B?fse ftek; fet/A j' ;edk j?! nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko ;XkoD f;Zfynk ihtB d/ bJh, ftP/P f;Zfynk ftP/P ekoiK d/ ;zgkdB d/ bJh ns/ doPB, Xow ns/ ;z;feqsh dh f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh io{oh j[zdh j?. ftP/P

e[ZM ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK d/ gZSwh nkdoPtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh nkdoPtkd d/ nfXnB T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kvh gfjbh p/Bsh sK fJj j? fe Gkos ftZu nkdoPtkd dk e'Jh doPB jh ftef;s BjhA j'fJnk j?. ns/ i/eo s[;hA fJj ej' fe gZSwh nfXnkswtkdh doPB nkdoPtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh nfXnkswtkdh doPBK dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/ sK :'rBk ;zrs BjhA j?. id'A n;hA fGzB^fGzB Gkosh doPBK dk nfXnB nbZr^nbZr eod/ jK sK fco T[jBK dk nfXnB fe;h gZSwh doPB d/ ;zdoG ftZu eoB dk eh n"fus j? ! n;hA dkoPfBe fyuVh ftZu sK Gkosh doPBK dk ti{d jh ysw j' ikt/rk. jK, fe;h th d' doPBK ns/ T[jBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk s[bBkswe nfXnB io{oh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

e[ZM ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu gZSwh nkdoPtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu e/tb Gkosh ndt?s t/dKs d/ nfXnB T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj th :'iBk ;zrs BjhA j?. wzfBnk fe fJj d'B'A doPB nkdoPtkdh doPB jB ns/ fJ; ekoB fJjBK ftZu e[ZM ;wkBsk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko fJjBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB ftZu th e[ZM ;wkBsk j?, gozs{ nkgDh w{b gqfeosh ftZu fJj d' fGzB doPB jB ns/ fJjBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB ftZu th w{bG{s fGzBsk j?. gfjbh rZb sK fJj j? fe fJjBK d'jK dh iBwG{wh nbZr^nbZr j?. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe nkdoPtkd d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh j? fijVh ;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow dh gqkgsh d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ ndt?s t/dKs d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j? fijVh ;kXB us[PN, frnkB :'r, eow :'r ns/ oki :'r d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fsZih rZb fJj j? fe ndt?s t/dKs ftZu ihtBw[es, ftd/jw[es, ;kXB us[PN, eow :'r, frnkB :'r ns/ oki :'r dh fijVh ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?, T[; s'A gZSwh nkdoPtkdh nBikD jB. ns/ u"Eh rZb fJj j? fe fJjBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB ftZu th fGzBsk j?. jK, fJjBK d'jK doPBK ns/ fJjBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk s[bBkswe nfXnB io{oh ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;zpzXh fJ; g[;se ftZu ndt?s t/dKs ns/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ nbZr s'A fbfynk frnk j?. d/y' nfXnkJ/^„t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk‟.

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Nk;e nkdoPtkd ns/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.


pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions)-

3H fJzdohiBe frnkB B{z gb/N' wzBd/ ;B^

(T) M{m (n) ;Zu (J) io{oh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H poeb/ dk ws j? fe e'Jh th t;s{ r[DK dk j[zdh j?^

(T) ;w{j wkso (n) yikBk (J) gqshfs (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H gb/N' B/ fJ; pqfjwzv B{z tzfvnk j?^

(T)uko irsK ftZu (n) d' irsK ftZu (J) fszB irsK ftZu (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H nkdoPtkdh wB[Zy f;qPNh B{z wzBd/ jB^

(T) ;XkoD ouBk (n) ;otT[Zu ouBk (J) fJPto dh ouBk (;)fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 4H4 nkdoPtkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Idealism to Education) fe;h t;s{, fefonk iK ftuko dk w[bnzeD fe;h g{ot fBPfus wkBdzvK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh gqfefonk j?, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk eoB dh gqfefonk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuko, ftuko ns/ fttjko B{z T[fus fdPk gqdkB eoB dh gqfefonk j?. j[D fJj gfotosB ns/ ftek; fe; soQK dk j't/, fJj ;wki ftP/P dh ssekbhB go;fEshnK ns/ GftZy dhnK ;zGktBktK ns/ neKePktK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[; ;w/A fe;h ftfdne uzsB iK ftt;Ek dk w[bnzeD ;wki ftP/P dh ssekbhB go;fEshnK ns/ T[; dh GftZy dhnK ;zGtkBktK ns/ neKePktK d/ nXko s/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. n;hA fJZE/ nfijk jh :sB ehsk j? ns/ nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk dk w[bnzeD Gkosh ;wki dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ns/ GftZy dhnK ;zGktBktK ns/ neKePktK d/ nXko s/ ehsk j?.

fJZe doPB d/ o{g ftZu nkdoPtkd iht, iVQ ns/ irs dh fJZe ft;Eko g{oD ftnkfynk g/P eodk j? ns/ ;kB{z G"fse gdkoEK dh BPtkB ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk dh nwosk s'A ikD{ eokT[Adk j?. fJj ;kB{z nfrnkB d/ jB/o/ s'A eZY e/ frnkB d/ gqekP d/ tZb tXkT[Adk j? ns/ ;kB{z gq/w, ;kB[G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r Bkb G"fse ihtB ihT[D ns/ ;Zu/ frnkB ns/ G"fse nkuoD Bkb nfXnksfwesk dh gqkgsh eoB d/ tZb gqtos eodk j?. gozs{ nkswe irs B{z ;Zu ns/ t;s{ irs B{z M{m wzBD dh rZb ;XkoD wB[ZyK B{z wzBD:'r BjhA j' ;edh. nZi ;kB{z nfij/ ihtB doPB dh io{os fijV/ ;kv/ gqfeqfse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe, fszB'A gZyK B{z ;wki wjZst dt/ ns/ fszBK d/ ;zs[fbs ftek; dk wkor g/P eo/.

f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

nkdoPtkd dh gqtose gb/N' d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ekoi wB[Zy d/ Poho ns/ nkswk B{z T[j g{oDsk gqdkB eoBk j? fi; d/ fe T[j :'r jB. nkX[fBe nkdoPtkdh jopkoN d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;dr[DK dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe nkdoPtkdhnK B/ f;Zfynk B{z frnkB ns/ gqfefonk, d'jK d/ o{gK ftZu ;theko ehsk j?, gozs{ fJ; gqfefonk dk ;o{g ;gPN BjhA ehsk j?.



f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

fJZe f;Zfynk doPB d/ o{g ftZu nkdoPtkd f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B{z PkPts w{bK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adk j? ns/ fJjBK w{bK d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk d/ ;otG"fwe ns/ ;otekfbe T[d/P fBPfus eodk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy dh fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJj wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosfoe ns/ nfXnksfwe, jo soQK d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzdk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe nkdoPtkdhnK B/ f;Zfynk d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ T[d/PK T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. i' f;Zfynk fJzBk ekoi eodh j? T[j wB[Zy B{z fJ; b'e ns/ gqb'e d'jK d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?. nkdoPtkdhnK B/ nfXnksfwesk dh gqkgsh ;zpzXh wB[Zy d/ bJh fijVh nkuko ;fjzsk pDkJ/ j? T[; ftZu wB[Zy B{z nkgD/^nkg ns/ T[; d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[D tkb/ ftnesh B{z G"fse ;[y gqkgs j[zdk j? ns/ ;wki dk o{g pj[s fPPN, ;ob ns/ ;[ydkfJe pDdk j?. e[ZM ftdtkB nkdoPtkdhnK T[Zs/ fJj d'P brkT[Ad/ jB fe T[j gqb'e d/ nZr/ fJ; b'e dh fuzsk BjhA eod/ ns/ wB[Zy dh o'Nh, eZgV/ ns/ wekB dh ;wZf;nk ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dk ftXkB BjhA eod/. Gozs{ fJj T[jBK dk fwfEnk d'Po'gD j?. nkdoPtkd d/ fBowksk d/ gb/N' B/ okPNo d/ bJh ftfGzB soQK d/ BkrfoeK d/ fBowkD dh rZb ejh j? ns/ T[jBK B{z T[jBK dh :'rks nB[;ko eqwy/so dh f;Zfynk (eko'pko dh f;Zfynk) d/D dh rZb ejh j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

nkdoPtkdh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu GkPk, ;kfjs, Xow ns/ BhshPk;so T[Zs/ tZX ns/ frnkB dhnK j'o PkyktK, eko'pkoe ftP/ ns/ G"fse ftfrnkB nkfd T[Zs/ ng/fynkfeqs xZN i'o fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fpbK GkPk, ;kfjs, Xow ns/ Bhsh d/ frnkB d/ wB[Zy fJZe uzrk wB[Zy BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk. ;kvk gfjbk T[d/P wB[Zy B{z fJZe uzrk wB[Zy pDkT[Dk jh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu nkdoPtkdhnK B/ eJh T[Zsw ftXhnK dk fBowkD ehsk j?. nB[eoD B{z T[j f;ZyD dh ;[Gkfte ftXh wzBd/ jB. gqkuhB nkdoPtkdh ftuko eJh j'o T[Zsw ftXhnK^gqPB T[Zso, tkd^fttkd, ;ztkd ns/ nkrwB ns/ fBrwB dk gq:'r eod/ ;B. nkX[fBe nkdoPtkdh ftukoe sK wB'ftfrnkBe sZEK s'A ikD{ jB ns/ eoe/ f;ZyD ns/ ;t?^nB[Gt d[nkok f;ZyD T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu g?;Nkb'ih dh nfGnk; ns/ nkftosh ftXh, jopkoN dh gzugd gqDkbh ns/ c'op/b dh fezvorkoNB gqDkbh T[b/y:'r jB.

j[D nkdoPtkdhnK T[Zs/ fJj d'P brkT[Dk T[fus BjhA j? fe T[j ftnkfynkB, gqPB T[Zso ns/ ftuko^ftwoP ns/ gqDkbhnK sZe jh ;hfws jB ns/ oND ns/ g[;se gqDkbh T[Zs/ finkdk fBoGo eod/ jB. gozs{ fJj rZb io{o j? fe fJjBK ;kohnK ftXhnK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ng/fynk nfXnkge finkdk fefonkPhb ofjzd/ jB. nB[Pk;B

finkdkso nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe nB[Pk;B B{z nkswknB[Pk;B d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh em'o dzv ftt;Ek dh tekbs eod/ jB.

wB'ftfrnkB dh fdqPNh s'A nkdoPtkdhnK dk nB[Pk;B ;zpzXh fJj ftuko fJZedw d'Pg{oD jB. nB[Pk;B d/ ;zpzX ftZu nkdoPtkdh ftukoXkok B{z nZi finkdkso f;ZfynkPk;soh T[ZE/ sZe sK T[Zsw ;wMd/ jB fiZE/ sZe T[j pZfunK B{z T[Zsw tksktoD ftZu oZy e/ T[Zu nkuoD dh f;ybkJh fdzdh j?, gozs{ fJ; ;G d/ bJh pZfunK B{z em'o fB:zsoD ftZu oZyD ns/ G[Zb eoB s/ dzv d/D dh nkb'uBk eod/ jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kvk fJj nB[Gt j? fe T[fus fB:zsoD ns/

B'N



B'N T[fus dzv ftXkB dh xkN ftZu Bk sK pZu/ pkjoh fdqPNh s'A nB[Pkf;s j[zd/ jB ns/ Bk jh nzdo{Bh fdqPNh s'A. fB:zsoD sK j'Dk jh ukjhdk j?, gozs{ fJj fB:zsoD gq/w T[Zs/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. io{os g?D s/ dzv th fdZsk ikt/ gozs{ pj[s ;ktXkBh d/ Bkbl fi; ftfdnkoEh B{z dzv fdZsk ikt/ T[j fJj nB[Gt eo fe T[; B{z fijVk dzv fdZsk ik fojk j? T[; dh nkgD/^nkg dh GbkJh d/ bJh fdZsk ik fojk j?. ns/ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu em'o dzv Bk fdZsk ikt/. em'o dzv sK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z j'o tZX nB[Pk;BjhD pDkT[Adk j?. nfXnkge

nkdoPtkdh dkoPfBe f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge B{z ;otgqw[Zy ;EkB fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A nkdoP nfXnkgeK d/ d[nkok jh f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z ;jh o{g ftZu ubkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

T[AM sK e[ZM b'e nkdoPtkdhnK dh fJ; rZb d/ bJh pj[s nkb'uBk eod/ jB fe T[j f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdzd/ jB, gozs{ ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj th T[jBK dh rbs nkb'uBk j?. nkuoD dh f;Zfynk nkdoP nkuoD eoB tkb/ nfXnkgeK d/ ;zgoe ftZu ofj e/ jh gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. f;ZfynkoEh

f;ZfynkoEh B{z nkdoPtkdh iBw s'A g{oD wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; g{oDsk dh nB[G{sh d/ bJh T[j T[; d/ bJh fJZe em'o nkuko ;fjzsk pDkT[Ad/ jB. f;ZfynkoEh B{z T[; dk gkbD eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?.

T[AM sK ;ko/ f;ZfynkoEhnK dk ;wkB wzBDk nZi d/ wB'ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D s'A ;jh BjhA j?, gozs{ ;G f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ Bkb ;wkB fttjko eoBk nZi th b'eszsoh GktBk d/ nB[e{b j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nkt d/ ;wkXkB ftZu th nkdoPtkd pj[s tZvk ;jkfJe f;ZX j'fJnk j?. e[ZM ftdtkB gb/N' T[Zs/ fJj d'P brkT[Ad/ jB fe T[; BK s'A dk;K B{z f;Zfynk dk nfXeko d/e/ izB f;Zfynk d/ wjZst B{z Bekfonk j?. n;bhns fJj j? fe T[j ;/tk ekoi dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk io{oh BjhA wzBd/ ;B. i/eo ;ko/ wB[ZyK d/ ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswknB[G{sh j? sK ;fonK B{z gqfeqfse B?fsesk, ;wkfie B?fseskns/ nfXnksfwe B?fsesk dh f;Zfynk sK d/Dh jh j't/rh. fco nkX[fBe :[Zr d/ nkdoPtkdh ftukoe sK izB f;Zfynk d/ gZe/ ;woEe jB. nkdoPtkdhnK dk fJj ftuko fe ;XkoD f;Zfynk ;G d/ bJh ns/ T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek :'rsknB[;ko fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, nZi d[pkok wzfBnk ikD bZrk j?. b'eszso d/ Bkw T[Zs/ ;G pZfunK B{z T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ w"e/ gqdkB eoe/ n;hA okPNoh XzB dk fcI{b you eo oj/ jK ns/ f;Zfynk irs ftZu nB[Pk;BjhDsk c?bk oj/ jK. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb f;Zfyns p/o[Irkoh th tZX ojh j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kB{z nkdoPtkdh ftukoXkok s'A ;fjws j'dk jh gJ/rk. nkdoPtkdhnK d[nkok fBowkDs Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk dh io{os th nZi d[pkok ;wMh ik ojh j?. nZi d/ nkdoPtkdh ftukoe sK ihtB d/ eN[ ;Zuô'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB d/ gqsh th ikro[e jB ns/ pZfunK B{z eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko frnkB dk ;o{g G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d' soQK dk j[zdk j?.

8H nkdoPtkdh wB[Zyh ihtB B{z wjZstjhD ns/ gq:'iBofjs wzBd/ jB. 84 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


9H gb/N' fszB ;Bksw w{bK ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B^;Zfsnw, fPtw ns/ ;[zdow.

10H brGr ;ko/ nkdoPtkdh oki B{z ftnesh s'A T[Zu ;EkB fdzd/ jB. 4H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe nkdoPtkdh fJ; pqfjwzv d/ nkyoh ;Zu fJPto dh y'i eoB ftZu sK ;cb oj/ jB gozs{ T[jBK d/ d[nkok t;s{ irs d/ ti{d B{z BekoB dh rZb ;XkoD wB[ZyK d/ rb/ BjhA T[Zsodh. Gozs{ wB[Zy d/ bJh fi; gqfeqfse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe B?fsesk dk ftXkB nkdoPtkdhnK B/ ehsk j? T[;d/ gkbD Bkb wB[Zy d/ gob"fee ihtB d/ pko/ ftZu fBPukg{oD Yzr d[nkok Gkt/A jh e[ZM Bk fejk ik ;edk j't/ gozs{ T[; Bkb T[; dk b"fee ihtB fBPfus o{g Bkb ;[y ns/ PKshg{oD j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th ;G s'A tZX gqGkt fJ;h doPB dk g?Adk j?. fe;h th d/P dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P w{b o{g s'A T[jh jB fiBQK dk fBowkD nkdoPtkdhnK B/ ehsk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu GkPk ns/ ;kfjs d/ wjZst B{z nZi th ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. nkdoPtkdhnK d[nkok ftef;s f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk gq:'r th fe;h Bk fe;h o{g ftZu ;ko/ d/PK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B dh io{os T[Zs/ ;G s'A tZX i'o nkdoPtkdhnK B/ fdZsk j?. nZi T[jBK s'A ;ko/ ;fjws jB gozs{ T[; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh em'o dzv ftt;Ek d/ ;EkB s/ gq/w ns/ ;kjB{G{shg{oD fttjko B{z T[Zsw wzfBnk iKdk j?. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nkdoP tksktoD pDkT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu th ftdtkB fJZews jB. f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB ftZu th nkdoPtkd pj[s ;jkfJe j?. nkgDh fJjBK ;kohnK ftP/PsktK d/ ekoB jh ;z;ko ftZu th fJ; doPB dk nk;B poeoko pfDnk j'fJnk j?. 4H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H wB (Mind) L fdwkr

2H gdkoE (Matter) L t;s{

3H fefonk (Action) L eow 4H7 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)

1H nkdoPtkd d/ w{b f;XKs eh jB< T[jBK dh ft;Ekog{oD ftnkfynk eo'.

2H „nkdoPtkd wB[Zyh ihtB d/ G"fse gZy dh ng/fynk T[; d/ nfXnksfwe gZy T[Zs/ finkdk i'o fdzdk j?,‟ fJ; eEB B{z ;gPN eo' ns/ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo'.

3H nkdoPtkd s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK, gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK T[Zs/ fJ; d/ gqGkt dk toDB eo'.

4H f;Zfynk ftZu nkdoPtkd s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< T[Zsw ;wki ftt;Ek d/ fBowkD ns/ ;zukbD ftZu T[; dk eh :'rdkB fojk j?< ;fjgqwkD T[Zso fdU.

T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H gb/N' 2H nkswk 3H (T) 4H (T)

5H (n) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs

9H ;jh 10H ;jh

B'N



B'N 4H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;









fJekJh^5 gqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk

fJekJh^5Lgqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Naturalism and Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


5H1 gqfeqshtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Naturalism)

5H2 gqfeqshtkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Naturalism)

5H3 gqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Naturalism and Education)

5H4 gqfeqshtkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Naturalism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


Gqfeqshtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk ikDB ;zpzXh.

Gqfeqshtkd d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

Gqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


18thA ;dh d/ g{otnZX ftZu fJzrb?Av ftZu tkbN/no (Voltaire) B/ p"fXe dwB d/ fto[ZX ntkI T[mkJh ns/ gkdohnK d[nkok Xow d/ Bkw s/ ehs/ ikD tkb P'PD dk fto'X ehsk. fJ; Bkb nkdoPtkdh ftukoXkok B{z XZek bZrk ns/ G"fsetkdh ftukoXkok B{z pb fwfbnk. 18thA ;dh d/ T[ZsonZX ftZu gZSwh irs ftZu o{;' (Rousseau, 1712-1778) dk d[oGkt j'fJnk. o{;' B/ ssekbhB ;wki ns/ oki dh eN[ nkb'uBk d/ tZb wB[Zy B{z gqfeqfse ihtB ihT[D dh ;bkj fdZsh. 5H1 gqfeqshtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Naturalism) gqfeqsh gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh gqfeqsh B{z w{b sZs wzBdh j?, fJ;h B{z fJ; pqfjwzv dk eosk ns/ T[gkdkB ekoB wzBdh j?. :EkoEtkd dh soQK gqfeqshtkd th dkoPfBe fuzsB dk nkozGe o{g j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu n;hA T[jBK dkoPfBeK dk T[b/y eo ;ed/ jK fiBQK dh uouk ;kB{z :EkoEtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu ehsh j?. :{BkBh dkoPfBe E/b; (Thales, 640-550

JhH g{H) B/ fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk ib d[nkok f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehsk ;h. ns/ ib fJZe gdkoE j? gqfeqsh dk, T[; ;w/A T[jBK d/ fJ; ftuko B{z :EkoEtkd ns/ gqfeqshtkd dh P[o{nks wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJjBK d/ pknd JB/e;hw/Bhi (Anexemenes, 590-525 JhH g{H) B/ fJ;



B'N f;qPNh dh T[sgsh jtk d[nkok f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehsk, ns/ feT[Afe jtk th gqfeqsh dh jh fJZe t;s{ j? fJ; bJh T[jBK dh ftukoXkok B{z th :EkoEtkd ns/ gqfeqshtkd dk nozGe sZs wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. j/okebhN; (Hiraclitus, 540-475 JhH g{H) nrBh B{z f;qPNh dk w{b sZs wzBd/ ;B fJ; bJh fJjBK B{z th :EkoEtkd ns/ gqfeqshtkd dk nozGe dkoPfBe wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ fJZe ;[szso doPB d/ o{g ftZu fJ; dk phi phfink :{BkBh dkoPfBe v/w'eqhN; (Democritus, 460-370 JhH g{H) B/ ehsk. T[jBK B/ fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk gowkD{nK d/ ;zi'r d[nkok f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehsk fijVk nZr uZb e/ gowkD{tkd d/ Bkw s'A gqf;ZX j'Jh. gozs{ T[;h ;w/A :{BkB ftZu ;[eoks (Socrates, 469-399 JhH g{H) dk iBw j'fJnk fiBQK B/ gdkoE iK gqfeqsh d/ ;EkB s/ nkswk^gqwkswk B{z w{b sZs f;ZX ehsk. T[jBK d/ u/b/ gb/N' (Plato, 427-347 JhH g{H) B/ sK fJ; ;z;ko B{z ftukoK d/ ;z;ko dk gqrNheoD wkso dZ; e/ gdkoE ns/ gqfeqsh dh ;Zsk B{z jh u{D"sh d/ fdZsh. gb/N' d/ pknd gZSwh irs ftZu 15thA ;dh sZe i' th dkoPfBe fuzsB j'fJnk T[j gb/N' d/ nkdoPtkd d/ nXko s/ jh j'fJnk. gozs{ 15thA ;dh ftZu id'A ftfrnkBe y'iK B/ ;kB{z gqfeqsh (gdkoE ns/ T[jBK d/ ftZu dhnK fefonktK) d/ n;b ;o{g s'A ikD{ eokfJnk sK dkoPfBeK dk fXnkB T[; tZb ikDk ;[Gkfte ;h. fJZe ;[szso doPB d/ o{g ftZu gqfeqshtkd dk ftek; 15thA ;dh ftZu jh nkozG j'fJnk. e'wN/ (Comte), p/eB (Francis Bacon), j'p; (Hobbes), vkoftB (Darwin) ns/ b/wkoe (Lamarck) fJ; d/ g{ot ftukoe wzB iKd/ jB. fJjBK B/ 17thA ;dh sZe gqfeqshtkd dk g"Xk phi fdZsk ;h.

o{;' fJPtotkdh ;B gozs{ T[j gqfeqsh B{z P[ZX ns/ eZfbnkDekoh wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe wB[Zy dh nkgDh gqfeqsh P[ZX ns/ eZfbnkDekoh j? gozs{ d{fPs ;wki ftZu ofj e/ T[j ubke pD iKdk j?. T[jBK d/ d{i/ ftuko B/ gqfeqshtkdh doPB d/ ftek; B{z pj[s tXktk fdZsk. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu sK o{;' d/ ftuko g{oDo{g/D gqfeqshtkdh jB. o{;' d/ pknd jopoN ;g/A;o (Herbert Spencer) B/ gqfeqshtkdh B{z tXktk fdZsk, T[; dh BhAj gZeh ehsh ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ gqfeqshtkdh f;Zfynkdk g{ok skDk^pkDk fsnko ehsk. fJ; d/ pknd je;b/ (Haxley), poBkov P' (Bernard Shaw) ns/ ;?w:{b pNbo (Samuel Butler) nkfd ftukoeK B/ gqfeqshtkd d/ ftek; ftZu pj[s :'rdkB fdZsk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu eqKshekoh gfotosB ehs/.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ikDB d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and

Ethics) B{z ikDBk io{oh j[zdk j?. sZs whwK;k sK nfijk sZs j? fi; d/ nXko s/ fJZe dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z d{ih s'A nbZr ehsk iKdk j?. T[AM gZSwh gqfeqshtkdhnK dh gqftosh sZs whwK;k d/ tZb xZN jh ojh j? gozs{ fJjBK B/ f;qPNh dh ouBk ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk, ihtîrs, ;tor^Boe nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu i' th ftuko ftnesh ehs/ jB, T[jBK s'A gqfeqshtkd dh sZs whwK;k ftef;s ehsk ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh fJZE/ ;G s'A gfjbK gqfeqshtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k T[Zs/ jh ftuko eoKr/.

B'N; o{;' B/ ssekbhB ;wki ns/ oki dh eN[ nkb'uBk ehsh ns/ wB[Zy B{z gqfeqfse

ihtB ihT[D dh ;bkj fdZsh.

gqfeqshtkd dh sZs whwK;k

:{BkBh (rqh;) dkoPfBe v?w'eqhN; d/ nB[;ko, fJ; ;z;ko dh ouBk gowkD{nK d/ ;zi'r Bkb j[zdh j?. T[jBK d/ fJ; ftuko B{z nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu ftfrnkBe vkbNB PqhwkB B/ ftfrnkBe gq:'rK d[nkok f;ZX ehsk ns/ fJj sZE T[ikro ehsk fe fGzB^fGzB soQK d/ gowkD{nK s'A fGzB soQK d/ gdkoE ns/ fGzB^fGzB gdkoEK d/ ;zi'r Bkb fJ; ;z;ko dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. T[jBK dh fJj ftukoXkok gowkD{tkd ejh iKdh j?. 20thA ;dh d/ ftfrnkBeK B/ gowkD{ B{z tzv e/ T[;



ftZu fszB soQK d/ Pesh r[DK (fJb?No'B;, gq'N'B; ns/ fBT{No'B;) dk gsk brkfJnk. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe irs dk w{b sZs gowkD{ BjhA pbfe gowkD{ d/ ;z:'ie fJj Pesh eD jB. fJ; ftukoXkok B{z Peshtkd efjzd/ jB. gowkD{tkd ns/ Peshtkd B{z G"fse frnkBtkdh gqfeqshtkd (Naturalism of Physical Sciences) efjzd/ jB.

e[ZM gqfeqshtkdh ;zg{oD ;z;ko B{z fJZe :zso d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB. fJj wB[Zy B{z th fJZe :zso wzBd/ jB fijVk pkjoh T[s/iBktK dh gqshfefonk ;o{g fefonkPhb ofjzdk j?. fJj wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ fttjko B{z T[; d/ BkVh, rzEh ns/ wk;g/Ph ;z;EkBK T[Zs/ nXkfos wzBd/ jB. fJj ftukoXkok B{z :zsotkdh gqfeqshtkd (Mechanical Naturalism) efjzd/ jB.

fJzrb?Av d/ gqf;ZX ftfrnkBe vkoftB B/ ftek; f;XKs dk fBowkD ehsk. T[jBK B/ dZf;nk fe nkozG ftZu ;XkoD ikshnK dk fBowkD j'fJnk, T[; d/ pknd ;XkoD ikshnK s'A g'X/, g'fXnK s'A fBwB tor d/ ihtîzs{, fBwB tor d/ ihtîzs{nK s'A gP{ ns/ gP{nK s'A wB[Zy dk fBowkD j'fJnk. fJjBK dh ftukoXkok iht ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeqshtkd (Biological Naturalism) ejh iKdh j?. nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ftP/ ftZu ;ko/ gqfeqshtkdh fJZews jB. nkswk B{z fJj fJZe fefonkPhb sZs d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB ns/ gqwkswk dk fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A sK gqfeqsh jh nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) j?. gqfeqshtkd dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

gqfeqshtkdh gqfeqsh d/ frnkB B{z n;b frnkB wzBd/ jB. gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe gqfeqsh eh j?. ;XkoD gq:'r ftZu gqfeqsh s'A noE T[; ouBk s' fbnk iKdk j? fijVk ;[Gkfte o{g s'A ftef;s j[zdh j? ns/ fi; d/ fBowkD ftZu wB[Zy dk e'Jh jZe BjhA j[zdkl fit/A^Xosh, ;w[zdo, gjkV, BshnK nekP, ;{oi, uzdowk, sko/, pZdb, toyk, tB;gsh ns/ ihtîzs{, gozs{ dkoPfBe fdqPNh s'A gqfeqsh ;z;ko dk T[j w{b sZs j? fijVk gfjbK s'A ;h, nZi th j? ns/ GftZy ftZu th oj/rk. fJ; ftZu fefnktK th Pkfwb jB fijVhnK fBPfus fB:wK d/ nB[;ko j[zdhnK jB, fit/A gfjbK j[zdhnK ;B T[;h soQK nZi th j[zdhnK jB ns/ T[;h soQK GftZy ftZu th j[zdhnK ofjDrhnK. T[dkjoD d/ bJh ib, poc, ns/ tkPg, fJj gqfeqfse gdkoE jB, fJjBK dh ouBk ;wkB sZsK (jkJhvo'iB ns/ nke;hiB) s'A j'Jh j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe poc s'A ib, ib s'A tkPg, tkPg s'A ib ns/ ib s'A poc, fJj ;G fBPfus fB:wK d/ nB[;ko pDd/ fprVd/ jB. gdkoEK d/ w{b sZs ns/ T[jBK d/ pDB^fprVB d/ fB:wK B{z jh gqfeqshtkd gqfeqsh wzBdk j? ns/ fJjBK d/ frnkB B{z n;b frnkB wzBdk j?. fJjBK ;G dk frnkB G"fse ftfrnkBK d/ d[nkok j[zdk j? ns/ G"fse ftfrnkBK dk frnkB eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok j[zdk j?. gqfeqshtkdh fJzdohnB[G{s frnkB B{z jh ;Zuk frnkB wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;Zu/ frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh wB[Zy B{z nkgD/^nkg BohyD f;ybkJh eoBh ukjhdh j?. gqfeqshtkdhnK dk ftPtk; j? fe frnkB gqkgsh dh fefonk ftZu wB ns/ fdwkr ;z:'ie dk ekoi eod/ jB. gqfeqshtkd dh w{b ns/ nzuko whwK;k

gqfeqshtkd gqfeqfse gdkoEK ns/ fefonktK B{z jh ;Zu wzBdk j?. gqfeqshtkdhnK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy dh th nkgDh fJZe gqfeqsh j? ns/ T[; dh fJj gqfeqsh nkgD/ nkg ftZu fJZedw P[ZX j?, T[; d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eoB ftZu wB[Zy B{z ;[y fwbdk j? ns/ gqshe{b nkuoD eoB ftZu d[y fwbdk j?. fJ; soQK wB[Zy B{z nkgDh gqfeqsh d/ nB[e{b jh nkuoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJj wB[Zy B{z fe;h soQK d/ ;wkfie fB:wK ns/ nfXnksfwe pzXBK ftZu pzBQ e/ BjhA oZyDk ukj[ zd/, fJj T[; B{z nkgDh gqfeqsh d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eoB dh ;[szsosk fdzd/ jB. fJjBK dk soe j? fe fiBQK ekoiK d/ eoB ftZu wB[Zy B{z ;[y fwb/rk, T[jBK ekoiK B{z T[j eo/rk ns/ fiBQK ekoiK B{z eoB ftZu T[; B{z d[y dk nB[Gt j't/rk, T[jBK B{z T[j nkgD/^nkg SZv dJ/rk. fJ; soQK gqfeqshtkdh e/tb gqfeqfse B?fsesk d/ jkwh jB.

B'N



B'N gqfeqshtkd dh gfoGkPk

gqfeqshtkd d/ eJh o{g jB gozs{ w{b o{g ftZu T[jBK ftZu pj[s ;wkBsk j?. T[; ;wkBsk d/ nXko s/ i/w;tkov B/ T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?^

gqfeqshtkd T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh gqfeqsh B{z fJPto s'A nbZr eodh j? ns/ nkswk B{z gdkoE d/ nXhB eodh j? ns/ ngfotosBPhb fB:wK B{z ;otT[Zu wzBdh j?.

(Naturalism is the doctrine which separates nature from God, subordinates spirit to matter

and sets up unchangeable laws as supreme. –James Ward)

gozs{ fJ; gfoGkPk s'A gqfeqshtkd d/ n;b ;o{g dk p'X BjhA j[zdk. gqfeqshtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk dh fdqPNh s'A T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

gqfeqshtkd gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z gqfeqshiBe wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJj G"fse ;z;ko jh ;Zu j? ns/ fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe ;z;ko BjhA j?. fJj fJPto d/ ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eodh ns/ nkswk B{z gdkoEiBe u/sB sZs wzBdh j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihDk j?, fi;B{z gqfeqsh ihtB ihT[D Gkt gqfeqsh d/ nB[e{b ihT[D d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' :{BkBh (rqh;) dkoPfBe v?w'eqhN; d/ nB[;ko, fJ; ;z;ko dh ouBk

gowkD{nK d/ ;zi'r Bkb j[zdh j?.



1H HHHHHHHHHHHHH ;dh d/ T[ZsonZX ftZu gZSwh irs ftZu o{;' dk gqkd[oGkt j'fJnk

2H :EkoEtkd dh soQK gqfeqshtkd th HHHHHHHHHHHHH fuzsB dk nkozGte o{g j?. 5H2 gqfeqshtkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Naturalism)

gqfeqshtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/oe n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv fJZe gqfeqfse ouBk j?^gqfeqshtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko fJ; ;z;ko dk eosk ns/ ekoB, d'B'A nkgD/^nkg gqfeqsh jh j?. gqfeqfse sZsK d/ ;z:'r Bkb gdkoE ns/ gqdkoEK d/ ;z:'r Bkb ;z;ko dh ouBk j[zdh j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ftxNB Bkb T[; dk nzs j[zdk j?. fJj ;z:'r ns/ ftxBN dh fefonk e[ZM fBPfus fB:wK d/ nB[;ko j[zdh j?. fJ; pDB ns/ fprVB B{z gqfeose gfotosB fejk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, gkDh s'A poc ns/ poc s'A gkDh pD ikDh dh fefonk gqfeose gfotosB jh j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu phi s'A doys ns/ doys s'A phi pDB dk T[dkjoD ;otT[Zsw j?. ;z;ko ftZu j'o gdkoE th gqfeose fB:wK d/ nB[;ko o{g gfotosB eod/ jB.

2H fJj G"fse ;z;ek jh ;Zu ns/ fJ; s'A go/ e'Jh nfXnksfwe ;z;ko BjhA j?^ gqfeoshtkdh fJ; G"fse ;z;eko B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe fJ; ;z;ko B{z n;hA fJzdohnK d[nkok gqsZy eo oj/ jK fJ; bJh fJj ;Zu j?. fJ; d/ T[bN nfXnksfwe ;z;ko B{z n;hA fJzdohnK d[nko gqsZy BjhA eo gkT[Ad/ fJ; bJh T[j M{m j?. gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko gdkoE BPN BjhA j[zdk, T[j sK e/tb o{g gfotosB eodk j?. T[; ;w/A gdkoEiBe G"fse ;z;ko B{z BkPtkB ns/ M{m fet/A wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.



3H nkswk gdkoEiBe u/sB sZs j?^gqfeoshtkd nkswk d/ nfXnksfwe ;o{g B{z ;theko BjhA eod/. fJ;dk ;gPNheoD j? fe fJj ;z;ko gqfeosh d[nkok fBofws j? ns/ fJj fBowkD ekoi fBPfus fB:wK d/ nB[;ko j[zdk j?, fJ; d/ fgZS/ nfXnksfwe Pesh (gqwkswk) dh ebgBk fJZe fwfEnk ftuko j?. gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe gqkDhnK ftZu u/sB sZs (nkswk) dk ftek; fet/A j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu gqfeoshtkd dk ;gPNheoD j? fe gqfeosh d/ gdkoE gowkD{nK d/ ;z:'r s'A pDd/ jB ns/ gowkD{nK ftZu fefonkPhbsk j[zdh j?, T[jBK d/ ekoB jh iVQ ftZu iht ns/ iht ftZu u/sB dk ftek; j[zdk j?, nkdoPtkdh fJ;h u/sBk sZs B{z nkswk efjzd/ jB. gqfeoshtkdhnK dk soe j? fe fJj nkswk gdkoEiBe j? fJ; bJh Poho d/ BPN j'D s/ fJj th BPN j' iKdh j?.

4H wB[Zy ;z;ko dh ;otT[Zu ouBk j?^gqfeoshtkd wB[Zy B{z iBw s'A g{oD sK BjhA wzBdk, gozs{ T[; B{z ;z;ko dh ;otT[Zu ouBk io{o ;theko eodk j?. G"fse ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy ;z;ko dk ;otT[Zu gdkoE j?, :zsotkdh gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko fJj ;z;ko dk ;otT[Zu :zso j? ns/ ihtftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko fJj ;z;ko dk ;otT[Zu gP{ j?. wB[Zy B{z e/tb gdkoE iK wPhB wzBDk sK fJZedw nDT[fus j? fJ; bJh n;hA fsZi/ ws dh jh ftnkfynk eo oj/ jK. ihtftfrnkBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy ftZu j'o gP{nK dh ng/fynk e[ZM nfijhnK PeshnK jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok T[j j'o gP{nK s'A T[Zgo T[ZmD ftZu ;cb j'fJnk j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJj wB[Zy dh p[ZXh B{z ftP/P wjZst fdzd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko fJj p[ZXh fdwkr dh T[gi j? ns/ fdwkr T[Zu ftef;s BkVh wzvb dk fJZe ;w{j j?.

5H wB[Zyh ftek; fJZe gqfeofse fefonk j?îhtBftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkdh ftek; f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; oZyd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ftek; fBwB gqkDh s'A T[Zu gqkDh d/ o{g ftZu j'fJnk j?. j'o gqkDhnK dh soQK wB[Zy th e[ZM w{b PeshnK b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j?. fJBQK w{b PeshnK dk ;o{g gqfeofse j?. pkjoh tksktoD s'A T[s/iBk gk e/ fJj PeshnK fefonkPhb j[zdhnK jB ns/ wB[Zy dk fttjko fBPfus j[zdk j?. wB[Zy d/ fJ; ftek; ftZu fe;h soQK dhnK nfXnksfwe PeshnK ezw BjhA eodhnK.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihT[Dk j?^gqfeoshtkd wB[Zyh ihtB d/ fe;h nkyoh T[d/P ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJ; dk ftPtk; j? fe jo/e gqkDh ftZu ihT[D dh fJZSk j? ns/ ihT[D d/ bJh T[j ;zxoP eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z go;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b pDk e/ ;[oZfyns ofjzdk j?. wB[Zy B/ nkgDhnK go;fEshnK d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoBk jh BjhA f;Zfynk j? pbfe T[j nkgDhnK go;fEshnK dk fBowksk th j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[j ;z;ko d/ j'o gqkDhnK dh ng/fynk pj[s finkdk ;[yG'r eoB ftZu ;woZE j'fJnk j?. gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko ;[yG'r dk noE j?^nksoZfynk ns/ fJzdohnK dh ;zs[PNh. gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zyh ihtB dk fJzBk jh T[d/P wzBd/ jB. fJj fdqPNhe'D g{oh soQK G"fsetkdh j?.

7H ;[yg{oD ihtB d/ bJh gqfeofse ihtB T[Zsw j?^gqfeoshtkdhnK dk ftPtk; j? fe ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ uZeo ftZu wB[Zy gqfeosh s'A d{o j' frnk j? ns/ fJ;h ekoB d[yh j?. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy dh gqfeofse gqfeosh T[Zsw j?, T[j e/tb nkswoZfynk ukT[Adk j? ns/ fJj ukj[zdk j? fe T[; d/ fJ; ekoi ftZu fe;h soQK dh o[ektN Bk j't/. T[; dh gqfeosh ftZu Sb, egN, dt/P nkfd d[or[D BjhA jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zy B{z T[; dh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko ;[szso tksktoD ftZu oZy e/ ;[szso ftek; dk ;woEB eod/ jB.

8H Gqfeofse ihtB ftZu ;woZE, ;wk:'iB ns/ go;fEshnK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD dk wjZst j?^ iht ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko gqfeofse ihtB d/ bJh fJZe wB[Zy ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK ihtB oZfynk dh ;woZEk j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fco nkgD/ gqfeofse tksktoD ftZu ;wk:'iB eoB dh Pesh j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[; d/ pknd nkgDhnK go;fEshnK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD oZyD dh Pesh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fi; wB[Zy ftZu fJj Pesh BjhA j't/rh, T[j ihfts BjhA ofj ;edk.

B'N



B'N 9H oki dh e/tb fttjkfoe ;Zsk j?^gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ iBe o{;' oki dk w[bnzeD ftnesh d/ fjs dh fdqPNh s'A eod/ ;B. T[jBK B/ fJZeszso Pk;B gqkDh ftZu ftnesh d/ fjsK dk jBB j[zd/ d/fynk ;h. fJ; d/ fto'X ftZu T[jBK B/ iBsk d/ bJh iBsk d/ Pk;B dk Bkok brkfJnk ns/ fJ; soQK d/ Pk;B ftZu T[jBK B/ fB:w (ftukoK) B{z Pk;B d/ o{g ftZu d/fynk, sK jh sK okiBhsh ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu T[j nkdoPtkdhnK d/ iBe wzB/ iKd/ jB. gozs{ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu T[jBK B/ oki d/ em'o fB:zsoD dk fto'X ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ dZf;nk fe oki B{z ftnesh d/ ;[szso ftek; ftZu o[ektN gkT[D dk e'Jh nfXeko BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. ;kvh ;wM ftZu T[jBK d/ ftukoK dk fto'XkGk; j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ;kB{z j'o gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ ftukoK Bkb ;fjws j'Dk ukjhdk j? fijV/ oki s'A izB f;Zfynk dh nkPk eod/ jB ns/ T[; s'A fJj ukj[zd/ jB fe T[j ftnesh d/ tZv/ fjsK dk fXnkB oZy.



3H o{;' fJPtotkdh ;B gozs{ T[j gqfeosh B{z wzBd/ ;B^

(T) P[ZX ns/ eZfbnkDekoh (n) fjsekoh

(J) nfjsekoh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H gqfeoshtkd gqfeofse gdkoEK ns/ fefonktK B{z wzBdk j?^

(T) M{m (n) ;Zu

(J) nB'yk (;) ftnoE

5H gqfeoshtkdh gqfeosh d/ frnkB B{z wzBd/ jB^

(T) ftnoE dk frnkB (n) n;b frnkB

(J) nfrnkB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H gqfeoshtkdh fJzdohnB[G{sh frnkB B{z jh wzBd/ jB^

(T) ;Zuk frnkB (n) fJzdohiBe frnkB

(J) nfrnkB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 5H3H gqfeqshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Naturalism and Education)

Gqfeoshtkd dk iBw nkdoPtkdh ftukoXkok dh gqshfefonk;o{g j'fJnk ;h. gqfeoshtkd ftZu eJh T[g;zgqdkfJ jB ns/ w{b o{g s'A fJZe j[zd/ j'J/ th T[jBK ftZu e[ZM fGzBsk j?. G"fse ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkd dk f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk, gozs{ :zsotkdh gqfeoshtkd ns/ iht ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkd B/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu pj[s eqKshekoh gfotosB ehs/ jB. fJjBK ftZu'A d' ftneshnK dk gqGkt ;G s'A finkdk fgnk j?^fJZe o{;' ns/ d{ik jopoN ;g/A;o dk.

o{;' d/ f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ftuko ftP/P o{g s'A T[jBK dhnK d' g[;seK^„d fBT{I j/bkfJi‟ (The

New Heloise) ns/ „J/fwb‟ (Emil) ftZu gqrN j'J/ jB. „d fBT{I j/bkfJi‟ ftZu o{;' B/ pZfunK dh rqfj f;Zfynk T[Zs/ gqekP gkfJnk j? ns/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk ftZu wksk^fgsk dh G{fwek ;gPN ehsh j?. „J/fwb‟ ftZu fJjBK B/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk dh g{oh o{go/yk ;gPN ehsh j?l T[; d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k, f;ybkJh ftXhnK, nB[Pk;B d/ ;o{g ns/ nfXnkgeK d/ ekoi ;gPN ehs/ jB.



jopoN ;g/A;o d/ f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ftuko w[Zy o{g s'A T[jBK dh g[;se „n?i{e/PBL fJzNoB?PBb, w'ob n?Av fcfieb‟ (Education Intellectual, Moral and Physical) ftZu gqrN j'J/ jB. fJ; g[;se ftZu T[jBK d/ uko b/yK dk ;zrqfj j?^„;G s'A T[g:'rh f;Zfynk‟ (What Knowledge is of

Most Worth), „p"fXe f;Zfynk‟ (Intellectual Education), „B?fse f;Zfynk‟ (Moral Education) ns/ „Pohoe f;Zfynk‟ (Physical Education).

o{;' ns/ jopoN ;g/A;o d/ fJbktk w?ev[rb, vkoftB, b/wkoe, je;b/, poBkov P' ns/ ;w:{bo pNbo B/ th gqfeoshtkdh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu nkgD/ :'r fdZsk j?. fJZE/ T[; ;G dk toDB ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?^ f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

gqfeoshtkdh ftukoe g[;seh frnkB B{z f;Zfynk BjhA wzBd/. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko n;b f;Zfynk T[j fijVh wB[Zy dh T[;dh gqfeosh d/ nB[e{b ftek; eoB ns/ ihtB B{z ;[ywJh pDkT[D ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?. :zsotkdh gqfeoshtkd B/ wB'ftfrnkB ftZu fttjkotkd B{z iBw fdZsk. fttjkotkdh wB'ftfrnkBeK B/ wB[Zy d/ ;zg{oD fttjko eh ftnkfynk T[; dhnK w{b gqftoshnK d/ nXko s/ ehsh j?. fttjkotkdh w?ev[rb d/ nB[;ko w{bgqftoshnK dk T[dksheoD jh f;Zfynk j?. iht ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zy dh B?;rfoe PeshnK d/ B?;rfoe ftek; d/ gZy ftZu BiB nkT[Ad/ jB. fJj wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ ihtB dh oZfynk eoB ftZu ;woZE eo d/dk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[; B{z tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[D T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk ftnesh dk pkjoh tksktoD d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB j?. jopoN ;g/A;o d/ PpdK ftZu^

f;Zfynk dk noE nzso^PeshnK dk pkjoh ihtB Bkb ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eoBk j?.


life. –Herbert Spencer) f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB ftZu eJh gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ :'r fdZsk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ eJh T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ jB. fJZE/ n;hA T[jBK T[d/PK B{z g/P eo oj/ jK^

1H w{b gqftoshnK dk wkorKsoheoD ns/ T[dksoheoD^:zsoTkdh gqfeoshtkd B/ fttjkotkdh wB'ftfrnkB B{z iBw fdZsk fi; d/ nB[;ko jo/e wB[Zy e[ZM ;fji fefonktK b? e/ g?dk j[zdk j?. id'A fJj ;fji fefonktK pkjoh tksktoD d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[AdhnK jB sK ;zpzX ;fji fefonktK dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. fJj ;zpzX ;fji fefonktK wB[Zy B{z ftfGzB ekoi eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodhnK jB. fJ; bJh :zsotkdh gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zy ftZu T[fus ns/ T[g:'rh ;zpzX ;fji fefonktK T[sgzB eoBk jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzBd/ jB. w?ev[rb d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy dhnK w{b gqftoshnK dk T[dkoheoD eoe/ T[jBK B{z fJZSs wkor T[Zs/ brkT[Dk j?.

2H ihtB ;zxoP d/ bJh Pesh ns/ :'rsk dk ftek;îht ftfrnkBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko jo/e gqkDh ftZu ihT[D dh fJZSk j[zdh j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB dh oZfynk d/ bJh T[;B{z nkgD/ tksktoD Bkb jw/PK ;zxoP eoBk g?Adk j?. vkoftB B/ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu d' f;XKs fdZs/ jBîhtB d/ bJh ;zxoP ns/ ;woZE dk ti{d. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh ns/ okPNo B{z ihtB ;zxoP d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H wB[Zy B{z tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[Dk^coK; d/ dkoPfBe b/wkoe vkoftB d/ nB[;ko T[go'es f;XKsK ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B, gozs{ T[jBK B/ fJjBK dh ftnkfynk d{i/ o{g ftZu ehsh j?. b/wkoe dk ftPtk; j? fe jo/e ftnesh ihT[Ad/ gqkDh ftZu nkgD/^nkgB{z nkgDhnK go;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b pDkT[D dh Pesh j[zdh j? ns/ fijV/ gqkDh nkgD/ nkgB{z nkgDhnK go;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b fizBk tZX pDk b?Adk j? T[j ihtB oZfynk eoB ftZu

B'N



B'N T[Bk jh tZX ;cb j[zdk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy B{z T[j Pesh gqdkB eoBk j? fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ nkgB{z tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDk ;e/. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e f;js dh gqkgsh T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?.

4H wB[Zy B{z gqfeofse ihtB ihT[D :'r pDkT[Dkô{;' d/ nB[;ko pkbe B{z gqfeofse ihtB ihT[D d/ bJ :'r pDkT[Dk jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe ftXksk ;G t;s{nK B{z uzrk pDkT[Adk j? gozs{ wB[Zy T[jBK d/ Bkb S/V^SkV eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z d{fPs pDk fdzdk j? (Every thing is good as it comes from the

hands of the author of nature, men maddle with it and it degenerates). fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj pZfunK B{z d{fPs ;wki s'A d{o oZy e/ gqfeofse tksktoD ftZu T[jBK dh nkgD/^nkg dh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko ;[szso ftek; eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;B ns/ fJ;h B{z f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wzBd/ ;B.

5H g{oD ihtB dh fsnkoh^jopoN ;g/A;o dk fdqPNhe'D e[ZM ftnkge j?. fJj wB[Zy dh ihT[D dh fJZSk d/ Bkb^Bkb T[;h ;wki ns/ okiBhfse fefonktK B{z th wjZst fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkswoZfynk eoB, ihtek T[sgkdB eoB, nkgDh ;zBskB dh oZfynk eoB, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fefonktK ftZu ;[uko{ o{g s'A Gkr b?D ns/ S[ZNh d/ ;w/A dk ;dT[g:'r eoB ftZu :'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ;B{z jh fJj g{oD ihtB dh fsnkoh efjzd/ jB.

6H ikse r[DK dk ftek;î'oi poBkov P' ikse nB[GtK ftZu th ftPtk; oZyd/ ;B ns/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ ikse nB[GtK s'A ikD{ eoke/ T[jBK B{z ftek; wkor T[Zs/ brkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P iksh nB[GtK dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[jBK dk j;sKsoD j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H ftnesh dk ftnPfNe ftek;^gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zy dhnK w{b PeshnK, gqftoshnK, o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsktK ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB ns/ feT[Afe fJ; fdqPNh s'A e'Jh d' wB[Zy fJZe' fij/ BjhA j[zd/, fJ; bJh fJj jo/e wB[Zy d/ ftnPfNe ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy T[d/P fBPfus eod/ jB.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

T[d/PK d/ nB[e{b jh gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ehsk j?. gqfeoshtkdh G"fsetkdh ihtB B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB ns/ T[; dh oZfynk ns/ ftek; T[Zs/ jh ;G s'A tZX i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; bJh fJj gkmuo:k ftZu Poho ftfrnkB, f;js ftfrnkB ns/ G"fse ftfrnkB B{z ;G s'A tZX wjZst fdzd/ jB ns/ ;kfjs, ebk ns/ ;zrhs B{z ;G s'A xZN. XowPk;so ns/ BhshPk;so B{z fJj e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fdzd/.

o{;' B/ nkgDh g[;se J/fwb ftZu ftfGzB ;soK d/ pZfunK d/ bJh gkmuo:k g/P ehsh j?. fJjBK B/ wB[Zyh ftek; dhnK uko wB'ftfrnkBe nt;EktK^P?Ptnt;Ek (iBw s'A 5 ;kb), pkbnt;Ek (5 s'A 12 ;kb), feP'ont;Ek (12 s'A 15 ;kb) ns/ :[tknt;Ek (15 s'A 35 ;kb) d/ bJh nbZr^nbZr gkmuo:k fBPfus ehsh j?. P?Ptnt;Ek dh gkmuo:k ftZu e/tb y/vê[ZdK B{z ;EkB fdZsk, pkbnt;Ek dh gkmuo:k ftZu y/vDê[ZdD d/ Bkb^Bkb fJzdoh f;ybkJh, GkPk frnkB, gqfeosh BohyD ns/ rfDs ns/ G{r'b B{z ;EkB fdZsk, feP'ont;Ek dh gkmuo:k ftZu pkbnt;Ek dh gkmuo:k d/ Bkb^Bkb ;zrhs, j;sekoi ns/ T[d:'rK dh f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB fdZsk ns/ :[tknt;Ek dh gkmuo:k ftZu n;b ihtB B{z ftP/P wjZst fdZsk ns/ Bkb jh B?fse f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB fdZsk. fJ; ;so s/ T[jBK B/ XBkswe f;Zfynk rqfjD eoB d/ bJh th nkfrnk fdZsh j?. e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJjBK B/ jo/e ;so s/ Pohoe fefonktK ns/ nB[GtK B{z finkdk wjZst fdZsk j? ns/ f;XKse frnkB dk fto'X ehsk j?. fJj gmkuo:k ftZu y/vDê[ZdD, s?oB, x[V;tkoh eoB ns/ j;sekoiK B{z ftP/P wjZst fdzd/ ;B. Bkoh B{z fJj g[oy dh ;fjukoh ns/ ;/ftek d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B fJ; bJh e/tb rqfj ekoi ftZu fBg[zB eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B.



jopoN ;g/A;o d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy B{z g{oD ihtB pshs eoB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j?. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko T[jh ftnesh g{oD ihtB pshs eo ;edk j? fijVk gziK fefontK (i) nksw oZfynk d/ ekoi, (ii) ihtek T[sgkdB d/ ekoi, (iii) tzP tkXk ns/ fPP{ oZfynk ;zpzXh ekoi, (iv) ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ekoi ns/ (v) S[ZNh d/ ;w/A dk ;dT[g:'r, ;cbskg{oD Yzr d[nkok eo ;edk j't/. fJjBK gzi soQK dh fGzB^fGzB fefonktK B{z ;[ukoK o{g s'A eoB d/ bJh ;g/A;o B/ gkmuo:k ftZu fGzB^fGzB ftfPnK B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. T[jBK B/ nksw oZfynk d/ ekoiK d/ bJh f;js ftfrnkB, ihtek T[sgkdB d/ bJh GkPk, rfDs, G{r'b ns/ gdkoE ftfrnkB, tzP tkX/ ns/ fPP{ oZfynk d/ bJh ftfrnkB, pkbe wB'ftfrnkB ns/ rqfj ftfrnkB, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ekoiK d/ bJh fJfsjk;, ;wkiPk;so ns/ noEPk;so ns/ S[ZNh d/ ;w/A dk ;dT[g:'r eoB d/ bJh ;kfjs, ;zrhs, eftsk ns/ ebk B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. ;g/A;o dk eEB j? fe gkmuo:k ftZu ftfGzB gkm ftfPnK B{z T[;h soQK jh wjZst dDk ukjhdk j? fit/A fe ihtB ftZu T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs eko'pkoK dk j[zdk j?. fJjBK d/ ftuko Bkb ;kfjs, ebk ns/ ;zrhs ;kv/ ihtB dh oZfynk BjhA eod/, fJj sK e/tb E'V/ ;w/A bJh nkBzd d/D tkb/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJjBK dh gqkgsh dk gqPB sK jh T[Zmdk j? id'A n;hA nkgD/ G"fse ihtB B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD ftZu ;cb j' iKd/ jB. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu f;js ftfrnkB ns/ G"fse ftfrnkBK B{z w[Zy ns/ ;kfjs, ebk ns/ ;zrhs B{z r"D ;EkB fdZsk j?.

je;b/ PqhwkB ;kfjfse ns/ ftfrnkBe d'jK soQK d/ ftfPnK B{z ;wkB ;EkB d/D d/ gZy ftZu ;B. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe G"fse ftfrnkB d/ fgZS/ ;z;feqfse ftfPnK d/ nfXnB B{z G{bk d/Dk T[Bk jh p{ok j? fizBk ;z;feqfse ftfPnK d/ nfXnB d/ bJh ftfrnkB d/ nfXnB B{z G{bk d/Dk ns/ T[; dh T[g/fynk eoBk. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

gqfeoshtkd d/ d' gqw[Zy gfjb{ jB. gfjb/ gfjb{ d/ nB[;ko gqfeoshtkd fJZe dkoPfBe ftukoXkok j? fi; B/ nfXnksfwe ;Zsk dk yzvB ns/ gqfeosh dh ;Zsk fBwoDk ehsk j?. gqfeoshtkd d/ fJ; gfjb{ s'A f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk fBowkD j'fJnk j?. gqfeoshtkd dk d{ik gfjb{ wB'ftfrnkB j?, wB[Zy dh gqfeosh dk nfXnB ns/ T[; dhnK PeshnK ftZu ftPtk; j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu gqfeoshtkdhnK dh fJj gj[zu pj[s wjZst dh j?. fJ; gfjb{ B/ ;kB{z f;ybkJh dhnK eJh T[fus ftXhnK fdZshnK jB. fJjBK BthB T[g:'rh ftXhnK dk nkXko o{;' ns/ jopoN ;g/A;o d/ ftukoK ftZu fwbdk j?.

o{;' dk ;G s'A gfjbk Bkok ;h „gqfeosh d/ tZb w[V'‟. o{;' B{z ftek; dhnK uko ne;EktK fPP{, pkb, feP'o ns/ :[tk dk toDb eoe/ fGzB^fGzB nt;Ek d/ pZfunK dh gqfeosh dk toDb ehsk ns/ fGzB^fGzB ;so d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB fefonktK ns/ f;ybkJh ftfPnK dh u'D ehsk, gozs{ g[;seh f;Zfynk d/ fJj fto'Xh ;B.

o{;' d/ nB[;ko pZfunK B{z nkgD/^nkg nB[Gt eoe/ f;ZyDk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^„nkgD/ ftfdnkoEh B{z w"fye gkm Bk gVQkU, T[; B{z sK nB[Gt d[nkok f;ZyD d/Dk ukjhdk j?. id'A th w"ek fwb/ T[; B{z eoe/ f;ZyD fdU ns/ PpdK d[nkok f;ZykT[D dh rZb th ;'u' id'A eoe/ f;ZyDk n;zGt j't/.‟ fJ; soQK nkgD/^nkg eoe/ f;ZyDk ns/ ;t?^nB[Gt d[nkok f;ZyDk o{;' dk d{ik Bkok ;h.

o{;' frnkBfJzdohnK B{z frnkB dk dotkIk wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko nkozG ftZu frnkB fJzdohnK dk ftek; jh eoBk ukjhdk j?. frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok f;Zfynk, fJj o{;' dk fsZik Bkok ;h.

o{;' pZfunK B{z fe;h soQK d/ fB:zsoD ftZu oZyDk g;zd BjhA eod/ ;B, fJj pZfunK B{z nkgD/ ;[Gkfte fte; d/ bJh g{oD ;[szso SZvD d/ gZy ftZu ;B. f;Zfynk ftZu ;[szsosk o{;' dk u"Ek Bkok ;h.

B'N



B'N o{;' s'A gfjbK pZuk fJZe S'Nk gq'VQ wzfBnk iKkd ;h. o{;' B/ fJ; dk fto'X ehsk ns/ dZf;nk fe pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk ns/ io{osK fJZe gq'VQ dh o{uh, o{MkB, :'rsk ns/ io{osK s'A fGzB j[zdhnK jB, fJ; bJh T[; B{z T[; dh o{uh, o{MkB, :'rsk ns/ io{so nB[;ko jh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh. fJj T[jBK dk gzitK Bkok ;h.

o{;' T[; f;Zfynk B{z i' pZfunK B{z nkdoPK d/ o{g ftZu iK g[;seK d/ wkfXnw d[nko f;ZX/ fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ fi; d/ d[nkok T[jBK B/ gq'VQK dh soQK d/ ekoi d/ bJh wip{o ehsk iKdk j?, ;ekokswe f;Zfynk (Positive Education) efjzd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko fJ; soQK Bkb fdZsk frnkB ;EkB BjhA j[zdk. fJ; d/ T[bN T[j frnkB iK fefonk fi; B{z pZu/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[GtK d[nkok f;Zyd/ jB T[j ;EkJh j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z o{;' B/ Bekokswe f;Zfynk (Negative

Education) dk BKt fdZsk. o{;' d/ nB[;ko Bekokswe f;Zfynk dh ;Zuh f;Zfynk j?.

jopoN ;g/A;o B/ fJ; ftP/ T[Zs/ ft;sko Bkb ftuko ehsk j? fe f;ybkJh eod/ ;w//A nfXnkge B{z fe;h eqw ftZu uZbDk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z (i) ;ob s'A ifNb d/ tZb, (ii) frnks s'A nfrnks d/ tZb, (iii) w{os s'A nw{os d/ tZb, (iv) nfBPfus s'A fBPfus d/ tZb, (v) gqsZy s'A ngqsZy d/ tZb ns/ (vi) nB[G{s s'A soe;zrs d/ tZb uZbDk ukjhdk j?. ;g/A;o B/ nkgD/^nkg f;ZyD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko f;ybkJh gqDkbh o{uh ;zpzXh ns/ wB'ozie j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

gqfeoshtkd B/ f;ybkJh dhnK eJh wB'ftfrnkBe ftXhnK B{z iBw fdZsk j?. y'i ftXh ns/ vkbNB gqDkbh fJjBK jh f;XKsK T[Zs/ pDkJhnK rJhnK jB. GkPk f;ybkJh dh gqsZy ftXh ns/ G{r'b f;ybkJh dh BohyD ftXh th gqfeoshtkdh ftukoXkok dh d/D jB. y/v d[nkok f;Zfynk B{z th gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ tXktk fdZsk j?. fJjBK jh ;kohnK ftXhnK ftZu pZfunK dh ftneshrs o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rdkB T[Zs/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?. nB[Pk;B

gqfeoshtkdh nkswk d/ nfXnksfwe ;o{g B{z ;theko BjhA eod/, fJj T[; B{z gdkoEiBe fefonkPhb sZs wzBd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko gqfeofse „;t?‟ d[nkok Pkf;s j'Dk jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?. fJ; nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fJj fe;h th pkjoh dybnzdkIh dk fto'X eod/ jB. fJj Bk sK dzv ftt;Ek ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB ns/ Bk nfXnkge d[nkok gqGkt gkT[D dh fefonk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. fJjBK dk soe j? fe dzv Bkb pZfunK dh w{b gqftoshnK dk dwB j[zdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; ;jh o{g ftZu BjhA gkT[Adk. nfXnkge d[nkok gqGkt gkT[D B{z th fJj uzrk BjhA ;wMd/. fJjBK dk soe j? fe fJ; soQK pZu/ nfXnkge d/ uzr/^p{o/ ;ko/ r[D rqfjD eo b?Ad/ jB.

o{;' d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh nkgD/^nkg fJZe nfXnkfgek j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z nB[Pk;B dh f;Zfynk th fdzdh j?. id'A wB[Zy e'Jh d[Peow eodk j? sK gqfeosh nkgD/^nkg T[; B{z dzv fdzdh j?. o{;' d/ nB[;ko nB[Pk;B dh ;EkgBk pZfunK dh rbshnK d/ gqfeofse BshfinK d[nkok jh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. o{;' d/ nB[Pk;B ;zpzX fJjBK ftukoK B{z d' f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu gqrN eo ;ed/ jK^;[szsosk dk f;XKs (Principle of Freedom) ns/ gqfeofse Bshi/ dk f;XKs (Principle of Natural Consequencies). gfjb/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ;kB{z pZfunK T[Zs/ fe;h soQK dk pkjoh pzXB BjhA brkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. d{i/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko pZfunK dh G[Zb T[Zs/ T[jBK B{z dzfvs BjhA eoBk ukjhdk, gqfeosh T[jBK B{z dzv d/t/rh, uzr/ ekoiK Bkb T[jBK B{z ;[Zy fwb/rk ns/ rbs ekoi eoB s/ T[jBK B{z d[y fwb/rk ns/ fJ; ;[y^d[y d/ nXko s/ T[j ;jh fefonktK dh u'D eoDr/ ns/ nkgD/^nkg nB[Pkf;s j'Dr/.

jopoN ;g/A;o dh gqfeofse dzv ftt;Ek ftZu ftPtk; oZyd/ ;B. fJjBK dk ftuko ;h fe fi; ekoi B{z eoB ftZu wB[Zy B{z ;[y fwbdk j? T[; B{z T[j ;theko eodk ufbnk iKdk j? ns/ fi; ekoi B{z eoB ftZu T[; d[y j[zdk j? T[; B{z fsnkrdk uZbdk j?. ;g/A;o dk fJj f;XKs ;[y^d[y d/ f;XKs (Hedonistic Theory) d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJjBK dk soe ;h fe; gqfeosh wB[Zy d/ ekoiK d/ bJh T[; B{z ;[y^d[y gqdkB eodh j?, fi; d/ nXko s/ T[j ;jh



ekoiK dh u'D eodk j? ns/ rbs ekoiK dk fsnkr eodk j? ns/ pD iKdk j? fJZe nB[Pkf;s wB[Zy. pZfunK B{z nfXnkge iK wksk^fgsk d[nkok dzv d/D d/ fJj fto'Xh ;B. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe dzv Bkb pZu/ fBPm[o pD iKd/ jB. fJj gqfeofse fB:wK ns/ gq/w B{z nB[Pk;B dk nXko wzBd/ ;B.

je;b/ B/ o{;' ns/ ;g/A;o d/ ftukoK dk fto'X ehsk ns/ fejk fe gqfeosh d[nkok T[fus nB[Pk;B dh ebgBk BjhA eoBh ukjhdh. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh dh dzv ns/ ftt;Ek pj[s em'o ns/ soetjhB j?. gqfeosh nfrnkB d[nkok ehsh rJh rbsh ns/ ikDp[ZMe/ eo fdZsh rJh rbsh T[Zs/ fJZe' fijk dzv fdzdh j?. T[; d/ fJZE/ n;woZEsk ns/ ngokX, d'jK d/ bJh fJZe jh dzv j[zdk j?. Ub/ po;d/ ;w/A s[;hA Gkt/A fe;h tXhnk ezw d/ bJh xo s'A pkjo fBeb' ns/ Gkt//A fe;h xNhnk ezw d/ bJh, d'B'A jh dPktK ftZu gqfeosh dk s[jkvk f;o c'V dJ/rh. fJ; bJh nB[Pk;B ;zpzXh fJj ftukoXkok fe;h B{z th wzBD:'r BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. je;b/ d/ nB[;ko ;kB{z pZfunK B{z nkgDk ;[Gkfte ftek; eoB dh ;[szsosk sK d/Dh ukjhdh j?, gozs{ fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[jBK B{z e[ZM T[ZsodkfJstK Bkb th bZd d/Dk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[jBK dk fttjko ;zs[fbs j' ;edk j?. nfXnkge

o{;' f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nfXnkge B{z e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe nfXnkge sK d{fPs ;wki dk jh fJZe nzr j[zdk j?, T[; d[nkok pZfunK d/ ;[Xko dh nkPk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJj pZfunK B{z gqfeosh dh r'd ftZu oZy e/ T[jBK d/ ;[szso ftek; eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;B. fJ; soQK Bkb gqfeosh B{z jh nfXnkge wzBd/ ;B. gozs{ fJjBK dh fJ; p"ybkjN Bkb sK e'Jh ;fjws BjhA j' ;edk. iht ftfrnkBtkdh gqfeoshtkdh pZfunK dh gqfeosh B{z wjZst fdzd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko jo/e pZu/ ftZu e[ZM w{b gqftoshnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ T[; dk ftek; fJjBK jh w{b gqftoshnK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A pZfunK ftZu fJzBh fGzBsk j[zdh j? fe nfXnkge ;ko/ pZfunK B{z fJZe' fijk BjhA pDk ;ed/. fJ; bJh nfXnkge d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[j pZfunK dh nkgDh o{uh, o{MkB, :'rsk ns/ io{osK d/ nB[;ko ftek; eoB d/ bJh tksktoD fsnko eo/, f;ZyDr/ sK T[j nkgD/^nkg eoe/ ns/ nkgD/^nkg nkgD/ nB[GtK d/ d[nkok. fJ; soQK gqfeoshtkdh nfXnkge B{z frnkB d/D tkbk BjhA pbfe pZfunK d/ bJh frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh io{os tksktoD fsnko eoB tkbk wzBd/ jB. gqfeoshtkdh nfXnkge s'A fJzBh jh nkPk eod/ jB fe T[j pZfunK d/ ;[Gkfte ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j'D. f;ZfynkoEh

gqfeoshtkdh pkbe B{z f;Zfynk dk e/Ado wzBd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko pZfunk f;Zfynk rqfjD eoB d/ bJh g?dk BjhA j[zdk pbfe T[; dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. fco, ;ko/ pZu/ ;wkB BjhA j[zd/. T[j S'N/ gq'VQ BjhA j[zd/ fijV/ T[jBK B{z nkozG s'A jh gq'VQK fijk frnkB fdZsk ik ;e/. gqfeoshtkdh pZu/ dh gqfeosh^T[; dhnK w{b gqtoshnK, o{uh, o{MkB :'rsktKns/ io{osK dk g{ok^g{ok fXnkB oZyd/ jB ns/ fe;h pZu/ B{z ;jh f;ykT[Ad/ jB fi;d/ fe T[j :'r j? ns/ fi; d/ f;ZyD ftZu T[j o{uh fdykT[Adk j?. ftfdnkbk

o{;' ftfdnkfbnK dh e'Jh io{os BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko sK gqfeosh dh r'd jh ftfdnkbk j? ns/ gqfeosh jh nfXnkfgek j?. gozs{ wB[Zy dh gqfeosh B{z wjZst d/D tkb/ gqfeoshtkdh ftfdnkfbnK dh io{os dk nB[Gt eod/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie tksktoD Gkt/A fit/A dk j't/ gozs{ ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe pZfunK ftZu ;G f;ZyD dh fJZSk ikfrqs j't/ fi; B{z wB[Zy B/ uzrkJhnK d/ o{g ftZu gqkgs ehsk j?. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkb/ nfij/ ;EkB j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiZE/ pZfunK B{z nkgDk ;[Gkfte ftek; eoB d/ bJh ;[szso tksktoD fwb/. jK, gqfeoshtkdh ftfdnkb/ dh ;w/A ;koDh dk fto'X eod/ jB. fJj

B'N



B'N sK fJj ftPtk; eod/ jB fe ekoi eoB d/ bJh gqfeosh nkgD/^nkg ;wK fBoXkfos eodh j?. fJ; gqfeosh d/ fJZE/ d[pkok d' noE jB. gfjbk, noE, gqfeofse tksktoD s'A j? fijVk ;kB{z oks ftZu ;'D ns/ fdB ftZu ekoi eoB dh gq/oDk fdzdk j? ns/ d{ik noE pZu/ dh gqfeosh s'A j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe S'N/ pZu/ X[Zg, SK, poyk nkfd dk ng/fynkfeqs xZN fXnkB oZyd/ jB ns/ brGr jo ;w/A y/vDk ukj[zd/ jB id'A fe tZv/ pZu/ fJZe ftP/P ;w/A s/ jh y/vD ftZu o{uh fdykT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh gqfeoshtkdh ftfdnkb/ ftZu ed'A eh j't/, fJj rZb gqfeofse tksktoD ns/ pZu/ dh gqfeosh T[Zs/ SZv fdzd/ jB. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fe;h soQK d/ pkjoh fB:zsoD B{z fJj ;EkB BjhA fdzd/l ;t?Pk;B fJjBK dk Bkok j?. fJj ukj[zd/ jB fe ftfdnkb/ dh g{oh ftt;Ek ftZu pZfunK dh Gkrhdkoh j't/.

ftfdnkb/ d/ ;zpzX ftZu gqfeoshtkdhnK dhnK d' rZbK j'o T[b/y:'r jB. gfjbh fJj fe fJj :"B B{z gqfeofse d/D wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;fjf;Zfynk dk ;woEB eod/ jB ns/ d{ih fJj fe fJj gqhfynktK dk fto'X eod/ jB ns/ T[jB{z ysw eoe/ ftfdnkfbnK dh em'osk dk nzso eo d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ f;Zfynk d' j'o gZyK T[Zs/ th gqekP gkfJnk j?. fJj izB f;Zfynk d/ gZyh jB. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ bJh ;ko/ :'r jB, gozs{ ftP/P f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJj ftP/P :'rsktK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh u'D eoB d/ gZy ftZu jB. fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[jBK ftZu fJZe ws BjhA j?. o{;' fJ;sohnK B{z xo dh ukofdtkoh ftZu pzd eo d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B, gozs{ jopoN ;g/A;o T[jBK B{z fe;h th soQK dh f;Zfynk d/D d/ gZy ftZu ;B. eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu th gqfeoshtkdh fJZews BjhA jB, gozs{ jopoN ;g/A;o wB[Zy B{z ihftek T[sgkdB d/ ekoiK B{z f;ykT[Dk io{oh wzBd/ ;B. Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;ko/ gqfeoshtkdh fJZews jB, T[j fJ; dk fto'X eod/ jB. fJj e/tb G"fse f;Zfynk dh rZb eod/ jB ns/ T[j th nfijh B?fse f;Zfynk dh fi; ftZu gq/w, ;jkB{G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?, wB[ZyK B{z wB[ZyK dh soQK ihT[D dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?. ftP/P

e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu gZSwh gqfeoshtkdh d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh gqfeoshtkd/ d/ nfXnB T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kvk gfjbh p/Bsh sK fJj j? fe Gkos ftZu gqfeoshtkd Bkw dk e'Jh doPB jh ftef;s BjhA j'fJnk j?. ns/ i/eo s[;hA fJj ej' fe gZSwh gqfeoshtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh doPBK d/ gqfeoshtkdh ftukoK dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/ sK th fJj :'iBk ;zrs BjhA j?. id'A n;hA fGzB^fGzB Gkosh doPBK dk nfXnB nbZr^nbZr eod/ jK sK fco T[jBK dk nfXnB fe;h gZSwh doPB d/ Bkb eoB dk eh n"fus! fJ; dkoPfBe fyuVh ftZu sK Gkosh doPB dk ti{d jh ysw j' ikt/rk. jK, fe;/ th d' doPBK ns/ T[jBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk s[bBkswe nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

e[ZM ftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu sK gqfeoshtkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu oftzdoBkE N?r'o d/ doPB d/ nfXnB s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?, gozs{ fJj d'B'A doPB th fGzB doPB jB, fJjBK B{z fJZe wBDk :[esh ;zrs BjhA j?. gfjbh rZb sK fJj fe gqfeoshtkd dk e/Ado fpzd{ wB[Zy dk gqfeofse gZy j? id'A fe oftzdoBkE N?r'o d/ fuzsB dk e/Ado fpzd{ wB[Zy dk nfXnksfwe gZy j?. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe gqfeoshtkdh dkoPfBe gqfeosh ns/ gqfeofse fB:wK dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ tZb gqtfos jB id'A fe N?r'o gqfeosh d/ ;"Ado: dk nkBzd b?D d/ tZb gqtfos jB. ns/ fsZih rZbh fJj j? fe gqfeoshtkdh wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB N?r'o wB[Zy B{z J/ekswGkt dh nB[G{sh eoB s/ pb jB ns/ fJ;h ekoB N?r'o d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB B{z ftPtp'X doPB fejk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu th gqfeoshtkd ns/ ftPtp'X doPB d/ ftuko fGzB^fGzB jB. fJjBK B{z fJZe ;wMDk iK fJZe d/ ;zdoG ftZu d{i/ dk nfXnB eoBk :[esh ;zrs BjhA j?. jK, gqfeoshtkd ns/ ftPtp'X doPB ns/ T[jBK d/ ftfdne



fuzsB dk s[bBkswe nfXnB io{o ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;zpzXh fJ; g[;se ftZu N?r'o d/ doPB ns/ ftfdne fuzsB T[Zs/ nbZr s'A fbfynk frnk j?. d/y' nfXnkJ/ôftzdoBkE N?r'o dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB.

B'N

Nk;e gqfeoshtkd d/ w{b f;XKs T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



7H gqfeoshtkd dk iBw nkdoPtkdh ftukoXkok dh gqshfefonk ;o{g j'fJnk ;h.

8H o{;' d/ nB[;ko pkbe B{z gqfeofse ihtB ihT[D d/ :'r pDkT[Dk jh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

9H jopoN ;g/A;o d/ PpdK ftZu, f;Zfynk dk noE nzdo{Bh^PeshnK dk pkjoh ihtB Bkb ;wBt?? ;Ekfgs eoBk j?.

10H o{;' dk ;G s'A gfjbk Bkok ;h^„gqfeosh d/ tZb w[V'.‟ 5H4 gqfeqshtkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Naturalism to Education) fe;h t;s{, fefonk iK ftuko dk w[bnzeD fe;/ g{ot fBPfus wkBdzvK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh gqfefonk j?, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"pb ftZu tkXk eoB dh gqfefonk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuko, ftuko ns/ fttjko B{z T[fus fdPk gqdkB eoB dh gqfefonk j?. j[D fJj gfotosB ns/ ftek; fe; soQK dk j't/, fJj ;wki ftP/P dh ssekbhB gof;EshnK ns/ GftZy dhnK ;zGktBktK ns/ neKePktK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[; ;w/A fe;h ftfdne fuzsB iK ftt;Ek dk w[bnzeD ;wki iK okPNo ftP/P dh ssekbhB go;fEshnK ns/ T[; dhnK GftZy dhnK ;zGktBktK ns/ neKePktK d/ nXko s/ jh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. n;hA fJZE/ nfijh jh :sB ehsk j? ns/ gqfeoshtkdh f;Zfynk dk w[bnzeD Gkosh ;wki dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ns/ GftZy dhnK ;zGtkBktK ns/ neKePktK d/ nXko s/ ehsk j?.

fJZe doPB d/ o{g ftZu gqfeoshtkd e/tb fJ; G"fse irs B{z jh ;Zu wzBdk j?, nfXnksfwe (nkswk^gqwkskwk, eow^G'r, ;tor^soe nkfd) ftZu fJj ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJj gqfeosh B{z w{b sZs wzBdk j? ns/ fJ; G"fse ;z;ko dh ftnkfynk G"fse, o;kfJfDe ns/ ihtftfrnkBe sZEK d/ nXko s/ eodk j?. wB[Zy B{z fJj fJZe gdkoE, wPhB iK T[Zu gP{ d/ o{g ftZu d/ydk j? ns/ T[; d/ ihtB d/ fe;h th nkyoh T[d/P ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. gozs{ n;hA nfXnksfwe PeshnK dh nB[G{sh ehsh j? ns/ ;[yw s'A ;[Eb dk fBowkD j[zd/ d/fynk j? fJ; bJh gqfeoshtkdhnK dh fJj rZb ;kv/ rb/ BjhA T[Zsodh. jK, wB[ZyK dh G"fse ouBk ns/ T[; dh ftfrnkBe fGzBsk dk nfXnB eoe/ fiBQK sZEK B{z gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ ;kv/ ;kjwD/ oZfynk j?, T[jBK s'A n;hA ;fjws jK. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z SZv e/ f;Zfynk d/ j'o gfjb{nK dk ;zpzX wB[Zy dh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ;zouBk s'A jh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu gqfeoshtkd dk gqGkt g?Dk ;[Gkfte j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko ftek; eoB ns/ T[; B{z T[; d/ nB[e{b ihtB ihT[D ftZu f;Zfyns eodh j?.



B'N fiZE/ sZe f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh rb j?, gqfeoshtkd dh fJj rZb sK ;jh j? fe pZuk e[ZM w{b PeshnK, gqftoshnK, o{uhnK ns/ :'rsktK B{z b? e/ iBw b?Adk j? ns/ f;Zfynk fJjBK d/ ftek;, wkordoPB ns/ T[dksheoD dk ;kXB j?, gozs{ T[; dk fJj ftuko fe f;Zfynk e/tb fJ;h sZe ;hfws j?, fJZe ;ze{fus fdqPNhe'D j?. f;Zfynk B{z fJZe uzrk gdkoE, :zso iK gP{ pDkT[D d/ fefonk BjhA j? pbfe T[; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy B{z fJZe uzrk wB[Zy pDkfJnk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g d/ pknd f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh rZb nkT[Adh j?. (fJ; ;z;ko ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB d/ gqsh T[fus fdqPNhe'D dh xkN ftZu gqfeoshtkd d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB ftZu th nc;b j' fojk j?. gqfeoshtkd d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk T[d/P wB[Zy dhnK w{b PeshnK dk wkor doPB ns/ T[dksheoD eoBk, T[jBK B{z nkgD/ tksktoD ftZu ;wk:'iB eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dk ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihT[D d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?.

;kvh fdqPNh s'A i/eo f;Zfynk jh ekoi eo ojh j[zdh sK wB[Zy B/ fJj ftPtk; BjhA ehsk j[zdk. jopoN ;g/A;o B/ fi; g{oD ihtB dh fsnkoh dh rZb ejh j?, T[j th nkgD/^nkg ftZu ng{oD j?. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ufosfoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; B{z e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fdZsk frnk j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dk ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse, eko'pkoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fco nZi ;z;ko d/ brGr ;ko/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk oki dk nkgDk T[ZsodkfJst j?. T[; ;w/A f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P okiszso dh f;Zfynk ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk th j'Dk io{oh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ GftZy d/ fBowkD ftZu th ;jkfJe j'dk ukjhdk j?, okPNoh NhfunK dh gqkgsh ftZu th ;jkfJe j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

finkdkso gqfeoshtkdh Pohoe ftek; d/ bJh y/vê[Zd ns/ e;os ns/ G"fse ;[yK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfrnkB dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ finkdk i'o fdzd/ jB. T[j brGr GkPk, ;kfjs ns/ ebk dh f;Zfynk dh ntj/bDk eod/ jB. ;g/A;o B/ fJjBK ;kfonK B{z ;EkB sK fdZsk j?, gozs{ fJzBk T[; B/ th fesk fe Poho ftfrnkB ns/ G"fse ftfrnkBK B{z w[Zy ns/ GkPk, ;kfjs, ;zrhs ns/ ebk B{z r"D ;EkB fdZsk j?. je;b/ B/ fJjBK ftfrnkBe ns/ ;kfjfse d'jK ftfPnK B{z ;EkB d/D dh rZb ejh j? gozs{ T[jBK dk gqGkt T[Bk BjhA fgnk fizBk fe j'o ftukoeK dk fgnk j?.

;gPN j? fe gqfeoshtkd B/ gkmuo:k ftZu ftfrnkB B{z tXktk d/D ns/ Xow ns/ Bhsh dh f;Zfynk dk fto'X eoB ftZu tZvh gfjb ehsh j?. fJ; Bkb f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k nX{oh jh ojh. gozs{ e[ZM th j't/, gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD ;zpzXh gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ fJj ftuko wzBD:'r jB fe gkmuo:k dk fBowkD pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk d/ nXko s/ eoBk ukjhdk j?, T[; ftZu T[g:'rh ftfPnK B{z gfjbK oZyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; ftZu pZfunK dh fefonkPhbsk dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. nZi dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ gqfeoshtkdhnK dh fJj Skg ;gPN fdykJh d/ ojh j?.

f;ybkJh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ pj[s eqKshekoh gfotosB ehs/ jB. fJjBK B/ g[;se gqDkbh ns/ oND dh ftXh dk ;ys fto'X ehsk ns/ pZfunK B{z nkgD/^nkg eoe/, nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD dk Bkok brkfJnk. fJj frnkB fJzdohnK B{z frnkB dk dotkIk wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok f;Zfynk B{z tXktk fdZsk. f;ybkJh fet/A ehsk ikt/, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK B/ f;ybkJh ;{soK^;ob s'A ifNb d/ tZb, frnks s'A nfrnks d/ tZb, w{os s'A nw{os d/ tZb, nfBPfus s'A fBPfus d/ tZb nkfd dk fBowkD ehsk j?. gqfeoshtkdhnK dh f;ybkJh ;zpzXh fJjBK f;XKsK ns/ ;{soK d/ nXko s/ eJh wB'ftfrnkBe f;ybkJh gqkDhnK dk iBw j'fJnkl fJjBK ftZu nBt/PD gqDkbh, vkbNB gqDkbh, gqsZy gqDkbh ns/ BohyD gqDkbh w[Zy jB.



nZi ;z;ko ftZu e'Jh th ftukoXkok B{z wzBD tkbk feT[A Bk j't/ gozs{ f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu T[j gqfeoshtkdh f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ;woEB eodk j?. i/eo ;Zu g[ZS' sK f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu f;ybkJh seBheh dh P[o{nks th gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ jh ehsh ;h. fJ; bJh f;ybkJh seBheh B/ ;kB{z e[ZM fdZsk j? fe T[; dk ;fjok th gqfeoshtkdhnK B{z ikDk ukjhdk j?. nB[Pk;B

gqfeoshtkdh nfXnkge d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B d/ ;EkB s/ ;[szsosk d/ gZyh jB. T[j pZfunK B{z nkgDh gqfeosh d/ nB[e{b fttjko dh S{N fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; B{z jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jB.

gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ nB[Pk;B ;zpzXh ftuko e/tb ftuko wkso jB. pZfunK B{z fttjko dh g{oD ;[szsosk d/ e/ T[jBK ftZu nB[Pk;B dh GktBk ikfrqs j'Dh e'oh ebgBk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu o{;' d[nkok fBowkDs „gqfeosh d[nkok dzv ftXkB‟ ns/ ;g/A;o d[nkok fBowkDs „;[y^d[y dk f;XKs‟ th wzBD:'r BjhA j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z nB[Pkf;s wB[Zy pDkT[D d/ bJh T[; T[Zs/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD io{oh j?. nfXnkge

T[ro gqfeoshtkdh Bk sK nfXnkge dh io{os ;wMd/ jB ns/ Bk jh ;wkfie tksktoD dh. fJ; B{z sK n;hA T[jBK dh p"ybkjN jh ejKr/. fpBK ;wki d/ f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk uZb ;edh j?, fJj sK ;'funk th BjhA ik ;edk. nfXnkge fJ; gqfefonk B{z T[fus fdPk fdzdk j? fJ; bJh T[; dk wjZst j?. n;hA T[jBK gqfeoshtkdhnK s'A ;fjws jB i' nfXnkge B{z gEgqdoPe d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB. f;ZfynkoEh

f;ZfynkoEh B{z gqfeoshtkdh f;Zfynk dk e/Ado wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe f;Zfynk d/ bJh pZuk g?dk BjhA j[zdk, pZu/ d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB ehsk iKdk j?.

gqfeoshtkd d/ fJ; Bko/ B/ nZi g{o/ ;z;ko dh f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts ehsk j?. nZi f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D ftZu n;hA pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk dk fXnkB oZyd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgD/ ftfdnkb/ ;[Gkfte ftek; d/ bJh w"e/ gqdkB eod/ jB. ftfdnkfbnk

ftfdnkb/ dh ftt;Ek ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;fj:'r dh rZb nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ ejh ;h. fJjBK B/ pZfunK dh GktBk dk fJzBk jh nkdo ehsk pbfe T[jBK dh ;[szsosk ftZu o[ektN j'D tkbh ftfdnkb/ dh ;w/A^;koDh B{z th ysw eoB dh rZb ejh. gqhfynktK d/ G?n s'A pZfunK B{z S[Nekok fdbkT[D d/ bJh fJjBK B/ gqhfynktK B{z ysw eoB dk Bkok brkfJnk. pZfunK dh wB'ftfrnkBe io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh ;fjf;Zfynk dh nkfrnk th ;G s'A gfjbK gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ jh fdZsh.

gqfeoshtkdhnK d/ T[go'es ftuko nkgD/^nkg ftZu Gkt/A fizB/ nNgN j'D gozs{ nZi d/ f;Zfynk irs s/ fJjBK dh Skg ;gPN fdykJh fdzdh j?. nw/foek ftZu sK nfij/ ;e{bQK dh ewh BjhA fiZE/ ;w/A^;koDh dk pzXB BjhA j[zdk, gqhfynktK BjhA j[zdhnK ns/ w[zv/ê[VhnK ;G fJeZm/ gVQd/ jB. T[Zs/ ;so Go d/ ekoiK d/ nXko s/ jh pZfunK B{z iwks T[Bsh d/ fdZsh iKdh j?. gozs{ fJ; ;G Bkb nftt;Ek jh tXh j?. n;hA fJ; ;G dk ;woEB BjhA eo ;ed/. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

gqfeoshtkd dhnK d' w[Zy d/DK j'o jB^fJZe sK fJj fe gqfeoshtkdhnK B/ izB f;Zfynk d/ tZb ;kvk fXnkB nkeqfPs ehsk ns/ d{ih fJj fe fJjBK B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek dh tekbs ehsh. nZi ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/P fJjBK dh fJBQK rZbK s'A ;fjws jB ns/ ;ko/ d/PK ftZu izB

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk gquko tZX fojk j?. gqfeoshtkd B/ ;G s'A tZvk ekoi fJj ehsk fe fJ; B/ ;kB{z nzXftPtk;K dh d[BhnK ns/ e[gwzv[esk s'A eZY e/ G"fse ;z;ko dh n;bhns s'A ikD{ eokfJnk. Bhsi/ ti'A eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dk ftek; j'fJnk. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A gqfeoshtkdhnK dh ;G s'A tZvh G[Zb Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk dk fto'X j?. T[; dh xkN ftZu fJoyk, dt/P, GoPNkuko ns/ P'PD fijhnK p[okJhnK tXhnK jB. j[D i/eo n;hA G"fsesk ns/ nfXnksfwesk ftZu ;wBt? eo ;ehJ/ sK fBPfus o{g s'A n;hA ;[yh ns/ ;zgzB j'tKr/. 5H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJZe dkoPfBe ftukoXkok d/ o{g ftZu gqfeoshtkd nkyoh ;Zu dh y'i eoB ftZu n;woZE fojk j?. Xkofwe nzXftPtk;K dk godkckP eoB d/ ekoB fJj jB/oh dh soQK nkfJnk gozs{ fJPto d/ ti{d B{z BekoB d/ ekoB fJj jB/oh soQK ufbnk th frnk. jK, f;Zfynk T[Zs/ fJ; dk gqGkt nZi th fdykJh fdzdk j?. fiZE/ sZe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ns/ gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD dh rZb j?, fJ; y/so ftZu sK gqfeoshtkd pkih jko u[Zek j? gozs{ T[; d/ d[nko fBowkDs f;bykJh f;XKs ns/ f;ybkJh ;{so nZi th nkgDk nk;B pDkJ/ j'J/ jB. j[D pZfunK B{z T[gd/P BjhA fdZs/ iKd/, T[jBK B{z nkgD/^nkg eoe/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu gqfeoshtkd d/ dkfyb/ s'A gfjbK f;Zfynk nfXnkge e/Adfos ;h. nZi ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/PK dh fdPk ftZu pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ io{osK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j?, ;kv/ d/P Gkos ftZu th. ;z;eko ftZu izB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu th gqfeoshtkdhnK dk tZvk :'rdkB fojk j?. gozs{ ;G e[ZM wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse ftek; sZe ;hfws fojk, T[; d/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dh rZb fJj BjhA ;'u gkJ/. ;kvh nkgDh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ fszB'A gZyK, gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. 5H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H w[bnzeD (Evaluation) L w[b nzeD

2H f;XKs (Principles) L fB:w 5H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gqfeoshtkd s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H gqfeoshtkd d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H „gqfeoshtkd ns/ f;Zfynk‟ T[Zs/ fNZgDh eo'.

4H „gqfeoshtkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD‟ s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H 18thA 2H dkoPfBe 3H (T) 4H (n) 5H (n) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H rbs 9H ;jh 10H ;jh




p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^6L gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Pragmatism and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


6H1 gq:'iBtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Pragmatism)

6H2 gq:'iBtkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Pragmatism)

6H3 gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Pragmatism and Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gq:'iBtkd dk noE ikBD ;zpzXh.

gq:'iBtkd d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


gq:'iBtkdh fJ; pqfjwzv dh ouBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftuko eoB d/ ;EkB s/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ n;b gZy T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB. fJj fJ; pqfjwzv d/ pko/ ftZu jh efjzd/ jB fe eJh t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK s'A pDdk ofjzdk j?. fJj t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK dh ftnkfynk d/ Mw/b/ ftZu BjhA g?Ad/. fJ; fJzdohrqfj ;z;ko d/ fJbktk fJj fe;h j'o ;z;ko d/ ti{d B{z BjhA wzBd/. fJj nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ti{d B{z BjhA wzBd/. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko wB (Mind) dk d{ik Bkw nkswk j? ns/ wB dk gdkoEiBe fefonktPhb sZs j?. fJj fJ; pqfjwzv d/ fe;h nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) dh y'i BjhA eod/, fJj sK gqsZy B{z jh ;Zu wzB/d jB. 6H1 gq:'iBtkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Pragmatism) gq:'iBtkd gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh wB[Zy d/ e/tb fttjkfoe gZy T[Zs/ ftuko eodh j?. nzrq/Ih ftZu fJ; B{z gq/rw/fNIw (Pragmatism) efjzd/ jB fijVk rqhe GkPk d/ gq/rwk (Pragma) iK gq/rw/fNe'; (Pragmaticos) Ppd d[nkok pfDnk j? fiBQK dk noE fttjkfoesk ns/ fefonk s'A j[zdk j?. feT[Afe fJj doPB wB[Zy d/ fttjkfoe gZy T[Zs/ jh ftuko eodk j? ns/ ;ko/ f;qPNh B{z fefonktK dk Bshik wzBdk j? fJ; bJh nzrqIh GkPk ftZu fJ; B{z gq/rw/fNIw (Pragmatism) efjzd/ jB. T[; ;w/A fjzdh ftZu fJ; B{z fttjkofoetkd efjDk ukjhdk j?, gozs{ finkdkso Gkosh fJ; B{z gq:'iBtkd dk BKt fdzd/ jB ns/ ;kv/ d/P ftZu fJj fJ;h Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?.


fJekJh^6 gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk

gZSwh irs ftZu gq:'iBtkdh ftukoK dh Mbe ;G s'A gfjbK :{BkBh dkoPfBe j/okebhN; (Heraclitus, 540-475 JhH g{H) d/ ftukoK ftZu fwbdh j?. T[jBK B/ fJ; ;z;ko B{z gfotosBPhb dZf;nk j? ns/ fejk fe ;ko/ n;b uhiK gfotosBPhb jB fJ; bJh PkPts ;Zu e[ZM BjhA j' ;edk. gb/N' d/ g{ot ftukoe ;'fc;NK (Sophists) dh ftukoXkok ftZu th gq:'iBtkd d/ doPB j[zd/ jB. ;'fc;N tfoshrqkjh nfXnkgeK d/ o{g ftZu frnkB uouk eod/ ;B. fJjBK ftZu gq'Nkr'o; (Protagoras, 500 JhH g{H) dk Bkw ftP/P T[b/y:'r j?. gq'Nkr'o; dk w{b eEB ;h^„wB[Zy jh ;G gdkoEK dk wkg j?‟ (Homo Men Sura). fJj wB[ZyK B{z ;G t;s{nK dk wkgdzv wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe gfjbK s'A fe;h dk ti{d BjhA j[zdk, ;G fefonk d[nkok fBofws j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJj, fJj th wzBd/ ;B fe ;z;ko ftZu g{ot fBPfus ;Zu e[ZM th BjhA j?, wB[Zy fBZs Bt/A nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ ;ZuK dh y'i eodk j?. gozs{ sK th gZSwh irs gb/N' (Plato, 427-347 JhH g{H) dk gqkd[oGkt j'fJnk ns/ T[ZE'A d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB B/ fJZe BtK w'V fbnk ns/ 15thA ;dh sZe fiZE/ i' th fuzsB j'fJnk T[j ;G gb/N' d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB d/ nXko s/ j'fJnk.

fJ; :[Zr ftZu gq:'iBtkdh fuzsB dk P[ZG nkozG 16thA ;dh ftZu p/eB (Francis Bacon, 1561-

1626), B/ ehsk. T[jBK B/ ftfrnkB B{z ;wki dk wkordoPe dZf;nk. 18thA ;dh d/ dkoPfBe ekwN/ (Comte) B{z th fJ; dk g{ot ftukoe wzfBnk ik ;edk j? feT[Afe T[jBK B/ ftfrnkB dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk ;theko ehsh ;h. gozs{ fJZe ;[szso doPB d/ o{g ftZu ftukoXkok dk ftek; 19thA ;dh ftZu nw/foek ftZu nkozG j'fJnk. nw/foek d/ ukob; ;/Avo; fgno; (Charles Senders Pierce, 1839-1914) ns/ ftbhnw i/w; (William James, 1842-1910) fJ; ftukoXkok d/ fBowksk wzB/ iKd/ jB. fgno; d/ nB[;ko e'Jh XkoDk nkyoh BjhA j[zdh, T[; dk noE T[; d/ fttjkfoe gqGkt d[nkok fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?. i/w; B/ wB[Zyh nB[Gt d/ wjZst B{z ;gPN ehsk ns/ wB[Zy B{z ;kohnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK dh ;ZukJh dh e;"Nh dZf;nk. i/w; d/ pknd nw/foek d/ jh i'B vhth (John Dewey, 1859-1952) B/ fJ; ftukoXkok B{z nZr/ tXkfJnk. vhth B/ ftnesh dh fJZSk Pesh B{z ;wkfie T[d/P ftZu ;theko ehsk. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh gqrsh dk nXko ;wkfie p[ZXh jh j[zdh j?. vhth d/ pknd nw/foek ftZu T[jBK d/ u/b/ febg?Nfoe (Kilpatric) B/ fJ; ftukoXkok B{z nZr/ tXkfJnk ns/ fJzrb?Av ftZu fPbo (Shiller) B/ nZr/ tXkfJnk. fJjBK ;kfonK ftZu vhth dk :'rdkB ;G s'A tZX j?.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology

and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?. T[AM gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ fJjBK gZyK s/ pj[s ;gPN o{g s'A ftuko ftnes BjhA ehs/ jB, gozs{ fJ; fdqPNh ns/ wB[Zy d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[jBK dk fijVk fuzsB j? T[;h d/ nXko s/ n;hA gq:'iBtkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b nkuko whwK;k B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoDr/.

B'N

B'N; gq:'iBtkd gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh wB[Zy d/ e/tb fttjkfoe gZy

s/ ftuko eodh j?.

gq:'iBtkd dh sZs whwK;k

gq:'iBtkdh fJ; pqfjwzv dh ouBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftuko eoB d/ ;EkB s/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ n;b gZy s/ jh ftuko eod/ jB. fJj fJ; pqfjwzv d/ pko/ ftZu fJzBk jh efjzd/ jB fe fJj eJh t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK d[nkok pDdk ofjzdk j?. fJj t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK dh ftnkfynk d/ Mw/b/ ftZu BjhA g?Ad/. fJ; fJzdohrqkj ;z;ko d/ fJbktk fJj fe;h j'o ;z;ko d/ ti{d B{z BjhA wzBd/. fJj nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ti{d B{z th BjhA wzBd/. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko wB (Mind) dk d{ik Bkw j? ns/ wB fJZe gdkoEiBe fefonkPhb sZs j?. fJj fJ; pqfjwzv d/ fe;h nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) dh y'i BjhA eod/, fJj sK gqsZy B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB.



B'N i/w; d/ nB[;ko fJj irs g{oD BjhA j?, wB[Zy d/ :sB Bkb fJj g{oDk d/ tZb tX io{o fojk j?. i/w;^ns/ fPbo ;z;ko dhnK T[jBK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;Zu wzBd/ ;B fijV/ wB[Zy d/ ihtB d/ bJh T[g:'rh jB ns/ T[; dh gqfeosh B{z ;wro o{g s'A ;zs[PN eodhnK jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A e'Jh th t;s{ iK fefonk wB[Zy d/ bJh jw/PK T[g:'rh BjhA j' ;edh fJ; bJh e'Jh th g{ot fBPfus ;Zu BjhA j' ;edk, ;Zu gfotosBPhb j[zdk j?. T[jBK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z wB[Zysktkdh gq:'iBtkd (Humanistic Pragmatism) fejk iKdk j?. e[ZM gq:'iBtkdh e/tb T[; B{z ;Zu wzBd/ jB fijV/ gq:'r dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ yok T[Zsodk j?. T[jBK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z gq:'iBtkdh gq:'iBtkd (Experimental Pragmatism) fejk iKdk j?. vhth fJ; ftukoXkok d/ gqtose wzB/ iKd/ jB.

e[ZM gq:'iBtkdh nB[Gtf;ZX frnkB B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB, Gkt/A jh T[; B{z fe;h th GkPk ftZu ftnesh ehsk ikt/. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe GkPk jh sK fGzB j[zdh j?, Bshi/ sK ;wkB j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh GkPk dh fGzBsk T[Zs/ BjhA Bshi/ T[Zs/ d/Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; B{z Bkw o{gh gq:'iBtkd (Nominalistic Pragmatism) efjzd/ jB.

gq:'iBtkdhnK dk fJZe tor wB[Zy B{z wB'Pohoe gqkDh wzBdk j? ns/ e/tb T[jBK jh B{z ;Zu wzBdk j? fijV/ wB[Zy dh ftfrnkBe io{osK dh g{osh eod/ jB. fJ; B{z iht ftfrnkBtkdh gq:'iBtkd (Biological pragmatism) efjzd/ jB. iht ftfrnkBtkdh gq:'iBtkdh dkoPfBe wB[Zy dh T[; Pesh B{z ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD wzBd/ jB fi; d/ d[nkok T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[Adk j? ns/ io{os g?D s/ tksktoD B{z nkgD/ nB[e{b pDkT[Adk j?. vhth wB[Zy B{z fJZe nfij/ i?fte gqkDh d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jK fijVk nkgD/^nkg ftZu fJZe nfijk ;kXB, fBfws ekoB iK T[geoD j? fijVk ngkD/ nkg B{z nkgD/ tksktoD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[D ns/ tksktoD B{z nkgD/ nB[e{b pDkT[D ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z ;kXBtkd, B?fwfsetkd iK T[geoDtkd (Instrumentalism) th efjzd/ jB. gq:'iBtkd dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko nB[GtK dh g{ot ouBk jh frnkB j?. fJj frnkB B{z ;kXe BjhA pbfe wB[Zy ihtB B{z ;[ywJh pDkT[D dk ;kXB wzBd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko frnkB dh gqkgsh ;wkfie fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb nkgD/^nkg j[zdh j?. eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkB fJzdohnK B{z fJj frnkB dk nXko, fdwkr ns/ p[ZXh B{z frnkB dk fB:zsoe ns/ fefonktK B{z frnkB gqkgs eoB dk wkfXnw wzBd/ jB. gq:'iBtkd dh w{b ns/ nkuk whwK;k

gq:'iBtkdh g{ot fBPfus ;Zu, nkdoP ns/ w{bK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ fJ; bJh fJj wB[Zy d/ bJh e'Jh fBPfus nkuko ;fjzsk BjhA pDkT[Ad/. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu fBozso gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j? fJ; bJh T[; d/ nkuoD B{z fBPfus BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, T[; ftZu sK T[j Pesh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[j pdb/ j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[j pdb/ j'J/ tksktoD ftZu ;wk:'iB eo ;e/. fJj pZfunK ftZu e/tb ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk ftek; eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. ;wkfie e[Pbsk Bkb gq:'iBtkdhnK dk Gkt ;wki ftZu ;wk:'iB eoB, nkgDh ihftek ewkT[D, wB[Zyh T[g:'r dh t;s{ ns/ fefonktK dh y'i eoB ns/ BthnK^BthnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eoB dh Pesh s'A j[zdk j?. gq:'iBtkd dh gfoGkPk

gq:'iBtkd d/ eJh o{g jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;z;ko ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB dh ftnkfynk fGzB^fGzB o{{g s'A ehsh rJh j?, gozs{ w{b o{g ftZu T[jBK ftZu ;wkBsk j?. T[; ;wkBsk d/ nXko s/ ftdtkBK B/ fJ; B{z gfoGkPk ftZu pzBD dk :sB ehsk j?. o'; PqhwkB d/ PpdK ftZu^



gq:'iBtkd fBPfus o{g s'A fJZe wB[Zsktkdh doPB j? fijVk fJj wzBdk j? fe wB[Zyh fefonk ftZu Gkr b? e/ ngkD/ w{bK dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ fJj wzBdk j? fe n;bhns jw/PK fBowkD dh ftt;Ek ftZu ofjzdh j?. (Pragmatism is essentially a humanistic philosophy maintaining that man creates his own values in course of activity, that reality is still in making and awaits its part of completion. –Ross).

gozs{ fJ; gfoGkPk ftZu gq:'iBtkd d/ g{oD doPB BjhA j[zd/. gq:'iBtkdh dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k dh fdqPNh s'A T[; B{z nZr/ fby/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

gq:'iBtkd gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z ftfGzB sZsK ns/ fefonK dk Bshik wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJj G"fse ;z;ko jh ;Zu ns/ fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe ;z;ko BjhA j?. fJj fJPto d/ ftP/ ftZu ftuko BjhA eodh ns/ nkswk B{z gdkoEiBe fefonkPhb sZs d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eodh j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[y g{oD Yzr d[nko ihT[Dk j?, fi; B{z ;wkfie ihtB ihT[D Gkt ;wkfie nkdoPK ns/ w{bK d/ gkbD d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gq:'iBtkdh fuzsB dk P[ZG nkozG 16thA ;dh ftZu p/eB (Francis Bacon,

1561-1626) B/ ehsk.

;t?^wbnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh^;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko nB[GtK dh g{oD ouBk jh HHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

2H e[ZM gq:'iBtkdh e/tb T[; B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB fijV/ gq:'r dh HHHHHHHHHHH s/ yok T[Zsodk j't/.

6H2 gq:'iBtkd e/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Pragmatism)

gq:'iBtkd fJ; ;z;ko ns/ T[; dhnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK d/ ekoBK T[Zs/ T[Bk ftuko BjhA eodk fizBk wB[Zy ihtB ftZu T[; dh T[g:'rsk T[Zs/ ftuko eodk j?. fco th fJZe ;[szso doPB d/ o{g ftZu nkgD/ ti{d dh oZfynk d/ bJh fJ; B/ ekoB gZy T[Zs/ th ftuko ehs/ j? gozs{ T[; ftuko dk nXko wB[Zy B{z jh wzfBnk j?. gq:'iBtkd dh sZsh whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj ;z;ko ejh sZsK ns/ fefonktK dk Bshik j?^gq:'iBtkd fJ; pqfjwzv d/ fe;h nXkoG{s sZs dh y'i ns/ ftnkfynk eoB d/ Mw/b/ ftZu BjhA g?Adk. fJj sK fJj wzBdk j? fe fJ; ;z;ko dh ouBk eJh sZsK d/ ftZu eJh soQK dhnK fefonktK d/ Bshi/ ti'A j'Jh j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko fJj fefonk jw/PK j[zdh ofjzdh j? fJ; bJh fJj pqfjwzv jw/PK fBowkD dh nt;Ek ftZu ofjzdk j?. fJ; soQK fJj fJZe pj[sktkdh doPB j? fijVk fefonk dk nXko wzBdk j?.

2H fJj G"fse ;z;ko dh ;Zu ns/ fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe ;z;ko BjhA j?^ gq:'iBtkdh T[g:'rsk d/ f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko T[jh t;s{, fefonk iK ftuko ;Zu jB fiBQK dh wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk j?. fJ; e;"Nh T[Zs/ e;D s/ fJj G"fse ;z;ko ;Zu T[Zsodk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe ;z;ko M{m. fJZE/ fJj rZb ;wM b?Dh ukjhdh j? fe jo ;w/A ns/ jo ;fEsh ftZu fe;h t;s{,



B'N fefonk iK ftuko dh wB[Zyh fdqPNh s'A fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh gq:'iBtkdh fe;h PkPts ;Zu iK w{b ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/.

3H Nkswk fJZe gdkoEiBe fefonkPhb sZs j? ns/ gqwkswk wB[Zy dh ebgBk wkso j?^ gq:'iBtkd fe;h ;otG"fwe ;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. nkswk B{z fJj nfij/ sZE d/ o{g ftZu d/ydk j? fijVk fefonk eodk j?. fJ; dh ;gPNheoD j? fe ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu fJj nkswk fefonkPhb j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; dh fefonk dh fdPk ;wkfie tksktoD d/ nB[e{b j[zdh j?. gqwkswk d/ pko/ ftZu gq:'iBtkdhnK dk ftuko j? fe fJj wB[Zy dh ebgBk wkso j? fi; d/ o{g jw/PK pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB fJ; bJh T[; B{z g{oD BjhA fejk ik ;edk.

4H wB[Zy ;z;ko dk ;ot;o/Pm gqkDh j?^gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dh gfjbh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe wB'Pohoe gqkDh j? fi; d/ e'b fefeonk eoB ns/ ftuko eoB dh Pesh j?. wB[Zy ;wZf;nk B{z ;wMD, T; d/ jZb d/ T[gkfJnK B{z ;'uD ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko ekoi eoB dh Pesh oZydk j?. ;wkfiesk T[; dh d{ih tZvh ftP/Psk j?. T[; dh fsZih ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[j fe;h th rZb B{z nkgD/ nB[Gt dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ e;/ fpBK ;Zu BjhA wzBdkl sK jh sK fBZs BthnK y'iK j[zdhnK jB. wB[Zy dh fJj ftP/Psk jh T[; B{z ;z;ko dk ;ot;o/Pm gqkDh pDkT[Dk dk ekoB j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?^wB[Zy ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu nkdoPtkdh nkswk B{z nXko wzBd/ jB ns/ gqfeqshtkdh T[; dh gqfeqsh B{z, gozs{ gq:'iBtkdhnK dk soe j? fe i/eo fJZe ftensh B{z wB[Zy ;wki s'A d{o ehs/ izrb/ ftZu fJeZbk SZv fdZsk ikt/ sK wB[Zyh r[DK ns/ ;woZEktK dk ftek; BjhA j[zdk. T[; ;w/A T[; d/ ftek; dk ekoB T[; dh nkswk iK gqfeosh B{z fet/A wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy ;wki dh ;wkfie fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb jh nkgDk ftek; eodk j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihT[Dk j?^gq:'iBtkdh wB[Zyh ihtB d/ fe;h nkyoh T[d/P ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/. fJj T[; s'A fJzBh nkPk eod/ jB fe T[j nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wM e/ jZb eo/ ns/ nkgDhnK go;fEshnK d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eo/. fJj T[; s'A fJj th ukj[zd/ jB fe ;z;ko, fijVk fBowkD dh nt;Ek ftZu j?, T[; B{z fJ; soQK dh rsh d/ fi; Bkb nfij/ tksktoD dk fBowkD j' fi; Bkb wB[Zy wkso B{z ;[y fwb/.

7H ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihT[D d/ bJh ;wkfie ftek; io{oh j[zdk j?^gq:'iBktkdh wB[Zy B{z fJZe gqkDh wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy edh fJeZbk BjhA ofj ;edk ns/ i/eo T[; B{z fJeZbk SZv fdZsk iKdk j? sK T[j wB[Zyh ihtB pshs BjhA eo gkT[Adk. gozs{ ;wki ftZu th T[j sK jh ofj ;edk j? id'A T[j T[; d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eo/. jo ;wki dh nkgDh GkPk j[zdh j?, nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqash j[zdh j?. wB[Zyh ;ZfGnsK ftZu gq/w, ;jkB[G{sh, ;fj:'r, fdnk, w[nkch, ;fjDPesh nkfd r[DK dk j'Dk io{oh j?. ftnesh fe;h ;wki ftZu sK jh nB[e{bB eo ;edk j? id'A T[j fJjBK ;kfonK B{z rqfjD eo b?Adk j?. fJ; B{z jh d{i/ PpdK ftZu ;wkfieoD, ;t?;z;feqshrqfjD iK ;wkfie ftek; efjzd/ jB. id'A sZe fe;h ;wki d/ w?Apo nkgD/ ;wki ns/ ;wki d/ jo/e ftensh d/ bJh ;zt/dBPhb BjhA j[zd/ ns/ T[jBK dh ;[y^;[thXk dh gqkgsh ftZu jZE BjhA tzvd/ T; ;w/A sZe ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[jBK B{z ftef;s BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe wB[Zy ;[yg{oD Yzr d[nkok sK jh ihT{A ;edk j? id'A T[; dk ;wkfie ftek; j' iKdk j?.

8H ;wkfie ftek; d/ ;wkfie e[Pbsk io{oh j?^gq:'iBtkdh e/tb PpdK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/, pbfe fttjkfoe gq:'r ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. e'Jh ;wki e/tb ;wkfie GktBktK d/ nXko s/ jh ftek; BjhA eo ;edk, T[; d/ w?ApoK ftZu fefonkswe Pesh th j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; fefonkswe Pesh d/ d[nkok T[; B{z nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK dk fttjkfoe ;wkXkB eoBk ukjhdk j?. G"fse io{osKô'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB dh



g{osh d/ bJh T[d:'r, T[sgkdB iK eko'pko eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; y/so dh soZeh d/ bJh frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu fBZs Bt/A sZEK dk gsk brkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK sZEK B{z ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j? fiBQK dh T[g:'rsk j't/. gq:'iBtkdh fJ;h B{z ;wkfie e[Pbsk efjzd/ jB. ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk d{ik gZy ;wkfie fttjko j? fi; ftZu, gq/w, ;wkB[G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r ng/fyns j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh ftnesh B{z ;wkfie fjs d/ nZr ns/ ftnefsrs fjsK dk fsnkr eoBk j[zdk j?. id'A sZe wB[Zy ftZu fJ; Pesh dk ftek; BjhA j[zdk T[; ;w/A T[j ;wZro o{g s'A ;[yh BjhA j' ;edk.

9H oki fJZe ;wkfie ;z;Ek j?^gq:'iBtkd dh fdqPNh d[nkok oki e'Jh d?fte ;z;eEk BjhA j? pbfe fJj wB[ZyK d[nkoK wB[ZyK d/ bJh fBofws fJZe ;wkfie ;z;Ek j?, fJ; B{z izB;zfynk ns/ ;wki d'jK d/ fjsK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ fJ; ftukoXkok B/ b'eszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh B{z pj[s wjZst fdZsk j?.



3H e[ZM gq:'iBtkdh nB[Gtf;ZX frnkB B{z jh wzBd/ jB^ (T) ;Zu (n) M{m

(J) ftnoE (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H gq:'iBtkdhnK dk fJZe tor wB[Zy B{z wzBdk j?^

(T) frnkBh (n) wB'Pohoe gqkDh

(J) nfrnkBh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H gq:'iBtkdh g{ot fBPfus ;Zu, nkdoP ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/.

(T) w{bK (n) frnkB

(J) XkoDk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 6H o'; d/ PpdK ftZu, gq:'iBtkd fBPfus o{g s'A j?^

(T) fJZe gqfeofse o{g (n) fJZe wB[Zysktkdh doPB

(J) fJZe gqfeofse fefonk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA. 6H3 gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Pragmatism and Education)

gq:'iBtkdh fe;h fBPfus ;Zu ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[j wB[Zy dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k, f;bykJh ftXhnK nkfd e[ZM th fBPfus BjhA eod/, e/tb T[jBK d/ fBowkD d/ f;XKs g/P eod/ jB. fJZE/ T[; ;G dk ;zy/g toDB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j? i' ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu uZbdh j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dk ;zGkb, ;ztfjB ns/ ftek; ehsk iKdk j?l wB[Zy ftZu T[j ;G ;woZEktK T[sgzB ehshnK iKdhnK jB, fiBQK d[nkok fe T[j nkgD/ gqfeofse ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu gq:'iBtkd eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ nB[GtK dk T[jBK ftZu gfotosB eodk j?. vhth d/ nB[;ko^

B'N



B'N „f;Zfynk ftnesh dh T[jBK ;kohnK :'rsktK dk ftek; j? fijVh T[jBK ftZu nkgD/ tksktoD T[Zs/ fB:zsoD oZyD ns/ nkgDhnK GktBktK B{z g{ok eoB dh ;woZEk gqdkB eo/.‟

(Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable

him to control his environment and fulfil his possibilities. –John Dewey) f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

gq:'iBtkdh g{ot fBPfus nkdoP ns/ w{bK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy dk gqfeofse ns/ ;wkfie tksktoD jw/PK pdbdk ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ; pdbd/ j'J/ tksktoD ftZu wB[Zy fBs Bt/A nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ Bt/A^Bt/A nkdoP ns/ w{bK dk fBowkD eodk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus BjhA ehs/ ik ;edk. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu vhth dk eEB T[b/y:'r j?. T[jBK d/ PpdK ftZu^„f;Zfynk d/ nkgD/^nkg ftZu e'Jh T[d/P BjhA j[zd/, T[d/P sK ftneshnK d/ j[zd/ jB, ns/ ftneshnK d/ T[d/Pk ftZu pj[s fGzBsk j[zdh j?, ns/ fit/A^fit/A ftneshnK dk ftek; j[zdk iKdk j?, T[jBK d/ T[d/P th pdbd/ iKd/ jB.‟

gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko i/eo f;Zfynk dk e'Jh fBPfus T[d/P j' ;edk j? sK fJjh fe T[j pZfunK ftZu nfijhnK PeshnK dk ftek; eo/ T[j nkgD/ tksktoD B{z ;wM ;eD ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok gqkgs nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ nkgD/^nkg nkdoPK dk fBowkD eoB. vhth B/ ;wkfie e[Pbsk d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ u/b/ febg?Nfoe B/ b'eszso dh f;Zfynk s/. fJ; soQK gq:'iBtkdh nkdoPK T[Zs/ nXkfos T[d/PK dk fBowkD BjhA eod/ pbfe pZfunK ftZu fGzB^fGzB :'rsktK d/ fBowkD B{z jh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ o{g ftZu g/P eod/ jB. T[jBK d/ ftuko Bkb f;Zfynk d[nkok pZfunK ftZu fBwB fbys :'rsktK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?^

1H pZfunK ftZu nkgD/ ;wkfie tksktoD B{z ;wMD, nB[GtK B{z gqkgs eoB ns/ nkdoPK B{z fBPfus eoB dh ;woZek dk ftek;^wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?, T[j ;wki ftZu g?dk j[zdk j?, ;wki ftZu ofjzdk ns/ ;wki ftZu jh ysw j[zdk j?. T[; dk fJj ;wkfie tksktoD jw/PK pdbdk ofjzdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;kB{z pZfunK ftZu nfijhnK ;woZEktK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ tksktoD B{z ;wM ;eD ns/ T[; d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eo ;eD. gq:'iBtkdh ftnesh s'A fJj nkPk eod/ jB fe T[j g{ot fBPfus nkdoP ns/ w{bK B{z ;theko BjhA eo/rk, pbfe nkgD/ ;t? d/ nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ nkdoP ns/ w{bK B{z fBPfus eo/rk. fJ; d/ bJh pZfunK B{z ;wZf;nk B{z ;wMD, T[; dk jZb bZGD, fefonk eoB, gq:'r eoB, fBoDk eZYD ns/ fJ; soQK nkdoP ns/ w{bK B{z fBPfus eoB dh gqfefonk ftZu f;Zfyns eoBk j't/rk. gq'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk B{z fJj ekoi gfjbK eoBk ukjhdk j?.

2H rshPhbsk dk ftek;^gq:'iBtkdh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pZfunK ftZu pdbdhnK j'JhnK go;fEshnK B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ nkg B{z pdbD ns/ nkgDhnK io{osK dh nB[G{s eoB ns/ T[jBK dk gqkgsh d/ bJh tksktoD B{z pdbD dh Pesh ftef;s eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. fJj ftnesh s'A Bt/A^Bt/A nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ Bt/A^Bt/A ;ZuK dh y'i eoB d/ bJh rshPhb ofjD dh nkPk eod/ jB. fJ;h d[nkok wB[Zy ftek; d/ tZb tXdk ofj ;edk j?.

3H ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk ftek;î'B vhth d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;wkfie e[Pbsk ftZu T[jBK B/ ;wkfie fttjko, gq/w, ;jkB[G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r d[nkok ihtB pshs eoB ns/ ihtB phskT[D dh :'rsk B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?.

4H b'eszsoh ihtB dh f;Zfynk^gq:'iBtkdh wB[Zy B{z ;wZro o{g d[nkok ;zs[PN d/yDk ukj[zd/ jB. T[jBK dh fJ; GktBk B/ ;wkfie gqftosh ns/ b'eszsoh Pk;B gqkDh B{z nZr/ tXkfJnk j?. e[ZM gq:'iBtkdh b'eszso d/ ftek; B{z jh f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P wzBd/ jB. vhth d/ u/b/ febg?Nfoe d/ nB[;ko ;kv/ ftfdnkb/ b'eszso d/ ihT[Ad/ T[dkjoD j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiZE/ pZu/ b'eszsoh fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D ns/ b'eszsoh



ihtB dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB. vhth ns/ febg?Nfoe d/ ftukoK ftZu fdqPNh G/d dk jh nzso j?. ;wkfie fdqPNh Bkb fi; B{z vhth ;wkfie e[Pbsk efjzd/ jB, okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A T[jh b'eszsoh ihtB dh f;Zfynk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k^

fBPfus T[d/PK dh xkN ftZu gkmuo:k B{z fBPfus eoB dk gqPB jh BjhA T[Zmdk. gq:'iBtkdhnK dk ftuko j? fe wB[Zy d/ nB[Gt ns/ io{osK pdbhnK ofjzdhnK jB fJ; soQK gkmuo:k B{z jh pdbd/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fe; ;w/A gkmuo:k dk fBoXkoD fe; soQK eoBk ukjhdk j? fJ; ;zpzX ftZu gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ ftuko pj[s w{btkB jB. T[jBK d/ ftuko nZi gkmuo:k d/ f;XKs pD rJ/ jB. fJj f;XKs jB^

1H T[g:'rsk dk f;XKs^vhth d/ nB[;ko pZfunK B{z T[jBK jh ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dk frnkB d/Dk ukjdk j? fijV/ T[jBK d/ ihtB d/ bJh T[g:'rh j'D. fGzB^fGzB pZfunK dhnK io{osK fGzB^fGzB j[zdhnK jB fJ; bJh fe;h th ftP/ dk frnkB iK fefonk ftZu ;woZEk ;ko/ pZfunK d/ bJh T[g:'rh BjhA j' ;edh. fJZe pZu/ d/ bJh y/sh d/ ekoi ftZu ;woZEk gqkgs eoBk T[g:'rh j' ;edk j? sK d{i/ B{z fe;h j'o ekoi ftZu. pZuhnK d/ bJh rqfj ftfrnkB dk nfXnB pj[s T[g:'rh j[zdk j? gozs{ w[zfvnK d/ bJh T[Bk T[g:'rh BjhA j[zdk. efjDk BjhA j't/rk fe gkmuo:k ftZu tZyokgD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. pZfunK B{z nkgDh io{os nB[;ko gkm ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK d/ dh u'D dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu ftfGzB T[sgkdB ekoiK ns/ T[d:'rK dh f;Zfynk dk ;wkt/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H o{uh dk f;XKs^pZfunK dhnK ;[Gkfte o{uhnK dk fXnkB oZyDk gkmuo:k fBowkD dk d{ik f;XKs j?. vhth d/ nB[;ko pkbeK dh gqftosh rshPhb j[zdh j?, T[jBK B{z T[j dhnK ;[Gkfte gqftoshnK ns/ o{uhnK d/ nXko s/ jh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. vhth B/ pkbeK dhnK uko ;[Gkfte o{uhnK dk toDB ehsk j?^rZb^pks eoB dh o{uh, y'iD iK gqhyD eoB dh o{uh, ouBk eoB dh o{uh ns/ ebkswe nGhftnesh eoB dh o{uh. vhth d/ nB[;ko fJj ;[Gkfte o{uhnK gqfeofse ;o's jB ns/ fJjBK jh d/ nXko s/ pkbeK dk ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu fbyD^gVQB, j;sekoi eoB ns/ gqfeosh ftfrnkB B{z ftP/P wjZst fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H fefonk dk f;XKs^gq:'iBtkdh fefonk B{z pj[s wjZst fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe gkmuo:k dk ;zpzX pZfunK dh n;b fefonktK, fJjBK fefonktK d[nkok gqkgs nB[GtK ns/ Gkth eko'pkoK, fJjBK fszBK d[nkok j'Dk ukjhdk j?. vhth fefonk B{z gkmuo:k dk nXko wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu gkm ftfPnK d/ fJbktk ;wkfie fefonktK B{z th ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fiBQK B{z eoB Bkb pZfunK dk ;wkfie ftek; j[zdk j?. vhth d/ nB[;ko gkmuo:k ftZu e/tb T[j jh ftP/ ns/ fefonktK oZyDhnK ukjhdnK jB fiBQK dk ;zpzX pZfunK d/ n;b ihtB Bkb j't/. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe ftfdnkb/ ;wki dk S'Nk o{g j[zdk j?, fJjBK ftfdnkfbnK ftZu i' e[ZM th j't/ T[; dk ;wkfie ihtB Bkb ;zpzX j'Dk ukjhdk j? BjhA sK f;Zfynk nkgD/^nkg ftZu fBoiht ns/ ftnoE j't/rh. vhth d/ ws nB[;ko gkmuo:k ftZu ftfGzB ftfPnK d/ Bkb^Bkb pkbe d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs y/vê[Zd, ;wkfie ekoi, fsUjko ns/ ;kfjfse ns/ ;z;feqfse fefonktK B{z Pkfwb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

4H nB[Gt dk f;XKs^gq:'iBtkdh nB[GtK B{z th pj[s wjZst fdzd/ jB. i'B vhth ;wkfie nB[GtK B{z gkmuo:k dk nXko wzBd/ ;B. pkbeK ftfdne nB[Gt ouBkswe j[zd/ jB. ftfdne nB[GtK d/ nzsors ;wki dh nkofEe, okiBhfse, T[d:'fre, G"fse ns/ ;wkfie dPktK nkT[AdhnK jB. ftfdne nB[GtK d/ d[nkok jh pZu/ BthB nB[Gt gqkgs eod/ jB ns/ g{ot fJeZsfos nB[GtK dk ftek; eod/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh pZfunK B{z nB[Gt dk g{ok^g{ok w"ek fwbDk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N 5H J/eheoD dk f;XKs^gq:'iBtkdh frnkB B{z fJZe fJekJh wzBd/ jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko pZfunK B{z fe;h th ;so s/ i' ftP/ gVQkJ/ ikD ns/ fijVhnK fefonktK eokJhnK ikD T[jBK ;kohnK B{z fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu g/P eoBk io{oh j? Gkt T[jBK ftZu nkg;h ;zpzX j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gq:'iBtkdh ;G s'A tZX wjZst fefonk B{z fdzd/ jB fJ; bJh T[j fefonk B{z jh nXko pDk e/ ;G ftfPnK dk frnkB ns/ fefonktK dh f;ybkJh T[; d/ fJod^frod ftef;s eoB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK gkmuo:k dk fBowkD eod/ ;w/A ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z fJ; o{g ftZu u[BDk ukjhdk j? fe T[jBk ftZu J/eheoD j't/ ns/ T[j ihtB dhnK n;b fefonktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftef;s j' ;eD.

f;ybkJh ftXhnK

gq:'iBtkdh i'B vhth B/ f;Zfynk d/ d' nzr wzB/ jB^fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ d{ik ;wkfie. wB'ftfrnkBe nzr s'A Gkt f;ZyD tkb/ dh iBwiks Pesh, o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk s'A j[zdk j?. wB[Zy dk ftek; T[; dhnK fJjBK iBwiks PeshnK d/ nXko s/ jh j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh gq:'iBtkdh f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ ftXkB ftZu pZu/ dhnK iBwiks PeshnK, o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk dk fXnkB oZyd/ jB.

gq:'iBtkdh n;bhns T[Zs/ pj[s i'o fdzd/ jB. T[jBK B/ ;kB{z fJ; ;Zu s'A ikD{ eokfJnk fe pZu/ e/tb T[BQK jh fefonktK ftZu o{uh b?Ad/ jB fiBQK T[jBK d/ ssekbhB T[d/P dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z i' e[ZM th gVQkfJnk ikt/ T[; dk ;zpzX T[jBK d/ ssekbhB ihtB Bkb i'V d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

gq:'iBtkdh fefonkPhbsk T[Zs/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe pZu/ iBw s'A jh fefonkPhb j[zd/ jB, T[j jw/PK fefonk eod/ jB ns/ fJjBK fefonktK d/ Bshi/ ftukoK B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK pZfunK B{z nkgD/^nkg eoe/, nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD d/Dk ukjhdk j?. i'B vhth d/ nB[;ko fe;h th rZb B{z f;ZX/ BjhA f;ykfJnk ikDk ukjhdk pbfe fefonk d[nkok f;ykT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

gq:'iBtkdh frnkB B{z fJZe fJekJh wzBd/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;ybkJh ftXhnK nfijhnK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB fijVhnK ;ko/ frnkB B{z fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eo ;eD. T[jBK d/ ftuko s'A ;G ftfPnK B{z fJZe^d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs eoe/ gVQkT[Dk jh f;ybkJh dh ;otT[Zu ftXh j?. fJ; J/eheoD d/ ehs/ T[j fe;h fefonk B{z nXko pDkT[Dk T[fus ;wMd/ jB.

f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nzr T[Zs/ jh gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ gqekP gkfJnk j?. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk j? fe f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie fefonk j? fijVh ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu jh uZbdh j?. fJjBK B/ fJj th dZf;nk j? fe pZu/ dk ftek; T[; d/ ;wkfie tksktoD T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ftfdnkfbnK ftZu T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD d/ fBowkD ns/ pZfunK d[nkok ;wkfie fefonktK ftZu Gkr b? e/ ;[Gkfte Yzr d[nkok f;ZyD s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJj fJBQK dk f;ybkJh ;zpzXh u"Ek f;XKs j?.

f;ybkJh ;zpzXh fJjBK f;XKsK s/ nXkfos eJh f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBowkD j'fJnk j?. vhth B/ gq:'r ftXh dk ftek; ehsk j? i' nZi ;wZf;nk ;wkXkB ftXh efjzd/ jB. fJj ftfrnkBe ftXh j?. fJ; ftXh d/ gzi gd jB^;wZf;nk dh nB[G{sh, ;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD, T[gebgBktK dk fBowkD, T[gebgBktK dk gqhyD ns/ w[bnzeD. T[jBK d/ u/b/ febg?Nfoe B/ gq:'i/eN ftXh dk fBowDk ehsk j?. fJj ftXh th gzi gdK tkbh ftXh j?. fJ; d/ gzi gd jB^gq:'i/N dh u'D, Nhuk fBoXkoD, :'iBk fBowkD, :'iBk dk fefonkPhbsk ns/ w[bnzeD gq:'i/eN ftXh ftZu pZfunK B{z ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs fe;h ekoi dh u'D ehsh iKdh j? ns/ pZu/ T[; ekoi B{z g{ok eoB ftZu eJh ftfPnK dk frnkB ns/ ;wkfie fefonktK ftZu f;ybkJh gqkgs eod/ jB. fJ; ftZu pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB, :'rsk ns/ io{osK, ;kfonK dk g{ok^g{ok fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j?. nZieZbQ j'o f;ybkJh ftXhnK th fJBQK jh f;XKsK T[Zs/ fBofws ehshnK iKdhnK ojhnK jB. j[D pZfunK B{z n;b go;fEshnK ftZu oZy e/ n;b ;wZf;nktK



d/ jZb eoB d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. j[D pZfunK T[Zs/ frnkB E'fgnk BjhA iKdk, pbfe fJjBK B{z nkgD/^nkg eod/, nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[GtK s'A f;ZyD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK Bkb f;Zfynk j'fJnk frnkB ;EkJh frnkB j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j? fijVh ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu uZbdh j?.

:EkoEtkd ns/ gqfeqshtkd B/ f;Zfynk B{z wB'ftfrnkBe nXko jh fdZs/ ;B, gq:'iBtkd B/ T[; B{z fJZe fsZik nXko th fdZsk j? fi; B{z n;hA ;wkfie nXk efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie, rshPhb ns/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j?. gq:'iBtkd d/ fJ; ftuko B/ gqrshPhb f;Zfynk B{z iBw fdZsk. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

fiZE'A sZe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh rZb j? gq:'iBtkdh T[jBK B{z fBPfus eoB d/ gZy ftZu BjhA jB. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe fJj ;z;ko ns/ wB[Zy gfotosBPhb j? fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ e'Jh fBPfus T[d/P BjhA j' ;ed/, i/eo f;Zfynk dk e'Jh T[d/P j' ;edk j? sK fJjh fe T[; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dk ;wkfie ftek; eoe/ T[; B{z fJ; :'r pDkfJnk ikt/ fe T[j pdbd/ j'J/ ;wki ftZu nB[e{bB eo ;e/ ns/ nkgDhnK io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh ;wkfie tksktoD T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eo ;e/ ns/ T[; ftZu gfotosB eo ;e/.

gozs{ id'A sZe wB[Zy fJj BjhA ikDk fe T[; B{z ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu fe; ;hwk sZe nB[e{bB eoBk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgDhnK feBQK io{osK dh g{osh eoBh j? T[d'A sZe T[j T[fus wkor T[Zs/ BjhA uZb ;edk. gq:'iBtkd fJjBK gqPBK d/ ;jh T[Zso BjhA fdzdk, fJ; bJh T[; d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ fJj T[d/P nkgd/ ftZu ng{oD jB. vhth PqhwkB B/ ;wkfie e[Pbsk d/ ftek; ns/ febg?Nfoe PqhwkB d/ b'eszsoh ihtB d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A sK f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

fBPfus ns/ ;gPN T[d/PK dh xkN ftZu gq:'iBtkdh fBPFus gkmuo:k dk fBowkD th BjhA eo ;e/, jK, T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ ;zpzX ftZu e[ZM f;XKsK dk fBowkD io{os ehsk j?.

gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ fijV/ f;XKs fBPfus ehs/ jB T[j nZi brGr ;ko/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B{z wzBD:'r jB. nZi gkmuo:k pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsktK, T[jBK d/ nB[GtK ns/ T[jBK d/ ihtB dh n;b fefonktK T[Zs/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB ns/ T[; s'A jh T[j ftP/ ns/ fefonktK Pkfwb ehshnK iKdhnK jB fiBQK dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk j[zdh j?. ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK ftZu J/eheoD ehsk ik ;e/, fJ; dk th fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j?. gq:'iBtkdhnK d/ fJjBK ftukoK d/ Bshi/ti'A jh fefonk gqXkB gkmuo:k ns/ J/eheos gkmuo:k dk fBowkD j'D bZfrnk j?. gozs{ T[g:'rsk, o{uh, fefonk ns/ J/eheoD d/ Bkw s/ fefonkswe ftfPnK d/ pj[be ns/ frnkBswe ftfPnK dh ntj/bDk s'A f;Zfynk dk ;so frfonk j?, wB[Zy B{z wB[Zy pDkT[D ftZu n;hA n;cb oj/ jK. nfs sK fe;h th uhI dh p{oh j[zdh jh j?, ;kB{z ftt/e Bkb ezw b?Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu :EkoEtkdhnK ns/ gqfeqshtkdhnK B/ fiBQK wB'ftfrnkBe sZEK dk T[dxkNB ehsk, T[jBK ftZu gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ ;wkfie tksktoD d/ wjZst B{z j'o SZv fdZsk. fJjBK B/ pZfunK dhnK iBwiks PeshnK B{z gfjukDBk, T[jBK d/ tZvhnK G/NK dk nkeo ehsk ns/ frnkB fJzdohnK d[nko f;ZyD, eoe/ f;ZyD ns/ nB[Gt d[nkok f;ZyD T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk ns/

B'N



B'N fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJ; rZb T[Zs/ th i'o fdZsk fe pZfunK B{z i' eZM th f;ykfJnk ikt/ T[; dk ;zpzX T[jBK d/ n;b ihtB s'A j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fttjkfoe fefonktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb nB[Gt eoB d/ w"e/ d//D/ ukjhd/ jB. ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu d/D s/ th fJjBK B/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJjBK f;XKsK T[Zs/ vhth B/ ;wZf;nk ;wkXkB ftXh ns/ febg?fNfoe ftXh dk fBowkD ehsk. fJekJh ftXh th fJjBK jh f;XKsK T[Zs/ fBoXkfos j?.

gozs{ fJjBK ftXhnK Bkb eqwpZX frnkB dk ftek; BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJjh ekoB j? fe j[D fJjBK dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk iKdk. j[D sK fJBQK f;ybkJh f;XKsK T[Zs/ eJh j'o f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftek; ehsk frnk j?. nB[Pk;B

gq:'iBtkdh nB[Pk;B d/ bJh Bk sK dzv ftXkB B{z ;theko eod/ jB, Bk pZfunK B{z nfXnkge dh xkN ftZu oZyDk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ Bk jh T[jBK B{z g{oD ;[szsosk fdzd/ jB. fJj sK fJ; rZb T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ jB fe pZfunK B{z T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu ;w{fje fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D d/ finkdk s'A finkdk w"e/ fdZs/ ikD. fJjBQK fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb pZfunK ftZu ;wki d/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoB, d{finK dk fjZs fXnkB ftZu oZyD ns/ nkgD/ ezw B{z fJZe ftt;fEs Yzr Bkb eoB dh nkds pD/rh, j'bh^j'bh T[j T[;h soQK eoBk nkgDk eosZt ;wMD bZrDr/ ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK ftZu nB[Pk;B dh GktBk ikfrqs j' ikt/r. fJjh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?.

toswkB ftZu brGr ;ko/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B s'A Gkt fJ;h ;t?Pk;B s'A fbnk iKdk j?.

Nk;e gq:'iBtkd ns/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

f;Zfynk ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

f;Zfynk dh fefonk ftZu nkdoPtkdh nfXnkge B{z ns/ :EkoEtkdh ns/ gqfeqshtkdh f;ZfynkoEh B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdzd/ jB gozs{ gq:'iBtkdh d'jK B{z ;wkB ;EkB fdzd/ jB. fJj pZfunK d/ tZv/gD dk nkdo eod/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ tZv/gD d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[jBK B{z g{o/^g{o/ w"e/ gqdkB eod/ jB. fJjBK B/ pkbe dh ;[szsosk dh wzr ehsh ns/ T[; B{z iwks ftZu fBPeoh Po'sk s'A fJZe fefonkPhb ftfdnkoEh d/ o{g ftZu wkD fdZsk iKdk j?. j[D T[j nkgD/^nkg eoe/ f;Zydk j?. nfXnkge dk ekoi fJj j? fe T[j pZfunK dh o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsk dk gsk brkJ/, T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie go;fEshnK fsnko eo/, pZfunK B{z ekoi eoB d/ bJh gq/fos eo/ ns/ T[jBK dhnK fefonktK dk BohyD eo/ ns/ fBoDk eZYD ftZu T[jBK dh ;jkfJsk eo/. nfXnkge j[D nfXBkfJe BjhA, fwZso fBod/Pe ns/ ;fj:'r j[zdk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

gq:'iBtkdh izB ;zfynk ns/ ;wki, d'jK d/ fjs ;kXB d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;wki d/ ;Zu/ gqshfBXh d/ o{g ftZu d/yDk ukj[zd/ jB. fJjBK d/ fJ; ftuko B/ ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;w[dkfJe e/AdoK ftZu pdb fdZsk. j[D ftfdnkb/ e'Jh w[Pfeb ;z;EktK BjhA wzBhnK iKdhnK pbfe pZfunK dh i?fte gq:'rPkbk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehs/ iKd/ jB fiZE/ pZu/ n;b fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?Ad/ jB, nkgD/^nkg fefonk eod/ jB ns/ n;b ihtB dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eod/ jB.



f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB ftZu th gq:'iBtkd pj[s ;jkfJe f;ZX j'fJnk j?. fJj fJZe wB[Zysktkdh doPB j?, wB[Zyh nfXekok dk ;woEe j?. fJ; B/ x'PDk ehsh fe f;Zfynk wB[Zy dk iBw f;ZX nfXeko j?. fJ; Bkb izB f;Zfynk, io{oh ;XkoD f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk B{z pVQktk fwfbnk. gq:'iBtkd ;kfonK B{z ;wfoX ns/ ;[yh d/yDk ukj[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzXh fJ; B/ n;b f;Zfynk T[Zs/ ftP/P pb fdZsk. nZi ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/PK ftZu eko'pkoe f;Zfynk T[s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJj Xow d/ nfXnksfwe ;o{g B{z ;theko BjhA eodk, T[; B{z e/tb ;wkfie B?fsesk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eodk j?, Bshi/ ti'A f;Zfynk ftZu Xkofwe f;Zfynk dk noE jh pdb frnk. fJPto d/ G?n dh xkN ftZu wB[Zy wB[Zysk s'A gP{st d/ tZb jh tfXnk j?, frfonk j?. gozs{ e[ZM th j't/ ;z;ko ftZu ftfdne ikro[esk gq:'iBtkdhnK dh jh d/D j?. nZi ;kv/ ;z;ko dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/ gq:'iBtkdhnK dk e[ZM Bk e[ZM gqGkt io{o fdykJh fdzdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H i'B vhth d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk dk gfjbk T[d/P ;wkfie e[Pbsk dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

8H gq:'iBtkdhnK dk ftuko j? fe wB[Zy d/ nB[Gt ns/ io{osK pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.

9H gq:'iBtkdh fefonk B{z pj[s wjZst fdzd/ jB.

10H gq:'iBtkdh nB[GtK B{z wjZst BjhA fdzd/. 6H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJZe dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ o{g ftZu gq:'iBtkd fJZe nX{ok doPB j?, fJj wB[Zy d/ e/tb ;wkfie gZy T[Zs/ jh fXnkB e/Adfos oZydk j?, T[;d/ nfXnksfwe gZy T[Zs/ ftuko BjhA eodk. T[;dk fJj ftuko fe wB[Zyh ihtB d/ e'Jh PkPts nkdoP ns/ w{b BjhA j' ;ed/, wB[Zy dh :[rK dh sgZf;nk d/ Bshi/ B{z u{D"sh d/D d/ fJbktk j'o e[ZM BjhA. fJ; dk fJj ftuko fe wB[Zy B{z ;G e[ZM nkgD/ nB[Gt dh e;"Nh s/ e; e/ ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?, ikro[esk d/ Bkw s/ fJZe p"ybkjN jh j?. i/eo wB[Zy nkgD/ g[oyK d/ nB[GtK s'A bkG BjhA T[mkfJnk j[zdk sK T[; B/ fJzBk ftek; jh BjhA ehsk j[zdk. gozs{ fJZe f;Zfynk d/ doPB d/ o{g ftZu fJj ekch T[g:'rh f;ZX j'fJnk j?. fJ; B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z ssekbhB go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko fBPfus eoB dh fijVh rZb ejh j?, T[j nZi ;kfonK B{z ;theko j?. gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ i' f;XKs gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ ftef;s ehs/ jB, T[j ;kfonK B{z ;theko jB. f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu ;wkfie fefonktK B{z wjZst d/D dh rZb th nZi ;ko/ wzBd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ;t?nB[Pk;B dk ftuko th b'eszsoh ;wki d/ nB[e{b j?. ftfdnkfbnK B{z wB[Zyh fBowkD dh ihfts gq:'rPkbktK d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eoB dk fJBQK dk ftuko th nZi ;ko/ f;Zfynk Pk;soh ;theko eod/ jB. gq:'iBtkdhnK B/ izB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk, gq'VQ f;Zfynk ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu i' :'rdkB fdZsk j?, T[; d/ bJh th n;hA T[jBK d/ foDh jK gozs{ f;Zfynk ftZu wB[Zy dh ;z;feqsh ns/ T[; d/ nfXnksfwe gZy B{z ;EkB Bk d/ e/ T[jBK B/ nkgDk nk;D nkgD/^nkg jh rtk fdZsk. ;kB{z nZi nfij/ f;Zfynk doPB dh io{os j? fijVk wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe, fszBK gZyK d/ ftek; T[Zs/ ;wkB i'o fdzd/ jB.

B'N



B'N 6H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H gq:'iBtkd (Pragmatism) L fttjkotkd

2H wB (Mind) L nkswk 6H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gq:'iBtkd s'A s[;hA eh ;wMD/ j'< f;Zfynk T[Zs/ T[; d/ gqGkt dh T[d/P, gkmuo:k, f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK ns/ nB[Pk;B d/ ;zdoG ftZu toDB eo'.

2H gq:'iBtkd d[nkok fBPfus gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ f;XKsK dh ftnkfynk eo' ns/ fJj dZ;' fe nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fJBQK f;XKsK dk gq:'r feZE/ sZe ehsk iKdk j?<

3H f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu gq:'iBtkdhnK dh d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'.

4H gq:'iBtkd d/ w[Zy o{gK (T[g;zgqdkfJnK) dk T[b/y eo' ns/ T[jBK d/ nZr/ T[jBK d/ w[Zy g'PeK d/ Bkw th fby'.

5H gq:'iBtkd d/ ;kXBtkd (Instrumentalism) s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<

6H gq:'iBtkd d/ w{b f;XKsK dk T[b/y eo'.

7H ;wkfie e[Pbsk s'A vhth PqhwkB dk eh Gkt j?<

8H gq:'iBtkd d[nkok fBowkDs gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ f;XKsK dk T[b/y eo'.

9H gq:'iBtkd d[nkok fBowkDs gkmuo:k d/ f;XKsK ftZu J/eheoD d/ f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eo'.


1H frnkB 2H e;"Nh 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh

9H ;jh 10H rbs 6H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;









fJekJh^7 wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk

fJekJh^7L wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Humanism and Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


7H1 wB[Zysktkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Humanism)

7H2 wB[Zysktkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Humanism)

7H3 wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Humanism and Education)

7H4 wB[Zysktkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Humanism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


wB[Zysktkd dk noE ;wMD ;zpzXh.

wB[Zysktkd d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


toswkB wB[Zysktkd dk P[ZG nozG nkgD/ jh ;jh o{g ftZu 18thA ;dh ftZu j'fJnk. fJ; ;dh ftZu :{o'g ftZu ssekbhB Xow szso, oki szso, e[bhB szso ns/ g[zihtkd, fJjBK ;kfonK d/ fto[ZX fJZe eqKshekoh fuzsB dh P[o{nks j'Jh. 18thA ;dh d/ g{ot nZX ftZu fJzrb?Ad tkbN/no (Voltaire) B/ p"fXe dwB d/ fto[ZX ntkI T[mkJh. T[jBK B/ nfrnkB d/ fto[ZX, frnkB dk Bkok fdZsk. T[jBK dh fuzsB Xkok B{z ftt/etkd (Rationalism) dk BKt fdZsk frnk. 7H1 wB[Zysktkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Humanism) wB[Zy d/ fe;h th soQK d/ uzsB dk w[Zy e/Ado ;t? wB[Zy jh j[zdk j?. dkoPfBe fuzsB ftZu T[; d/ toswkB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; d/ nkfd ns/ nzs d/ ftP/ ftZu th ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ bJh nB[e{b nkuko ;fjzsk pDkJh iKdh j?. ;wkfie fuzsB ftZu T[; d/ ;wkfie ihtB T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ ;wkfie ihtB B{z T[Zu pDkT[D d/ bJh fttjko wkDdzv fBPfus ehs/ iKd/ jB. okiBhfse fuzsB ftZu Pk;BszsoK T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[fus Pk;B ftt;Eh dh y'i ehsh iKdh j?. nkofEe fuzsB ftZu ftfGzB noEszsoK T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk iKdk ns/ wB[ZyK d/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK ftXhnK dh y'i eoe/ T[jBK d/ ihtB ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkT[D dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?. wB'ftfrnkBe fuzsB ftZu wB[Zy d/ fttjko d/ w{b nXkoK ns/ ekoeK s/



B'N ftuko ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ftek; B{z rsh gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?. ftfrnkBe fuzsB ftZu wB[Zy d/ bJh gdkoEK dh T[g:'rsk dh y'i ehsh iKdh j? ns/ gdkoEK d/ gq:'r Bkb wB[Zy d/ ihtB B{z ;[ywJh pDkT[Dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ soQK d/ fuzsBK dk e/Ado fpzd{ wB[Zy jh j[zdk j? ns/ ;ko/ fuzsB wB[Zy d/ ftek; ns/ tkX/ d/ ;kXBK dh y'i d/ tZb tXd/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK jo soQK d/ fuzsB nkgDh w{b gqftosh ftZu wB[Zysktkdh jB. gozs{ nZi id'A n;hA wB[Zysktkd fuzsB dh rZb eod/ jK sK ;kvk Gkt nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fJZe ftP/P fuzsBXkok s'A j[zdk j? fijVh ;zg{oD ftPt B{z fJZe gfotko wzBdh j? ns/ wB[Zy wkso dh ;[y^PKsh d/ wkor dh y'i d/ tZb tXdh j?.

fJfsjk; dZ;dk j? fe 13thA ;dh d/ nzs sZe fJZe :{o'g ftZu Xow (uou) dk p'bpkbk fojk, T[ZE'A d/ b'e Xow d/ pzXB ftZu ihtB ih oj/ ;B. 14thA ;dh ftZu T[ZE/ ftfrnkBe y'iK dh P[o{nks j'Jh. fJjBK Bkb fJZegk/ eJh Xkofwe nzXftPtkPK dk nzs j'fJnk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[d:'freeoD dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh ns/ b'e gob'e d/ ;[y dh ebgBk B{z fsnkre/ fJ; b'e d/ G"fse ;[yK d/ tZb nkfeqPs j'J/. fJ; Bkb fJZe gk;/ fiZE/ e[ZM bkG j'J/ T[ZE/ d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM jkBh th j'Jh. wB[Zy fJZe wPhB wzfBnk ikD bZrk ns/ G"fse ;zgzBsk dh gqkgsh d/ pkti{d T[; dk ihtB d[ywJh j' frnk. p"fXe gqshGk d/ XBh ftneshnK B/ fJ; ftfrnkBtkd d/ fto[ZX nktkI T[mkT[Dh P[o{ ehsh ns/ wB[Zy dh rfowk B{z d[pkok ;Ekfgs eoB dk :sB P[o{ ehs. e[ZM ftdtkb wB[Zysktkd dh P[o{nks fJZE'A jh wzBd/ jB. gozs{ n;bhns fJj j? fe fJ; ekb ftZu wB[Zysktkd fJZe doPB d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s BjhA j' gkfJnk ;h.

toswkB wB[Zysktkd dk P[G nozG nkgD/ ;jh o{g ftZu 18thA ;dh ftZu j'fJnk. fJ; ;dh ftZu :{o'g ftZu ssekbhB Xow szso, oki szso, e[bhG szso, g{zihtkd, fJjBK ;kfonK d/ fto[ZX fJZe eqKshekoh fuzsB dh P[o{nks j'Jh. 18thA ;dh d/ g{otnZX ftZu fJzrb?Av d/ tkbN/no (Voltaire) B/ p"fXe dwB d/ fto[ZX ntkI T[mkJh. T[jBK B/ nZfrnkB d/ fto[ZX, frnkB dk Bkok fdZsk. T[jBK dh fuzsB Xkok B{z ftt/etkd (Rationalism) dk BKt fdZsh frnk. 18thA ;dh d/ T[Zso nZX ftZu o{;' (Rousseau) B/ ssekbhB fBoze[P Pk;Bszso ns/ P'PD gqXkB Xow ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek B{z u{D"sh fdZsh ns/ ePNdkfJe ihtB s'A puD d/ bJh „gqfeosh d/ tZb w[V'‟ dk Bkok fdZsk. T[jBK dh ftukoXkok B{z gqfeoshtkd (Naturalism) dh BKt fdZsk frnk. T[AM sK fJjBK fuzseK B/ wB[Zy wkso B{z fe;h th soQK d/ pzXBK s'A w[es eoe/ T[jBK d/ ihtB B{z T[Zu pDkT[D dk :sB ehsk ;h gozs{ fJjBK B/ fijV/ wkor u[D/ T[jBK d[nkok wB[Zy dk finkdk fjs BjhA j'fJnk. T[;h ;w/A e[ZM ftukoe nfij/ j'J/ fiBQK B/ ;zxoP ns/ eqKsh d/ wkor d/ ;EkB s/ PKsh d/ wkor B{z u[fDnk. nkX[fBe wB[Zysktkd dh P[o{nks fJZE'A jh wzBh iKdh j?.

wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ ;kjwD/ ;G s'A tZvk gqPB ;h^wB[Zy d/ bJh ;[y^PKsh d/ wkor dh y'i. fJjBK ftZu e[ZM ftukoe nfij/ ;B fijV/ wB[Zy dh ftef;s j[zdh j'Jh ;ZfGnsk dk sK nkdo eod/ ;B, gozs{ ftfrnkB dk fto'X eod/ ;B. fJj wB[Zy dh ;z;feqsh ftZu sK ftPtk; eod/ ;B, gozs{ T[; B{z ;z;feqsh dh ;zfeoDsk s'A w[es eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK dh ftukoXkok B{z Pk;soh wB[Zysktkd (Classical Humanism) fejk iKdk j?.

d{i/ gk;/ fPbo (Schiller) nkfd e[ZM dkoPfBeK B/ ftfrnkB d/ wjZst B{z sK ;theko ehsk gozs{ Bkb jh d' rZbK T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk^fJZe fJj fe wB[Zy B{z ftfrnkB (wPhB) dk dk; BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk ns/ d{ih fJj fe ftfrnkB dk gq:'r fBoDkswe ekoiK ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ;zxkokswe ekoiK ftZu BjhA. fJj fuzse wB[Zy B{z ftfrnkB dk dk; Bk pDk e/ ftfrnkB B{z wB[Zy dk dk; pDkT[D d/ gZyh ;B. fJBQK B/ fJZe gk;/ wB[Zy B{z ftfrnkB dh ;jkfJsk Bkb Xkofwe nzXftPtk;K ns/ o{VQhnK d/ fPezi/ s'A S[vkT[D dk :sB ehsk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ wB[ZyK B{z ftfrnkB d/ ;jh T[g:'r (fBoDkswe) d/ tZb tXkfJnk. ftfrnkB dk wB[Zy wkso d/ fjs ftZu gq:'r eoB T[Zs/ i'o d/D d/ ekoB fJBQK dh ftukoXkok B{z ftfrnkBtkdh wB[Zysktkd (Scientific Humanism) efjzd/ jB. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe wB[Zysktkd d/ o{g B{z ;wMD dk. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs



whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk (Axiology and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK fJjBK B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoBr/.

B'N

B'N; wB[Zy d/ fe;h th soQK d/ fuzsB dk w[Zy e/Ado nkgD/^nkg wB[Zy jh j[zdk j?.

wB[Zysktkd dh sZs whwK;k

wB[Zysktkdh fuzseK B/ gqfgoshtkdh sZs whwK;k B{z ;theko ehsk j?. fJj fe;h nb'fee sZs ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ns/ gqfeosh B{z jh w{b sZs (Ultimae Reality) wzBd/ jB. fJj gqfeosh d[nkok fBofws fJ; G"fse irs B{z n;b wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj G"fse irs gfotosBPhb j?. wB[Zy B{z fJj gqfeosh ftek; dh T[Zuso ouBk (Product) wzBd/ jB ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P T[Zu wB[Zysk dk ftek; wzBd/ jB. wB[Zysktkd dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

wB[Zysktkdh fJ; gdkoEiBe ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK d/ ;o{g B{z ikDB B{z jh ;Zuk frnkB wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A frnkB dh gqfeosh ftt/eg{oD j[zdh j?, frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok gqsZy frnkB B{z id'A sZe soe dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ e; e/ yok Bk gkfJnk ikt/ T[d'A sZe T[j ;Zu frnkB BjhA j' ;edk. wB[Zysktkd nfijh fe;h eEB B{z ;Zu BjhA wzBdk fijVk soe dh e;"Nh T[Zs/ yok BjhA T[Zsodk. wB[Zysktkd dh w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk

wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy B{z fJ; pqfjwzv dk e/Ado wzBd/ jB ns/ ;z;ko dh ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh B{z fJZe wzBd/ jB. fJj ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ wB[ZyK B{z ;[szso, gq;zB ns/ gqrshPhb d/yDk ukj[zd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;kfonK dh GbkJh (Good for all) wB[Zyh ihtB dk ;G s'A tZvk w{b j?. wB[Zysktkdh fJN?fbnB dkoPfBe toihfoU (Vergerio) dk ftPtk; j? fe wB[ZyK ftZu w{bK dk fBowkD ;kfjs nfXnB d[nkok j[zdk j?. toihfoU d/ T[bN wB[Zysktkdh dkoPfBe fBT{w?B (J. H. Newman) fe;h th soQK d/ B?fse w{bK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/, T[jBK dk eEB j? fe w{b ftt/eg{oD j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. gozs{ finkdkso wB[Zysktkdh dkoPfBe ;Zu, ;[zdosk, uzfrnkJh, fBnk, ;wkfie ;wkBsk, gq/w, ;jkB[G{sh ns/ ;fj:'r B{z wB[Zyh fjZs d/ w{b wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A joe/ wB[Zy B{z fJZe d{i/ d/ gqsh gq/w Gkt posDk ukjhdk j?, fJZe^d{i/ dk ;fj:'r eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJZe^d{i/ dh ;[y^PKsh dk fXnkB oZye/ nkuoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. wB[Zysktkd dh gfoGkPk

wB[Zysktkd dh sZs whwK;k nkgD/^nkg ftZu n;gPN j? fJ; bJh T[; B{z dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk pj[s w[Pfeb ekoi j?. T[j wB[Zy wkso d/ fjs dh rZb ;'udk j? fJ; bJh T[j fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk frnk j?^

wB[Zysktkd wB[Zy d/ fdkwr dh T[j nGhftosh j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z ns/ T[;d/ ftfGzB gZyK, ekoiK, fJZSktK ns/ T[; d/ fjs B{z ;G s'A tZX wjZst fdzdh j?.

(Humanism is the attitude of mind which attaches primary importance to man and to his

faculties, affairs, temporal aspirations and well being.

-Encyclopedia Britannica)



B'N w?;'b B/ wB[Zysktkd B{z e[ZM fJ; o{g ftZu g/P ehsk j?^

wB[Zysktkd Ppd dk gq:'r b/yeK B/ fGzB^fGzB o{g ftZu ehsk j?, fJjBK ftZu fJZe noE j? fe wB[Zy jh wB[Zyh fuzsB dk nXko j? ns/ fJPto fijh e'Jh Pesh BjhA ns/ Bk jh e'Jh nfswB[Zyh n;bhns j? fi; d[nkok fJ;B{z i'fVnk ik ;e/.

(Humanism is a word which is used by writers in many different senses. One of these implies that man makes up the entire framework of human thought, that there is no God, no super human reality to which he can be related or can relate himself.

-Maslow)

;kvh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zysktkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ ftP/ ftZu fijVh ;XkoD XkoDk j?, T[; d/ nXko s/ wB[Zysktkd B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eoBk ukjhdk j?^

wB[Zysktkd gZSwh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; ;z;ko B{z gqfeosh d[nkok fBofwe wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJj G"fse irs jh ;Zu j?, fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe irs BjhA j?. fJj nkswk^gqwkswk, ;tor^Boe fijhnK XkoDktK T[Zs/ ftuko BjhA eodh ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk w{b T[d/P ;[Zy ns/ PKshg{oD Yzr d[nkok ihT[Dk j?, fi; B{z ;kfonK dh uzfrnkB ;zpzXh ;'uD ns/ ekoi eoB Bkb gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh ;ekB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H towskB wB[Zysktkd dk P[ZX nkozG nkgD/ ;jh o{g ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu j'fJnk.

2H fJfsjk; dZ;dk j? fe 13thA ;dh d/ nzs sZe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu Xow (uou) dk p'bpkbk fojk.

7H2 wB[Zysktkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Humanism)

wB[Zysktkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu pzBQDk ukjhJ/ sK fBwBfbys o{g ftZu pzBQ ;ed/ jK.

1H fJ; ;z;ko dh e'Jh fB:kswe ;Zsk BjhA j?^wB[ZysktkdhnK dh fdqPNh s'A ftPt dh nkgDhnK f;oiBkswe PeshnK jB, fJj T[jBK jh PeshnK d[nkok fBofws j?, fJ; dk eosk e'Jh j'o BjhA j?.

2H fJj G"fse irs ;Zu j?, fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh nfXnksfwe irs BjhA j?^ wB[Zysktkdh fJ; G"fse irs B{z jh ;Zu wzBd/ jB ns fJ; dh ;kohnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;Zu wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dk soe j? fe wB[Zy B{z fJ;h t;s{irs ftZu ihT[Dk j?, T[; d/ bJh fJj ;Zu j?. fJj fJ; ;z;ko B{z gfotosBPhb ns/ ftek;Phb wzBd/ jB. fJ; d/ fJbktk fJj fe;h ;z;ko ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/.

3H fJPto dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?^wB[Zysktkdh ftukoeK B{z wB[Zy d/ G"fse ;[y d/ ftP/ ftZu jh ;'funk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJPto d/ fJ; ekoi ftZu e'Jh ;jkfJsk BjhA eodk. T[AM th fJBQK d/ nB[;ko f;qPNh ftZu fJPto Bkw dh e'Jh t;s{ BjhA j?, T[; dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?.

4H wB[Zy f;qPNh d/ ftek; dh uow ;hwk j?^wB[Zysktkdh ftukoeK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy Bk e/tb ;XkoD iht j? ns/ Bk e/tb wPhB pbfe T[j ftt/ePhb gqkDh j?, ouBkswe iht j? ns/ ftek; dhnK n;hw ;zGtkBktK Bkb :[es j?.



5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[;d/ nkgD/^nkg d/ T[Zgo fBoGo eodk j?̂ wB[Zysktkdh fJPto ns/ Gkr ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/, fJj wB[Zy d/ eow ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy dh f;qPNh s'A fijVh Pohoe ns/ p"fXe ;woZEktK gqkgs jB, T[j jh T[; d/ ftek; d/ w{b nXko jB.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[Dk j?^wB[ZysktkdhnK dk ;[y s'A Gkt G"fse ;[y s'A jh j?, fJj G"fse ;zs[PNh B{z jh ;[y wzBd/ jB.

7H ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[D d/ bJh G"fse io{osK dh g{osh io{oh j?^wB[Zy dhnK G"fse io{osK d/ ftP/ ftZu wB[Zysktkdh fJZe ws BjhA jB, e[ZM T[; dhnK e/tb t;s{rs t;s{rs dh g{osh s/ pb fdzd/ jB ns/ e[ZM T[; dhnK t;s{rs io{osK d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dh GktBkswe io{osK dh g{osh T[Zs/ th i'o fdzd/ jB.

8H fe;h th soQK dhnK io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh wB[Zyh w{bK dk gkbD io{oh j?^ wB[ZysktkdhnK dk ;gPN ws j? fe ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ wB[ZyK dh t;s{rs ns/ GktBkswe io{osK ;wkB o{g s'A g{osh sK jh j' ;edh j? id'A ;ko/ wB[Zy wB[Zyh w{bK dk gkbD eoB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A „;G dh GbkJh‟ (Good of all) ;G s'A tZvk wB[Zyh w{b j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJBQK B/ gq/w ns/ ;fj:'r T[Zs/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk j?.

9H oki dk w[Zy ekoi ftnesh d/ nfXekoK dh oZfynk eoBk j?^wB[Zysktkdh oki d[nkok ftnesh d/ P'PD d/ fto'Xh jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A oki B{z ftnesh dh ;[szsosk dh oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ Bkb jh izB;zfynk d/ d/ fjs dh oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A oki wB[Zy d/ wB[Zyh nfXekoK dh eo/ ns/ T[jBK B{z wB[Zy ekoiK d/ tZb tXkt/. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj ;G b'eszso ftZu jh ;zGt j? wB[Zysktkdh b'eszso Pk;B gqDkbh d/ ;woEe jB.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy B[z fJ; pqfjwzv dk e/Ado wzBd/ jB.



3H wB'ftfrnkBe fuzsB ftZu wB[Zy d/ fttjko d/ w{b nXkoK ns/ ekoeK s/ ehsk iKdk j?^

(T) ftuko (n) fuzsB

(J) fuzsB^wBB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H 14thA ;dh ftZu :{o'g ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh P[o{nks j'Jh.

(T) ftfrnkBe y'iK (n) Xow^g[;se fbyD dh

(J) fJfsjk; fbyD dh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H wB[Zysktkdh fuzseK B/ ;theko ehsk j?^

(T) nb'fee sZs B{z (n) gqfeoshtkdh sZs whwK;k B{z

(J) G"fse irs B{z (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H wB[Zysktkd nfij/ fe;h eEB B{z ;Zu BjhA wzBdk fijVk soe dh e;"Nh s/ BjhA T[Zsosk^

(T) y'Nk (n) yok

(J) f;ZXk (;) T[bN



B'N 7H3 wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Humanism and Education)

wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy wkso d/ T[EkB ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A ;ko/ wB[Zy fJZe^d{i/ d/ bJh ihT[D. fJ; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[j fJj wzB/ fe ;z;ko ftZu i' e[ZM j? T[; ;G d/ bJh j?. Pk;soh wB[Zysktkdh (Classical Humanists) wB[Zy dh GktBkswe (;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse), io{osK dh g{osh s/ tZX i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ ftfrnkBe wB[Zysktkdh (Scientific Humanists) t;s{rs io{ssK dh g{osh s/ finkdk i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; ;G d/ bJh wB[Zysktkdh f;Zfynk B{z io{os wzBd/ jB. fJjBK B/ wB[Zy dh f;Zfynk dh g{oh o{go/yk fsnko ehsk j?. fJZE/ T[; dk toDB ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

wB[Zysktkdh e/tb ;e{bh f;Zfynk B{z f;Zfynk BjhA wzBd/ pbfe wB[Zy B{z gfotko, ;wki ns/ ftfdnkb/ nkfd fe;h th ;EkB s/ ns/ fe;h th ;w/A i' e[ZM th nB[Gt gqkgs j[zd/ jB, T[; B{z f;Zfynk wzBd/ jB. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJj f;Zfynk B{z T[; d/ ftnkge o{g ftZu b?Ad/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk fJZe f;oiBkswe gqfefonk j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z toswkB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; d/ GftZy B{z th ;[zdo ns/ gqrshPhb pDkT[Adh j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P wB[Zy B{z fJZe uzrk wB[Zy pDkT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, T[; B{z f;oiBkswe ns/ gqrshPhb wB[Zy pDkT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A T[j Pohoe fdqPNh s'A f;jswzd j't/, p"fXe fdqPNh s'A T[Bzs j't/ ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; j't/. fJj wB[Zy wkso dh ;[y^;wfoXh ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB ns/ fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A wB[Zy t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ns/ T[; dh tzv ftZu fBg[zB j'D. fJBQK T[d/PK B{z n;hA nZi dh GkPk ftZu j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

1H Pohoe ns/ p"fXe ftek;^Pohoe ftek; s'A wB[ZysktkdhnK dk Gkt wB[Zy dh f;js s'A j? ns/ p"fXe ftek; s'A Gkt T[; ftZu soe Pesh d/ ftek; s'A j?. fJjBK dk soe j? fe T[Zsw f;js dh xkN ftZu wB[Zy e'Jh th ekoi BjhA eo ;edk ns/ soe Pesh dh xkN ftZu T[j fe;h th y/so ftZu ;jh fBoDk BjhA b? ;edk, fJ; soQK d[nkok f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fJBQK d'jK gZyK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;h d/ Bkb fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkgDh p"fXe wjkBsk dh nB[G{sh eokT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB.

2H ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek;^Pk;soh wB[Zysktkdh ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ fBozso T[EkB ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB, fJj wB[Zy ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d/ g{o/ T[EkB d/ gZyh jB. fJj ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh B{z fJZe wzBd/ jB fJ; bJh ;zehoD ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse GktBk s/ T[bN ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; soqK d/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek; s'A jh wB[Zy wkso B{z ;[y pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

3H T[Zu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek;^wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ nB[;ko ;kfonK dh GkbkJh (Good for all) ;G s'A tZvk wB[Zyh w{bk j?l gq/w, ;/tk Gkt, ;fj:'r nkfd ;ko/ fJ; ftZu Pkfwb jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zywkso B{z ;[y ns/ ;cb pDkT[D d/ bJh jo/e wB[Zy ftZu T[Zu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; eoBk gfjbh io{os j?, f;Zfynk B{z fJj ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j?.

4H T[sgkdB ;woZEk dk ftek;^wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dhnK w{b io{osK d' soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB^fJZe GktBkswe ns/ d{ih t;s{rs. GktBkswe io{osK dh g{osh d/ bjh T[jBK dk ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek; io{oh j[zdk j? ns/ Bkb jh T[jBK ftZU T[Zu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; eoBk io{oh j[zdk j? ns/ t;s{rs io{osK dh g{osh ;zpzXh T[jBK B{z T[g:'rh ftfGzB t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ftZu ;woZE eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?.



Pk;soh wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy B{z ftfrnkB d/ nXhB eoB dk fto'X eod/ jB gozs{ ftfrnkBe wB[Zysktkdh ftfrnkB d/ wB[Zysktkdh gq:'r dk ;woEB eod/ jB

5H f;oiBkswesk dk ftek;^wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy B{z iBw s'A f;oiBkswe ns/ gqrshPhb wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d[nkok fJjBK w{b PeshnK B[z ikfrqs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK dk soe j? fe f;oiBPhbsk gqrsh dh iBe j?. gozs{ fJj f;oiB wB[Zywkso dh uzfrnkB d/ bJh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, T[; d/ ftBkP d/ bJh BjhA.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

wB[Zysktkdh uzr/ wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh rZb eod/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A uzrk wB[Zy T[j j? fijVk ;G dh nZSkJh ftZu ftPtk; eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eodk j?. fJ;h nXko s/ fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ jB ns/ fJ;h nXko s/ fJjBK B/ ;zpzXs T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ;zpzXh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ehsk j?.

fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu f;js oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ ftek; d/ bJh f;js ftfrnkB ns/ e;os (y/ve[Zd) B{z, soe Pesh d/ ftek; d/ bJh soegqXkB ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqafse ;fjDPhbsk d/ ftek; d/ bJh ftfGzB GkPk, ;kfjs, fJfsjk;, ebk ns/ j'o wB[Zyh ftfPnK B{z, T[Zu ;soh w{bK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;wki ;/tk B{z, T[sgkdB ;woZEk d/ ftek; d/ bJh ebkê"PbK, ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z ns/ f;oiBkswesk d/ ftek; d/ bJh f;ooiBkswe fefonktK B{z ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

wB[ZysktkdhnK B/ ;G s'A tZX i'o soe ns/ ftt/e T[Zs/ fdZsk j?. fJj fJzdoh nB[G{s frnkB B{z th soe ns/ ftt/e dh e;"Nh s/ e;D d/ pknd ;theko eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A gqPB T[Zso tkd^fttkd, ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB ns/ soe f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dhnK T[Zsw ftXhnK jB. f;ybkJh d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBk B/ fBwB fbys sZEK T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk j?^

1H f;ybkJh ftXh dh u'D ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; d/ nXko s/ ehsh ikt/.

2H ftfdnkoEhnK B{z f;ZyD d/ ;[szso w"e/ fdZs/ ikD.

3H f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fefonk ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;eoh Gkrhdkoh j't/.

4H f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fefonk ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh p[ZXh ns/ soe Pesh dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/.

5H i' e[ZM th gVQkfJnk^f;ykfJnk ikt/ T[; dk ihtB Bkb ;zpzX i'fVnk ikt/.

6H ftfdnkEhnK dh ftneshrs fGzBsk dk fXnkB oZfynk ikt/.

7H fgZSV/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh T[gukoswe f;ybkJh dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/. nB[Pk;B

wB[Zysktkdh nkswk^nB[Pk;B d/ gZyh jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;Zu/ nB[Pk;B dh ;EkgBk fBod/PK d[nkok ehsk ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk g[o;eko ns/ dzv d[nkok ehsh ik ;edh j?. dzv B{z sK fJj nwkBtsk tkbk wzBd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A nB[Pk;B dk ftek; nB[Pk;B d[nkok ehsk ik ;edk j?. i/eo f;ykT[D tkb/ nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eod/ jB ns/ f;ZyD tkb/ nBk:k; jh nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eoBr/. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A G[Zb ;[Xko th dzv d[nkok BjhA, gq/w d[nkok j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

B'N



B'N nfXnkge

wB[ZysktkdhnK dh fdqPNh s'A nfXnkgeK B{z gVQkJ/^f;ykJ/ ikD tkb/ ftfPnK ns/ Bkb jh nkgD/ f;ZfynkoEhnK dk ;gPN frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?l Gkt eh gVQkT[Dk^f;ykT[Dk j? ns/ fet/A gVQkT[Dk^f;ykT[Dk j?, fJ; dk frnkb j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK dk fdqPNhe'D T[dko j'Dk ukjhdk j?, T[jBK B{z f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ;zg{oD ftek; dk T[ZsodkfJst T[mkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. nfXnkge gfotosBPhb ns/ gqrshPhb j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ ;wki dh g{Bo ouBk ftZu T[jBK dk ftPtk; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ZfynkoEh

wB[Zysktkdh f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo eod/ jBl T[j T[jBK B{z nfXnkgeK dk nzBQk Grs pDkT[D d/ gZy ftZu BjhA jB, T[j T[jBK B{z ;[szso o{g Bkb ;'uD ns/ fBoDk b?D dh ;[szsosk d/ gZy ftZu jB. nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEh d/ ;zpzX d/ ftP/ ftZu wB[Zysktkdh nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftZu Pk;e ns/ Pkf;s d/ ;zpzX d/ x'o fto'Xh jB, T[j fJBQK d/ ftZu wB[Zy ;zpzX d/ gZy ftZu jB i' gq/w ns/ ;fj:'r s/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. fJj nfXnkgeK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j nkgD/ f;ZfynkoEhnK B{z fe;h th soQK d/ G?n, dtzd ns/ sBkn s'A w[es oZyD. fJjBK fdqPNh s'A T[; ;fEsh ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu wB[Zyh r[DK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

wB[Zysktkdh ftfdnkfbnK B{z wB[Zy fBowkD dh gq:'rPkbk wzBd/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[pko ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;G B{z fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb wB[Zyh fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;G B{z fJZe^d{i/ dh ;[y^;[ftXk ftZu ;fj:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H izB f;Zfynk^wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk wB[Zy dk w{b nfXeko j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fe;h th oki B{z nkgD/ BkrfoeK d/ bJh fJZe fBPfus ;so dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek io{oh ns/ fBP[be o{g s'A eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJj izB f;Zfynk d/ ;G s'A tZv/ ;woEe jB.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu fe;h th nXko s/ G/d BjhA eod/. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko fJ;sohnK B{z th g[oyK dh soQK fe;h th soQK dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB dk nfXeko j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ oki B{z T[jBK d/ fJ; nfXeko B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu T[jBK dh ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?.

3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zy wkoi B{z G"fse fdqPNh s'A ;zgzB ns/ ;[yh d/yDk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ T[; d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbK T[jBK ftZu wB[Zyh r[DK dk ftek; eoB T[Zs/ pb fdzd/ jB ns/ T[; d/ pkne T[jBK B{z fe;h eko'pko ftZu ;woZE eoe/ o'ihô'Nh ewkT[D :'r pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB.

4H Xkofwe f;Zfynk^wB[Zysktkdh Xow d/ Bkw s/ j'D tkb/ P'PD d/ eZNo fto'Xh jB. fJj wB[ZyK B{z fJPto ;zpzXh Xow^doPB d/ ;EkB s/ wB[Zy ;zpzXh Xow^doPB dh f;Zfynk d/D d/ gZy ftZu jB.

ftP/P

e[ZM ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu gZSwh wB[Zysktkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh wB[Zysktkd d/ nfXnB s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kvh gfjbh p/Bsh sK fJj j? fe Gkos ftZu wB[Zysktkd Bkw dk e'Jh doPB jh ftef;s BjhA j'fJnk j?. ns/ i/eo s[;hA fJj ej' fe gZSwh wB[Zysktkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu Gkosh doPBK d/ wB[Zysktkdh fuzsB dk nfXnB ehsk ikt/, sK ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj th :[esh ;zrs BjhA j?. id'A n;hA fGzB^fGzB Gkosh doPBK dk



nfXnB nbZr^nbZr eod/ jB sK sK fco T[jBK dk nfXnB fe;h gZSwh doPB d/ ;zdoG ftZu eoB dk eh wsbp j?. fJ; dkoPfBe fyuVh ftZu sK Gkosh doPBK dk ti{d jh ysw j' ikt/rk. jK, fe;/ th gZSwh doPBK ns/ Gkosh doPBK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB io{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

e[ZM ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ gkmeqwK ftZu wB[Zysktkd d/ ;zdoG ftZu e/tb p"X doPB d/ nfXnB T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk frnk j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj th :[esh ;zrs BjhA j?. wzfBnk fe fJj d'B' doPB wB[Zysktkd d/ fjs d/ tZb/ tXd/ jB gozs{ fco th d'jK ftZu pj[s fGzBsk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu gfjbh rZb sK fJj j? fe wB[Zysktkd gZSwh doPB ns/ fJ; dk ftek; nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu ftfrnkB d/ tXd/ j'J/ gqGkt d/ fto'X ftZu j'fJnk j? ns/ p'X doPB Gkosh doPB j? fi; dk ftek; nZi s'A 2500 ;kb gfjbK t?fde doPB d/ eoweKv d/ fto'X ftZu j'fJnk ;h, d'jK dh iBwG{wh jh fGzB j?. d{ih rZb fJJ j? fe fiZE/ wB[Zysktkd wB[Zywkso B{z ;[yK dh gqkgsh eokT[D d/ tZb nro;o j? T[ZE/ p'X doPB T[jBK B{z d[yK s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D d/ tZb nro;o j?. fsZih rZb fJj j? fe fiZE/ wB[Zysktkd wB[ZyK d/ Xow dh nXhBsk s'A w[es eokT[Dk ukj[zdk j? T[Ze/ p'X doPB wB[ZyK B{z p'X Xow d/ gkbD dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?. u"Eh rZb fJj j? fe wB[Zysktkd ftZu fBotkD fijh XkoDk dh ebgBk sZe BjhA ehsh rJh j? id'A fe p'X doPB fJ;h B{z wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P wzBdk j?. ns/ gzithA ns/ nkyoh rZb fJj j? fe fJjBK d'jK doPBK dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k ftZu th pj[s nzso j?. wB[Zy B{z fi; ;ziw, eo[Dk ns/ fdnk dk T[gd/P p'X doPB ftZu fdZsk frnk j?, wB[Zysktkd ftZu T[; dh ebgBk sZe BjhA ehsh rJh j?, T[; ftZu sK nkg;h ;fj:'r dh rZb th ejh rJh j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko fJjBK d/ ftfdne fuzsB ftZu th pj[s tZvh fGzBsk j?. ftP/P nfXnB d/ bJh gVQ' nfXnkJ/^p'X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk.

B'N

Nk;e wB[Zysktkd d/ w{b f;XKs T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



7H wB[Zysktkdh nkswknB[Pk;B d/ gZyh jB. 8H wB[Zysktkdh ftfdnkfbnK B{z wB[Zyh fBowkD dh gq:'rPkbk wzBd/ jB. 9H nfXnkge gfotosBPhb ns/ gqrshPhb BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. 10H wB[ZysktkdhnK d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk wB[Zy dk w{b nfXeko j?.

7H4 wB[Zysktkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Humanism to Education) wB[Zysktkd, wB[Zy B{z ;z;ko dk e/Ado wzBdk j? ns/ ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh B{z fJZe wzBdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh d/ fjs ;kXBK dh y'i d/ tZb tXdk j?. fJj Bk sK iksh fto'Xh j?, Bk Xow fto'Xh, Bk ;wki fto'Xh j? ns/ Bk oki fto'Xhl fJj sK T[jBK dh T[; ;zehoDsk dk fto'X j? fi; B/ wB[Zy B{z wB[Zy s'A nbZr eo fdZsk j? ns/ PKsh d/ ;EkB s/ T[; B{z ;zxoP dh nZr ftZu M'Ae fdZsk j?. fJj ftfrnkB dk th fto'Xh BjhA j?, fJj sK ftfrnkB d[nkok T[jBK ;zjkoe n;so^Pk;soK d/ fBowkD dk fto'Xh j? fi; B/ ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh d/ ti{d d/ bJh ysok g?dk eo fdZsk j?. fJj wB[ZyK B{z fJjBK ;kohnK ;zeohDsktK ns/ ysfonK ftZu'A eZY e/ T[jBK B{z fJZe^d{i/ d/ bJ ihT[D dk ;zd/P fdzdk j?, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z wB[Zysktkdh doPB fejk iKdk j?. fJ; :[Zr ftZu wB[Zysktkd B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g B{z fBPfus eoB ftZu th pj[s nfjw G{fwe fBGkJh j?. fJ; d/ e[ZM ;[Mkn pj[s fttjkfoe jB.



B'N f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

wB[Zysktkd fJj wzBdk j? fe f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ;G irQk ns/ jo ;w/A uZbdh j? fJ; bJh wB[ZyK B{z pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ pj[s ;soesk d/ Bkb ftuko ftnes eoB ukjhd/ jB ns/ fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[jBK B{z ;Zuh wB[Zusk dk gkm gVQkfJnk^f;ykfJnk ik ;edk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe wB[Zysktkd f;Zfynk B{z T[; d/ ftnkge o{g ftZu ;theko eodk j?. gozs{ Bk sK fe;h wB[Zysktkdh B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk ehsh j? ns/ Bk T[; d/ ekoiK dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

wB[Zysktkd f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z fJZe uzrk wB[Zy pDkT[D s/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eodk j?. fJjBK T[d/Pk ftZu w[Zy T[d/P jB^Pohoe ns/ p"fXe ftek;, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek;, soePesh dk ftek;, wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; ns/ f;oiBkswe Pesh dk ftek;.

gozs{ wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ fpBK T[; ftZu wB[Zyh w{bK dk ftek; fet/A ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu fJjh fejk ik ;edk j? fe wB[Zysktkdh fpBK Bhj d/ fJwkos yVh eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. f;Zfynk d[nkok sK wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe fszBK gZyK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu Pk;soh wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zyh ftfPnK B{z ;EkB d/D dh rZb eod/ j? ns/ ftfrnkBtkdh wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zyh ns/ ftfrnkBe d'jK ftfPnK B{z ;EkB fdzd/ jB gozs{ fJj d'B' jh gkmuo:k s'A nbZr eoB d/ gZy ftZu jB.

gozs{ j[D ;z;ko pj[s nZr/ tZX u[Zek j?, T[; ;G dh ikDekoh dh xkN ftZu j[D wB[Zyh^ti{d dh rZb BjhA ;'uh ik ;edh. j[D sK gkmuo:k ftZu wB[Zyh T[g:'r d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;EkDk d/Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

wB[Zysktkdh soe B{z frnkB dk nXko wzBd/ jB, fJj fJzdoh nB[G{s B{z th soe dh e;"Nh s/ e; e/ rqfjD eoB s/ pb fdzd/ jB. e[ZM wB[Zysktkdh ftfrnkB dk fto'X io{o eod/ jB gozs{ f;ybkJh d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[j ftfrnkBe ftXh dk jh ;woEB eod/ jB ns/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD s/ pb fdzd/ jB. f;ZyD^f;ykT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK B/ fiBQK ;{soK^ ;[szsosk, ihtB Bkb ;zpzX ns/ ftneshrs fGzBsk nkfd s/ pb fdZsk j?.

f;ZyD^f;ykT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu wB[ZysktkdhnK B/ i' e[ZM th fejk j?, T[j ;G s'A fJjBK d/ g{ot ftukoe th efj u[Ze/ ;B. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJ; y/so ftZu fJjBK dh nkgDh e'Jh d/D BjhA j?. nB[Pk;B

wB[Zysktkdh wB[Zyh fttjjko B{z jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu wB[Zyh tksktoD d/ fBowkD dh rZb eod/ jB. fJj dzv B{z nwkBth efjzd/ jB ns/ T[; dk ;ys fto'X eod/ jB.

;kc ikfjo j? fe wB[ZysktkdhnK B/ nB[Pk;B d/ ;zpzX ftZu nkgD/ g{ot ftukoeK dk jh ;woEB ehsk j?, p; T[jBK ftZu fJZe BtK Ppd wB[Zyh j'o i'V fdZsk j?.



nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh B{z fJjBK B/ wB[Zyh ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dk ;zd/P io{o fdZsk j?, gozs{ T[jBK d/ bJh e'Jh nkuko ;fjzsk fBPfus BjhA ehsh j?, fJj sK g{ot fBPfus nkuko ;fjzsk ftZu ftPtk; jh BjhA eod/. fpBK g{ot fBPfus nkuko ;fjzsk d/ wB[Zysk B{z fizdk oZyD dk T[jBK dk ftuko nkgD/ rb/ s'A BjhA T[Zsodk. ftfdnkfbnk

ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ihtB dh n;b ;fEsh ftef;s eoB dh fJjBK dh rZb th e'Jh BthA rZb BjhA j?, g{ot ftukoe fJ; rZb s/ gfjbK jh i'o d/ u[Ze/ ;B. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

jK, izB f;Zfynk d/ Bko/ B{z p[bzd eoB ftZu fJjBK dk tZvk :'rdkB fojk j? ns/ fJ;soh^g[oyK B{z f;Zfynk d/ ;wkB nfXeko ns/ ;wkB w"e/ gqdkB eoB dh ntkI B{z th fJjBK B/ rsh gqdkB ehsh j?, gozs{ XowfBog/ysk d/ fJjBK d/ Bko/ B/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ wjZst B{z xzN eo fdZsk j?. ;Zu g[ZS' sK wB[Zy B{z wB[Zy pDkT[Dk dk w{b nXko Xow jh j?. ;kB{z Xow s'A BjhA, Xkofwe ;zehoDsk s'A d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?. 7H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe wB[Zysktkd B/ fJZe ftukoe eqKsh B{z iBw sK fdZsk ns/ b'eK B{z wB[Zyh ftBkPekoh sZEK s'A ikD{ th eokfJnk gozs{ d[BhnK d/ b'e T[E/ d/ T[ZE/ jh jB, ;ko/ ;tkoEf;Xh ns/ ;zehoDsk Bkb fxo/ j'J/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ doPB d/ o{G ftZu th fJ; dh nkgDh e'Jh Bt/A d/D BjhA j?, g{ot fBPfus dk fto'X eoB tkb/ fJjBK wB[ZysktkdhnK B/ g{ot fBPfus frnkB, ftfrnkB ns/ w{bK dh f;Zfynk s/ jh i'o fdZsk j?. fpBK fJ; d/ wB[Zyh ftek; ;zGt th sK BjhA j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A ;Zuh wB[Zysk d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;Zu/ Xow^doPB dh f;Zfynk io{oh j?. 7H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;G dh GbkJh (Good for all) L ;G dk fjs

2H ftt/etkd (Rationalism) L p[ZXhtkd 7H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H wB[Zysktkd s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H wB[Zysktkd d/ w{b f;XKs dZ;'.

3H wB[Zysktkd ns/ f;Zfynk T[Zs/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H wB[Zysktkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H 18thA ;dh 2H :{o'g 3H (T) 4H (T)

5H (n) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh

9H rbs 10H ;jh

B'N



B'N 7H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;









fJekJh^8 ;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk

fJekJh^8L ;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Sankhya Philosophy and Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


8H1 ;zfyn doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Sankhya Philosophy)

8H2 ;zfyn doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Sankhya Philosophy)

8H3 ;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Sankhya Philosophy and Education)

8H4 ;zfyn doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Sankhya Philosophy to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;zfyn doPB dk noE ikBD ;zpzXh.

;zfyn doPB d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


;zfyn doPB d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d' w{b sZs jB ns/ gqfeosh d/ 23 fteko jB ns/ fJ; soQK e[ZbQ 25 sZs jB. e[ZM ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko sZsK dh ;zfynk dZ;D d/ ekoB jh fJ; doPB B{z ;zfyn doPB fejk iKdk j?. j'o ftdtkBK d/ nB[;k ;zfyn dk noE j?^ftt/e ftfrnkB, gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d dk frnkBl ns/ feT[Afe ;zfyn gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ;gPN eodk j? fJ; bJh fJ; B{z ;zfyn fejk iKdk j?. ;zfyn gqfeosh ns/ g[oy dh ;[szso ;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; eodk j? fJ; bJh e[ZM ftdtkB fJ;B{z dt?dtkdh doPBK dh e'fN ftZu oZyd/ jB. fJj jo/e gqkDh ftZu fJZe ;[szso nkswk d/ ti{d dh rZb eodk j? fJ; bJh e[ZM ftdtkb fJ; B{z nB/ekswtkdh doPBK dh e'fN ftZu oZyd/ jB. ;zfyn doPB dh sZs whwK;k ns/ frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k pj[s ftfrnkBe jB ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k pj[s fttjkfoe j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A fJj doPB pj[s wjZst dk doPB j?.

8H1 ;zfyn doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Sankhya Philosophy) ;zfyn doPB t/d w{be PN doPBK ftZu ;G s'A tZX gqkuhB j?. T[AM sK ;zfyn doPB ;zpzXh ftuko t/d ns/ Pt/skPt/s, em, gq;zB ns/ w?so/ T[gBhPdK ftZu gfjbK s'A jh Pkfwb ;B gozs{



B'N fJ; B{z fJZe ;[szso doPB d/ o{g ftZu gqf;ZX ehsk wjKfoPh efgb (JhH g{H 7thA ;dh) B/. wjKfoPh efgb ;G s'A gfjb/ ftnesh jB fiBQK B/ t/d ;kfjs ftZu Pkfwb dkoPfBe f;XKsK dk toDB eoe/ ;zfyn doPB dk fBowkD ehsk. efgb dhnK d' ouBktK T[gbpX jB^fJZe „sZs ;wk;‟ ns/ d{ih „;zfyn ;{so‟. „sZs ;wk;‟ ;zfyn doPB dh ;G s'A gqkuhB ouBk j?. fJ; ftZu e/tb 22 ;{so jB. „;zfyn ;{so‟ ftZu 537 ;{so jB ns/ T[; ftZu ;zfyn doPB d/ f;XksK dk ;wogD fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. efgb d/ pknd nk;{fo, gPufPy, fJPto feqPD ftzXtk;h ns/ ftfrnkBfGeP{ B/ ;zfyn doPB dh ftnkfynk ehsh ns/ T[; d/ f;XKsK B{z ;gPN ehsk. fJPto feqPD (fsZih ;dh) B/ nkgDh „;zfyn ekfoek‟ ftZu fJ; doPB dh tZvh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. „;zfyn ekfoek‟ ;zfyn doPB dk gqwkfDe rqzE wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[; d/ pknd th eJh ftdtkBK B/ ;zfyn doPB dh ftnkfynk ehsh j? ns/ fJ; soQK ;zfyn doPB dh ftukoXkok brksko rsh Bkb fBozso gqtkfjs j[zdh nk ojh j?.

;zfyn doPB d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d' w{b sZs jB ns/ gqfeosh d/ 23 fteko jB ns/ fJ; soQK e[ZbQ 25 sZs j?. e[ZM ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko sZsK dh ;zfynk dZ;D d/ ekoB jh fJ; doPB B{z ;zfyn doPB fejk iKdk j?. j'o ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko ;zfyn dk noE j?^ftt/e frnkB, gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d dk frnkBl ns/ feT[Afe ;zfyn gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ;gPN eodk j? fJ; bJh fJ; B{z ;zfyn fejk iKdk j?. ;zfyn gqfeosh ns/ g[oy dh ;[szso ;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; eodk j? fJ; bJh e[ZM ftdtkb fJ; B{z dt?stkdh doPBK dh e'fN ftZu oZyd/ jB. fJj jo/e gqkDh ftZu fJZe ;[szso nkswk d/ ti{d dh rZb eodk j? fJ; bJh e[ZM ftdtkB fJ; B{z nB/ekswtkdh doPBK dh e'fN ftZu oZyd/ jB. ;zfyn doPB dh sZs whwK;k, ns/ frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k pj[s ftfrnkBe jB ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k pj[s fttjkfoe j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A fJj doPB pj[s wjZst dk doPB j?.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and

Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK ;G s'A gfjbK doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k dk eqwpZx eoB dk :sB eoKr/. ;zfyn doPB dh sZs whwK;k

;zfyn dt?stkdh doPB j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko d' w{b sZs jB^fJZe gqfeosh ns/ d{ik g[oy, ns/ fJj f;qPNh fJjBK jh d' sZsK d/ :'r Bkb pDh j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko fJj gqfeosh ;s, oi ns/ sw fJBQK fszBK r[DK dk rmi'V j? ns/ gdkoEiBe ;z;ko dk T[gkdkB ekoB j?. ns/ g[oy gow u/sB sZs dk Gkt j?, gow nkswk dk Gkt j?, fJ; dk e'Jh ;o{g BjhA j[zdk, fJj fBor[D j?. ;zfyn ;z;ko d/ jo/e iht ftZu fJZe ;[szso g[oy (nkswk) dh ;Zsk wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'B'A jh nBkfd ns/ nBzs jB. ;zfyn dk ;gPNheoD j? fe gqfeosh e/tb iV j?, fpBK g[oy (u/sB sZs) d/ fJ; ftZu e'Jh fefonk BjhA j' ;edh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ g[oy e/tb u/sB jB, fpBK iV wkfXnw d/ T[j fefonk BjhA eo ;edk, fJ; soQK f;qPNh dh ouBk d/ bJh gqfeosh ns/ g[oy dk ;z:'r io{oh j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'jK dh ;Zsk ;t?f;ZX j?. gqfeosh fJzdoh rqkj j? fJ; bJh T[; dh ;Zsk fBofttkdk j?, ns/ wB[Zy dk fJj eEB fe „w?A jK‟ g[oy dh ;Zsk dk ;{ue j?. ;zfyn B/ gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d/ ftZu 23 j'o sZsK dh y'i ehsh j? ns/ fJ; soQK T[; d/ nB[;ko sZsK dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk 25 j?. fJj sZs jB.

gqfeosh^gqfeosh iK gqXkB iK nftnes ^01 fteko^jZE, g?o, tkDh, r[dk,ns/ frnkB fJzdohl nZy, ezB, Bze, ihG ns/ uwVh, wB ns/ Xosh, ib, jtk, ns/ n;wkB, nZr. ^16 gqfeosh^fteko^njzeko, wfjs(p[ZXh), Ppd, sBwksokl S'j sBwksok, o{g sBwksok, o; sBwksok ns/ rzX sBwksok. ^07 Bk gqfeosh Bk fteko^g[oy (nkswk) ^01 :'r ^25



B'N; ;zfyn doPB d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d' w{b sZs jB ns/ gqfeosh d/ 23

fteko jB. fJ; soQK e[ZbQ 25 sZs jB.

B'N

f;qPNh dh ouBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;zfyn B/ ;seo:ktkd f;XKs dk fBowkD ehsk j?. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ekoi ekoB ftZu gfjbK s'A jh Pkfwb j[zdk j?. fJj f;qPNh th gqfeosh ftZu gfjbK s'A Pkfwb ;h, sK jh sK fJ; dh T[sgZsh ;zGt j'Jh. gqfeosh ekoB j? ns/ f;qPNh fJ; dk ekoi. ekoB d/ ekoi o{g ftZu gfotosB j'D dk Bkw T[sgZsh j? ns/ ekoi d/ d[pkok ekoB d/ o{g ftZu gfotofss j'D dk Bkw ftBkP j?.

;zfyn B/ f;qPNh d/ ftek; eqw B{z th ;gPN eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d/ :'r Bkb ;G s'A gfjbK wfjs dh T[sgZsh j'Jh. ;zfyn ftZu wfjs dk noE j?^ pqfjwzv p[ZXh (Cosmic Intelligence). fJj t/d ns/ T[gfBPdK d/ fjoDroG dk Gkt bZrdk j?. fJ; d/ pknd wfjs s'A njzeko dh T[sgZsh j'Jh njzeko pqfjwzv dh ftfGzBsk dk nXko j?, nkswGkt (Ego) dk iBwdksk j?. njzeko ns/ ;s d/ :'r Bkb wB ns/ gzi frnkB fJzdohnK ns/ gzi eow fJzdohnK dh T[sgZsh j[zdh j?, njzeko ns/ oi; d/ :'r s'A gzi wjkG{sK (Xosh, ib, s/i, jtk, ns/ nekP) dh T[sgZsh j[zdh j? ns/ njzeko ns/ sw; d/ :'r s'A gzi sBwksoktK (o;, rzX, S'j, X[Dh ns/ fdqP) dh T[sgZsh j[zdh j?.

G'r ns/ w[esh d/ ftP/ ftZu ;zfyn ws j'o t?fde wsK s'A fGzB j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko g[oy ns/ gqfeosh d/ :'r Bkb iht (Poho O ihtnkswk) dh T[sgZsh jh G'r dk nkozG j? ns/ g[oy d/ gqfeosh s'A nbZr j'D dk Bkw w[esh j?, w'eP j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko w'eP dh ;fEsh ftZu gownkBzd gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; dk ;gPNheoD j? fe Bk sK gqfeosh dh xkN ftZu g[oy G'r eo ;edk j? ns/ Bk g[oy dh xkN ftZu gqfeosh G'r eo ;edh j?. T[; ;w/A Bkb S[Nekok gkT[D d/ bJh g[oy B{z gqfeosh s'A nbZr eoBk io{oh j?.

g{BoiBw d/ ftP/ ftZu ;zfyn T[gfBPd doPB Bkb ;fjws j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko ;kv/ ;ko/ nB[Gt ;[yw Poho s/ fJeZso j[zd/ jB ns/ ;[yw Poho nzdo{BheoD (wB, p[ZXh ns/ njzeko) ns/ gzi sBwksoktK (o;, rzX, ;goP, X[Bh ns/ fdqP) dk :'r j?. fJjh ;[y^d[y dk nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ fJjh nB[GtK B{z ;zfus eodk j?. fJj nrBh Bkb ibdk BjhA ns/ gkDh Bkb rbdk BjhA ns/ id'A sZe nB[Gt iho' (eqwcb iho') BjhA j[zdk sK fJZe ;[Eb Poho s'A d{i/ Poho ftZu dkfyb j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ;h B{z g{BoiBw efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK g{oBoiBw ;[yw Poho dk j[zdk j?, nkswk dk BjhA. nksw sK g[oy j?, iBw^woD d/ pzXB s'A w[es j?. ;zfyn doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

;zfyn doPB d/ frnkB B{z d' GktK ftZu tzfvnk j?^fJZe gdkoE frnkB, fJ; B{z T[j gdkoE frnkB efjzdk j? ns/ d{ik gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d dk frnkB, fJ; B{z T[j ftt/e frnkB efjzdk j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko ;kB{z gdkoEK dk frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok j[zdk j?. fJzdohnK s'A fJj frnkB wB, wB s'A njzeko, njzeko s'A p[ZXh ns/ p[ZXh s'A g[oy B{z gqkgs j[zdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ ;zfyn fJj wzBdk j? fe g[oy p[ZXh B{z gqekfPs eodk j?, p[ZXh njzeko B{z ikfrqs eodh j?, njzeko wB B{z fefonkPhb eodk j? ns/ wB fJzdohnK B{z fefonkPhb eodk j?, ns/ T[; d/ ns/ t;s{ d/ ftZu ;z;or ;Ekfgs eodk j?. ;zfyn dk ;gPNheoD j? fe fJzdohnK, wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh, fJj ;G gqfeosh d[nkok fBofws jB, fJ; soQK fJj iVQ jB, ns/ iVQ ftZu frnkB dk iBw BjhA j' ;edk. d{i/ gk;/ g[oy e/tb u/sB sZs j?, fpBK iVQ gqfeosh d/ wkfXnw d/ T[j th frnkB gqkgs BjhA eo ;ed. frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gqfeosh (iVQ) ns/ g[oy (u/sB) d'jK dk ;zi'r io{oh j[zdk j?. ;zfyn dh gdkoE gqkgs eoB dh gqfefonk B{z n;hA fBwB do;kJ/ o/yk fuZso d[nkok ;gPN eo ;ed/ jK^



B'N gdkoE fJzdohnK wB njzeko p[ZXh g[oy

;zfyn frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ e/tb fszB gqwkD (;kXB) wzBdk j?^gqsZy, nB[Pk;B ns/ Ppd. t;s{ irs d/ frnkB d/ bJh fJj fszB'A gqwkD (;kXB) io{oh j[zd/ jB. gozs{ wB[Zy g[oy dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;kB{z PpdK T[Zs/ jh fBoGo ofjDk j[zdk j?. Ppd d[nkok gqkgs g[oy sZs/ d/ frnkB dh nB[G{sh d/ bJh ;zfyn :'r ;kXB wkor dk ;woEB eodk j?. ;zfyn doPB dk w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

;zfyn doPB dk nkozG d[ydkfJe^nfXnksfwe (nkswk, wB ns/ Poho ;zpzXh), nkfXG"fse (pkjoh irs ;zpzXh) ns/ nkfXd?fte (rqfj ns/ d?th gqe'g ;zpzXh) dh ;otG"fwesk dh nkfrnk Bkb j[zdk j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko fJ; d[y s'A S[Neko/ dk Bkw w[esh iK w'eP j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu gfjbk gqPB j? fe ;[y^d[y dk G'rsk e"D j?< ;zfyn dk T[Zso j?^g[oy ns/ gqfeosh d/ :'r s'A T[sgzB Poho, wB ns/ iht nkswk. d{ik gqPB j? fe d[y s'A S[Nekok fet/A fwb/< ;zfynk d/ nB[;ko d[y dk w[Zy ekoB nfrnkB j?. fJj nfrnkB eh j?< id'A g[oy p[ZXh d/ ekoi B{z pDk b?Adk j? Gkt gqfeosh d/ ;s, oi ns/ sw r[DK dh nB[G{sh eoB bZrdk j? sK fJ; B{z nfrnkB efjzd/ jB, fJ;h ekoB T[j ;[y^d[y dk G'rsk j' iKdk j? BjhA sK T[j sK fBor[D j?, T[; B{z ;[y^d[y dh nB[G{sh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. gdkoEK d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ikDBk ns/ p[ZXh, njzeko wB ns/ fJzdohnK d/ ekoiK B{z nkgDk ekoi Bk ;wMDk jh frnkB j?. fJ; frnkB dh ;fEsh ftZu jh wB[Zy ;[y^d[y d/ nB[Gt s'A nbZr j' ;edk j?. fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;zfyn ;kXB wkor (:w, fB:w, nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkXh) B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. :w dk noE j?^wB, tuB ns/ eow dk ;ziw. fJ; d/ bJh :'r ;Zu, nfjz;k, M{m, ngforqj ns/ pqfjwukoh tos d/ gkbD B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. :'r d/ nB[;ko fB:w th gzi jBl Gkt^P'u, ;zs'P sg, ;tkfXnkJ/ ns/ gqkDhXkB. ;zfyn doPB w'eP d/ fJS[Ze B{z fJBQK ;G B{z nkgD/ nkuoD ftZu T[skoB dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?. fJBQK B?fse wjktosK ns/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoB Bkb jh wB[Zy nkgDhnK fJzdohnK B{z tP ftZu eo ;edk j?, nkgD/ wB B{z fBowB eo ;edk j? ns/ :'r ;kXBk d/ j'o S/ gdK^nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkXh dk nB[;oD eo ;edk j?. ;zfyn doPB dh gfoGkPk

;zfyn doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk d/ nXko s/ n;hA T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK^

;zfyn doPB Gkosh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d/ :'r d[nkok fBofws wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'B'A jh nBkfd ns/ nBzs jB. fJj fJPto d/ ;[szso ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eodh ns/ nkswk B{z g[oy (u/sB sZs) wzBdh j? ns/ fJj fBowkDs eodh j? fe wB[Zy ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?, fi; B{z ftt/e frnkB ns/ :'r ;kXBk d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;zfyn doPB d/ w{be PN doPBK ftZu'A ;G s'A tZX gqkuhB j?.



1H ;zfyn ftZu wfjs dk noE j?HHHHHHHHHHHH. 2H ;zfyn HHHHHHHHHHHHHH doPB j?.



8H2 ;zfyn doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Sankhya Philosophy) ;zfyn doPB dh wZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj f;qPNh gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d/ :'r s'A fBofws j?^;zfyn d/ nB[;ko fJj f;qPNh ns/ g[oy d/ :'r s'A fBofws j?. T[; dk soe j? fe gqfeosh e/tb iVQ sZs j?, fpBK u/sB d/ ;zi'r d/ T[; ftZu fefonk BjhA j' ;edh ns/ fpBK fefonk d/ f;qPNh dh ouBk BjhA j' ;edh. d{i/ gk;/ e/tb usB sZs j?, fpBK iVQ sZs dh ;jkfJsk d/ T[j fefonk BjhA eo ;edk ns/ fefonk dh xkN ftZu f;qPNh dh ouBk BjhA j' ;edh. fJ; soQk f;qPNh dh ouBk d/ bJh gqfeosh^g[oy dk ;zi'r io{oh j?.

2H gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'B' w{b sZs jB^;zfyn gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'B'A B{z w{b sZs wzBdk j?, nBkfd ns/ nBzs wzBdk j? ns/ ;Zu wzBdk j?, gozs{ gqfeosh B{z T[j iVQ ns/ g[oy B{z u/sB wzBdk j?, gqfeosh B{z sfor[Dksfwek ns/ g[oy B{z fBor[D wzBdk j?. ;zfyn nB;ko f;qPNh ouBk dh fdqPNh s'A gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'B'A fJZe^d{i/ d/ g{oe jB.

3H g[oy dh ;[szso ;Zsk ns/ T[j eJh jB^;zfyn g[oy Gkt nkswk dh ;[szso ;Zsk wzBdk j?, T[j T[; B[z pqjwk dk nzP BjhA wzBdk, T; B{z nkgD/ w{b sZs wzBdk j?. ;zfyn jo/e gqkDh ftZu fJZe ;[szso nkswk dh ;Zsk ;theko eodk j?, T[j nB/ekswtkdh doPB j?.

4H wB[Zy gqfeosh ns/ g[oy dk :'r j?^;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy f;qPNh dk jh fJZe nzP j? fJ; bJh T[; dh ouBk th gqfeosh^g[oy d/ ;zi'r Bkb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. efgb d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ;E{b Poho wksk^fgsk d/ oi^tho: s'A ns/ ;[yw Poho nzdo{BheoD ns/ gzi sBwksoktK d/ :'r Bkb pDdk j?. T[; d/ ;[yw Poho s/ iBwîBw d/ nB[Gt ;zfus j[zd/ jB ns/ fJjh fJZe iBw s'A d{i/ iBw ftZu dkfyb j[zdk j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ;E{b ns/ ;[yw Poho iVQ jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu Pkfwb u/sB sZs g[oy j?. ;zfyn wB[Zy ihtB B{z gq:'iB wzBdk j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[;d/ iVQ ns/ u/sB d'jK sZsK s/ fBoGo eodk j?^;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy gqfeosh ns/ g[oy dk :'r j[zdk j? ns/ T[; dk ftek; fJjBK jh d' sZsK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. ;zfyn dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ftek; dhnK fszB fdPktK j[zdhnK jB^Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ nfXnksfwe.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?^;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB ;wgq:'iB j?, T[; dk T[d/P d[y s'A S[Nekok gkT[Dk j?. fJ; B{z jh T[j w[esh efjzdk j?. d[y feT[A j[zdk j?< id'A g[oy nkgD/ n;b ;o{g B{z G{bk e/ nkgD/ nkg B{z p[ZXh ;wM p?mdk j? T[; ;w/A T[; B{z d[y dh nB[G{sh j[zdh j? BjhA sK T[j fJBQK ;G s'A nbZr j?. id'A wB[Zy nkgDh nkswk d/ n;b ;o{g B{z gfjukD b?Adk j? sK T[j d[y s'A S[Nekok gk b?Adk j?, w[es j' iKdk j?. fijVk wB[Zy fJ;h ihtB ftZu d[y d/ nB[Gt s'A w[es j' iKdk j?, T[; B{z ;zfyn ftZu ihtB w[es efjzd/ jB ns/ fijVk Poho d/ BkP j'D s/ d[y d/ nB[Gt s'A w[es j[zdk j? T[; B{z ftd/j w[es efjzd/ jB.

7H w[esh d/ bJh ftt/e frnkB io{oh j?^;zfyn dh fdqPNh s'A w[esh d/ bJh ftt/e frnkB Gkt gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ikDBk io{ohy j[zdk j?. T[;h ;fEsh ftZu g[oy nkgD/^nkg B{z gqfeosh s'A nbZr eoe/ ;[y^d[y s'A nbZr j' ;edk j?, eowcb G'r s'A w[es j' ;edk j?.

8H ftt/e frnkB d/ bJh :'r ;kXB wkor io{oh j?^;zfyn ftt/e frnkB d/ bJh :'r d[nkok fBod/fPs ;kXB wkor (:w, fB:w, nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX) B{z io{oh wzBdk j?.

B'N



B'N 9H :'r wkor d/ nB[:k:h d/ bJh B?fse nkuoD io{oh j?^:'r ;kXB wkor dk gfjbk gd j?^:w. :w dk noE j? wB, tuB ns/ eow dk ;ziw, fJ; d/ bJh :'r ;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwukoh tos dk gkbD io{oh wzBdk j?. :'r ;kXB wkor d{ik gd j?^fB:w. :'r d/ nB[;ko fB:w th gzi jB^P'u, ;zs'P, sg, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ gqkDhXkB. :'r d/ nB;ko fJBQK gzi tosK ns/ gziK fB:wK dk gkbD eoB d/ pknd j nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX dhnK fefonktK eo ;edk j?. fJBQK B{z jh nZi dh GkPk ftZu B?fse fB:w fejk iKdk j?.



3H „sZs ;wk;‟ ;zfyn doPB dh ouBk j?^ (T) pj[s gqkuhB (n) pj[s BthB (J) ;otT[Zu (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H „;zfyn ekfoek‟ ;zfyn doPB dk wzfBnk iKdk j?^ (T) ngqwkfDe rqzE (n) gqwkfDe rqzE (J) gqw[Zy rqzE (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H f;qPNh dh ouBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;zfyn B/ fBowkD ehsk j?^ (T) ;seko:ktkd f;XKs dk (n) gqfeosh dk (J) fJ;to dk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko w'eP dh ;fEsh ftZu gqkgs j[zdk j?^ (T) gowkBzd (n) njzeko (J) g[oysk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

8H3 ;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfyn (Sankhya Philosophy and Education)

;zfyn doPB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;[szso o{g s'A e'Jh ftuko BjhA ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ T[; dh sZs whwK;k s'A f;Zfynk d/ nkyoh T[d/P, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k s'A f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g, f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk s'A f;Zfynk d/ ;XkoD T[d/P, gkmuo:k, nB[Pk;B ns/ nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEh ;zpzX d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?. wB[Zy dh pkjoh ns/ nzdo{Bh ouBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;zfyn wB'ftfrnkB nkX[fBe wB'ftfrnkB s'A tZX ftef;s j?. fJZE/ n;hA ;zfyn doPB ftZu Pkfwb f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ftukoK B{z eqwpZX eoB dk :sB eoKr/. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

;zfyn d/ ;seo:ktkd d/ f;XKs nB[;ko ekoi ekoD ftZu gfjbK s'A Pkfwb j[zdk j?. fJ; f;XKs nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ftek; wB[Zy ftZu gfjbK s'A Pkfwb j[zdk j?, f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJ; B{z pkjo eZYDk j?. ;zfyn gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d'jK B{z w{b sZs wzBdk j?, gozs{ d'jK d/ w{bG{s nzso B{z th ikDdk j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d dk frnkB eokT[Adh j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j? ns/ fJj w[esh gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ikDB Bkb gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK wB[Zy dk ftek; fJ; o{g ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ;wM ;e/, d[y s'A S[Nekok gqkgs eo ;e/, w[es j' ;e/. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A fJj f;Zfynk dk ;kXe T[d/P j?. fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh :'r ;kXBk wkor B{z io{oh



wzBdk j? ns/ :'r ;kXBk d/ bJh B?fse nkuoD B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. nZi dh GkPk ftZu n;hA fJBQK T[d/PK B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

;kXe T[d/P^

1H d[y s'A S[Neko/ dk T[d/P (gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z ikDB dk T[d/P, w[esh dk T[d/P).

;kXB T[d/P^

1H Pohoe ftek; dk T[d/P (eowfJzdohnK, frnkB fJzdohnK ns/ sBwksoktK dk ftek;).

2H wkBf;e ftek; dk T[d/P (wB sZs dk ftek;l ftuko B{z T[Xorkwh pDkT[Dk).

3H GktBkswe ftek; dk T[d/P (njzeko sZs dk ftek;, nfjw ns/ ;s dh gqXkBsk dk ftek;).

4H p"fXe ftek; dk T[d/P (p[ZXh sZs dk ftek;, T[; B{z fJzdohnK dh dk;sk s'A w[es eoBk, g[oy dh nB[G{sh ftZu Bkb i'VBk).

5H B?fse ftek; dk T[d/P (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwkukoh tosK ns/ P'u, ;zs'P, sg, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ gqkDhXkw fB:wK d/ gkbD d/ tZb tXDk).

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

gkmuo:k sK T[d/Pk dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?. ;zfyn doPB wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK gZyK B{z ;Zu wzBdk j? ns/ d'jK d/ ftek; B{z ;wkB wjZst fdzdk j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu gdkoE ns/ nkswk d'jK Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB ns/ fefonktK B{z ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?. ;zfyn wB[Zy d/ ftek; eqw s'A ikD{ j?, T[; d/ nB[;ko fGzB^fGzB T[wo tor d/ pZfunK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB gkmuo:k j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko fPP{ ekb ftZu pZfunK dhnK eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkB fJzdohnK dk ftek; pj[s s/ih Bkb j[zdk j?, fJ; soQK fJ; ekb ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o fJBQK d/ T[fus ftek; s/ jh d/Dk ukjhdk j?. pZfunK dhnK fJzdohnK d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[fus tksktoD dh io{os j[zdh j?. pZfunK B{z y[Zb/ nekP d/ fBZu/, y[Zbh jtk ftZu y/vDê[ZdD ns/ d'VB^T[ZSbD d/ w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; Bkb T[jBK dhnK eow fJzdohnK dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ sBwksoktK d/ nB[Gt dh Pesh ftef;s j[zdh j?. nkX[fBe :[Zr ftZu fJNbh dh vkH wKN/;oh B/ th fJ; sZE T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?.

;zfyn pkb ekb d/ wB'ftfrnkB s'A th ikD{ j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko fJ; nt;Ek s/ pZfunK dhnK fJzdohnK dk ftek; ukb{ ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[;d/ nzdo{BheoD (wB, nfjw ns/ p[ZXh) dk ftek; th j'D bZrdk j?. fJ; sQoK fJzdohnK d/ ftek; ns/ f;ybkJh dh gqfefonk ukb{ ofjDh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJ; Bkb^Bkb wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh d/ ftek; d/ bJh gkmuo:k ftZu GkPk, ;kfjs, ;wkfie ftP/, gdkoE ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs B{z Pkfwb eoBk ukjhdk j?.

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko feP'ont;Ek s/ njzeko (;t? XkoDk) ;EkJh j'D bZrdk j?, p[ZXh ftZu fBoDk b??D dh Pesh nkT[D bZrdh j?. fJ; soQK fJ; T[wo d/ pZfunK dh gkmuo:k ftZu soe nXkfos ftt/uBkswe ftfPnK (finkfwsh nkfd) B{z ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko i/eo pZfunK B{z T[jBK d/ fPP{ ekb, pkb ekb ns/ feP'o ekb ftZu Gkt ftek; d/ T[fus w"e/ fdZs/ ikD sK :{tk ekb sZe T[jBK dhnK ;kohnK Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe PeshnK dk ftek; j' iKdk j?. T[; ;w/A T[jBK B{z Xow, doPB, soePk;so nkfd dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?, gdkoE ns/ nkswk d/ frnkB dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. ;zfyn nB/ekswtkdh doPB j?, ftnesh dh tZv/gD dk nkdo eoB tkbk doPB j?. fJ; soQK T[; d/ nB[;ko fJ; T[wo tor d/ pZfunK d/ bJh T[jBK dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ o{uh d/ nB[e{b ftP/P nfXnB dh ftt;Ek th j'Dh ukjhdh j?l fit/A Poho ftfrnkB, nk:[ot/d ftfrnkB ns/ i'fsP Pk;so.

B'N



B'N ;zfyn f;Zfynk (nfXnB) dh fBozsosk dk gZyh j?. :'r ftZu fiBQK gzi fB:wK dh uouk j? T[jBK ftZu fJZe ;tkfXnkfJ th j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy B{z ihtB Go ;tkfXnkfJ eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; ;w/A sZe eoBk ukjhdk j? id'A sZe T[j gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d B{z BjhA ikD iKdk. fJ; ;tkfXnkfJ d/ Bkb :'r pokpo uZbDh ukjhdh j?, :'r ;kXBk d[nkok jh T[j nkswk d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ikD ;edk j?, T[; dh nB[G{sh eo ;edk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko frnkB t;s{ ftP/P d/ r[DK d/ wkfXnw Bkb T[sgzB j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJj r[D p[ZXh s/ nko'fgs BjhA j[zd/ pbfe p[ZXh fJBQK B{z rqfjD eodh j?. fJ; soQK frnkB dh T[sgZsh d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;zfyn doPB dk f;XKs fttjktkdh wB'ftfrnkB d/ T[s/ie^nB[fefonk d/ ;wkB j?, gozs{ d'jK ftZu w{bG{s nzso fJj j? fe T[s/ie^nB[fefonk f;XKs nB[;ko frnkB gqfefonk pkjo s'A nzdo d/ tZb j[zdh j? id'A fe ;zfyn f;XKs nB[;ko fJj gqfefonk nzdo s'A pkjo d/ tZb j[zdh j?. fJZE/ n;hA ;zfyn d/ f;ZyD^f;ykT[D ;zpzXh wB'ftfrnkB B{z eqwpZX eoB dk :sB eoKr/.

1H frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ T[geoD^;zfyn B/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ T[geoDK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^pkjoh T[geoD ns/ nzdo{Bh T[geoD. Pkjoh T[geoDK ftZu eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK nkT[AdhnK jB ns/ nzdo{Bh T[geoDK ftZu wB; (wB), njzeko (nfjw) ns/ wfjs (p[ZXh) ns/ g[oy (nkswk) nkT[Ad/ jB. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgsh d/ bJh th iVQ (fJzdohnK, wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh) ns/ u/sB (nkswk) dk ;zi'r io{oh j[zdk j?.

2H frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB iK ;o's^;zfyn d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ fszB gqwkD (;kXB iK ;o's) j[zd/ jB^gqsZy, ngqsZy ns/ Ppd. Ppd s'A T[; dk Gkt nkgs g[oyK d/ tuBK s'A j?. t/d B{z T[j Ppd wzBdk j?.

3H frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK^;zfyn d/ nB[;k frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ fszB ;kXB jB^gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ Ppd. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgs eoB iK frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK fszB ftXhnK j[zdhnK jB^gqsZy ftXh, nB[wkB ftXh ns/ Ppd ftXh. ;zfyn doPB ftZu T[gd/P ns/ fdqPNKsK dk ;fj:'r fbnk frnk j?. e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj soe s/ yVk j? fJ; s'A ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fdqPNKsK ns/ soe d/ d[nkok frnkB B{z ;gPN eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ fJjBK ;kohnK ftXhnK d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;zfyn ws g/P j?.

(i) gqsZy ftXh^gqsZy ftXh T[j ftXh j? fi; ftZu f;ZyD tkbk fe;h t;s{ iK fefonk dk frnkB nkgDhnK fJzdohnK d[nkok f;ZX/ gqkgs eodk j?. ;zfyn wB'ftfrnkB d/ nB[;ko fJzdohnK d[nkok nB[G{sh frnkB wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh d[nkok nkswk s/ gj[zudk j?. d{i/ gk;/ id'A sZe g[oy (nkswk, u/sB sZs) fJzdohnK, wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh d/ Bkb ;zi'r BjhA eodk T[; ;w/A sZe fJj fefonkPhb BjhA j[zd/. frnkB gqkgsh d/ bJh iVQ ns/ u/sB d'jK dk ;zi'r io{oh j?. fJ; soQK gqsZy ftXh ftZu fJzdohnK, wB, njzeko, p[ZXh ns/ g[oy (nkswk) ;ko/ fefonkPhb ofjzd/ jB. ;zfyn d/ gqsZy B{z n;hA fBwB fbys o/yk fuZso d[nkok ;gPN eo ;edk jK^

gdkoE iK fefonk fJzdohnK wB njzeko p[ZXh g[oy

;zfyn dh fdqPNh s'A gqsZy ftXh ftZu wB[Zy d/ pkjoh ns/ nzdo{Bh ftXh d'B'A T[geoD fefonkPhb ofjzd/ jB, fJ; soQK gqkgs frnkB n;b j[zdk j?, ;EkJh j[zdk j?. T[AM th nkozG ftZu wB[Zy gqsZy ftXh d[nkok jh f;Zydk j? ns/ fco gqsZy frnkB d/ nXko s/ T[j nB[wkB ns/ Ppd gqwkDK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok f;Zydk j?. fpBK gqsZy frnkB d/ j'o ftXhnK ;zGt BjhA. gqsZy frnkB f;Zfynk ns/ f;ybkJh dk nXko j[zdk j?.



(ii) nB[wkB ftXh^nB[wkB dk noE j? fe;h g{ot frnkB d/ nXko s/ j'D tkbk frnkBl fit/A^X{nK d/y e/ nZr dk nB[wkB eoBk. fJ; soQK nB[wkB ftXh T[j ftXh j? fi; ftZu frnks ftP/ d/ nXko s/ nfrnks ftP/ dk fe;h ;zpzXs d/ wkfXnw d[nkok nB[wkB brkfJnk iKdk j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko nB[wB d/ d' G/d j[zd/ jB^ths ns/ nths. i' nB[wkB PkPts ftXh tke s/ nkPfos j[zdk j? T[; B{z ths efjzd/ jB ns/ i' PkPts fBP/X tke s/ nXkfos j[zdk j? T[; B{z nths efjzd/ jB.

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko nB[wkB gqwkD dk gq:'r gqsZy ns/ Ppd gqwkD d/ Bkb jh j[zdk j?, gozs{ id'A fJj nB[wkB gqsZy frnkB ns/ soe s/ nXkfos j[zdk j? sK bkGekoh j[zdk j? ns/ id'A fJj fpBK fe;h nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j? sK jkBhekoe j[zdk j?. ;zfyn dk fJj eEB ;Zu j?. GkPk d/ bZSD noEK dh gqshfs ftZu ;kB{z nB[wkB d[nkok jh j[zdh j?. f;ybkJh dh nkrwB^fBrwB ns/ ftPb/PD^;zPb/PD ftXhnK ftZu nB[wkB ftXh dk jh gq:'r j[zdk j?. P'Xeosk nkgDk P'X ekoi nB[wkB d/ nXko s/ jh nZr/ tXkT[Ad/ jB.

(iii) Ppd ftXh^Ppd dk noE j? nkgs wB[ZyK dh gqkgsh. Nkgs wB[Zy T[; B{z efjzd/ jB fi; B{z gdkoE ns/ nkswst dk frnkB j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK Ppd ftXh T[j ftXh j? fi; ftZu nkgs wB[ZyK d/ w{zj s'A ;[D e/ iK T[jBK d/ d[nkok ftofus rqzEK dk nfXnB eoe/ frnkB gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?.

;zfyn d/ nB[;ko fiZE/ gqsZy iK nB[wkB s'A frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;e/ T[ZE/ Ppd dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. p; frnksk B{z fJj ;ktXkBh posDh ukjhdh j? fe fJ; soQK Bkb f;Zy/ frnkB B{z T[j nkgD/ gqsZy frnkB dh e;"Nh s/ e; e/ jh rqfjD eo/.

Ppd ftXh frnkB gqkgs eoB dh ;oGftnkge ftXh j?. nZi th n;hA finkdkso Ppd d[nkok jh f;Zyd/^f;ykT[Ad/ jK. f;ybkJh dhnK ;kohnk w"fye :[eshnK^gqPB T[Zso, fttoD, ftnkfynk nkfd Ppd ftXh d/ nzsors nkT[AdhnK jB. gkm g[;se gqDkbh th Ppd ftXh dk jh o{g j?. got/ys nfXnB fJ; gqDkbh dk ;G s'A tZX fBZyfonk j'fJnk o{g j?. nZi d/ wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh fdqPNh s'A gq/;, o/fvU ns/ N/bhftIB dk pj[s wjZst j? ns/ fJj ;G PpdK d[nkok jh f;Zfynk fdzd/ jB. Ppd gqDkbh dk fJ; :[Zr ftZu th pj[s wjZst j?.

(iv) T[gd/P ftXh^;zfyneko d/ ;w/A r[o{ T[gd/P fdzd/ ;B ns/ u/b/ T[jBK B{z rqfjD eod/ ;B. gozs{ r[o{ T[gd/P B{z eEk ns/ fdqPNKsK d/ d[nkok ;gPN eod/ ;B, r{VQ sZEK dh ftnkfynk eod/ ;B ns/ u/fbnK dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eod/ ;B. ;zfyneko B/ nkgD/ ws B{z ;gPN eoB ;zpzXh fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk j?. ;gPN j? fe ;zfy dh T[gd/P ftXh eEB, fdqPNKs ns/ ftnkfynk ftXh dk ;z:[es o{g j?.

(v) soe ftXh^soe s'A Gkt ;fjgqwkD eqwpZX fuzsB s'A j[zdk j?. ;zfyneko B/ nkgd/ dkoPfBe ws dk fBowkD fJ;h ftXh d[nkok ehsk j?. T[; ;w//A T[; dh fdqPNh s'A fe;h th nfij/ sZe dh, fi; B{z gqsZy ns/ nB[wkB s'A ;gPN BjhA ehsk ik ;e/, T[; B{z soe d[nkok ;gPN eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;zfyneko sK gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ Ppd s'A gqkgs frnkB B{z th soe dh e;"Nh s/ e;D d/ pknd ;theko eoB dh rZb efjzdk j?. fJ; ftP/ ftZu soe j? fe fwor wohfuek dh soQK edh gqsZy ns/ nB[wkB th M{m j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh T[; B{z soe d[nkok ;Zu f;ZX eoB s/ jh ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

nB[Pk;B

;zfyn :'r nB[Pk;B dk ;woEe j?. :'r nB[Pk;B dk gfjbk gd j?^:w. :w dk noE j?^wB, tuB ns/ eow ;ziw. fJ; d/ bJh :'r ;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, nfgorqj ns/ pqjwkuko, fJBQK gzi tosK d/ gkbD s/ i'o fdzdk j?. :'r nB[Pk;B dk d{ik gd j?^fB:w. :'r d/ nB[;ko fB:w th gzi jB^P'u, ;zs'P, sg, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ gqkfDXkB. ;zfyn d/ nB[;k fijVk ftnesh fJBQK gzi tosK ns/ gzi fB:wK dk gkbD fe;h ;hwk sZe eodk j? T[j T[;h ;hwk sZe nB[Pkf;s wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. ;zfyn dk ;gPN ws j? fe fpBK fJ; nB[Pk;B dk gkbD ehs/ wB[Zy nkgD/

B'N



B'N Poho B{z f;jswzd ns/ wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh B{z fBowb BjhA pDk ;edk ns/ id'A sZe T[j nkgD/ Poho B{z f;jswzd ns/ wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh B{z fBowB BjhA pDkT[Adk T[; ;w/A sZe T[j gdkoE iK nkswst dk n;b frnkB gqkgs BjhA eo ;edk. nfXnkge

;zfyn nfXnkge B{z nkgs o{g ftZu d/ydk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z nkgD/ ftP/ dk gzfvs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; B{z i/oe gqfeosh^g[oy d/ G/d dk ;gPN frnkB j't/ sK ;'B/ ftZu ;[jkrk ;wM', T[;h ;fEsh ftZu T[j u/b/ ftZu ftt/e frnkB ftef;s eo ;edk j?. ;zfyn nfXnkge s'A fJj th nkPk eodk j? fe T[; B{z frnkB gqkgsh ;kXBK dk ;gPN frnkB j't/ ns/ T[j T[jBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb u/fbnK ftZu frnkB dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;woZE j'D, fBg[zB j'D. T[j nfXnkge B{z th nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eoB dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?. f;ZfynkoEh

;zfyn nB/ekswtkdh doPB j?, T[j ftfdnkoEh d/ tZv/gD dk nkdo oedk j?, T[j T[; d/ tZv/ ftek; dk gZyh j?. gozs{ T[j fJj th wzBdk j? fe nkswst d/ Bkb T[; ftXu gqfeosh sZs th j?, ;s, oi ns/ sw r[D th jB. fJ; soQK T[j ftfdnkoEh B{z B?fse nkuoD dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?, nB[Pk;B ftZu ofjD dk T[g/dP fdzdk j?. T[;h ;fEsh ftZu u/bk gdkoE ns/ nkswst dk frnkB gqkgs eo ;edk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

;zfyneko d/ ;w/A fiZE/ r[o{ (nfXnkge) j[zdk ;h, T[ZE/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j[zdh ;h. ;zfyn doPB d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkfbnk G"fse frnkB d/ ftek; ns/ :'r fefonk dh f;ybkJh dhnK gq:'rPkbktK d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

;zfyn wB[Zy d/ iVQ ns/ u/sB d'jK sZsK B{z ;wkB wjZst fdzdk j?. T[j wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK gZyK d/ ftek; dk gZyh j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ihtB ;wgq:'iB j?, wB[Zy dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?. T[; ;w/A ;zfyn dh fdqPNh s'A ;ko/ wB[ZyK (fJ;soh ns/ g[oy) dk G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe ;zfyn doPB ;G dh f;Zfynk dk ;woEe j?, gozs{ T[; dk ;G dh f;Zfynk s'A Gkt nZi dh iB f;Zfynk s'A fGzB j?. ;zfyneko dk fXnkB eko'pkoe f;fynk d/ tZb sK frnk jh BjhA. T[;dk g{ok fXnkB nfXnksfwe ftek; s/ e/Adfos fojk ns/ T[;h dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[; B/ wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ B?fse ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk dk gqpb ;woZEe j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko, wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?.

8H ;zfyn doPB wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK gZyK B{z ;Zu wzBdk j?.

9H ;zfyn pkbekb d/ wB'ftfrnkB s'A nDikB j?.

10H ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ fszB ;kXB jB^gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ Ppd.



8H4 ;zfyn doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Sankhya Philosophy of Education) ;zfyn gqfeosh (iVQ) ns/ g[oy (u/sB) d'jK d/ ;[szso ti{d B{z ;theko eodk j? fJ; bJh G"fsetkdh ns/ nfXnkswtkdh d'jK ftukoXkoktK d/ ftneshnK B{z ;theko j?, gozs{ T[; dk nB/ekswtkd ns/ fBohPtotkd j'o Gkosh fuzseK dh fdqPNh ftZu nkb'uBk dk ftPk j?. gozs{ e[ZM th j't/, T[; dh sZs whwK;k ns/ frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k pj[s ftfrnkBe j? ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k pj[s fttjkoe j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fJ; doPB dk ftfdne wjZst ;G s'A tZX j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

;zfyn doPB dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z gqfeosh ns/ g[oy d/ G/d dk ;gPN frnkB eokT[Adh j? ns/ T[; B{z w'eP gqdkB eodh j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe ;zfyn doPB ftZu f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g B{z ;gPN BjhA ehsk frnk ns/ T[; d/ ekoi B{z th w{b o{g s'A w'eP gqkgsh ftZu e/Adfos eo fdZsk frnk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

;zfyn dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk w{b T[d/P d[y s'A S[Nekok Gkt w'eP dh gqkgsh j?. T[; ;w/A f;Zfynk dk th w{b T[d/P wB[Zy B{z d[y s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[D tkb/ wkor ftZu f;Zfyns eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh jh T[; B/ wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, p"fXe, GktBkswe ns/ B?fse ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe nZi dh fdqPNh s'A ;zfyn d[nkok fBowkDs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nkgD/ ftZu nX{o/ jB. n;b f;Zfynk sK T[j j? fi; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dk ;otgZyh ftek; ehsk ik ;e/, T[; B{z G"fses ihtB B{z ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[D :'r pDkfJnk ik ;e/ ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB dh gqksh d/ tZb tXkfJnk ik ;e/. T[; d/ G"fse ihtB B{z ;[ywJh pDkT[D d/ bJh T[; d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, p"fXe, ns/ B?fse ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dk ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek; th io{oh j? ns/ T[; B{z fe;h T[sgkdB ekoi iK eko'pko dh f;Zfynk d/Dk th io{oh j?. toswkB ftZu sK okPNoh J/esk ns/ nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt dk ftek; th io{oh j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

;zfyn B/ T[go'es T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ft;Ekog{oD gkmuo:k dk ftek; ehsk j?. T[j wB[Zyh ftek;eqw s'A th ikD{ j?. ;zfyn dk pkb ftek; dk ftt/uB pj[s wB'ftfrnkBe j?. T[; B/ pkb ftek; d/ nB[;ko jh gkmeqw dk fB:'iB ehsk j?. fPP{ ekb ftZu fJzdohnK s/ i'o fdZsk j?l pkb ekb ftZu fJzdohnk dh f;ybkJh d/ Bkb^Bkb, wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh Bkb ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk j?l feP'o ekb ftZu soe Pesh d/ ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ :{tk ekb ftZu Xow, doPB, soePk;so nkfd dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe ;zfyn wB[Zyh ftfrnkB s'A ikD{ j? ns/ T[j T[; dh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ nB[e{b ftef;s eoB dk gZyh j?. gkmuo:k fBowkD ;zpzXh ;zfyn ws nZi th pj[s T[g:'rh j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

;zfyn B/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ pkjoh T[geoDK (eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkBfJzdohnK d/ Bkb^Bkb nzdo{Bh T[geoDK (wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh) d/ ekoiK dh pj[s soe nXkfos ftt/uBk ehsh j?. T[; B/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ e/tb fszB gqwkD (;kXB) wzB/ jB^gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ Ppd. T[; B/ fJBQK d/ jh nXk s/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftef;s ehshnK jB^gqsZy ftXh, nB[wkB ftXh, Ppd ftXh, T[gd/P ftXh ns/ soe ftXh.

B'N



B'N ;zfyn dk gqwkD ftt/uBk pj[s ftfrnkBe j?. T[; dk f;ZyD ;zpzXh wB'ftfrnkB nkX[fBe wB'ftfrnkB s'A tZX ftef;s gqshs j[zdk j?. gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ Ppd ftXhnK dk fizBk ftfrnkBe ftPb/PD ;zfyn B/ ehsk j?, T[j pj[s finkdk d[obG j?. f;ZyD ftZu nzdoBheoD (wB, njzeko ns/ p[ZXh) dh G{fwek dh ftPb/PD ;zfyn dh nkgDh ftP/Psk j?. nZi d/ wB'ftfrnkBeK B{z ;zfyn wB'ftfrnkB B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?.

Nk;e ;zfyn doB ns/ f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

nB[Pk;B

;zfyn nzdo{Bh nB[Pk;B dk gZyh j? ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh :'r fefonk (:w, fB:w, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX) B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. ;zfyn d/ nB[;ko i' ftnesh fJ; fefonk B{z fi; ;hwk sZe eodk j?, T[; T[;h ;hwk sZe nB[Pkf;s j[zdk j?.

i/eo fXnkB Bkb d/fynk ;wfMnk ikt/ sK ;gPN j't/rk fe ;zfyn fJzdoh fBrqj B{z nB[Pk;B wzBdk j?. ekP nZi d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh nkgD/^nkg B{z fJzdohnK d/ Pk;B (gokXhBsk) s'A nkgD/^nkg B{z w[es eo ;eD sK fco f;Zfynk d/ y/so dk wkj"b jh e[ZM j'o j't/rk. nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

;zfyn d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh ;zpzXh ftuko th nfs gqkuhB j[zd/ j'J/ th nfs nkX[fBe jB. nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEh d'jK B{z nB[Pk;B gkbD dk ;zfyn dk T[gd/P fe; B{z wkBD:'r BjhA j't/rk. nfXnkge B{z nkgD/ frnkB dk gzfvs j'D ns/ gqwkDK (;kXBK) d/ gq:'r ftZu fBg[zB j'D dk T[gd/P d/ e/ ;zfyn B/ :[r^:[r d/ nfXnkgeK dk wkordoPB ehsk j?. ;zfyn ftnesh d/ tZv/gD dk nkdo eodk j?, T[; dh fJj rZb nZi d/ b'eszso dh nXkoPhbk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

;zfyneko d/ ;w/A nZi dh soQK d/ ftfdnkb/ BjhA ;B, fiZE/ r[o{ T[E/ u/bk dh ftt;Ek ns/ T[jh ;EkB ftfdnkfbnk. ;zfyn doPB d/ nfXnB Bkb ftfdnkfbnK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJj Pkfwb noE io{o fBebdk j? fe ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD nfXnksfwe j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

;zfyn ;G d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?, fJj rb d{ih j? fe T[; B/ iB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk, eko'pkoe f;Zfynk ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ ;[szso o{g s'A e[ZM BjhA fejk j?. 8H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwb/ ek fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;zfyn doPB Gkosh f;Zfynk B{z m'; nXko g/P eodk j?. T[; dk wB'ftfrnkB sK nZi d/ wB'ftfrnkBeK d/ bJh u{D"sh j?. ekP nZi d/ wB'ftfrnkBe ;zfyn wB'ftfrnkB B{z ;wM ;eD sK T[j f;Zfynk irs B{z pj[s e[ZM j'o d/ ;eDr/.




1H soe whwK;k (Logic): soePk;so

2H nkswGkt (Ego): njzGkt 8H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;zfyn doPB s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j?<

2H ;zfyn doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H „;zfyn doPB ns/ f;Zfynk‟ T[Zs/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H ;zfyn doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H pqfjwzv p[ZXh 2H dt?stkdh 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh

9H rbs 10H ;jh 8H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^9L t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Vedant Philosophy and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


9H1 t/dKs doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Vedant Philosophy)

9H2 t/dKs doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Vedant Philosophy)

9H3 t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Vedant Philosophy and Education)

9H4 t/dKs doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Vedant Philosophy to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


t/dKs doPB dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

t/dKs doPB d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk (Axiology and

Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK t/dKs doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/. 9H1 t/dKs doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Vedant Philosophy) t/d, pqkjwD, nkoDkfJe ns/ T[gfBPdK d/ r{VQ ns/ ft;Ekog{oD fuzsB dk nkyoh ;ko jh t/dKs doPB j?. tkdokfJD ftnk; (u"Eh ;dh) gfjb/ ftnesh jB fiBQK B/ fJBQK ;ko/ rqzEK d/ ;ko sZs B{z ;{so o{g ftZu g/P ehsk. T[jBK d/ d[nkok ftofus rqzE dk Bkw „pqjw ;{so‟ j?. fJjh rqzE t/dKs doPB dk nkfd rqzE j?. tkdokfJD d/ eJh ;" ;kb pknd eJh ftdtkBK B/ eJh pqjw ;{so s/ GkPkJh rqzE fby/ ns/ nkgDh^nkgDh fdqPNh s'A pqjw ;{so ftZu fBowkDs t/dKs dh ftnkfynk ehsh. fJBQK ftnkfynktK d[nkok t/dKs dhnK eJh PkyktK T[gPkyktK dk ftek; j'fJnk. fJBQK ftZu Pzeo (9thA ;dh) dk ndt?s, okwkB[oikukfonk (12thA ;dh) dk


fJekJh^9 t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk

ftfPPNkdt?s, wXtkukfonk (13thA ;dh) dk dt?s, fBwpkoe (13thA ;dh) dk dt?s, Pqhezm (13thA ;dh) dk P?t ftfPPNkdt?s, foPhgsh (14thA ;dh) dk tho P?t ftfPPNkdt?s ns/ pZbGkukfonk (16thA ;dh) dk P[ZXkdt?s w[Zy jB. fJBQK ftZu Pzeo dk ndt?s t/dKs sK g{oD o{g/D t/d ns/ T[gfBPd w{be j?, gozs{ pkeh ;ko/ doPBK dh sZsh whwK;k sK t/d ns/ T[gfBPdK T[Zs/ nXkfos j? gozs{ T[jBK dh T[gk;Bk dhnK gZXshnK t?PDt, P?t ns/ Pkes nkrwK s/ nXkfos jB. t?PDt, P?t ns/ Pkes nkrwK s/ nXkfos j'D d/ ekoB jh T[jBK B{z eqw nB[;ko t?PDt, P?t ns/ Pkes doPBK d/ o{g ftZu ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu Pzeo dk ndt?s ns/ okwkB[ikukfonk dk ftfPPNkdt?s, t/dKs d/ d' ;hwKs (Extreme) fdqPNhe'D g/P eod/ jB. f;Zfynk dh fdqPNh Bkb th t/dKs d/ fJBQK d' o{gK dk tZX wjZst j?, fJ: soQK n;hA t/dKs d/ nzsors e/tb fJjBK jh dk nfXnB g/P eoBr/.

Pzeo dk ndt?s t/dKs Gkosh fuzsB Xkok dk uowT[seoP j?. nZi Gkos ftZu fizB/ th doPB ns/ Xow wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu T[so/ j'J/ jB T[jBk T[Zs/ t/dKs dk e[ZM Bk e[ZM gqGkt io{o j?. Gkos/so doPB ns/ XowK Bkb th fJj pj[s w/b yKdk j?. fJ;dk pqjw :j{dh Xow d/ i/j'tk, gko;h Xow d/ nkj[owid, fJ;kJh Xow d/ r'v ns/ fJ;bkw Xow d/ nZbQk d/ ;wkB fBor[D ns/ ;otPeshwkB jB. nzso e/tb fJzbk j? fe i/j'tk, nkj[owid, r'v ns/ nZbQk fJ; pqfjzwv d/ eosk wkso jB, id'A fe t/dKs dk pqjw fJ; dk eosk ns/ T[sgkdB, d'B'A ekoB j?. irs d/ eos/ d/ o{g ftZu pqjw B{z ;fjr[D o{g d/e/ T[; B{z fJPto d/ BKt Bkb fBtki e/ Pzeo B/ fJPto Grs b'eK d/ fdb B{z th ;goP ehsk j?. T[AM th Grsh Gkt sK Pzeo B{z nkgD/ wksk^fgsk s'A ftok;s d/ o{G ftZu gqkgs j'fJnk ;h. T[jBK d/ d[nkok ftofus rqzE „;"Ado: bfjoh‟ ftZu T[jBK dh Grsh GktBk jh c[N e/ pkjo fBebh j?. okwkB[oikukfonk B/ sK fJPto B{z ;fjr[D o{g ftZu jh ;theko ehsk j? ns/ T[; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh Grsh B{z ;otT[Zu ;kXB wzfBnnk j?.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK; (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko ;fjzsk (Axiology and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; soQK n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK t/dKs doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/.

B'N

B'N; t/d, pqkjwD, nkoDkfJe ns/ T[gfBPdK d/ r{VQ ns/ ft;Ekog{oD fuzsB dk nkyoh

;ko jh t/dKs doPB j?.

t/dKs doPB dh sZs whwK;k

Pzeo B/ fJ; pqfjwzv d/ w{b ftZu e/tb pqjw dh ;Zsk ;theko ehsh j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A pqjw jh nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate reality) j?. T[jBK dk pqjw nBkfd, nBzs ns/ fBokeko j?. fJjh pqjw fJ; pqfjwzv dk eosk ns/ T[sgkdB ekoB j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko ;G s'A gfjbK pqjw nkgDh fJZSk d[nkok nkgD/ nzdo wkfJnk Pesh dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ fco fJ; wkfJnk Pesh d/ d[nkok fJ; Bkbk t;s{ irs dk fBowkD eodk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko wkfJnk pqjw dh phi Pesh j?, fJj Bk sK ;s j? ns/ Bk n;s. Pzeo B/ fJ; B{z nfBotkuBe fejk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko irs d/ eosk d/ o{g ftZu fJj pqjw ;keko pqjw iK fJPto d/ Bkw Bkb fBtkfink j[zdk j?. nkswk B{z Pzeo pqjw dk nzP wzBd/ jB ns/ feT[Afe pqjw nkgD/ ftZu nBkfd, nBzs, ;otftnkge, ;otPeshwkB ns/ ;otfrnksk j? fJ; bJh Pzeo dh ;zwsh ftZu nkswk jh nkgD/ ftZu nBkfd, nBzs, ;otftnkge, ;otPeshwkB ns/ ;otfrnksk j?. iht d/ ftP/ ftZu Pzeo dk ws j? fe Poho ns/ fJzdoh ;w{j d/ nfXneP ns/ eowcb dk G'rsk nkswk jh iht j?. fJjh iht ;[yw Poho d/ Bkb fJZe iBw s'A d{i/ iBw ftZu iKdk j?.



B'N irs B{z Pzeo BkPtkB ns/ M{m wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; irs ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dh e/tb fttjkfoe ;Zsk j?. gdkoE dh nkgDh ;[szso ;Zsk BjhA j?, gdkoE B{z sK ftuko Pesh d/ s/ih Bkb uZeo eZND Bkb T[sgzB Gztoikb j?. fi; soQK gkDh ftZu Gzto dk nkgDk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j[zdk, T[;h soQK gdkoEK dk nkgDk e'Jh ti{d BjhA jz[dk. Pzeo dk fJj ws Gkosh XkoDktkd ns/ gb/N' d/ ftukotkd Bkb pj[s w/b ykT[Adk j?.

wB[Zy B{z Pzeo B/ nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh dk ;o's wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy nkswxksh j? ns/ nkswk ;oftnkge ns/ ;otPeshwkB j?, fJ; bJh wB[Zy nkgD/ ftZu nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh dk ;o's j?. T[jBK dk nZr/ ;gPNheoD j? fe wkfJnk d/ ikb d/ ekoB T[j nkgD/ fJ; n;b ;o{g B{z G[Zfbnk ofjzdk j?, fit/A jh wkfJnk dk ikb jNdk j?, T[j nkgD/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wM iKdk j?.

Pzeo eow f;XKs B{z wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK B/ wB[Zy d/ eowK B{z fszB torK ftZu tzfvnk j?^;zfus eow (g{ot iBw ftZu ehs/ rJ/ eow), gqkopZX eow (g{ot iBw ftZu ehs/ rJ/ T[j eow fiBQK dk cb fJ; ihtB ftZu G'rDk j?) ns/ ;zuhwkB eow ( T[j eow fijV/ fJ; ihtB ftZu ehs/ ik oj/ jB). Pzeo d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy B{z gqkopZX eow io{os G'rD/ g?Ad/ jB, T[j T[jBK B{z G'r/ fpBK eow iho' BjhA j' ;edk, w'eP B{z gqkgs BjhA eo ;edk. jK, T[j nkgD/ ;zfus eowK ns/ ;zuhwkB eowK d/ cb B{z pqjw frnkB d[nkok iho' eo ;edk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy nkgD/ gqkopZX eowK dk cb G'r e/ ns/ ;zfus ns/ ;zuhwkB eowK d/ cb B{z pqjw frnkB d[nkok iho' eoB d/ pknd jh w'eP gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

Pzeo d/ T[bN okwkB[ikukofonk B/ pqjw ns/ fJPto B{z fJZe jh o{g ftZu fbnk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko „sZswf;‟ dk noE j?^s[;hA (nkswk) pqjw j'. okwkB[ikukfonk d/ nB[;ko „sZswf;‟ dk noE j?^pqjw ns/ fJPto fJZe j?. Pzeo B/ e/tb pqjw B{z w{b sZs wzfBnk j?, okwkB[ikukfonk B/ fszB w{b sZs wzB/ jB^fus (u/sB, nkswk), nfus (nu/sB, iVQ) ns/ pqjw (fJPto). fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A fJPto ftZu fus ns/ nfus d'jK sZs Pkfwb jB, f;qPNh d/ BPN j'D s/ T[; d/ fus ns/ nfus sZs ;[yw o{g XkoD eo b?Ad/ jB. fJPto ftfPPN jh pkeh ofj iKdk j?. fJPto d/ fus^nfus s'A ftfPPN j'D d/ ekoB jh T[jBK d/ doPB B{z ftfPPNkdt?s doPB fejk iKdk j?. t;s{ irs d/ ftP/ ftZu th okwkB[ikukfonk dk ws Pzeo s'A nbZr j?. Pzeo B/ fJ; irs dh e/tb fttjkfoe ;Zsk wzBh j?, id'Afe okwkB[ikukfonk B/ fJ;B{z n;b wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh Bkb pqjw (fJPto) ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok fBofws fJj irs d'B'A ;Zu jB, d'B'A n;b jB. t/dKs doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

Pzeo B/ frnkB B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ngok (b"fee iK fttjkfoe) ns/ gok (nfXnksfwe). fJ; t;s{ irs ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftfGzB gZyK d/ frnkB B{z T[jBK B/ ngok frnkB fejk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; frnkB dh e/tb fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk j?, fJ; Bkb wB[Zy nkgD/ ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P „w[esh‟ dh gqkgsh BjhA eo ;edk. t/d, pqjkwD, noDkfJe, T[gfBPd ns/ rhsk dh sZs whwK;k B{z T[j gok frnkB wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh d[nkok fJjh ;Zuk frnkB j?, fJ; frnkB d/ d[nkok jh wB[Zy w[esh gqkgs eo ;edk j?. fJBQK d'jK soQK d/ frnkB B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh Pzeo B/ PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdX:k;B dh ftXh dk ;woEB ehsk j?, gozs{ gqkfrnkB d/ bJh T[j PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdX:k;B d/ Bkb ;kXkB us[PN B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fpBK ;kXB us[PN (fBs^nfBs t;s{ ftt/e, G'r ftofes, Pwdwkfd ;ziw ns/ ww[ePst) d/ gok frnkB BjhA j' ;edk.

okwkB[ikukfonk B/ frnkB B{z j'o d' o{gK ftZu tzfvnk j?^XowhG{s frnkB ns/ XowG{s frnkB. XowhG{s frnkB s'A T[jBK dk Gkt eosko{g frnkB s'A j? ns/ XowhG{s frnkB s'A Gkt eow ftZu Pkfwb frnkB s'A j?. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ irs d/ frnkB B{z th T[Bk jh wjZstg{oD wzfBnk j? fizBk pqjw (fJPto) frnkB B{z, pPos/ irs dk frnkB th nksw^T[Bsh d/ bJh ehsk ikt/.



t/dKs doPB d/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

Pzeo B/ wB[Zyh ihtB B{z d' o{gK ftZu tzfvnk j?^fJZe ngok (fttjkfoe) ns/ d{ik gok (nfXnksfwe). fttjkfoe fdqPNh s'A T[jBK B/ wB[ZyK B{z nkgD/ toDêow B{z fBPmk ns/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb eoB dh ;bkj fdZsh j?. fJBQK dk ftPtk; j? fe wB[Zy nkgD/ toDêow B{z fizBh fBPmk ns/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb eo/rk T[j fttjkfoe fdqPNh s'A T[Bk jh ;cb j't/rk.

Pzeo d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh gqkgs eoBk j?. w[esh d/ Pzeo dk Gkr ;z;kfoe ;[y^d[y d/ S[Neko/ s'A j?. w[esh d/ Pzeo B/ d' o{g ;theko ehs/ jB^fJZe ihtB w[esh ns/ d{ih ftd/j w[esh. ihtB w[esh s'A Pzeo dk Gkt ihtB ihT[Ad/ j'J/ cb d/ gqsh nBk;es j' e/, ;[y^d[y s'A w[es j'D s'A j? ns/ ftd/j w[esh s'A Gkt ihtB d/ nzs ftZu pqjw sZs dh gqkgsh s'A j? fi; d/ pknd wB[Zy fJ; ;z;ko d/ nkT[DîkT[D s'A S[N iKdk j? ns/ fJ; ;z;ko d/ ;[y^d[y G'r s'A w[es j' iKdk j?. T[jBK d/ ws Bkb fe;h th soQK dh w[esh d/ bJh frnkB wkor dk nB[;oD eoBk ukjhdk j?. pqjw frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh Pzeo B/ PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdX:k;B T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ fJ; ;G d/ bJh ;kXB us[PN B{z io{oh wzfBnk j?. w'eP gqkgs eoB d/ fJS[Ze B{z fJBQK ;G dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?.

okwkB[ikukfonk B/ Pzeo dh soQK wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh wzfBnk j?, gozs{ T[jBK B/ ihtB w[esh B{z w[esh BjhA wzfBnk. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A pqjw (fJPto) dh gqkgsh eoe/ jh wB[Zy w[es j' iKdk j?. ns/ fJ; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ ;G s'A tZX wjZst Grsh B{z fdsk j?. t/dKs doPB dh gfoGkPk

t/dKs doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ nXko s/ n;hA T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK^

t/dKs doPB Gkosh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? i' fJ; pqfjwzv B{z pqjw (fJPto) d[nkok fBofws wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe pqjw fBs j? ns/ fJj t;s{ irs nfBs j?. fJj pqjw B{z fJ; fdqPNh dh ;fEsh, T[sgsh ns/ b?n dk ekoB wzBdh j? ns/ nkswk B{z pqjw dk nzP wzBdh j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?, fi; B{z frnkB :'r, eow :'r, oki :'r ns/ Grsh :'r d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H Pzeo B/ fJ; pqfjwzv d/ w{b ftZu e/tb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;theko ehsh j?.

2H Pzeo dk ndt?s t/dKs Gkosh fuzsB Xkok dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j't/. 9H2 t/dKs doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Vedant Philosophy) t/dKs doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv pqjw (fJPto) d[nkok fBofws j?^Pzeo d/ ndt?s t/dKs d/ nB[;ko pqjw w{b sZs j? ns/ pqjw s'A pqjw d/ jh d[nkok pqfjwzv dk fBowkD j[zdk j? ns/ T[;h d/ d[nkok fJ; ftZu fBs fdqP ns/ nfdqP gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fi; soQK wZeVh nkgD/ nzdo d/ dot gdkoE Bkb nkgDh fwjBs Bkb nkgD/ ikb dh oubk eodh j? mhe T[;h soQK fJ; irs dk fBowkD eodk j?. pqjw dh T[j Pesh fi; d/ d[nkok T[j pqfjwzv dk fBowkD eodk j?, T[; B{z Pzeo B/ wkfJnk fejk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko pqjw nBkfd, nBzs, fBor[D ns/ fBot:t j?, gozs{ id'A T[; ftZu wkfJnk d/ d[nkok ;z;ko

B'N



B'N d/ fBowkD dk r[D nko'fgs ehsk iKdk j? sK T[j ;r[D j' iKdk j?. T[gk;Bk dh fdqPNh s'A th n;hA T[; B{z ;dr[D pqjw (fJPto) d/ o{g ftZu gqfsPfms eod/ jB, gozs{ j? T[j fBor[D jh. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ pqjw ns/ fJPto B{z fJZe jh o{g ftZu fbnk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJPto jh fJ; irs dh T[sgsh, ;fEsh ns/ b?n fszBK dk ekoB j?.

2H pqjw ns/ irs ftZu pqjw ftfPPN j?^Pzeo dk soe j? fe fJ; irs dk fBowkD j[zdk j? ns/ BkP thl fJ; ftZu sK gqsh ePD gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?, fJ; bJh nfBs j?, M{m j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko e/tb pqjw jh fBs j?, ;Zu j?. Pzeo B/ fJ; irs dh fttjkfoe ;Zsk io{o ;theko ehsh j?. fJ; dh fttjkfoe ;Zsk ;theko ehs/ fpBK sK wB[Zy d/ ti{s ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok frnkB, eow, Grsh, :'r ns/ w'eP gqkgsh dk gqPB jh BjhA T[Zmdk. Pzeo d/ T[bN okwkB[ikukfonk B/ pqjw ns/ irs d'jK B{z ;Zu wzfBnk j?, gozs{ fJj T[jBK B/ th wzfBnk j? fe pqjw fJBQK ftZu ftfPPN j?, gqb?n d/ ;w/A irs sK ;[yw o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j? gozs{ pqjw (fJPto) ftfPPN pkeh ofjzdk j?.

3H nkswk pqjw dk nzP j?^Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A nkswk pqajw dk nzP j?. w{b o{g ftZu fJBQK ftZu G/d BjhA j?, pqjw dh wkfJnk Pesh d/ ekoB nkswk pqjw s'A nbZr gqshs j[zdh j?l wkfJnk dk godk jNd/ jh nkswk ns/ pqjw ftZu G/d BjhA fdykJh fdzdk. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ iht nkswk), niht (gqfeosh) ns/ fJPto, fszB w{b sZs wzB/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A nkswk dk nbZr ti{d j?.

4H wB[Zy nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh dk ;o's j?^Pzeo dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy nkswkXkoh j? ns/ nkswk pqjw dk nzP j?, ;otftnkge, ;otPeshwkB ns/ ;otZy j?, fJ; bJh wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg ftZu nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh dk ;o's j?, gozs{ wkfJnk d/ ekoB wB[Zy nkgD/ fJ; nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh B{z gfjukD BjhA gkT[Adk. i' wB[Zy nkgDh nkswk B{z gfjukD b?Adk j? T[j ;G e[ZM ikD iKdk j? ns/ ;G e[ZM eoB ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ fJ;h sZE B{z d{i/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy ;s^n;s dk :'r j? fJ; bJh nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh B{z gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[;d/ ;zfus, gqkopX ns/ ;zuhwkB eowK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?^ G"fsetkdh wB[Zy d/ ftek; dk nXko T[; dhnK eowfJzdohnK, frnkB fJzdohnK ns/ fdwkr B{z wzBd/ jB. t/dKs wB[Zy dhnK fJzdohnK ns/ fdwkr ftZu fGzBsk d/ ekoB dh y'i ftZu ;zfus ns/ gqkopX eowK dh sfj sZe gj[zu frnk. t/dKs d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ftek; ;zuhwkB eow (fJ; iBw ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ eow) d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; d/ ;zfus eow (g{ot iBw d/ ;zfus eow) ns/ gqkopX eow (g{ot ihtB d/ T[j ;zfus eow fiBQK dk cb ihtB ftZu G'rDk j?) T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. sK jh sK fJ; ihtB ftZu d' ;wkB wB[ZyK d/ fJZe jh go;fEsh ftZu ;wkB eow eoB s/ n;wkB cb gqkgsh j[zdh j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?^w[esh dk Pzeo B/ eJh o{gK ftZu toDB ehsk j?. id'A wB[Zy frnkB d/ d[nkok fJ; ;z;ko d/ M{m s'A ikD{ j't/ fJ; s'A ftoes j' iKdk j? ns/ ;z;koe ;[y^d[y dk nB[Gt BjhA eodk sK T[; B{z ihtB w[es efjzd/ jB. ihtB w[es ftnesh ;G gqkDhnK ftZu nkgDk ;o{g d/ydk j?, fJ; bJh G/dGkt BjhA posdk, ;seow T[;d/ ftnefsst dk ;fji ;[Gkn pD iKdk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko fJ; ihtB w[es s'A nZr dh ;fEsh j?^nkswk^pqjw ftZu nG/d. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu s/ gj[zuD s/ jh wB[Zy n;t w[esh gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; B{z Pzeo B/ ftd/j w[esh fejk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko ihtB w[esh ftZu wB[Zy B{z nkBzd dh nB[G{sh j[zdh j? ns/ ftd/j w[esh ftZu gownkBzd dh nB[G{sh j[zdh j?. okwkB[ikukfonk d/ nB[;ko w[esh dk noE j?^fJPto dh gqkgsh.

7H w[esh d/ bJh frnkB :'r, eow :'r ns/ Grsh :'r io{oh jB^Pzeo B/ nBkfd ns/ nBzs pqjw B{z ;Zu ikDB B{z ftfdnk (frnkB) ns/ wkfJnk:w ;z;ko B{z ;Zu ikDB B{z nftfdnk (nfrnkB) fejk j?. Pzeo dk ws j? fe id'A sZe n;hA eow ns/ Grsh d/



d[nkok nZS/ ihtB dh fJZSk eod/ ofjDr/ T[; ;w/A sZe ;kB{z T[jh gqkgs j[zdk oj/rk, nkswk^pqjw d/ nG/d B{z n;hA gqkgs jh BjhA j'tKr/. fJ; nG/d B{z ikDB d/ bJh T[jBK B/ frnkB gqkgsh T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe Pzeo eow d/ wjZst B{z ;theko BjhA eod/ ;B. T[jBK B/ ihtB d/ bJh fttjkfoe eow, fus P{ZXh d/ bJ fBPekw eow ns/ pqjw frnkB gqkgsh d/ bJh PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdfXnk;B ns/ ;kXB us[PN T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?. Grshd/ ;zdoG ftZu T[jBK dk fJzBk jh efjDk j? fe i/eo e'Jh fBor[D pqjw d/ frnkB d/ bJh ;r[D pqjw (fJPto) dh Grsh eodk j? sK T[j jh wzBD:'r j?. fJZe ;EkB s/ T[jBK B/ fus P[ZXh d/ bJh th Grsh B{z io{oh wzfBnk j?. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ Grsh B{z jh w[esh gqkgsh dk ;ot T[Zu ;kXB wzfBnk j?. T[jBK dk ;gPNheod j? fe fJPto ftZu PoXk ns/ ftPtk; oZy e/ T[jBK dh Grsh eoB tkbk ftnesh nkgD/ G"fse ihtB ftZu th PKsh gqkgs eo ;edk j?. Grts PoD ftZu gj[zuD d/ pknd sK T[; B{z fuoPKsh gqkgs j[zdh j?.

8H frnkB d/ bJh PotD^wBB^fBfdfXnk;B io{oh j?^Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A frnkB d' soQK dk j[zdk j?^ngok (fttjkfoe) ns/ gok (nfXnksfwe) ns/ fJBQK d'jK soQK d/ frnkB B{z gqkgs eoB dh fJZe jh ftXh j?, PotD, wBB, fBfdfXnk;B. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko nBkfd ns/ nBzs pqjw B{z ;kePks eoB d/ bJh fi; frnkB dh io{os j? T[j t/d, pqjkwD, nkoDkfJe, T[gfBPd ns/ rhsk d/ PotD iK nfXnB, T[; s/ wBB ns/ T[; s'A gqkgs frnkB dk fBs gq:'r eoB s/ jh gqkgs j' ;edk j?. fpBQK nB[G{sh d//, e/tb soeK d/ nXko s/ n;b frnkB dh gqkgsh n;zGt j?. okwkB[ikukfonk d/ nB[;ko fJPto Grsh Bkb jh ;G e[ZM gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJj w[esh dk ;G s'A ;ob ;kXB j?.

9H T[Zsw PotD^wBB^fBfdfXnk;B d/ bJh ;kXB us[PN io{oh j?^Pzeo d/ nB[;ko ;Zu frnkB d/ fifrnk;{ B{z PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdfXnk;B ;zpzXh ;kXB us[PN dk gkbD eoBk io{oh j?. fJj uko ;kXB fBwB fbys jB^

(i) fBs^nfBs t;s{ ftt/e^Gkt fBs (nkswk, gqwkswk, pqjw) ns/ nfBs (Poho, gdkoE, irs) t;s{nK d/ ftZu G/d eoB ns/ pqjw ns/ nkswk dh nfGzBsk B{z ;wMD dk ftt/e ikfrqs eoBk.

(ii) G'r^ftofes^Gkt b"fee ns/ gkob"fee, fe;h th soQK d/ G'rK dh fJZSk Bk eoBk.

(iii) Pwdwkfd :ziw^Gkt Pw (wB dk ;ziw), dw (fJzdohnK s/ fB:zsoD), T[gfos (:r nkfd ftfjs eowK dk fsnkr), fsfsePk (;[y^d[y ;fjD eoB dh Pesh) ns/ PoXk (frnkB ns/ frnkBhiB r[o{nK d/ gqsh PoXk) dk gkbD.

(iv) ;w[ePest^Gkt w'eP gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fdqVQ ;zebg eoBk.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' t/dKs doPB Gkosh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? i' fJ; pqfjwzv B{z pqjw

(fJPto d[nkok fBofws wzBdh j?.)



3H Pzeo d/ ndt?s t/dKs d/ nB[;ko w{b sZs j?^

(T) pqjw (n) nkswk (J) fJPto (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA.



B'N 4H Pzeo d/ nB[;ko fJj irs j?^

(T) nfBs ns/ M{m (n) fBs ns/ ;Zu (J) wkfJnk Bk Goh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A nkswk nzP j?^

(T) gqwkswk dk (n) pqjw dk (J) gqfeosh dk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A frnkB d' soQK dk j[zdk j?^

(T) ngok ns/ gok (n) M{mk ns/ ;Zuk (J) soe ns/ ftsoe (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 9H3 t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Vedant Philosophy and Education)

Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk s/ ;[szso o{g s'A ftuko eoBk nkX[fBe :[Zr dh d/D j?. fJ; Bkb g{ot d/ ftukoe sK wB[Zy d/ ihtB T[Zs/ ;wro o{g s'A ftuko eod/ ;B. Pzeo ns/ okwkB[ikukfonk B/ th f;Zfynk s/ ;[szso o{g s'A ftuko BjhA ehsk j?, gozs{ T[jBK dh sZs whwK;k s'A f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k d[nok frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k Bkb f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ fttjko ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ gfotosBK d/ pko/ ftZu ikDekoh j[zdh j?. fJZE/ n;hA T[jBK d/ ftfdne ftukoK B{z eqwpZX eoB dk :sB eoKr/. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

Pzeo d/ nB[;k wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j? ns/ fJ; w[esh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ frnkB wkor dk ;woEB ehsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z fJj frnkB j' iKdk j? fe pqjw ;Zu j? ns/ pkeh ;G M{m j? sK jh T[j ;z;koe wkfJnk^w'j s'A w[es j[zdk j?, G/d fdqPNh s'A w[es j[zdk j? ns/ ;fonK ftZu nkgD/^nkg B{z ns/ nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;kfonK B{z d/ydk j?, ns/ fJ; frnkB dh gqkgsh j[zdh j? f;Zfynk s'A. f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu T[jBK B/ T[gfBPd ftuko dk ;woEB ehsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh w[esh fdbkJ/ (;k ftfdnk iK ftw[es:/). f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

Pzeo B/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ d' gZy wzB/ jB^fJZe ngok (fttjkfoe) ns/ d{ik gok (nfXnksfwe). f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok T[j wB[Zy d/ d'jK gZyK dk ftek; eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B, gozs{ fJBQK d'jK gZyK dk ftek; w[esh d/ T[d/P B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ jh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fttjkfoe gZy ftZu T[jBK B/ wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, ns/ ufosoe ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; d/ toDêow dh f;Zfynk B{z Pkfwb ehsk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe gZy (w[esh) d/ bJh T[jBK B/ frnk B{z io{oh wzfBnk j? ns/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ;kXB us[PN d/ gkbD B{z io{oh wzfBnk j?. T[j fJ; ;Zu B{z th ikDd/ ;B fe ;kXB us[PN dk gkbB eoB d/ bJh wB[Zy dk Poho ns/ wB f;jswzd j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk B{z fJj ;G ekoi eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. Pzeo d/ d[nkok fBowkDs f;Zfynk d/ fJjBK T[d/PK B{z n;hA nZi dh GkPk ftZu ;E{b s'A ;[yw d/ eow ftZu nZr/ fby/ o{g ftZu nGhftnes eo ;ed/ jK^

;kXe T[d/P

1H w[esh.

;kXB T[d/P

1H Pohoe ftek; ns/ Poho P[ZXh.

2H wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe ftek;.

3H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;. 148 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


4H toDknB[;ko eow (eko'pko) dh f;Zfynk

5H ;kXB us[PN ftZu f;ybkJh.

6H g{oD ftnefsst dk ftek;.

7H pqjwfrnkB dh gqkgsh. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

Pzeo d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu wB[Zy d/ ngok (fttjkfoe) ns/ gok (nfXnksfwe), d'jK gZyK Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB ns/ fefonktK dk ;wkt/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fttjkfoe ihtB d/ bJh T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu fttjkfoe frnkB (GkPk, fufes;k Pk;so, rfDs ns/ toDêow nkfd) ns/ fttjkfoe fefonktK (nk;B, e;os, G'iB ns/ pqjwukoh nkfd) dk ;wkt/P ehsk j? n/s nfXnksfwe ihtB d/ bJh gkowkofEe ftek; (;kfjs, Xow ns/ doPB nkfd) ns/ gkowkofEe fefonktK (:w, fB:w, nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB n/s ;wkfX) dk ;wkt/P ehsk j?.

fttjkfoe fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d j[zdk j?. Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A fJj G/d eowiBe j? ns/ irs fB:zsk dk ftXkB j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A toD G/d th eow iBe j?. T[j pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P ns/ P{doK d/ nbZr^nbZr eowK ftZu ftPtk; oZyd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ bJh, nkgD/^nkgD/ eowK dk e[Pbsk g{oD Yzr d[nkok ;zgkdB eoB ;zpzXh nbZr^nbZr f;Zfynk (gkmuo:k) dk ftXkB eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;B, gozs{ gok ftfdnk d/ bJh T[j ;G B{z ;wkB frnkB ns/ ;wkB fefonktK eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B.

Pzeo d/ T[bN okwkB[ikukfonk toD^G/d B{z jh ;theko BjhA eod/ ;B. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD ;h fe ;ko/ wB[Zy fJPto dh ouBk jB, ;ko/ ;wkB nkswkXkoh jB, fJBQK ftZu iBw d/ nXko s/ e'Jh G/d BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh ;kfonK d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ ;wkB w"e/ ;wkB ;[bG j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ ;kfonK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ;wkB gkmuo:k j'Dh ukjhdh j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

frnkB ns/ frnkB gqkgsh d/ ;kXBK d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pzeo B/ ft;Ekog{oD uouk ehsh j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu T[jBK d/ ftukoK dk ;ko ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?^

1H frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ T[geoD^Pzeo B/ frnkB gqkgsh d/ T[geoDK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tZfvnk j?^pqjw T[geoD ns/ nzdo{Bh T[geoD. pqjw T[geoDK ftZu eowfJzdohnK ns/ frnkB fJzdohnK nkT[AdhnK jB ns/ nzdo{Bh T[geoDK ftZu wB, p[ZXh, njzeko ns/ fus nkT[Ad/ jB. Pzeo B/ fus dh nbZr ;Zsk wzBh j?. fJBQK dk ;gPNheod j? fe fJzdohnK fe;h t;s{ iK fefonk d/ gqsh sK jh fefonkPhb j[zdh j? id'A wB T[jBK d/ ns/ t;s{ iK fefonk d/ ftZu ;z:'iB eodk j?. p[ZXh fJ; ftZu ekN^SKN eoe/ T[;B{z nfjw Bkb i'Vdh j? ns/ nfjs Bkb frnkB iK fefonk fus s/ nzfes j[zdh j? ns/ fus Bkb nkswk B{z gqkgs j[zdh j?.

2H frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ ;o's^Pzeo B/ frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ uko ;o's wzB/ jB^gqsZy, nB[wkB, Ppd ns/ soe. fJzdoh gqsZy B{z T[j T[; ;w/A sZe ;theko BjhA eod/ id'A sZe T[j nkswk d[nkok gqsZy BjhA j' iKdk. nB[wkB ftZu fJj g{ot nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ Bt/A nB[GtK B{z soe d[nkok ;theko eoB dh rZb eod/ jB. Ppd d/ o{g ftZu fJj fBrw (t/d) ns/ nkrs (szso) rqzEK B{z T[Zu wzBd/ jB. soe dk noE j? p"fXe e;"Nh, fJ; soQK id'A sZe fJzdoh gqsZy, nB[wB ns/ Ppdk gqkgs frnkB p"fXe soe dh e;"Nh s/ BjhA ef;nk iKdk T[; ;w/A sZe T[; d/ pko/ ftZu ;Zu^M{m j'Dk gqwkfDs BjhA j' ;edk.

3H frnkB gqkgsh d/ gd^Pzeo B/ pqjw frnkB gqkgsdh d/ fszB gd dZ;/ jB^PotD (t/d, pqjkwD, nkoDkfJe, T[gfBPd ns/ rhsk nkfd rqzEK dk r[o{w[y d[nkok PoktD iK T[BQK dk

B'N



B'N ;tkfXnkJ/), wBB (PotD iK nfXnB d[nkok gqkgs frnkB s/ fuzsB) ns/ fBfdfXnk;B (gqkgs frnkB dk fBs gq:'r). fJj PotD iK nfXnB d/ pknd gqgks frnkB s/ nfXekoh ftdtkBK d/ Bkb tkd^fttkd B{z th uzrk wzBd/ ;B.

4H frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK^Pzeo dh f;ybkJh ns/ f;ZyD ;zpzXh T[go'es sZEK ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok ftofus rqzEK dh ouBk P?bh (ws fBowkD ftXhnK) s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe T[j f;Zfynk dhnK fBwB fbys ftXhnK d/ gZyh ;B^

(i) gqsZy ftXh^Pzeo B/ fJzdohnK B{z frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ pkjoh T[geoD wzfBnk j? ns/ wB, p[ZXh, njzeko ns/ fus B{z nzdo{Bh T[geoD wzfBnk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe T[j fttjkfoe frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gqsZy ftXh d/ ;woEe ;B. gozs{ T[j fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs frnkB B{z sK jh ;Zu wzBd/ ;B id'A T[j soe dh e;"Nh s/ ;Zu j'D ns/ nzs ftZu nkswk d[nkok gqsZy j'D. ;kc ikfjo j? fe Pzeo d[nkok ftef;s gqsZy ftXh, toswkB gqsZy ftXh s'A fJZedw fGzB j?, fJ; s'A pj[s T[Zu ;so dh ftXh j?.

(ii) gqPB T[Zso ftXh^Pzeo B/ nkgD/ rqzE „gqPBT[Zsoh‟ ftZu pqjw sZs dk T[dxkNB ns/ fBowkD gqPB T[Zso d[nkok jh ehsk j?, gozs{ fJj gqPB T[Zso toswkB gqPB T[Zso ftXh s'A fGzB j?. fJ; ftZu Po'sk B/ Pzek gqrN ehsh j? ns/ tesk B/ T[; dh Pzek dk ;wkXkB ehsk j?. fJ; soQK Pzek d[nkok ftef;s gqPB T[Zso ftXh toswkB gqPB T[Zso ftXh ns/ ;wZf;nk^;wkXkB ftXh, d'jK dk ;z:[es o{g j?.

(iii) T[gd/P ftXh^Pzeo nkgD/ ws dk fBowkD ;XkoD o{g s'A T[gd/P d[nkok eod/ ;B. b/yB ftZu th T[jBK B/ fJ;h ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk j?. gozs{ T[g/dP eod/ ;w/A T[j ftuko^ftwoP eod/ ;B, Pk;so noE eod/ ;B, Pzek^;wkXkB eod/ ;B ns/ io{os g?D s/ fBod/PB th eod/ ;B. ;kc ikfjo j? fe Pzeo d[nkok fBowkDs T[gd/P ftXh toswkB T[gd/P ftXh s'A fGzB j?.

(iv) ftnkfynk ftXh^Pzeo B/ pqjw;{so, T[gfBPdK ns rhsk d/ i' GkP ehs/ jB< T[j fJ;h ftXh ftZu ehs/ jB, fJ; bJh fJ; B{z GkP ftXh th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu fe;h ftdtkB d[nkok nGhftnes ftukoK B{z ;ob ns/ p'Xe GkPk ftZu g/P ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[gwk ns/ fdqPNKsK d[nkok T[jBK B{z ;gPN ehsk iKdk j?. Bkb T[jBK d/ r[D^d'P ;gPN ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ nzs ftZu XkoDktK ;gPN ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

(v) ;tkfXnkJ/ ftXh^Pzeo B/ nkgD/ nbg ihtB ftZu i' e[ZM th frnkB gqkgs ehsk ;h T[j t/d, T[gfBPd ns/ rhsk nkfd rqzEK d/ ;t?nfXnB d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ;h. T[jBK dk ;gPN ws ;h fe ;tkfXnkJ/ i/eo J/ekrosk d/ Bkb ehsk ikt/ sK fJ; d/ d[nkok xZN ;w/A ftZu tZX frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?, feT[Afe ;tkfXnkJ/ nzdo{Bh gq/fos j[zdk j?.

(vi) nfXnko'g^ngtkd ftXh^Pzeo B/ nkgDh ouBk „ftt/e u{VkwfD) ns/ „T[gd/P ;fjsoh‟ ftZu pqjw frnkB eokT[D ;zpzXh fJ;h ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ fBPgqgzu pqjw dk frnkB eokT[D d/ bJh gqgzu dk ;jkok fbn j?. ;G s'A gfjbK nkswk d/ T[Zgo d/j XowK dk nko'g ehsk j?, fJj dZf;nk j? fe nkswk jh Poho, wB, p[ZXh, nkfd ;G e[ZM j?. fJ; B{z nfXnko'g efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ pknd ftfGzB :[eshnK d/ d[nkok nkswk ftZu nko'fgs Xow B{z nkswk s'A fGzB f;ZX ehsk j?. fJ; B{z ngtkd efjzd/ jB. ;XkoD fdqPNh s'A th d/jhJ/ sK gqekPB dk frnkB njzeko d[nkok jh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(vii) PotD^wBB^fBfdfXnk;B ftXh^Pzeo B/ fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r th pqjwfrnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ehsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;G s'A gfbjK fifrnk;{ B{z nkgs rqzEK (t/d, T[gfBPd ns/ rhsk nkfd) dk r[o{w[y s'A, ;[De/ PotD eoBk



ukjhdk j?, fco T[; ftZu Pkfwb frnkB s/ wBB eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ wBB d/ pknd i' e[ZM gqkgs j't/ T[; s/ fBozso fuzsB eoBk ukjhdk j?, T[; dk fBozso gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj ftXh fe;h th soQK d/ frnkB ns/ e"Pb gqkgs eoB dh T[Zsw ftXh j?.

nB[Pk;B

Pzeo B/ pkb gqfeosh dhnK uko nt;EktK dk toDB ehsk j?^

1H efPgs^fJj T[j nt;Ek j? id'A pZuk nkgDhnK fJzdohnK d/ nXhB ofjzdk j? ns/ nkgDk fXnkB e/Adfos BjhA eo gkT[Adk.

2H ftefPgs^fJj T[j nt;Ek j? id'A pZuk nkgDhnK fJzdohnK T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eoB bZrdk j? ns/ E'V/ ;w/A sZe fXnkB e/Adfos eo ;edk j?.

3H w[Xk^fJj T[j nt;Ek j? fi; ftZu pkbe dk nkgDhnK fJzdohnK T[Zs/ ekch fB:zsoD j' iKdk j? gozs{ nkb; g{oD d/ ekoB g{oh soQK Bkb fXnkB e/Adfos BjhA eo gkT[Adk.

4H fJekrosk^fJj T[j nt;Ek j? id'A pZu/ dhnK fJzdohnK, wB, p[ZXh, njzeko ns/ fus, ;kfonK s/ nkswk dk fB:zsoD j[zd j?.

Pzeo d/ nB[;ko fijVk pZuk fJjBK ftZu'A fi; ;so s/ j[zdk j? T[j T[;h e'fN ftZu nB[Pkf;s j[zdk j?. n;b nB[Pk;B dk noE j?^fJekrosk gkt fJzdohnK, wB, p[ZXh, njzeko ns/ fus, ;kfonK s/ nkswk dk fB:zsoD. d{i/ PpdK ftZuîd'A ftnesh pkjoh dpkn s'A BjhA nkgD/ nskw sZs s'A gq/fos j' e/ ;jh wkor s/ uZbdk j? T[; ;w/A T[; B{z nB[Pkf;s efjzd/ jB, fJjh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?. fJ; B{z Pzeo B/ nkswknB[Pk;B dk BKt fdZsk j?. Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh dk ;otT[Zu ;kXB nPNKr :'r (:w, fB:w, nk;B, ;t/o dh e;os, Pkw dh e;os, XkoDk, fXnkB ;wkfX) j?.

nfXnkge

Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A r[o{ d/ d' ekoi jBû/b/ B{z fttjkfoe ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ns/ T; B{z nfXnksfwe ihtB dh gqkgsh eoBk. fJBQK ftZu'A d{ik ekoi w[Zy ns/ rzGho j?. t/dKsh nfXnkge u/b/ B{z nkozG ftZu T[g/dP fdzdk j?^„sZswf;‟ Gkt s{z (nkswk) pqjw j?. ns/ u/bk nzs ftZu fJj nB[Gt eodk j?^„njz pqjwkwf;‟ Gkt w?A (nkswk) pqjw jK. fJ; pqjwfrnkB dh uouk ihtB w[es ftnesh jh eo ;edk j?, fJ; bJh nfXnkge B{z ihtB w[es j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;kvh nkgDh fdqPNh s'A sK fttjkfoe frnkB d/D tkb/ nfXnkge B{z th ihtB w[es (;z;kfoe ;[y^d[y s'A ftoes, nG/d fdqPNh tkbk ;fonK Bkb gq/w eoB tkbk) j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nZi d/ nfXnkge i/eo Pzeo d/ ihtB w[es nfXnkge pD ;eD sK fco ;wki dk g[BoT[EkB fBPfus j?.

fJ; ;zdoG ftZu okwkB[ikukfonk d/ ftuko e[ZM fGzB jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; ftZu e'Jh th ftnesh g{oD BjhA j' ;edk, nfXnkge s'A g{oD j'D dh ng/fynk eoBh mhe BjhA j?, gozs{ frnkB ns/ nkuoD dh fdqPNh s'A T[; B{z g{oDsk d/ tZb tXB tkbk io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nfXnkgeK B{z fJj :sB sK eoBk ukjhdk j?.

f;ZfynkoEh

t/dKs d/ nB[;ko gqsZy ftfdnkoEh nBzs frnkB ns/ Pesh dk ;o's j?, T[jBK ftZu i' Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe fGzBsk fdykJh fdzdh j? T[j eowiBe j?. fJj fGzBsk T[jBK dk sN;E bZSD j?, ;o{g bZSD BjhA. fJ; soQK nfXnksfwe fdqPNh s'A ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh ;wkB jB ns/ fttjkfoe fdqPNh s'A T[jBK ftZu fGzBsk j?. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko pqjw frnkB d/ fJS[Ze ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;kXB us[PN dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ;kXB us[PN ftZu fJzdohfBorqj, wB dh fJekrosk, G'r s'A ftofes ns/ r[o{ ftZu PoXk dk wjZst sK fttjkfoe frnkB dh gqkgsh dh fdqPNh s'A th j[zdk j?. nZi d/ ftfdnkoEh i/eo Pzeo dh fJj rZb wzB b?D sK f;Zfynk irs dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK dk nzs j' ikt/.

B'N



B'N fJ; ;zdoG ftZu okwkB[ikukfonk dk ws Pzeo s'A fGzB j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;ko/ pZu/ fJPto d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ jB, ;ko/ nkswkXkoh jB, ;ko/ ;wkB jB. T[jBK B/ PoXk ns/ ftPtk; B{z frnkB gqkgsh d/ bJh io{oh wzfBnk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

Pzeo ns/ okwkB[ikukfonk d/ :[r ftZu fttjkfoe f;Zfynk dh nt;Ek gfotko ns/ ;w[dkfJnK ftZu j[zdh ;h ns/ nfXnksfwe f;Zfynk dh r[o{rqfjK ftZu. n;b noE ftZu fJj r[o{rqfj jh T[; ;w/A d/ ftfdnkb/ ;B. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko fJj r[o{rqfj (ftfdnkb/) iB e'bkjb s'A d{o gqfeosh d/ ;[ow r'd ftZu j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJZE'A d/ nfXnkge ihtB w[es ns/ u/b/ pqjwfrnkB d/ fJS[Ze j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu u/fbnK B{z ;kXB us[PN dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ihtB d/ d' gZy jB^fJZe ngok (fttjkfoe) ns/ d{ik gok (nfXnksfwe). ihtB d/ fttjkfoe gZy dh oZfynk d/ bJh T[jBK B/ toDB nB[;ko eow dh f;Zfynk d/ ftXkB dk ;woEB ehsk j?. P{doK d/ bJh T[j fe;h soQK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. fJ; Bkb nfijk bZrdk j? fe T[j iB f;Zfynk dh io{os BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. gozs{ d{i/ gk;/ fJj jo/e wB[Zy B{z nkswkXkoh wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdzd/ jB fe ;ko/ wB[ZyK d/ ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fJ; nkswk dh nB[G{sh Gkt nkswk^pqjw nG/d B{z ikDBk j?. gozs{ fpBK f;Zfynk d/ fJj ;G fet/A j' ;edk j?! ;gPN j? fe nkswknB[G{sh d/ bJh nfXnksfwe f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ nfXekoh jB. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ toD ftt;Ek ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B ns/ Bk jh toD nB[;ko eow ftZu. T[jBK fdqPNh s'A ;ko/ pZu/ ;wkB jB, ;ko/ fe;h th soQK dh f;Zfynk gkT[D/ d/ nfXekoh, T[jBK dk fJj ftuko iB f;Zfynk d/ gZy ftZu iKdk j?. fJj Xow f;Zfynk d/ gZy ftZu ;B, ns/ fJ; d/ d[nkok ;kfonK B{z Grs wkor s/ nro;o eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;B. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H G"fsetkdh wB[Zy d/ ftek; dk nXko T[; dhnK eow fJzdohnK, frnkB fJzdohnK ns/ fdwkr B{z wzBd/ jB.

8H Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk s/ ;[szso o{g s'A ftuko eoBk gqkuhB :[r dh d/D j?.

9H Pzeo d/ T[bN okwkB[ikukfonk toD^G/d B{z jh ;theko BjhA eod/.

10H f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu t/dKs dk :'rdkB pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. 9H4 t/dKs doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Vedant Philosophy to Education) Pzeo dk ndt?s t/dKs Gkosh fuzsBXkok dk uowT[seoP j?. fJ; B/ ;kB{z ;zg{oD pqfjwzv dh J/esk (pqjw sZs) ns/ nB/esk (pqjw d/ wkfJnk sZs) dk ;gPN frnkB eoke/ ;kB{z nkgDh nBzs Pesh s'A ikD{ eokfJnk j?. nkgDh fJ; nBzs f;Zfynk dh nB[G{sh ;zpzXh fi; ;kXB wkor dh uouk Pzeo B/ ehsh j?, T[; d/ bJh Bk e/tb Gkos pbfe ;kok ;z;ko T[jBK dk fuo foDh oj/rk. jK, T[jBK dk wkfJnktkd T[gfBPd doPB s'A jN e/ j? ns/ T[jh nkb'uBk dk ftPk j?. id'A pqjw ;Zu j? sK T[; d[nkok T[sgzB wkfJnk M{m fet/A j' ;edh j?, ns/ fJj t;s{ ;zpzXh M{m fet/A j' ;edk j?. gozs{ fJ; t;s{ ;zpzXh ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dh fttjkfoe



;Zsk wzB e/ T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu i' sZE T[ikro ehs/ jB, T[j ;otG"fwe ns/ ;otekfbe jB. Pzeo d/ T[bN okwkB[ikukfonk B/ fJ; irs B{z n;b wzfBnk j? ns/ wB[Zy B{z ;G s'A gfjbK fJ; irs B{z ;wMD ns/ T[; d/ pknd fJPto dh gqkgsh d/ bJh :sB eoB dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. fJPto dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ fi; ;o; Pesh wkor dk fBowkD ehsk, T[j Gkos G{wh ftZu y{p cfbnk^c[fbnk. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

Pzeo dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[j fijVh w[esh fdbkJ/.

;gPN j? fe Pzeo B/ f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g B{z ;gPN BjhA ehsk j?, e/tb T[; d/ nfXnksfwe ekoi T[Zs/ fXnkB fdZsk j?.

B'N

Nk;e t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

Pzeo B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBPfus eoB ftZu Gkoh G{fwek ndk ehsh j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P G/d fdqPNh dh yksw/ ns/ nG/d fdqPNh dh gqkgsh j[zdk j?. fJ; B{z jh T[jBK B/ w[esh fejk j?. T[jBK fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P th fJjh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJ; irs ns/ wB[Zyh Poho dh fttjkfoe ;Zsk B{z ;theko eoe/ T[; d/ J/fje ihtB ;zpzXh T[d/Pk dk th fBowkD ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe, B?fse ns/ ufosoe, fJzdoh fBrqj ns/ fus P[ZXh ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek;, ;kfonK s/ pb fdZsk j?. fJj rZb d{ih j?? fe fJBQK ;ko/ T[d/PK B{z T[jBK B/ w[esh T[d/P dk ;kXB wzfBnk j? ns/ fJjh sK T[jBK dh ;G s'A tZvh d/D j?. okwkB[ikukfonk B/ f;Zfynk d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'B'A T[d/PK s/ ;wkb pb fdZsk j?.

;gPN j? fe t/dKs doPB B/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK d/ ftek; T[Zs/ i'o fdZsk j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe nfXnksfwe ftke; s/ tZX i'o fdZsk j?. toswkB ftZu fJjBK ftZu ;wBt? eoB dh io{os j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ ftP/ ftZu th Pzeo dk fJjh fdqPNhe'D j?. T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu wB[Zy d/ fttjkfoe ihtB d/ bJh fttjkfoe ftfPnK ns/ fefonK ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB d/ bJh nfXnkfwe ftfPnK T[Zs/ fefonktK B{z Pkfwb eoB dh rZb ejh j?. gozs{ fttjkfoe ihtB B{z th T[j nfXnksfwesk s/ nXkfos eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, sK jh sK wB[Zy nkgD/ nkyoh T[d/P dh gqkgsh eo ;edk j?. gkmuo:k d/ ;zdoG ftZu okwkB[ikukfonk dk th fJjh ftuko ;h, T[j th gkmuo:k ftZu nkswT[Bsh ftZu ;jkfJe ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z w[Zy ns/ ihtB dhnK io{osK dh g{osh ftZu ;jkfJe ftfPnK ns/ fefonK B{z r"D ;EkB d/D d/ gZy ftZu ;B.

toswkB G"fsetkdh :[r ftZu T[go'es ftuko ;otwzBD:'r BjhA j' ;ed/. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu nfij/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j? fijV/ wB[Zy d/ ;otgZyh ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j'D ns/ ;kfonK B{z ;wkB wjZst d/Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ybkJh dh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu sK t/dKs dk :'rdkB pj[s jh wjZstg{oD j?. nkX[fBe wB'ftfrnkB fiZE/ frnkB gqkgsh d/ T[geoDK ftZu e/tb pkjoh T[geoDK (fJzdohnK) dk toDB eodk j?, T[ZE/ t/dKs B/ fJjBK d/ fJbktk nzdo{Bh T[geoDK^wB, p[ZXh, njzeko ns/ fus d/



B'N ekoiK dk th ftPb/PD ehsk j?. fiZE/ T[gfBPd fBnk ns/ ;zfyn wB[Zy d/ nzdo{BheoD ftZu wB, p[ZXh njzeko B{z ;EkB fdzd/ jB ns/ :'r fJ; nzdoBheoD B{z fus efjzdk j? T[ZE/ t/dKs fus dh nbZr ;Zsk wzBdk j?. Pzeo B/ u/sBk d/ fijV/ uko ;so pDkJ/ jBîkfrqs nt;Ek (id'A nt;Ek ftZu wB[Zy fJzdohnK ns/ wB dh ;jkfJsk Bkb gdkoE dh nB[G{sh eodk j?), ;[gB nt;Ek (fi; nt;Ek ftZu fJzdohnK fBPeoh ofjzdhnK jB, e/tb wB jh ;eoh ofjzdk j?), fBdok nt;Ek (fi; nt;Ek ftZu wB fBPeoh j' iKdk j?, gozs{ u/sBk fefonkPhb j' iKdh j?) ns/ s[ohnk nt;Ek (fi; nt;Ek ftZu wB[Zy Poho, wB ns/ p[ZXh ;G s'A T[Zgo T[m iKdk j? ns/ ;wkfX dh ;fEsh ftZu gj[zu iKdk j?), T[j toswkB wB'ftPb/PDtkdh wB'ftfrnkB d[nkok ftt/fus ftnefsst ;zouBk s'A pj[s finkdk v[zxk j?. Pzeo e/tb PotD iK ;tkfXnkfJ ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B, T[j T[; d/ pknd wBB (fuzsB) ns/ fBfdfXnk;B (fBs gq:'r) s/ th i'o fdzd/ jB.

;kvh fdqPNh s'A PotD iK ;tkfXnkfJ, wBB Gkt fuzsB ns/ fBfdfXnk;B Gkt fBs gq:'r d[nkok nB[G{s frnkB jh ;Zuk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ fJjh f;ybkJh dh ;otT[Zu ftXh j?. ;kB{z Pzeo dh f;ybkJh^f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?. nB[Pk;B

nB[Pk;B ftZu wB[Zy sZs j?^Pk;B. Pzeo d/ nB[;ko id'A wB[Zy fJzdohnK d/ Pk;B ftZu ofjzdk j? sK T[j gP{ ;so s/ ofjzdk j?, id'A ;wki d[nkok fBPfus fB:wK d/ Pk;B ftZu ofjzdk j? sK T[j ;wkfie ;so s/ gj[zu iKdk j? ns/ id'A T[j nkswk d/ Pk;B ftZu ofjzdk j? sK nfXnksfwe ;so s/ gj[zu iKdk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A nkswknB[Pk;B nB[Pk;B dh T[Zsw ;hwk j?, ;kB{z fJ;h B{z gqkgs eoBk ukjhdk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe Pzeo nB[Pk;B B{z pkjoh ftt;Ek Bk wzB e/ nzdo{Bh Pesh wzBd/ ;B, nkswk nB[Pk;B (nkswk d/ fB:zsoD ftZu j'Dk) wzBd/ ;B. gozs{ n;hA pZfunK s'A nkswk d/ fB:zsoD ftZu j'D dh ng/fynk BjhA eo ;ed/. toswkB ;zdoG ftZu n;hA nB[Pk;B B{z ;t?nB[Pk;B d/ o{g ftZu jh b??Dk ukjhdk j?. ;t?nB[Pk;B dk noE j?^pkjoh dpkn d/ ekoB BjhA, ;t?fJZSk d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoBk. ;Zu/ nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh Pzeo B/ fi; :'r fefonk dh rZb ejh j?, T[j pj[s gqGkth j?, gozs{ ;ko/ pZu/ T[; dk gkbD BjhA eo ;ed/. T[; dh gqkgsh d/ bJh n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK T[fus tksktoD dh rZb ejKr/. ns/ i/eo pZfunK B{z :'r fefonktK d/ tZb nro;o ehsk ik ;e/ sK T[j ;otT[Zu T[gkn j't/rk. nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

nfXnkge B{z ihtB w[esh ns/ u/b/ B{z ;kXB us[PN dk fBod/P d/Dk Pzeo t/dKs dh fJZe j'o tZvh ftP/Psk j?. ekP nZi d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh Pzeo d/ fJ; fBod/P dk gkbD eo ;eD sK f;Zfynk irs dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK dk nzs j' ikt/. ftfdnkfbnk

Pzeo T[Zu, ftfPPN ns/ nfXnksfwe f;Zfynk d/ bJh r[o{nkPowK d/ ;woEe ;B. nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu izB;zfynk ns/ frnkB d/ y/so ftZu Gkoh ft;c'N j'fJnk j?. fJ;h ;fEsh ftZu n;hA r[o{rqfj gqDkbh B{z ;theko BjhA eo ;ed/. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

Pzeo B/ sK iB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu e[ZM fejk BjhA j?, gozs{ okwkB[ikukfonk B/ fJjBK dh io{os s/ i'o fdZsk j?. gozs{ Xow f;Zfynk dk ;woEB d'jK B/ ehsk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kB{z okwkB[ikukfonk dk nB[eoD eoBk ukjhdk j?.




Gkos ftZu Pzeo d/ pknd fizBk th fuzsB j'fJnk j?, T[; T[jBK d/ t/dKs doPB d/ fJZXo^T[ZXo jh j'fJnk j?. i/eo n;hA nkX[fBe :[r d/ Gkosh fuzseK^fdnkBzd ;o;tsh, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd, rKXh, N?r'o ns/ noftzd d/ dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne ftukoK dk ftPb/PD eohJ/ sK n;hA d/yKr/ fe T[j t/dKs d/ pj[s B/V/ jB. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd B/ sK t/dKs B{z ihtB ftZu T[skoB dk pj[s finkdk :sB ehsk j?. rKXh ih B/ th wB[Zy d/ b"fee ns/ gkob"fee d'jK ihtB d/ ftek; dh rZb p[bzd ehsh j?. Pzeo d/ ;wkB noftzd B/ f;Zfynk ftZu :'r dhnK fefonktK B{z wjZst fdZsk j?. n;b ftZu t/dKs ;ko/ XowK ns/ doPBK dk w{b j?, T[; B{z i/eo ;otG"fwe ns/ ;otekfbe doPB fejk ikt/ sK e'Jh rbsh BjhA j't/rh. nZi n;hA fi; torjhD, XowfBog/y ns/ ;wkitkdh ftt;Ek dh rZB eod/ jK, T[j t/dKs dh nG/d fdqPNh d/ d[nkok jh gqkgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. T[; ;w/A ;kB{z nkgDh f;Zfynk B{z t/dKs T[Zs/ nXkfos eoBk ukjhdk j?. 9H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H nkyoh ;Zu (Ultimate Reality) L g{oD ;Zu

2H d/D (Contribution) L :'rdkB 9H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H t/dKs doPB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ;gPN eo'.

2H t/dKs doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H „t/dKs doPB ns/ f;Zfynk‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H t/dKs doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H pqjw dh ;Zsk 2H uowT[seoP 3H (T) 4H (T) 5H (n)

6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs 9H ;jh 10H ;jh 9H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^10L p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Budhism and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


10H1 p"X doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Budhism)

10H2 p"X doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Priciples of Budhism)

10H3 p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Budhism and Education)

10H4 p"X doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Budhism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


p"X doPB dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

p"X doPB d/ w{b f;XKs ;wMD ;zpzXh.

p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


p"X doPB nkgD/ T[gd/P w"fye o{g ftZu jh eod/ ;B. T[jBK d/ fBotkD d/ 100 ;kb pknd fJjBK T[gd/PK B{z ft;wfos d/ roG s'A pukT[D d/ bJh T[jBK d/ gN u/b/ nkBzd d/ ;fj:'r Bkb „;[s fgNe‟ ns/ T[gkfb d/ ;fj:'r Bkb „ftB/ fgNe‟ dk ;zebB ehsk frnk. nZr/ uZb e/ ;[s fgNe d/ dkoPfBe nzPK dh ftnkfynk Bkb „nfGdw fgNe‟ dk fBowkD j'fJnk. fgNe dk noE j?^fgNkok. ;[s fgNe ftZu p[ZX d/ T[gd/P ;zpzXh rqzE jB, ftB/ fgNe ftZu nkuko ;zpzXh rqzE jB ns/ nfGdw fgNe ftZu dkoPfBe ftt/uBk ;zpzXh rqzE jB. w{b o{g ftZu fJj sfofgNe jh p"X Xow ns/ doPB d/ ;o;t jB. 10H1 p"X doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Budhism) p"X doPB dh iBw G{wh Gkos j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe T[; dk ftek; Gkos dh ng/fynk Gkoss/o d/PK, f;zjb, powk, P:kw, iktk, fsps, uhB, e'ohnk, wzr'bhnk ns/ ikgkB ftZu j'fJnk j?. nkozG ftZu fJj ws th fJZe Xow d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk ;h. Pke rDkfXgsh P[d'XB d/ g[Zso f;XkoE (r"sw p[ZX, 567^587 JhH g{H) fJ; d/ fBowksk ;B. f;XkoE iBw s'A jh nkGk:[es ;B. nfijk T[b/y fwbdk j? fe f;XkoE p[ZY/, o'rh ns/ wfonK B{z d/yB Bkb wB[ZyK d/ d[yK s'A ghfVs j' T[Zm/ ;B ns/ fJZe fdB oki, gfotko, gsBh ns/


fJekJh^10 p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk

g[Zso B{z fsnkr e/ uZb/ rJ/ ;B. ;G s'A gfjbK T[j Gfor{ nkPow gj[zu//. T[; d/ pknd nkbko ekbkw d/ e'b rJ/ ns/ fJZE'A r:k gj[zu e/ sgZf;nk ftZu bhB j' rJ/. fJZE/ T[jBK B{z uko nkfonk ;ZuK dk frnkb j'fJnk, T[j f;XkoE s'A p[ZX pD rJ/.

p[ZX nkgD/ T[gd/P w"fye o{g ftZu jh eod/ ;B. T[jBK d/ fBotkD d/ 100 ;kb pknd fJBQK T[gd/PK B{z ft;wosh d/ roG s'A pukT[D ;zpzXh T[jBK d/ gN u/b/ nkBzd d/ ;fj:'r Bkb „;[s fgNe‟ ns/ T[gkfb d/ ;fj:'r Bkb „ftB/ fgNe‟ dk ;zebB ehsk frnk. nZr/ uZb e/ ;[s fgNe d/ dkoPfBe nzPK dh ftnkfynk s'A „nfGdw fgNe‟ dk fBowkD j'fJnk. fgNe dk noE j?^fgNkok. ;[s fgNe ftZu p[ZX d/ T[gd/P ;zpzXh rqzE jB, ftB/ fgNe ftZu nkuko ;zpzXh rqzE jB ns/ nfGdw fgNe ftZu dkoPfBe ftt/uBk ;zpzXh rqzE jB. w{b o{g ftZu fJj sfofgNe jh p"X Xow ns/ doPB d/ ;ot;t jB.

Xow d/ o{g ftZu p"X doPB d/ d' o{g jB^jhB:kB ns/ wjk:kB. jhB:kB T[j ;zgqdkfJ j? fijVk p[ZX dhnK w"fbe f;ZfynktK B{z wzBdk j?. p[ZXh dhnK w"fbe f;ZfynktK^nkfonk ;Zu, nkfonk nPNKfre wkor ns/ sfoosB. p[ZX B/ T[gd/P fdZsk fe Bk sK pqjkwDK d[nkok fBowkDs eoweKv d/ gkbD ftZu ;[y j? ns/ Bk ukotkeK d[nkok fBowkDs fJzdoh G'r ftZu ;[y j?l ;[y sK fJBQK d'jK d/ ftZu jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh p[ZX d/ wkor B{z wZX fBowkD wkor fejk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN wjk:kB T[j ;zgqdkfJ j? fijVh p[ZX dhnK w"feb f;ZfynktKûko nkfonk ;Zu, nkfonk nPNKfre wkor ns/ sfoosB d/ Bkb^Bkb Grsh ftZu th ftPtk; eodk j?. wjk:kBhnK B/ sK w{osh g{ik d/ fto'Xh p[ZX B{z jh GrtkB d/ o{g ftZu gqf;ZX eo fdZsk ns/ fBotkD d/ bJh frnkB d/ Bkb^Bkb Grsh B{z io{oh wzfBnk. wjk:kBhnK B/ nkgD/ wkor dh T[Zusk B{z ;gPN eoB bJh wkor B{z wjk:kB ns/ p[ZX d/ e'o/ frnkB d/ T[gd/PK B{z ;kjwD/ tkfbnK d/ wkor B{z jhB:kB dk BKt fdZsk. n;bhns fJj j? fe Grsh GktBk Gkosh ;z;feqsh dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk j?. fJZE/ Xow ns/ doPB B/ Gkt/A fizB/ o{g pdb/ j'D gozs{ nzs ftZu T[; d/ Bkb Grsh GktBk io{o i[Vh j?, Gkt/A T[j i?B doPB j't/, Gkt/A p"X ns/ Gkt/A t/dKs.

jhB:kB dh dkoPfBe ftnkfynk s'A t?GkfPe (pkjohnoE gqsZytkd) ns/ ;"soKfse (pkjoh noE nB[w/tkd), d' dkoPfBe ;zgqdkfJnK dk ftek; j'fJnk ns/ wjk:kB dh dkoPfBe ftt/uBk Bkb :'rkuko (ftfrnkBtkd) ns/ wZXfwe (iho'tkd) dk ftek; j'fJnk. t?GkfPe ;zgqdkfJ d/ w{b dkoPfBe rqzE jB^t;{ p[zX feqs „nfGXow e'P‟ ns/ ;zxGdo feqs „;w/A gqdhfgek‟. ;"soKfse ;zgqdkfJ dk w{b rqzE j? e[wko bsk dk „ebgBk wzvfbek‟. :'rkuko ;zgqdkfJ dk w{b rqzE j?^ n;zrfeqs „:'rkuko G{fwPk;so‟ ns/ wZXfwe ;zgqdkfJ dk w{b rqzE j?^Bkrkoi[B feqs „wZXfwe ekfoek‟.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ ;o{g B{z ;wMD d/ bJh ;kB{z T[; dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology

and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh jz[dk j?. fJ; soQK n;hA ;G s'A gfjbK p"X Xow dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/.

B'N

B'N; p[ZX dhnK w"fbe f;ZfynktK jB^nkfonk ;t:, nkfonk nPNKfre wkor ns/

sfoosB.

p"X doPB dk sZs whwK;k

fiZE/ sZe p[ZX dh rZb j? T[jBK B/ sZs whwK;k d/ ftt/uB ftZu nkgDh Pesh you BjhA ehsh. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD ;h fe ihtîrs ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ftP/ ftZu fBPu/ o{g s'A e[ZM BjhA fejk ik ;edk ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB B{z T[Bzs pDkT[D ns/ fBotkD gqkgsh ftZu fJBQK d/ frnkB Bkb e'Jh ;jkfJsk th BjhA fwbdh fJ; bJh fJBQK s/ ftuko eoBk ftnoE j?. irs d/ ftP/ ftZu T[BQK



B'N B/ e/tb fJzBk fejk fe fJ; irs ftZu Bk sK e'Jh t;s{ PkPts j? ns/ Bk g{oh soQK BkPto. irs d/ ftP/ ftZu T[jBK d/ fJ; f;XKs B{z „gqshs;w[sgkd‟ fejk iKdk j?. gozs{ T[jBK d/ nB[:kJhnK B/ fJ; irs dh ftnkfynk nkgDh^nkgDh fdqPNh s'A g/P ehsh j?.

jhB:kB Bkb ;zpzXs t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse, d'B'A doPB t;s{ ns/ fus dh ;[szso ;Zsk ;theko eod/ jB. d'jK ftZu nzso fJzBk j? fe t?GkfPe doPB t;s{ B{z fJzdoh gqsZy (fus fBog/y) wzBdk j? ns/ ;"soKfse doPB nB[wkBe (fus ;kg/y) wzBdk j?. fJ; bJh t?GkfPe doPB B{z pkjoh noE gqsZytkd ns/ ;"soKfse doPB B{z pkjoh noE nB[w/tkd fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK d/ T[bN wjk:kB Bkb ;zpzXs :'rkuko ns/ wZXfwe doPB t;s{ B{z Bk sK fus fBog/y wzBd/ jB ns/ Bk fus ;kg/y. :'rkuko doPB fJjBK d/ w{b ftZu ftfrnkB dh ;Zsk wzBdk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko fus, wB ns/ ftfrngsh, fJj ftfrnkB d/ jh Gkt jB ns/ fJj ;kok ;z;ko p[ZXh (ftukoK) dk pfDnk j'fJnk j? (;ot p[ZXhwkB irs). fJ; bJh :'rkuko B{z ftfrnkBtkd fejk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN wZXfwe ;zgqadkfJ d/ b'e fJ; irs ftZu fJZe gkowkofEe sZs dh ;Zsk B{z ;thek eod/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko fJj gow sZs j? n;s, Bk ;s^n;s d'B'A j? ns/ Bk ;s^n;s d'B'A BjhA jB. fJ;B{z T[j „iho'‟ dk BKt fdzd/ jB. T[jBK dk fJj „iho'‟ e 'Jh nGkttkdh Ppd BjhA j? pbfe fJZe nfBotuBh gos sZs dk d'se j?. wZXfweK dh fJ; ftukoXkok B{z iho'tkd iK iho' dt?stkd fejk iKdk j?. nkswk^gqwkswk d/ nfXnksfwe ;o{g B{z ukoK ;zgqdkfJ ;theko eod/ jB. fJ; bJh p"X doPB B{z nBkswtkdh ns/ nBhPtotkdh doPB fejk iKdk j?. t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse nkswk d/ ;EkB s/ fus, :'rkuko ftfrnkB ns/ wZXfwe iho' d/ ti{d ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB.

p"X doPB eow f;XKs ns/ g{BoiBw d'jK ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?, gozs{ fJ; dk eow f;XKs j'o Xow^doPBK s'A fGZB j?. p"X doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy nkgD/ g{ot iBw d/ eowK d/ nXko s/ BtK iBw gqkgs eodk j?, gozs{ fJBQK g{ot iBw d/ eowKdk cbdksk e'Jh j'o (fJPto nkfd) BjhA j?, eow nkgD/^nkg jh nkgD/ cb fdzd/ jB. p"X doPB dk frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

p"X doPB ftZu frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ T[gkfJnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu th pj[s wsG/d j?. t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse d'B'A pkjoh irs dh ;Zsk ;theko eod/ jB, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe t?GkfPe T[; B{z fus fBog/y wzBd/ jB ns/ ;"soKfse fus ;kg/y. gdkoEK d/ XowK ns/ fus dhnK fefonktK d/ frnkB B{z fJj n;b frnkb wzBd/ jB. t?GkfPeK d/ nB[;ko frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ d' ;kXB jB^rqfjD ns/ nfXnt;kfJ. rqfjD dk noE j? fJzdohnK d[nkok gqsZy eoBk, fJ; d/ d[nkok gdkoE d/ ;XkoD o{g dk frnkB j[zdk j?. gdkoE B{z Bkw ns/ iksh nkfd ebgBk Bkb ;z:[es eoBk nfXnt;kfJ j?. ;"soKfse fJzdoh gqsZy d/ nXko s/ fus d[nkok nB[wkB eoB dh fefonk s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. :'rkuko ns/ wZXfwe irs dh ;[szso ;Zsk BjhA wzBd/, T[j T[; dh e/tb fttjkfoe ;Zsk wzBd/ jB. :'rkuko T[; d/ w{b ftZu ftfrnkB ns/ wZXfwe iho' d/ ti{d B{z ;theko eod/ jB ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh :'r dhnK fefonktK T[Zs/ i'o fdZd/ jB. p"X doPB d/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwk;K

nfijk T[b/y fwbdk j? fe f;XkoE (p[ZX) B/ okie[wko d/ o{g ftZu fJZe fdB fBopb Poho d/ p[ZY/ B{z d/fynk, e[ZM fdB pknd T[jBK B/ o'rh B{z d/fynk ns/ T[; d/ e[ZM fdB pknd fJZe w[od/ dh nkyoh :ksok B{z d/fynk. fJ; Bkb T[jBK B{z pj[s d[y j'fJnk, T[j ftnke[b j' T[m/ ns/ fJZe fdB okiwfjb, nkgDh gsBh ns/ g[Zso, ;G B{z SZv e/ ub/ rJ/ ns/ sgZf;nk ftZu bhB j' rJ/. 6 ;kb dh sgZf;nk d/ pknd T[jBK B/ uko ;ZuK dh y'i ehsh fiBQK B{z uko nkfonk ;Zu fejk iKdk j?. fJj uko nkfonk ;Zu jB^



1H ihtB d[yK Bkb g{oD j? (d[yw)^f;XkoE d/ o{g ftZu p[ZX B{z p[ZY/, o'rh ns/ w[od/ B{z d/y e/ wB[Zy d/ d[yK dh nB[G{sh j'Jh. sgZf;nk d/ cb;o{g T[jBK B/ d/fynk fe wB[Zy dk ;zg{oD ihtB d[yK Bkb g{oD j?, fiBQK B{z T[j gbGo d/ bJh ;[y ;wM pmdk j? T[j th T[; ftZu sfoPDk B{z T[sgzB eod/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK d[yK B{z T[sgzB eod/ jB.

2H fJjBK d[yK dk ekoB ftdwk j? (d[y ;w[dkfJ)^r"sw p[ZX B/ d{ik ;Zu fJj y'fink fe wB[Zy d/ d[yK dk w{b ekoB nfrnkB j?. nfrnkB d/ ekoB jh T[j fJzdoh G'r ftZu ;[y ;wMD bZrdk j? ns/ finkdk gkT[D dh fJZSk Gkt sfoPDk Bk jw/PK d[yh ofjzdk j?.

3H fJjBK d[yK dk nzs ;zGt j? (d[y fBo'X)^fsZik nkfonk ;Zu T[jBK B/ fJj y'fink fe nfrnkB Gkt ihtB d/ gqsh w'j ns/ j'o finkdk gqkgs eoB dh fsqPDk d/ yksw/ Bkb wB[Zy fJBQK ;z;kfoe d[yK s'A S[N ;edk j?.

4H fJjBK d[yK d/ nzs dk T[gkn j? (d[y fBo'X wkor iK fBotkoD wkor)îhtB d/ w'j ns/ j'o finkdk gqkgsh d/ fsqPDk s'A w[es j'D d/ bJh T[jBK B/ nkfonk nPNKr wkor dh y'i ehsh. fJ; wkor d/ nZr/ fby/ nZm nzr jB^

(i) ;w:e fdqPNh (;wk fdPfN)^p[ZX d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy d/ d[yK dk w{b ekoB nfrnkB j?, nfrnkB d/ ekoB jh T[; dhnK G"fse t;s{nK ftZu nk;esh j[zdh j?, T[j j'o finkdk gkT[Dh dh fJZsk (fsqPDk) Bkb rqf;s ofjzdk j? n/s jw/PK d[yh ofjzdk j?. fJ; soQK ;G s'A gfjbh io{os j?^;Zuk frnkB (;w:e fdqPNh, ;wk fdPfN) dh.

(ii) ;z:w ;zebg (;wk ;zebg)^p[ZX d/ nB[;ko ;Zuk frnkB j'D d/ pknd d{ih io{os j? T[; ;Zu d/ nXko s/ uZbD dk fdqVQfBPuk (;w:e ;zebg, ;wk ;zebg).

(iii) ;w:e tuB (;wk tkuk)^p[ZX d/ nB[;k fsZik wkor j?^;z:fws tkDh, ;Zuk frnkB (;w:e tuB, ;wk tkuk). T[jBK d/ nB[;ko M{m ns/ eN[ tkDh wB[Zy d/ eJh d[yK dk ekoB j[zdh j? fJ; bJh jw/PK ;Zu p'bDk ukjhdk j? ns/ edh th eN[ BjhA p'bDk ukjhdk j?.

(iv) ;w:e eow (;wk ewk)^;w:e tuB d/ pknd ;w:e tuB d/ nB[;ko ;w:e eow Gkt ;s eow eoBk io{oh j?. p[ZX d/ nB[;ko ;s eowK ftZu ;Zu, nfjz;k, M{m ns/ eo{Dk dk gkbD ns/ tZX G'iB eoB, fJzdoh G'r ftZu bhB j'D ns/ BhAd eoB nkfd d[PeowK s'A d{o ofjDk io{oh j?.

(v) ;w:e iht (;wk nkiht)^p[ZX d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy B{z nkgDh ihftek ewkT[D d/ bJh th T[fus wkor dk nB[;oD eoBk ukjhdk j?. rbs ok;fsnK Bkb XBT[sgkdB eoB ns/ io{os s'A tZX XBT[sgkdB eoB dk p[ZX B/ fBP/X ehsk j?.

(vi) ;w:e e;os (;wk e;os)^fJ; dk noE j? fe nkgDh ns/ d{finK dh GbkJh d/ bJh jw/PK :sB eoBk. fJ; d/ bJh nkswknB[Pk;B ns/ eo[Dk, fJjBK d' dk j'Dk io{oh j?. id'A sZe wB[Zy nkgD/ s/ fB:zsoD BjhA eodk ns/ d{finK dh GbkJh d/ bJh fsnko BjhA j[zdk T[j ;w:e e;os BjhA eo ;edk. ;z:w, eo[Dk ns/ fdnk p"X nkuko d/ w{b nkXko wzB iKd/ jB.

(vii) ;w:e :kdPesh (;wk wfs)^fJ; dk noE j?^;Zu wfs. r"sw p[ZX d/ nB[;ko fBotkD d/ fJS[Ze B{z nkgDh wfs B{z jw/PK ;jh oZyDk ukjhdk j?, T[; B{z uko nkfonk ;ZuK B{z jw/PK nkgDh :kdPesh ftZu pDkJ/ oZyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(viii) ;w:e ;wkfX (;wk ;wkfX)^p[ZX d/ nB[;ko T[go'es ;Zs wkorK dk gkbD eoB tkb/ ftnesh dk jh wB PKs j' ;edk j? ns/ T[jh fJekro wB s'A ;wkfX dh ;fEsh gqkgs eo ;edk j?. p[ZX B/ wB B{z ;z;ko s'A jNk b?D B{z jh ;wkfX fejk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftZu jh wB[Zy ;z;ko d/ d[yK s'A S[N ;edk j?l fBotkD B{z gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

B'N



B'N nkfonk nPNKr wkor s/ uZbD bJh Poho P[ZXh gfjbh io{os j?. Poho P[ZXh d/ p"X doPB ftZu fszB ;kXB dZ;/ jB^Phb, ;wkfX ns/ gqfrnk. fJjBK B{z sfoosB efjzd/ jB. fJZE/ fJjBK dk toDB ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?^

1H Phb^Phb dk noE j?^;ksfte eow. nfjz;k, M{m, ;Zuk GkPk, pqjwuko ns/ BP/ d/ ;/tB Bk eoBk, fJj gzuPhb jB fiBQK gkbD rqfj;E ns/ fGeP{nK d'jK d/ bJh io{oh j?. fGeP{nK d/ bJh j'o gzi PhbK dk th ftXkB j?, T[j jB^ngokjB G'iB, wkbkXkoD, ;zrhs s/ ;toDôis dk fsnkr ns/ wjZstg{oD P:k dk fsnkr.

2H ;wkfX^;wkfX dk noE j? fus dh B?;frqe fJekrosk. ;wkfX d[nkok fszB soQK dhnK ftXktK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB^g{ot iBw dh :kd, iht dh T[sgsh ns/ ftBkP dk frnkB ns/ fus d/ pkXE ftfPnK dh ikDekoh.

3H gqfrnk^gqfrnk fszB soQK dh j[zdh j?^Po[swh (;[Dh j'Jh), fuzskwJh (:{esh Bkb T[sgzB) ns/ GktBkwJh (;wkfXiBe fBPu/).

wjk:kBh fBotkD d/ bJh Grsh B{z th io{oh wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK d/ fJZE/ ;gs ftXh nB[so g{ik (tzdB, g{ik, gkg d/PBk, gzB:kB w'dkB, nX:/PBk, p'fXfuzs'sgkd ns/ gfoDkwBk) dk ftXkB j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; d/ bJh B?fse ihtB pj[s io{oh j? ns/ B?fse ihtB d/ bJh PngkokfwsktK (dkB, tho:, Phb, PKsh, fXnkB ns/ gqfrnk) dk noiB io{oh j?. fJjh ;zy/g ftZu p"X doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k j?. p"X doPB dh gfoGkPk

p"X doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ nXko s/ n;hA T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK^

p"X doPB Gkosh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z Bk sK e/tb t;s{iBe wzBdh j? ns/ Bk e/tb nfXnksfwe sZs d[nkok fBofws, fJj fJ; B{z BshiPhb wzBdh j?. fJj nkswk^gqwkswk d/ ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eodh ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fBotkD dh gqkgsh j?, fi; B{z uko nkfonk ;ZuK d/ frnkB ns/ nkfonk nPNKr wkor ns/ sfoosB d/ gkbB d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Xow d/ o{g ftZu p"X doPB d/ d' o{g jB^jhB:kB ns/ wjk:kB.



1H p"X doPB dh iBwG{wh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu p[ZX d/ T[gd/P ;zpzXh rqzE jB. 10H2 p"X doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Budhism)

p"X doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv BshikPhb j?^P'os doPB d/ nB[[;ko fJ; pqfjwzv dk w{b sZs nfXnksfwe j? ns/ ukotke doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv uko w{bG{sK (G"fse gdkoEK) d[nkok fBofws j?. gozs{ p[ZX B/ fJjBK d/ T[bN Bshi/ dh ;Zsk ;theko ehsh



j?. p[ZX d/ nB[:kJhnK B/ th fJ; s/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. t?GkfPeK ns/ ;"soKfseK d/ nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv d/ xks^gqshxks dk gqshcb j?. :'rkuko ftfrnkB B{z fJ; pqfjwzv dk w{b sZs wzBd/ jB ns/ wZXfwe iho' B{z. gozs{ fJZe rZb fJj th wzBd/ jB fe fJj irs BshikPhb j?.

2H t;s{ irs ns/ wkBf;e irs d'jK dh ;Zsk j?^t?GkfPeK d/ nB[;ko fJj fJzdohrqkjk irs ;Zu j? ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb wB (fus iK ftfrnkB) d/ irs dh th ;Zsk j?, gozs{ j? ;G gfotosBPhb. :'rkuko ns/ wZXfwe fJ; t;s{ irs dh ;[szso ;Zsk ;theko BjhA eod/. :'rkukok doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj pkjoh irs ftfrnkB (wB iK fus) dh nGhftnesh j? ns/ wZXfwe doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj pkjoh irs iho' (nfBotuBh gow sZs) dh nGhftnesh j?. fJj d'B'A ;zgqdkfJ t;s{ irs dh e/tb fttjkfoe ;Zsk wzBd/ jB.

3H nkswk^gqwkswk dh nfXnksfwe ;Zsk BjhA j?^p"X doPB nfXnksfwe sZs nkswk^ gqwkswk d/ ti{d ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. T[; d/ Bkb t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse fefonkPhb sZs dhg ;Zsk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB, :'rkuko ftfrnkB dh ;Zsk ftZu ns/ wZXfwe iho' dh ;Zsk ftZu.

4H wB[Zy ;ezXK dk ;zxks wkso j?^jhB:kBhnK dk ws j? fe ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ gdkoE gzi ;ezXK s'A fBofws jB. fJj gzi ;ezX jBô{g, t/dB, BKt, ;z;eko ns/ ftfrnkB. wjk:kBh fJ; B{z ftfrnkB iK iho' dh gqshfs wzBd/ jB. d'B'A ;zgqdkfJ fJj rZb ;theko eodk jB fe gqkDh (wB[Zy) g{ot eowK d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'D tkb/ XowK dk ;zxks wkso j?, fJj sK T[; B{z Gow j? fe T[; d/ nzdo e'Jh nkswk j?. nkPNKfre wkor d[nkok ftnesh B{z t;s{nK dh nfBssk dk nfj;k; j' iKdk j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; pkjoh ns/ nzdo{Bh fefonktK d[nkok j[zdk j?^p"X wsktbzph ekoBêkoi f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy dk ftek; g{otiBw ftZu ehs/ rJ/ eowK, toswkB ftZu ehs/ ik eowK ns/ GftZy ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ eowK, fszBK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. jhB:kB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy d/ ftek; dk uow o{g nojs gd dh gqkgsh j? ns/ wjk:kB d/ nB[;ko p[ZXst dh gqkgsh.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fBotkD dh gqkgsh j?^jhB:kB fBotkD B{z d[yK dh xkN wkso wzBd/ jB, gozs{ wjk:kBh fBotkD B{z nkBzd o{g wzBd/ jB. t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse d/ nB[;ko fJzdoh G'r Bkb ftw[y j'Dk Gkt fsqPDk d/ fto'X Bkb d[yK dk nzs jh fBotkD j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko fBotkD d/ d' o{g jB^;'gfXP/P ns/ fBo{gfXP/P. fJBQK d/ T[bN :'rkuko dk ws j? fe eb/PktoD ns/ frnktoD dh fBotsh Bkb fBotkD bkG j' ;edh j?. wZXfwe gowkoE sZs „iho'‟ dh nB[G{sh B{z fBotkD wzBd/ jB. fJ; soQK fBotkD dk noE p"X doPB d/ fGzB^fGzB ;zgqdkfJnK ftZu fGzB^fGzB j?.

7H fBotkD d/ bJh nPNKr wkor io{oh j?^jhB:kBh (t?GkfPe ns/ ;"soKfse) p[ZX d[nkok dZ;/ wkor dk nB[;oD eod/ jB. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko uko nkfonk ;ZuK d/ frnkB ns/ nPNKr wkor dk nB[;oD eoB Bkb fBotkD dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. wjk:kBh (:'rkukoh ns/ wZXfwe) fBotkD d/ bJh uko nkfonk ;ZuK d/ frnkB ns/ nPNKr wkor d/ nB[;oD d/ Bkb^Bkb Grsh T[Zs/ th i'o fdzd/ jB.

8H nkfonk nPNKr wkor s/ uZbD d/ bJh sfoosB dk gkbD io{oh j?^p"X doPB ftZu sfoosB^Phb, ;wkfX ns/ gqfrnk B{z wB[Zyh nkuoD dk w{b sZs wzfBnk frnk j?. PhbK ftZu th gziPhb (nfjz;k, M{m, ;Zu, GkPD, pqjwuko ns/ BPk Bk eoBk) sK rqfj;E ns/ fGeP{ d'jK d/ bJh io{oh dZ;/ rJ/ jB. ;wkfX Gkt fus dh B?;frqe fJekrosk ns/ gqfrnk B{z th fBotkD d/ bJh io{oh wzfBnk j?.

9H okik dk w{b eosZt gqik dk gkbD ns/ T[; B{z ;Zu/ wkor s/ brkT[Dk j?^p[ZX Pke rDkfXgsh P[Zd'XB d/ g[Zso ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A okik dk eosZt j? gqik dk gkbD eoBk. ;kX{ d/ o{g ftZu T[jBK B/ fJ; gqik gkbD ftZu gqik B{z ;dwkor s/ brkT[D dh

B'N



B'N rZb th okik d/ eosZtK ftZu i'V fdZsh. nZr/ uZb e/ p"X Xow ns/ doPB d/ gquko ftZu th ;fj:'r gqkgs ehsk frnk. fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu p"X dkoPfBe okik iK oki s'A fJj nkPk eod/ oj/ fe T[j gqik d/ nkuoD s/ fB:zsoD oZy/. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H p[ZX d/ wkor B{z fejk iKdk j?^

(T) wfXnw gqshgdk wkor (n) p[ZX wkor

(J) sfofgNe wkor (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H p"X doPB d/ d' o{g jB^

(T) ;Zu s/ nfjz;k (n) jhB:kB ns/ wjk:kB

(J) ;[s fgNe ns/ ftB fgNe (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H p"X doPB B{z fejk iKdk j?.

(T) nBkswtkdh s/ nBhPtotkdh (n) ;"soKsfoe

(J) t/dKfse (;) t?GkfPe

6H wjk:kBh fBotkD d/ bJh io{oh wzBd/ jB^

(T) ;Zu (n) Grsh

(J) ;w:e frnkB (;) w;:e tuB 10H3 p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Budhism and Education)

p"X doPB B/ ;kv/ d/P dh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g fBoXkoD ftZu pj[s tZvk :'rdk fdZsk j?. nZi th fJj ;kvh ftfdnde ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB ftZu ;kvh ;jkfJsk eodk j?. fJZE/ T[; d/ f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt dk eqwpZX toDB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

p"X doPB b"fee ns/ gkowkofEe d'jK ;ZuK ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?^

d[/ ;s:/ ;w[gkfPqs: p[XkBK Xow d/PBk b'e ;zftfs ;s:A u ;s:A B gowkoEBk] (wZXfweekfoek, 24$8)

T[; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk fJZe nfijh wjZstg{oD fefonk j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z b"fee ns/ gkowkofEe d'B'A ihtB d/ :'r pDkT[Adh j?. gkowkofEe ihtB s'A T[; dk Gkt fBotkD s'A j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[j fijVh wB[Zy B{z fBotkD dh gqkgsh eokJ/. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

p"X doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB d/ d' gfjb{ jB^fJZe b"fee ns/ d{ik gkowkofEe. b"fee fdqPNh s'A p"X dkoPfBeK B/ wB[Zyh Pohoe, p"fXe, ufosoe ns/ B?fse ns/ eko'pkoe ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ gkowkofEe fdqPNh s'A fBotkD dh gqkgsh d/ bJh uko nkfonk ;Zu, nkfonk nPNKr wkor ns/ sfoosB dh T[gbpXh io{oh wzBh j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj th f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. nZi dh GkPk ftZu n;hA fJjBK B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu d/y^;wM ;ed/ jK^



1H Pohoe ftek;^GkrtkB p[ZX B/ Poho B{z f;jswzd oZyD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A Poho f;jswzd j'D s/ wB[Zy Poho d/ o[rD j' ikD Bkb j'D tkb/ d[yK s'A w[es j' iKdk j?. fco f;jswzd Poho dh xkN ftZu e[ZM ;zGt BjhA, Bk Xow ns/ Bk eow.

2H nfrnkB dk nzs ns/ frnkB dh gqkgsh^p"X doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ d[yK dk ekoB nfrnkB j?. p"XK d/ nB[;ko ;z;ko B{z ;[ywJh wzBDk ns/ fJzdoh G'r ns/ fsqPDk dh fsqgsh ftZu ;[y dh ebgBk eoBk nfrnkB j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko uko nkfonk ;ZuK dk frnkB jh ;Zuk frnk j?.

3H ;wkfie nkuoD dh f;Zfynk^p"X doPB ;ko/ gqkDhnK d/ efbnkD dk gZyh j?, fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; ftZu eo{Dk ns/ fdnk s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk frnk j?. fpBK eo{Dk Gkt d/ fJZe wB[Zy d{i/ wB[Zy d/ d[yK B{z BjhA ;wM ;edk ns/ fpBK fdnk ehs/ fJZe wB[Zy d{i/ wB[Zy B{z d[yK B{z d{o BjhA eo ;edk. p"X doPB fJ;h soQK d/ ;wkfie ftek; sk gZyh j?.

4H wB[Zyh ;z;feqash dh ;zGkt^p"X fuzse Xow B{z ;z;feqsh dk nzr wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;z;feqsh dh ;zGkb Bkb jh Xow dh ;zGkb j' ;edh j?, gozs{ ;z;feqsh s'A T[jBK dk Gkt ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh dhnK ;z;feqashnK s'A j?. fJBQK d/ frnkB d[nkok jh wB[Zy n;b frnkB dh y'i eo ;edk j? ns/ n;b Xow dk gkbD eo ;edk j?.

5H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;^p"X Xow ftZu nksw;ziw, eo{Dk ns/ fdnk s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk frnk j?. p"XK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy ftZu fJBQK ;ko/ r[DK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ;h B{z T[j ufoso wzBd/ jB. fJBQK r[DK d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[j em'o fB:wK d/ gkbD s/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

6H eko'pkoe ftek;^p"X doPB wB[ZyK B{z ;z;ko s'A ftw[y j'D dk nkd/P BjhA fdzd/, T[j sK T[jBK B{z ;z;kfoe d[yK s'A w[esh fdbkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. T[; ;w/A G[Zy d/ d[y s'A puD, eZgfVnK dh xkN d/ d[y s'A puD, wekB dh xkN d/ d[y s'A puD, nkfd d/ bJh T[; B{z fe;h eko'pko (ebkê"Pb, T[d:'r s/ ftUgko) ftZu fBg[zB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fJj fBT{Bsw io{osK dh g{osh d/ fJbktk XB nofis eoB dk fBP/s eodk j?. fJ; dh fdqPNh s'A T[; ;w/A sK ftnsh nkgD/^nkg ns/ g{ok ;wki ns/ finkdk d[yK B{z gqkgs j't/rk.

7H fBotkD dh gqkgsh^p"X wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P ;z;kfoe d[yK s'A S[Nekok wzBd/ jB. fJ; B{z T[j fBotkD efjzd/ jB. fBotkD dh gqkgsh d/ bJh p"X wB[ZyK B{z uko nkfonk ;ZuK d/ frnkB ns/ nkfonk nPNKr wkor ns/ sfoosB d/ gkbD dk T[gd/P fdzd/ jB. wjk:kBh fJBQK d/ fJbktk Grsh B{z th io{oh wzBd/ jB.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

p"X dkoPfBeK B/ f;Zfynk d/ d' gqeko d/ T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ jB^b"fee ns/ gkowkofEe. b"fee T[d/P j?^Pohoe ftek;, ufosoe ns/ B?fse ftek; ns/ eko'pkoe ftek;. fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu B?fse ihtB, e;os, GkPk, frnkB, nk:[ot/d, Pb: fues;k, y/sh, gP{gkbD ns/ t;s{ebk nkfd B{z Pkfwb ehsk j?. p"X f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw ftZu T[Bh fPbgK (f;wgK) d/ Pkfwb j'D dk T[b/y j?. gkowkofEe T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[jBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu sfofgNeK ns/ j'o Xow^doPBK d/ nfXnB, nPNKr wkor ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ B?fse ihtB B{z Pkfwb ehsk j?.

p"X fGeP{nK B/ ;zg{oD f;Zfynk B{z fszB ;soK ftZu tzfvnk j?^gqkEfwe, T[Zu ns/ fGe:{^f;Zfynk. gqkEfwe ;so s/ ;G s'A gfjK f;Xos; Bkwe g'Eh gVQkJh iKdh ;h fi; d/ d[nkok gkbh GkPk d/ nZyoK dk frnkB eokfJnk iKdk ;h. Bkb^Bkb rfDs d/ nzeK dk th frnkB eokfJnk iKdk ;h. fJ; d/ pknd GkPk dk gVQBk^fbyDk f;ykfJnk iKdk ;h. GkPk dk ;XkoD frnkB j'D s/ gzi ftfrnkBK (Ppd ftfdnk, fPbg ftfdnk, fues;k ftfdnk, j/s{

B'N



B'N ftfdnk ns/ nfXnksw ftfdnk) dh f;Zfynk nkozG ehsh iKdh j? ns/ p"X Xow dk ;XkoD frnkB eokfJnk iKdk ;h. B?fse f;Zfynk PpdK ftZu BjhA fefonkswe o{g ftZu fdZsh iKdh ;h.

T[Zu f;Zfynk ;so s/ ;G s'A gfjbK ftnkeoD, Xow, i'fsP, nk:[oftfrnkB ns/ doPB dk ;XkoD frnkB eokfJnk iKdk ;h ns/ T[; d/ pknd ftfPPN f;Zfynk P[o{ j[zdh ;h. ftfPPN f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu gkbh, gqfeos ns/ ;z;feqs GkPk ns/ fJBQK d/ ftnkeoD s/ ;kfjs, yr'bPk;so, BePsoPk;so, fBnkPk;so, okiBhshPk;so, noEPk;so,ftfGzB ebkê"Pb, nk:[toftfrnkB, i'fsP, p"X doPB, i?B doPB, t?fde doPB ns/ GtB fBowkD ftfrnkB B{z ;EkB fdZsk frnk ;h. ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh nfXnB ftfPnK dk fBoXkoD T[jBK dh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk ;h.

fGeP{ f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk ;h fijVh p"X Xow^doPB dk gquko eoB tkfbnK ns/ p"X wmK ns/ ftjkoK ftZu f;ybkJh ekoi eoB tkfbnK d/ bJh io{oh ;h. fJ; dh gkmuo:k ftZu ;zg{oD p"X ;kfjs (sfofgNe), t?fde Xow^doPB, GtB fBowkD ftfrnkB ns/ wmK ns/ ftjkoK dh ;zgsh dk b/ykî'yk oZyD dh ftXh ns/ nPNKr wkor ftZu g{oD f;ybkJh Pkfwb ;h.

f;ybkJh ftXhnK

p"X dkoPfBeK d/ nB[;ko f;ZyD d/ fszB ;kXB jB^Poho, wB ns/ u/sBk. T[jBK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe Poho, wB ns/ u/sBk dh fdqPNh s'A fGzB^fGzB T[wo tor d/ pZu/ fGzB^fGzB j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ bJh f;ybkJh ftXhnK fGzB^fGzB j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. T[jBK B/ fGzB^fGzB T[wo tor d/ pZfunK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftek; ehsk j?. p"XK d[nkok ftef;s f;ybkJh ftXhnK B{z n;hA d' torK ftZu tzv ;ed/ jK^ftneshrs f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK ns/ ;w{fje f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK. Ftneshrs f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK ftZu ;tkfXnJ/ ftXh w[Zy j? ns/ ;w{fje f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK ftZu ftnkfynkB ftXh w[Zy j?. fJZE/ p"XK d[nkok ftef;s f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh ;XkoD ikD^gfjukD g/P j?.

1H nB[eoD ftXh^nB[eoD ftXh f;ZyD dh ;[Gkfte ftXh j?. p"X fGeP{ (nfXnkge) pZfunK B{z GkPk d/ nZyoK ns/ rfDs d/ nzeK dk frnkB eokT[D d/ bJh fJZe^fJZe nZyo iK nze B{z T[; d/ T[ukoD d/ Bkb sysh s/ fbyd/ ;B, ftfdnkoEh T[jBK dk nB[eoD eoe/ T[;h nZyo iK nze dk T[ukoD eod/ ;B ns/ T[; B{z fbyd/ ;B. p"X fGeP{ nkuoD ns/ nB[Pk;B dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh th fJ;h ftXh dk gq:'r eod/ ;B.

2H gqdoPB ns/ nfGnk; ftXh^fJj nB[eoD ftXh dk jh T[Zu ;so j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu nfXnkge ;G s'A gfjbK fefonk ftP/P B{z eoe/ fdykT[Adk j?, f;ZfynkoEh T[; B{z d/yd/^;wMd/ jB, T[; d/ pknd T[j nfXnkge dk nB[eoD eod/ j'J/ T[; f;Zfynk B{z ;[szso o{g s'A eod/ jB ns/ fco nfGnk; d[nkok fefonk ftP/P ftZu e[Pbsk gqkgs eod/ jB. p"X fGeP{ ftfGzb ebktK, e"PbK ns/ fefonkswe ftfPnK dh f;Zfynk f;ybkJh ;zpzXh fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r eod/ ;B.

3H ftnkfynk ftXh^fJj ftXh toswkB ftnkfynkB ftXh dk fByfonk j'fJnk o{g ;h. p"X nfXnkge fe;h ftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs sZEK B{z w"fye o{g s'A g/P eoB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[jBK B{z T[gwk ns/ T[dkjoDK d[nkok ;gPN eod/ ;B. fJ; B{z jh d{i/ PpdK ftZu sZEK dh ftnkfynk fejk iKdk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe T[j f;ZfynkoEhnK dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB th eod/ ;B, T[jBK d/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso th fdzd/ ;B ns/ id'A sZe T[jBK B{z sZE ;gPN BjhA j' iKd/ ;B, nZr BjhA tXd/ ;B.

4H ftnkfynkB ftXh^p"X fGeP{nK d[nkok ftef;s ftnkfynkB ftXh nZi dh ftnkfynkB ftXh s'A fGzB ;h, fJj nZi dh r?;N b?euo d/ ;wkB ;h gozs{ fJ; s'A e[ZM p/jso ;h. p"X T[Zu f;Zfynk e/AdoK s/ ftP/ ftP/P d/ nfXekoh ftdtkb p[bkJ/ iKd/ ;B, T[jBK d/ ftnkfynkB eokJ/ iKd/ ;B, ftnkfynkB d/ pknd Pzek^;wkXkB j[zdk ;h ns/ ftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs sZEK dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk ;h.



5H tkd^fttkd ns/ soe ftXh^p"X fGeP{nK B/ tkdfttkd ftfPnK dh f;ybkJh d/ bJh tkd^fttkd ns/ soe ftXh dk ftek; ehsk. fJ; tkd^fttkd ftZu Gkr b?D tkb/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ws g/P eod/ ;B, gZy ftZu soe g/P eod/ ;B. 8 soQK d/ gqwkD (f;XKs, j/s{, T[dkjoD, ;kXwo, gqsZy, nB[wkB ns/ nkrw) T[g;fEs eod/ ;B. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJj toswkB tkd^fttkd ns/ soe ftXh s'A e[ZM fGzB ;h.

6H ;zr'Pmh^fJj ftXh th toswkB ;zr'Pmh s'A fGzB ;h. fJ; ftZu e/tb ftP/ ftP/P dk nfXnB eoB tkb/ e[ZM ftfdnkoEh T[; ftP/ B{z gVQkT[D tkbk nfXnkge, T[g;fEs j[zd/ ;B, ;ko/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ftuko soe ;fjs g/P eod/ ;B, nzs ftZu ;jh fBoDk j[zdk ;h.

7H ;zw/bB ns/ Pk;sonoE ftXh^p"X nfXnkge T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu edhêdh ;zw/bBK dk nk:'iB th eod/ ;B. fJBQK ;zw/bBK d/ ftP/ ftP/PZr p[bkJ/ iKd/ ;B. fJBQK ;zw/bBK ftZu ftP/PZrK d/ ftnkfynk j[zd/ ;B, fco T[jBK ftZu Pk;sonoE j[zdk ;h. T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ ftfdnkoEh fJBQK ftZu T[g;fEs j[zd/ ;B ns/ nkgDhnK PzektK g/P eod/ ;B. tesk T[jBK dhnK PzektK dk ;wkXkB eod/ ;B ns/ fJ; soQK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftP/ ftP/P dk ;gPN frnkB jz[dk ;h.

8H ;tkfXnkJ/ ftXh^fJ; ftXh dk ftek; ;G s'A gfjbK p"X nfXnkgeK B/ jh ehsk ;h. T[; ;w/A b/yB ebk dk ftek; j' u[Zek ;h. p"X fGeP{nK B/ ;G s'A gfjbk ekoi sK fJj ehsk fe T[; ;w/A T[gbpX ;ko/ w[Zy rqzEK dk gkbh GkPk ftZu T[bZEk ehsk, d{ik ekoi fJj ehsk fe fJBQK rqzEK dhnK eJhêJh j;sfbys gqshnK fsnko ehshnK ns/ fsZik ekoi fJj ehsk fe fJBQK B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD d/ bJh g[;sekfbnK dk fBowkD ehsk ns/ fJ; soQK ;tkfXnkJ/ d/ bJh nXkoG{s ;wZroh ns/ ;kXB fsnko ehs/. T[; ;w/A T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ ftfdnkoEh fJBQK g[;sekfbnK ftZu ;zpzXs rqzEK dk gmB eod/ ;B, ftP/ ;wZroh B{z ;wMD dk :sB eod/ ;B, ns/ gmB d/ pknd nfXnkgeK s'A nkgDhnK PzektK dk ;wkXkB gqkgs eod/ ;B.

9H d/PkNB^p"X nfXnkge fJ; ftXh d[nkok gq:'r w[Zy o{g s'A fGeP{ f;Zfynk ftZu eod/ ;B. fGeP{ f;Zfynk d/ fGeP{nK B{z d/PkNB d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ ;B, ns/ fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z irs d/ n;b o{g B{z ;wMD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ ;B, ;wki d/ n;b o{g B{z ;wMD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ ;B ns/ Bkb Xow gquko dh f;ybkJh fdZsh iKdh ;h.

nB[Pk;B

p"X Xow^doPB ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh, d'jK d/ bJh em'o nkuko ftt;Ek fdZsh rJh j? ns/ d'jK B{z fJBQK d/ gkbD dk em'o fBod/P j?. nfXnkgeK d/ bJh uko nkfonk ;ZuK d/ frnkB ns/ nkfonk nPNKr wkor ns/ sfoosB d/ gkbD dk fBod/P j?, ;XkoD f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ bJh T[jBK d/ bJh fBoXkfos 10 fB:wK d/ gkbD dk fBod/P j? ns/ fGeP{ f;Zfynk d/ fGeP{nK d/ bJh fJBQK 10 fB:wK d/ gkbD d/ Bkb^Bkb T[jBK d/ bJh fBoXkfos j'o 8 fB:wK d/ gkbD dk fBod/P j?. p"X Xow^doPB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nfXnkgeK ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d[nkok fJBQK XowK d/ gkbD B{z jh nB[Pk;B fejk frnk j?.

p"X Xow^doPB ftZu fiZE/ nfXnkgeK B{z f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ nkuoD s/ fdqPNh oZyD dk fBod/P j?, T[ZE/ jh f;ZfynkoEhnK B{z nkgD/ nfXnkgeK d/ nkuoD s/ fdqPNh oZyD dk fBod/P j?. ns/ Bkb jh fJj ftt;Ek ehsk rJh j? fe i/eo ftfdnkoEh fB:wK dk T[bzxB eoB sK T[jBK B{z nfXnkge dzv d/D ns/ i/eo nfXnkge fB:wK dk T[bzxB eoB sK ;zx T[jBK B{z dzv d/t/. fJ; d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbk T[gkn sK fJj dZf;nk frnk j? fe edhêdh nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe ;EkB s/ fJeZso j'D, nkswBohyD eoB, nkgD/ d'P ;theko eoB, rbsh B{z wzBD ns/ T[jBK d'PK B{z d{o eoB dk ;zebg eoB. x'o ngokX eoB dk dzv ftt;Ek dk ftXkB j?, gozs{ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu Pohoe dzv dk fBP/X ehsk frnk j? ns/ nfs x'o ngokX eoB dh ;fEsh ftZu f;Zfynk ;z;Ek s'A eZYD dk gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?.

B'N



B'N nfXnkge

p"X f;Zfynk ftZu T[jh ftnesh nfXnkge j' ;edk ;h fi;B/ uko nkfonk ;ZuK B{z ikD fbnk j't/ ns/ i' nPNKr wkor dk nB[;oD eodk j't/. f;Zfynk d/D dk nfXeko e/tb fGeP{nK B{z ;h ns/ T[j th T[jBK fGeP{nK B{z i' xZN s'A xZN 10 ;kb fGeP{ ofj u[Ze/ j'D ns/ i' P[ZX nkuoD, gftso ftuko, ftBwosk ns/ wkBf;e ;woZEk s'A Go/ j'D. p"X nfXnkgeK B{z d' torK ftZu tzvd/ ;B^fJZe T[gkfXnkJ/ Gkt T[dGN ftdtkB, fiBQK d/ B/V/ p?m e/ fGeP{ f;Zfynk rqfjD eod/ ;B ns/ d{i/ nukfonk gkt nkuoD dh f;Zfynk d/D tkb/, fiBQK dk nB[;oD eoe/ ftfdnkoEh T[Zu nkuoD eod/ ;B. T[; ;w/A r[o{ u/fbnK B{z T[jBK d/ nkuoD d/ gqsh ;u/s eod/ ;B ns/ u/b/ r[o{nK B{z T[jBK d/ nkgD/ nkuoD d/ gqsh ;u/s eod/ ;B.

f;ZfynkoEh

p"X doPB d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkoEh dk toswkB T[; d/ g{ot iBw d/ eow ns/ T[; d/ iBw s'A b? e/ j[D sZe d/ ;z;ekoK dk Bshik j[zdk j? ns/ T[; dk GftZy T[; d/ g{ot iBw d/ eow ns/ iBw s'A j[D sZe d/ eow d/ Bkb^Bkb toswkB ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ eowK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh ;ko/ pZu/ ns/ fpjkoK ftZu f;Zfynk b?D d/ nfXekoh jB. gozs{ wksk^fgsk dh nkfrnk fpBK T[jBK B{z dkfybk BjhA fdZsk iKdk ;h. fJ; d/ fJbktk ;zeqwe o'r s'A ghfVs, x'o B?fse ngokXh, nftBwo, d[okukoh gbkfJDeosk nkfd B{z th dkfybk BjhA fdZsk iKdk ;h. dkfyb/ d/ ;w/A gtZik ;z;eko j[zdk ;h. fJ; ftZu pkbe f;o w[VQk e/ gftsosk XkoD eodk ;h ns/ PoDsoh^

p[Xw PoDA rSkwh. XwA PoDA rSkwh. ;AxA PoDA rSkwh.

Bkb T[jBK dk ;zx ftZu dkfybk j[zdk ;h. fJ; w"e/ s ftfdnkoEh B{z dZ; nkd/P fdZs/ iKd/ ;B. fJj dZ; nkd/P „d; f;Zyk gdkfB‟ ejkT[Ad/ ;B. jo/e ftfdnkoEh B{z fJjBK dk gkbD eoBk j[zdk ;h. fJj dZ; nkd/P ;B^

1H iht fjz;k Bk eoBk. 2H fe;h dh t;s{ Bk b?Dk. 3H nP[ZX nkuoD s'A d{o ofjDk. 4H M{m GkPD BjhA eoBk. 5H wkde gdkoEK dk ;/tB BjhA eoBk. 6H e[;w G'iB BjhA eoBk. 7H fe;h dh fBzdk BjhA eoBk. 8H Bku rkfJB s'A d{o ofjDk. 9H ;[rzXs s/ fPzrkoe t;s{nK dk T[g:'r Bk eoBk. 10H ;'BkûKdh pj[wb t;s{nK dk dkB Bk b?Dk.

ftfdnkfbnk

p"X f;Zfynk wmK ns/ ftjkoK ftZu uZbdh ;h. fJj jh T[; ;w/A d/ ftfdnkb/, wjKftfdnkb/ ns/ ftPtftfdnkb/ ;B. fJj ftfdnkb/ p"X ;zxK d/ nkPfos j[zd/ ;B. ;zx dh ;Zsk ;ot s'A fgnkoh ;h. ;zx nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d'jK dk youk ;fjzd/ ;B. T[j nfXnkge ns f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ bJh Pk;so nkuoD d/ fB:w pDkT[Ad/ ;B fiBQK dk T[jBK B{z em'osk Bkb gkbD eoBk j[zdk ;h. p"X fGzB^fGzB soQK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk d/ yZg ftZu ;B, gozs{ fe;h th soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ fttjko B{z Pk;so ;zws d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; soQK T[j ftfdnkfbnK ftZu em'o ftt;Ek d/ jkwh ;B.



;XkoD o{g s'A 8 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu gptZik ;z;eko d/ Bkb pZfunK dk wm iK ftjko ftZu dkfybk j[zdk ;h, gfjb/ uko ;kb gqkEfwe f;Zfynk uZbdh ;h ns/ T[; d/ pknd T[Zu f;Zfynk. nZr/ uZb/ e/ e[ZM wmK ns/ ftukoK B/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK dk o{g XkoD eo fbnk sK T[jBK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ fB:w pDkJ/ ns/ nkgD/^nkgD/ gkmeqw ubkJ/. fJBQK ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu P[be th fbnk iKdk ;h. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^p"X doPB iBw d/ nXko s/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eodk ns/ ;kfonK d/ bJh nkoGe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek dk ;woEB eodk j?. fJ; soQK T[j iB f;Zfynk dk fjwkfJsh j?. gozs{ T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek T[j e/tb w/Xkth ns/ :'r ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh jh eoBk ukj[zdk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw b'e GkPk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. p"XK B/ nkgD/ ;w/A dh b'eGkPk gkbh B{z jh f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw pDkfJnk ;h.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^p"X dkoPfBe g[oy ns/ fJ;soh ftZu th G/d BjhA eod/, gozs{ T[j e/tb T[Zu ;so dhnK fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk dh jh rZb eod/ jB.

3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^p"X dkoPfBeK B/ b"fee ihtB B{z b"fee d[yK s'A pukT[D d/ bJh eko'pkoe f;Zfynk s/ th pb fdZsk j?. T[; ;w/A d/ wmK ns/ ftjkoK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dh T[Zsw ftt;Ek ;h.

4H Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk^p"X doPB ;G s'A gfjbK p"X Xos d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk ;h, T[; dh dkoPfBe ftt/uBk T[; d/ pknd P[o{ j'Jh. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P i'o fdzdk j?. T[AM p"X wmK ns/ ftjkoK ftZu p"X Xow dh f;Zfynk jh io{oh ;h, gozs{ T[j ;z;ko d/ fe;h th Xow dh BjhA eodk, e[ZM wmK ns/ ftjkoK ftZu j'o Xow ns/ doPBK dh f;Zfynk dh th ftt;Eh ;h.

B'N

Nk;e p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

10H4 p"X doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Budhism of Education) p"X doPB Bk sK e/tb G"fsetkdh j? ns/ Bk e/tb nfXnksfwe. fJ; B/ wfXnwk gqfsgdk f;XKs B{z ngDkfJnk j?. fJZe doPB d/ o{g ftZu fJ; d/ eJh f;XKs T[gfBPdh doPB Bkb pj[s w/b ykT[Ad/ jB fit/A^Gkt gqgu d/ w{b ftZu nftfdnk dk ekoB j'Dk, fsqPDk d/ BkP ftZu oki, dt/P nkfd pzXBK s'A w[es j'Dk ns/ eow f;XKs dh ftnkgesk, gozs{ nBkswtkd, ePfDetkd ns/ iho'tkd d/ f;XKs fJZedw T[gfBPd fto'Xh jB. nBkswtkdh j'D d/ ekoB jh fJj Gkos dh G{wh s/ finkdk fdB BjhA fNe ;fenk. gozs{ fJZe f;Zfynk doPB d/ o{g ftZu T[; B/ Gkos d/ iBwkB; B{z ;goP ehsk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu i' ekoi Gkos d/ j'o dPB BjhA eo ;e/ T[j ekoi fJ; B/ ehs/ jB. f;fynk dh XkoDk

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk d/ ;o{g dh uouk eoB ftZu p"X dkoPfBeK B/ Pesh BjhA brkJh, gozs{ T[; d/ w{b ekoi B{z ;gPN io{o ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk w{b ekoi wB[Zy B{z fBotkD dh gqkgsh eokT[Dk j?. p"XK dh fdqPNh s'A fBotkD dk noE j?^d[yK s'A S[Nekok. Gbk fJ; ;z;ko d[yK s'A S[Nekok e"D BjhA ukj/rk.



B'N f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

p"X doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB d/ d' gfjb{ jB^fJZe b"fee ns/ d{ik gkowkofEe. b"fee fdqPNh s'A p"X dkoPfBeK B/ f;Zfynk d/ Pohoe ftek; ns/ eko'pkoe ftek; s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk j? ns/ gkowkofEe fdqPNh s'A B?fse ftek; s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk j?. B?fse ftek; B{z sK T[j b"fee ns/ gkowkofEe d'jK fdqPNhnK s'A wjZst fdzd/ jB.

i/eo fXnkB Bkb d/fynk ikt/ sK ;gPN j't/rk fe p"XK d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nfs ftnkge jB ns/ nZi dh fdqPNh s'A th wjZstg{oD jB. nZi f;Zfynk d[nkok B?fse ftek; dh rZb d[pkok ;'uh ik ojh j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu sK nZi f;Zfynk irs ftZu d' jh ftuko ;G s'A tZX wjZst d/ jBô[irkog{oe f;Zfynk ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk. gozs{ ;ko/ T[d/PK d/ ;o{g fBoXkoD ftZu e/tb p"X doPB B{z nXko pDkT[Dk toswkB ftZu ;otwzBD:'r BjhA j' ;edk. fco toswkB ftZu sK f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk oki dk T[ZsodkfJst wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[; ;w/A oki f;Zfynk d[nkok okPNoh w{bK dh f;Zfynk d/Dk jh ukj/rk. fco nZi nzso^ okPNohnsk dk :[r j?, T[; ;w/A f;Zfynk d[nkok nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt dk ftek; th eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

p"X dkoPfBeK B/ f;Zfynk B{z fszB ;soK ftZu tzfvnk j?^gqkEfwe, T[Zu ns/ fGeP{ ns/ fszBK ;soK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ehsk. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe T[jBK B/ ;ko/ ;soK dh gkmufonktK d[nkok b"fee ns/ gkob"fee d'jK soQK d/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?.

T[jBK dhnK fJj d'B'A rZbK f;XKs o{g ftZu uzrhnK jB, gozs{ p"X doPB ns/ Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o d/ e/ T[jBK B/ nkgDh Xow ;zehoDsk dk gqrNkn ehsk j?. nZi d/ :[r ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fe;h doPB iK Xow s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o d/D dh rZb fe;h B{z ;theko BjhA j' ;edh. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

p"X dkoPfBeK B/ T[fus f;Zfyjnk d/ bJh eJh gqGkth f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk ftek; ehsk j?. p"XK B/ ftneshrs f;ybkJh d/ bJh ;tkfXnkJ/, wBB ns/ fuzsB ns/ ;w{fje f;ybkJh d/ bJh ftnkfynkB, ftnkfynk ns/ uouk ftXh dk ftek; ehsk j?.

p"XK d[nkok ftef;s f;ybkJh dhnK fJj ftXhnK nZi th uzrhnK ftXhnK wzBhnK iKdhnK jB. n;b frnkB d/ bJh nZi e[ZM ftdtkB Pk;sonoE B{z io{oh Gkt/A jh Bk wzBd/ j'D gozs{ gq:NB ns/ ;zw/bB sK nZi th ;kfonK B{z wzBD:'r jB. nB[Pk;B

p"X doPB ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh, d'jK d/ bJh em'o nuko ftt;Ek fdZsh rJh j? ns/ d'jK d/ bJh fJBQK d/ gkbD dk em'o fBod/P j?. p"X Xow ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d[nkok fBPfus fB:wK d/ gkbD B{z jh nB[Pk;B fejk frnk j?.

nB[Pk;B d/ ;zpzX ftZu p"XK dk fJj ftuko fe nkuoD ;zpzXh fBPfus fB:wK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoBk jh nB[Pk;B j?, nkgD/ ftZu g{oD BjhA jB. fB:wK d/ gkbD d/ fgZS/ fB:wK ftZu ftPtk; j'Dk th io{oh j? ns/ T[jBK fB:wK d/ gkbD eoB dh fJZSk j'dk th io{oh j?. gozs{ p"XK B/ ;kfonK B{z fB:wK d/ gkbD eoB dk fijVk T[gd/P fdZsk j? T[j nZi b'eszsoh ihtB d/ bJh pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. b'eszso dh ;cbsk sK fJ;h rZb s/ fBoGo eodh j? fe ;G nkgD/^nkgD/ eosZtK dk gkbD fJwkBdkoh ns/ fBPm d/ Bkb eoB.



nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

p"X f;Zfynk ftZu T[jh ftnesh nfXnkge j' ;edk ;h fi; B/ uko nkfonk ;ZuK B{z ikD fbnk j't/ ns/ fijVk nPNKr wkor dk nB[;oD eodk j't/ ns/ ;zx d/ fB:wK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eodk j't/. fJ; ftZu ;XkoD ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh 10 fB:w ns/ fGeP{ f;Zfynk d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh fJBQK 10 fB:wK d/ fJbktk 8 j'o fB:wK dk gkbD io{oh ;h.

nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK B{z ;ziwh ihtB dh ;bkj d/ e/ p"XK B/ f;Zfynk irs B{z fijVh P[ZXsk gqdkB ehsh ;h T[; dh io{os nZi th ;wMh ik ojh j?. ekP, nZi d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh ;ziwh ihtB ihDk nkozG eo d/D sK f;Zfynk irs dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK nkgD/^nkg jZb j' ikD. ftfdnkfbnk

p"XK dk ;G s'A tZvk ekoi ;h f;Zfynk B{z pqkjwDK d/ J/ekfXkeo s'A eZY e/ wmK ns/ ftjkoK B{z ;"AgDk. r[o{e[bK ftZu r[o{ ftP/P dk fB:zsoD j[zdk ;h, wmK ns/ ftjkoK ftZu ;zx dk fB:zsoD j[zdk ;h.

fJ; soQK Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ftneshrs gqPk;B d/ ;EkB s/ ;z;Ek gqPk;B dk PqhrD/P eoB dk ;fjok p"XK B{z jh iKdk j?. fJZE'A jh Gkos ftZu ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk dk PqhrD/P wzfBnk iKdk j?. ftfdnkb/ th d' soQK d/^fJZe nkozGe f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ns/ d{i/ T[Zu f;Zfynk ;zpzXh. d'jK dh soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fB:wK dk em'osk Bkb gkbDk j[zdk ;h, nZi n;hA T[; dh d[pkok io{os nB[Gt eo oj/ jK. ;z;ko ftZu ftPtftfdnkb/ fijh ;z;Ek dh ;EkgBk th p"XK dh d/D j?. T[jBK d/ d[nkok ;Ekfgs sePPhbk ftPtftfdnkfbnk ;z;ko dk ;G s'A gfjbk ftPtftfdnkfbnk ;h. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/Fasle):

7H p"X fuzse Xow B{z ;z;feqsh dk nzr wzBd/ ;B.

8H p"X Xow ftZu nksw;ziw, eo{Dk ns/ fdnk s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk frnk j?.

9H p"X fGeP{nK B/ ;zg{oD f;Zfynk B{z fszB ;soK ftZu tzfvnk j?^gqkEfwe, T[Zu ns/ fGeP{^ f;Zfynk.

10H p"X doPB ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ f;ZfynkoEh, d'jK d/ bJh ;ob nuko ftt;Ek fdZsh rJh j?.


p"X dkoPfBe iBw d/ nXko s/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ fJ; bJh T[jBK B/ ;G d/ bJh nkozGe f;Zfynk dk ftXkB ehsk j?. ;gPN j? fe T[j iB f;Zfynk d/ jkwh jB. gozs{ wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe fdqPNh s'A T[j wB[Zy^wB[Zy d/ G/d eod/ jB ns/ T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek e/tb w/Xkth ns/ :'r ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh jh eod/ jB.

ekP nZi n;hA th T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ dotki/ e/tb w/Xkth ns/ :'r ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh y[Zb/ oZyhJ/ sK fBPfus o{g s'A XzB dk d[oT[g:'r o[e/rk, wjKftfdnkfbnK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD ftfdne pD/rk, s'V^c'V ns/ nB[Pk;BjhBsk d/ ;EkB s/ ftt;Ek ekfJw j't/rh, f;Zfynk dk ;so T[m/rk ns/ ;wki B{z :'r, ufosotkB ns/ fBPmktkB ftP/PZr gqkgs j'Dr/. fJ ;G d/ Bkb^Bkb f;Zfyns p/o[Irkoh th d{o j't/rh. ;kB{z sK fJj ftPtk; j? fe fi; b'eszsfoe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek n;hA nZi eoBk ukj[zd/ jK T[jBK dh ;EkgBk p"XK B/ nZi s'A gZuh ;" ;kb gfjbK eo fdZsh ;h.

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z fe;h ebkê"Pb, T[d:'r iK eko'pko ftZu f;Zfyns eoB dh P[o{nks sK ;kv/ d/P ftZu t?fde ekb ftZu j' rJh ;h, gozs{ T[; B{z ftt;fEs o{g fdZsk p"X dkoPfBeK B/. jK, Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK d/ ftuko nkX[fBe fdqPNh s'A ;zeohD jh ej/ ikDr/.

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkos ftZu ftfdne gqPk;B, ftfdne ;zrmB, ftfdnkbh ns/ ftPtftfdnkbh f;Zfynk ns/ ;w{j f;ybkJh dh P[o{nks eoe/ p"XK B/ toswkB f;Zfynk dh BhAj oZy fdZsh. fJ;h d/ Bkb T[jBK B/ iB^f;Zfynk, fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dh th BhAj oZy fdZsh ;h. fJj rZb d{ih j? fe T[j T[; ;w/A iB f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh T[fus ftt;Ek BjhA eo ;e/. ;kB{z T[jBK BhAj d/ gZEoK B{z jw/PK :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j?. 10H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H p"X doPB (Budhism) L p[Xtkd

2H w{b f;XKs (Fundamental) L w"fbe f;XKs 10H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H p"X doPB s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H p"X doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H „p"X doPB ns/ f;Zfynk‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H p"X doPB B{z f;Zfynk dh d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self-Assessment)

1H Gkos 2H ;[s fgNe 3H (T) 4H (n)



p[e;







fJekJh^11 i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk

fJekJh^11L i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Jainism and Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


11H1 i?B doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Jainism)

11H2 i?B doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Jainism)

11H3 i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Jainism and Education)

11H4 i?B doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Jainism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


i?B doPB B{z doPB ;zpzXh.

i?B doPB d/ w{b f;XKs ikBD ;zpzXh.

i?B doPB dhnK f;ZfynktK ikDB ;zpzXh.


wjKtho ;tkwh B/ 23 t/A sohEzeo gkoPtBkE d/ uko wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/ ns/ gforqj) ftZu fJZe wjktos pqjwuo i'V e/ wB[ZyK B{z gzi wjktosK^;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo d/ gkbD eoB dk T[g/dP fdZsk. T[jBK B/ fJj T[gd/P T[; ;w/A dh iBGkPk ftZu pj[s f;ZX/^;Zu/ ns/ ;ob sohe/ Bkb fdZsk ;h. ekbKso ftZu T[jBK d/ fJjBK Xkofwe T[gd/PK dk dkoPfBe toDB nkozG j'fJnk i' i?B doPB d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. i?B Xow B{z doPB dk o{g d/D ftZu w[Zy G{fwek T[wk;tkfs ns/ e[zd e[zdkukfonk (gfjbh pdh), ;ko/ Gdo (fsZih ;dh), f;X;/B ns/ fdtkeo (gzithA ;dh), jfoGdo ns/ GN nebze (nZmthA ;dh) ftfdnkBzd (B'thA ;dh), tkfdoki ;[fo (frnkoQthA ;dh), d/t;[fo ns/ j/wuzdo (pkoQthA ;dh), r[D osB (gzdothA ;dh) ns/ :P'fti/ (;skothA ;dh) dh ojh.

wjKtho ;tkwh (599^527 JhH g{ot)

11H1 i?B doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Jainism)

Gkosh dkoPfBe fuzsB d/ w[Zy ;o's t/d jB. e[ZM doPB t/d pkjoh th jB. T[jBK ftZu nkihte, ukotke, i?B ns/ p"X doPB w[Zy jB. nkozG ftZu i?B ws d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk ;h, gozs{ nZr/ uZb e/ ftdtkBK B/ T[; d/ doPB B{z ftef;s ehsk. i?B Xow d/ gqtose



B'N ns/ nkdh shoEzeo wB[tzP wfjgfs BkfG d/ g[Zso Pqh foPG d/t (iBw 850, JhH g{H) ;B. i?B iBPo{sh d/ nB[;ko foPGd/t d/ g[Zso okik Gos d/ Bkw s/ jh ;kv/ d/P dk Bkw GkostoP fgnk j?. e[ZM ftdtkB i?B Xow d/ shoEzeo gkoPtBkE (iBw 817, JhH g{H) B{z fJ; Xow dk w{b gqtose wzBd/ jB. gkoPtBkE ekPhBo/P ntP;/B d/ g[Zso ;B. T[jBK B/ 30 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu rqfj fsnkr e/ x'o sgZf;nk ehsh ;h ns/ fJ; Xow d/ 24t/A ns/ nkyoh shoEzeo t?Pkbh rDoki d/ e[zvbg[o d/ gqXkB okikfXneP f;XkoE d/ g[Zso toXwkB (wjKtho ;tkwh, 599^527 JhH g{H) ;B. toXwkB B{z pugB ftZu ;ko/ ;[y^t?Gt d/ ;kXB gqkgs ;B, gozs{ T[jBK dh T[jBK ftZu e'Jh o{uh BjhA ;h, T[j goT[geko ftZu o{uh b?d/ jB. T[jBK B/ oki d/ ;EkB s/ iB ;/tk B{z ;theko ehsk. toXwkB (wjKtho ;tkwh) B/ ;z;kfoe okrdt/P o{gh d[PwDK s/ g{oD fiZs gqkgs eo bJh ;h, fJ; bJh T[jBK B/ fiBQK Gkt d[PwDK s/ fiZs gqkgs eoB tkb/ dh T[gkXh Bkb do;kfJnk frnk ns/ T[; d/ pknd T[jBK d/ ws B{z wzBD tkfbnK B{z i?B fejk ikD bZrk.

wjKtho ;tkwh B/ 23t/A shoEzeo gkoPtBkE d/ uko wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/ ns/ ngforqj) ftZu fJZe wjktos pqjwuo i'V e/ wB[ZyK B{z gzi wjktosK^;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo d/ gkbD eoB dk T[g/dP fdZsk. T[jBK B/ fJj T[gd/P T[; ;w/A dh oki GkPk wkrXh ftZu f;ZX/^;Zu/ ns/ ;ob sohe/ Bkb fdZsk ;h. ekbKso ftZu T[jBK d/ fJBQK Xkofwe T[gd/PK dk dkoPfBe ftt/uB nkozG j'fJnk i' i?B doPB d/ Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. i?B Xow B{z Xow doPB dk o{g d/D ftZu w[Zy G{fwek T[wk;tkfs ns/ e[zd e[zdkukfonk (gfjbh ;dh), ;ko/ Gdo (fsZih ;dh), f;X;/B ns/ fdtkeo (gzithA ;dh), jfoGdo ns/ GN nebze (nZmthA ;dh), ftfdnkBzd (B'thA ;dh), tkfdoki ;[fo (frnkoQth ;dh), d/t;[fo ns/ j/wuzdo (pkoQthA ;dh), r[D osB (gzdothA ;dh) ns/ :P'fti/ (;skothA ;dh) dh ojh.

Xow d/ o{g ftZu i?B doPB d/ d' o{g jB^fdrzpo ns/ Pt/sKpo. fdrzpo wjKtho dhnK w{b f;ZfynktK B{z wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk ftPtk; j? fe e/tbh (w'eP d/ fJS[Ze) B{z eZgV/ XkoD BjhA eoB/ ukjhd/. e?tb (w'eP) d/ bJh x'o sgZf;nk io{oh ;wMd/ jB. T[[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ;sohnK w'eP dhnK nfXekohDh BjhA jB, T[j g[oy ihtB gqkgs eoB d/ pknd jh w'eP gqkgs eoB dk :sB eo ;edhnK jB. Pt/sKpo wjKtho ;tkwh d[nkok fBowkDs em'oi fB:wK ftZu E'Vh fYZb fdzd/ jB. fJ; ;zgqdkfJ d/ gqtose Pqh ;zxGdo (JhH g{H d{ih ;dh) jB. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko e/tbh d/ bJh BzrB ofjDk io{oh BjhA j?, T[jBK B{z Pt/s eZgV/ XkoD eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ;h nXko s/ fJ; ;zgqdkfJ dk Bkw Pt/sKpo fgnk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[ko fJ;sohnK th w'eP dhnK nfXekohDhnK jB. gozs{ sZswhwK;k ns/ frnkB whwK;k dh fdqPNh s'A d'B'A ;zgqdkfJnK ftZu e'Jh G/d BjhA j?. nZi sK d'jK d/ ;zgqdkfJnK d/ i?B nkgD/ shoEzeoK B{z GrtkB d/ o{g ftZu g{id/ jB, T[jBK dk nkosh tzdB ns/ nfGP/e eod/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK Gkos dh w[Zy ihtB Xkok „Grsh‟ Bkb i[V rJ/ jB. nZi fJj Xow doPB Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftZu g{oh soQK Bkb Pkfwb j?. fJ; soQK fJ; doPB ns/ T[; d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk frnkB Gkosh nfXnkgeK B{z io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZswhwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and

Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; soQK g/P j?^ i?B doPB ftZu dot d/ o{gK dh whwK;k

i?B doPB pj[sZstkdh doPB j? fJ; d/ nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv eJh dotK (Substances) s'A pfDnk j?. dot d/ i?B doPB ftZu d' o{g wzB/ rJ/ jB^n;fsekfJ (gdkoE, Matter) ns/ nfB;fsekfJ (ekb, ;wK, (Time). n;fsekfJ/ d/ d' G/d j[zd/ jBîht ns/ niht. u/sB dot dk BKt iht j?, fJj nkswk dk tkue j?. nkswk nkgD/ ftZu nw{ow j[zdh j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko nkswk d' soQK dh j[zdh j?^w[es nkswk ns/ pZX nkswk. w[es nkswk ;otftnkge, ;otZfrnsk ns/ ;otPeshwkB j[zdh j?. fJj nkswk id'A eow pzXB ftZu pzBQ e/ nkgD/ ;o{g B{z G[Zb iKdh j? sK T[; B{z pZX nkswk efjzd/ jB. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko pZX



nkswk ;[y^d[y dh G'rsk j[zdh j?. id'A sZe fJj eowK d/ pzXB s'A w[es BjhA j[zdh T[; ;w/A sZe eownB[;ko :'BhnK ftZu iBw b?Adh j? ns/ ;[y^d[y G'rdh j?. niht d/ i?B doPB ftZu uko G/d dZ;/ jB^g[drb (gdkoE, (Matter), nekP (iho'¸ (Space), Xow (rsh, (Dynamics), ns/ nXow (;fEsh, (Statics). i?B doPB ftZu g[drb s'A noE T[jBK dotK s'A j[zdk j? fijV/ gqsZy o{g s'A Poho dk fBPgkdB eoB tkb/ j[zd/ jB ns/ fijV/ gqsZy dk ftBkP j'D s/ fSzB^fGzB j' iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A g[drb d/ th d' o{g j[zd/ jB^nD[ (Molecule) ns/ ;zxks (Mixture). g[drb d/ ;[yw nzP B{z nD{ efjzd/ jB ns/ d' iK s'A tZX nD{nK d/ ;z:'r s'A pDB tkb/ g[drb B{z ;o's efjzd/ jB. nekP s'A Gkt ihtkfd n;fsekfJ/ dotK B{z S[ZNh d/D tkb/ gdkoE j[zd/ jB. nekP th d' soQK dk j[zdk j?^b'ekekP ns/ nb'ekekP. fi; nekP ftZu ihtkfd dotK dh ;fEsh j[zdh j? T[; B{z b'ekekP efjzd/ jB ns/ i' nekP fJ; fdqP irs s'A go/ jB, T[; B{z nb'ekekP efjzd/ jB. Xow^nXow B{z i?B doPB ftZu e[ZM nkgD/ o{g ftZu fbnk frnk j?. Xow s'A i?B dkoPfBeK dk Gkt rhsPhb iht ns/ g[drb d/ ;fjekoh ekoB dot ftP/P s'A j[zdk j? ns/ nXow dh ebgBk Xow d/ mhe T[bN ehsh rJh j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko, irs d/ ;ko/ gdkoE BshikPhb jB ns/ fJ; Bshi/ dk ;XkoD ekoB j?êkb (;wK, Time). ekb dh xkN ftZu gdkoEK dh ;fEsh ;zGt BjhA. dot d/ fJBQK ;ko/ o{gK B{z j/m do;kJ/ o/ykfuZso d[nkoko fJZe fdqPNh ftZu d/fynk^;wfMnk ik ;edk j?^

dot i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko d'jK soQK d/ soQK d/ dot nBkfd jB ns/ n;b jB. T[; ;w//A i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj f;qPNh th nBkfd j?, nBzs j? ns/ n;b j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko, fJj f;qPNh iht^niht d/ nkgD/ ;[Gkn d/ :'r Bkb pDdh j? ns/ ft:'r Bkb fprVdh j?, fJ; dk e'Jh j'o eosk (fJPto) BjhA j?. i?B doPB fJPto B{z ;z;ko d/ eosk d/ o{g ftZu Bk wzB e/ T[; B{z f;ZX g[oy dh ;fEsh (P[ZX^p[ZX nkswk) wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko e'Jh th g[oy f;ZX f;Esh ftZu gj[zu e/ fJ; ;fEsh B{z gqkgs eo ;edk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe i?B nkgd/ shoEKeoK (P[ZX^p[ZX nkswktK) B{z GrtkB d/ o{g g?id/ jB.

i?B doPB eow f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?, gozs{ fJ; dk eow f;XKs j'o Xow^doPBK s'A e[ZM fGzB j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko jo/e iht (nkswk) nkgD/ eowK d/ nB;ko iht dotK B{z XkoD eodk j? ns/ fGzB :'BhnK gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; dk noE j?^T[; d/ eowK d/ cb dk dksk fJPto BjhA, T[j nkgD/^nkg j?. iht (nkswk) B{z i?B doPB P[ZX^p[ZX wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko iht (nkswk) eowK d/ nB[;ko niht dotK B{z XkoD eo ;z;kfoe pzXB ftZu c;dk j?, gozs{ fJ; dh gqftosh nkgD/ P[ZX o{g B{z gqkgs eoB dh jh ofjzdh j?. p[ZX nkswk d/ P[ZX nkswk ftZu gj[zuD

B'N


nfB;fsekfJ (ekb) n;fsekfJ (gdkoE)

iht niht

p[ZX iht (Poho :[es nkswktK

w[es iht (eow :[es nkswktK)

g[drb (G"fse sZs)

nekP (iho')

Xow (rshPhb)

nXow (;fEo)

so; ;Ekto nD{ (P[ZX gdrb) ;zxks (fwPos g[drb)

gkPkD Xosh o; ;goP rzX toD

gzufJzdohnK us[fJzdohnK sfofJzdoh d'fJzdoh


B'N B{z jh i?B doPB ftZu e?tb (w'eP) fejk frnk j?. i?B doPB d/ bJh fdrzpo T[g;zgqdkfJ d/ nB[;ko iht g[oy :'Bh gk e/ jh e?tb gqkgs eo ;edk j?, fJ;oh :'Bh gk e/ BjhA, gozs{ Pt/sKpo T[g;zgqdkfJ d/ nB[;ko g[oy ns/ fJ;sohnK, d'jK dh osBso: dk gkbD eoe/ e?tb gqkgs eo ;ed/ jB.

i?B doPB ftZu fJ; gdkoE iBe ;z;ko s'A go/ ;[yw ;z;ko dh ebgBk ehsh rJh j? ns/ T[; B{z e?tb Xkw fejk frnk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fijVh nkswktK eowiBe pzXB s'A w[es j' e/ P[ZX^p[ZX j' iKdhnK jB T[j fJ; e?tb Xkw ftZu ofjzdhnK jB. fJZE/ T[j nBzs frnkB, nBzs ;[y ns/ PKsh B{z gqkgs j[zdhnK jB. fJj e?tb Xkw t?fde Xow d/ ;toe, fJ;kJh Xow d/ j/ftB ns/ fJ;bkw Xow d/ fiBzs s'A E'Vk fGzB j? feT[Afe i?B doPB ftZu fJBQK P[ZX^p[ZX nkswktK B{z jh fJPto dk BKt fdZsh frnk j?. i?B doPB B/ ;tor d/ Bkb Boe dh th ebgBk ehsh j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko ;[yw ;z;ko ftZu ;Zs Boe jB, fJBQK ftZu fijV/ iht (nkswktK) ofjzdhnK jB T[jBK B{z Bkoeh efjzd/ jB. i?B doPB dk frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko dot d/ d'B'A ;o{gK^n;fsekfJ (iht ns/ niht) ns/ nfB;fsekfJ (ekb) d/ n;b o{gK ns/ T[jBK d/ ;zpzXK B{z ikDBk jh frnkB j?. i?Bukfonk iht dot d/ frnkB B{z ftP/P frnkB wzBd/ jB ns/ niht dotK d/ frnkB B{z ;XkoD frnkB wzBd/ jB. fJBQK fdqPNh s'A niht dotK dk frnkB fJzdoh gqsZy, nB[wkB iK Ppd (i?BkrwK d/ nfXnB) d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ iht dotK dk frnkB sgZf;nk (;kXBk) d[nkok jh gqkgs j' ;edk j?. frnkB d/ i?B doPB ftZu fBwB fbys gzi G/d wzB/ rJ/ jB^

1H wfsfrnkB^fJj T[j frnkB j? fijVk fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs j[zdk j? ns/ fi; B{z j'o doPBK ftZu gqsZy frnkB fejk frnk j?. fJ; B{z i?B doPB ftZu ;XkoD frnkB fejk frnk j?.

2H Po{sh frnkB^fJj T[jf rnk j? fijVk bZSDK, gqsheK iK PpdK d/ wkfXnw Bkb gqkgs j[zdk j?. toswkB ftZu fJj ;tkfXnkfJ (nfXnB) d[nkok th gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?.

3H ntfX frnkB^fJj T[j frnkB j? fijVk d/P ns/ ekb dh gfofX s'A go/ dk j[zdk j?, fJzdohshs j[zdk j? ns/ fi; B{z n;XkoD nzsofdqPNh d[nkok jh gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ bJh eow B{z jbek (g[drb iho') eoBk j[zdk j?.

4H wB XkoDk frnkB^fJj T[j frnkB j? fi; d/ d[nkok d{i/ ftneshnK d/ wB d/ GktK B{z ikfDnk iKdk j?, T[; d/ toswkB ns/ nshs d/ ftukoK ns/ GktK B{z ikfDnk iKdk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh uko ePkfJnK (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) s'A w[es j'Dk io{oh j[zdk j?.

5H e?tb frnkB^fJj T[j g{oD frnkB j? fi; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ pknd fco e[ZM ikDBk pkeh BjhA ofj iKdk, frnksk ns/ frJ/ dk nzso jh ysw j' iKdk j?. fJj frnkB T[jBK B{z jh gqkgs j[zdk j? fijV/ nkgD/^nkg B{z eow pzXB s'A w[es eo b?Ad/ jB.

frnkB d/ ;zdoG ftZu i?B doPB dk f;nkstkd pj[s wjZst dk j?. i?B doPB ftZu gdkoE B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ikDBk fi; o{g ftZu T[j j?, „gqwkD‟ ejkT[Adk j?, gozs{ gdkoE B{z fe;h ftP/P ;zdoG iK fdqPNh s'A d/yD B{z „B:‟ efjzd/ jB. B: fJZe fdqPNhe'D j? fi; d/ nXko s/ n;hA fe;h gdkoE d/ pko/ ftZu e'Jh eEB eod/ jB fit/A^Xosh fJZe b'e j?, Xosh ;fEo j?, Xosh nf;Eo j?, Xosh gqkDhdkfJe j? nkfd. fJZE/ pqfjwzv dh fdqPNh (B:) s'A Xosh fJZe b'e j?, gqsZy frnkB dh fdqPNh (B:) s'A Xosh ;fEo j?, G{r"fbe ns/ ftfrnkBe fdqPNh (B:) s'A Xosh n;fEo j? ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB dh fdqPNh (B:) s'A Xosh ihtB dkfJe j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe Xosh d/ ftP/ ftZu T[go'es e'Jh th frnkB (eEB) nkgD/^nkg ftZu g{ok BjhA j?. frnkB d/ fJ; ;kg/y o{g B{z i?B doPB ftZu ;:kdtkd fejk iKdk j?. i?B doPB dk ;:kdtkd fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdzdk j? fe n;hA fe;h th t;s{ iK fefonk d/ ;zpzX ftZu i' th eEB eod/ jB, T[[j fe;h fJZe fdqPNh (B:) s'A ;jh j' ;edk j?, d{ih fdqPNh s'A rbs th j'



;edk j?. fJ; dk noE j? fe gdkoE d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;kvk i' th frnkB j? T[j noX;Zu jh j' ;edk j?, g{oD ;Zu BjhA. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ eEB s'A g{ot ;:ks Ppd brkT[D s'A gfjbK fJj d'P d{o j' iKdk j?.

i?BnukfonK d/ nB[;ko T[AM sK fe;h th soQK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fifrnk;{ B{z gzi wjkttosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s//, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) dk gkbD ns/ uko ePkfJnK (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) dk fsnkr io{oh j[zdk j? gozs{ ntfX frnkB, wB XkoDk frnkB ns/ e?tb frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJ sK fJjBK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. i?B doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P e?tb (w'eP) dh gqkgsh j?. e?tb (w'eP) s'A fJBQK dk Gkt nkgDh nkswk B{z eow ns/ ;wkBnoEe g[drb s'A w[es eoe/ T[; B{z P[ZX^p[ZX ns/ w[es o{g gqdkB eoBk j?. fJ; d/ bJh i?B doPB osBso^;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso s/ i'o fdzdk j?. ;w:e doPB dk noE j?^shoEKeoK d[nkok gqf;ZX Pk;so f;XKsK ftZu g{oD PoXk. ;w:e frnkB dk noE j?^shoEKeoK d[nkok fBowkDs Pk;so f;XKsK dk :EkoE nB[Gt. Ns/ ;w:e ufoso dk noE j?^;w:e doPB ns/ ;w:e frnkB d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoBk. ;w:e ufoso dh f;Xh d/ bJh i?B doPB gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePkfJnK (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) d/ fsnkr s/ i'o fdzdk j?. ;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo B{z fJj wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nXkoG{s w{b wzBdk j? ns/ fJjBK ftZu th ;G s'A tZX wjZst nfjz;k B{z fdzdk j?. ;Zu dk noE j?^ftuko, tkDh ns/ fttjko ftZu ;Zu dk gkbD eoBk. nfjz;k dk noE j?^ftuko, tkDh ns/ fttjko ftZu fe;h th gqkDh dh fjz;k Bk eoBk, fe;h B{z d[y Bk gj[zukT[Dk. i?B doPB ftZu fe;h th soQK d/ P'PD (Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse nkfd) B{z nfjz;k wzfBnk frnk j?. n;s/ dk noE j?^t;s{ iK ftuko fe;h dh th u'oh Bk eoBk. ngforqj dk noE j?îo{os s'A tZX ;wZroh dk ;zfrqj Bk eoBk. ns/ pqjwuo dk noE j?^ fJzdohG'r s/ fB:zsoD, tho oZfynk ns/ B?fse ihtB. i?B doPB eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko B{z wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dh fBfeoPN tfoshnK wzBdk j?, fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z ePk: dk BKt d/ e/ T[jBK d/ fsnrk dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?. i?B Xow ns/ doPB dh ;G s'A tZvh d/P wB[Zy B{z ;sihtB d/ tZb tXkT[Dk jh j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko nfjz;k dh uow wkBf;e ;fEsh ;:kstkd j?. ;:kstkd dk i?B doPB ftZu noE e[ZM nbZr j?. ;:ks dk noE j?^fJzBk jh BjhA, fJ; s'A tZX. fJ; dk noE j? i' e[ZM ftnesh d/y^;wM ns/ ftnes eo fojk j?, T[j nkgD/ ftZu g{ok BjhA j?, T[j T[; s'A e[ZM finkdk j?. i?B doPB dh gfoGkPk

i?B doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ nXko s/ T[; B{z fBwB fbys o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?^

i?B doPB Gkosh doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z eJh dotK Bkb fBofws wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJzdohrqjk t;s{ irs ns/ nzdo{BheoD d[nkok nB[G{s nkswk, d'B'A ;Zu jB. fJj jo/e nkswk dk ;[szso ti{d wzBdh j? ns/ fJPto ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodh ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkgDh pZX nkswk B{z P[ZX^p[ZX o{g gqdkB eoBk j?, fi; B{z osBso (;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso) d/ d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H Gkosh dkoPfBe fuzsB d/ w[Zy ;o's HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH jB. 2H i?B doPB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?.

B'N



B'N 11H2 i?B doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Jainism)

i?B doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv eJh dotK s'A pfDnk j?î?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj f;qPNh eJh dotK s'A pDh j?. fJj dot d' soQK d/ jB^n;fsekfJ (iht ns/ niht) ns/ nfB;fsekfJ (ekb). i?B doPB dh wkBsk j? fe jo/e iht (nkswk) ns/ niht (g[drb) dk nkgDk^nkgDk ;[Gkn ns/ r[Dxow j[zdk j?. fGzB^fGzB niht dotK d/ ;z:'r dk Bkw pDBk ns/ ft:'r dk Bkw fprVBk j?. ftfGzB soQK d/ ihtXkohnK d/ pko/ ftZu i?B doPB dk ws j? fe jo/e iht (nkswk) nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko niht dotK B{z XkoD eodk j? ns/ fJ; soQK ;z;ko ftZu eJh soQK d/ iht T[sgzB j[zd/ jB. wB[Zyh Poho XkoD eoB s/ fJj sg d[nkok nkgD/ P[ZX o{g B{z gqkgs eodk j?. fJ;h B{z i?B doPB ftZu e?tb (w'eP) efjzd/ jB.

2H fJj t;s{ irs n;b j?î?B doPB ;ko/ dotK B{z nBkfd ns/ nBzs wzBdk j?. fJ; dh fdqPNh s'A dotK Bkb pfDnk fJj irs n;b j?. iht (nkswk) B{z th fJj dot wzBdk j? ns/ n;b wzBdk j?.

3H ihtK dh ;[szso ;Zsk j? ns/ fJPto Bkw dh e'Jh t;s{ BjhA j?î?B doPB jo/e iht (nkswk) dh ;[szso ;Zsk wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko ;kohnK nkswktK wkB jB, gozs{ fJZe BjhA jB. ;kohnK nkswktK nkgD/ ftZu P[ZX^p[ZX ns/ w[es jB, ;otr, ;otftnkge ns/ ;otPeshwkB jB, gozs{ niht dotK s'A nktfos j'D d/ ekoB nkgD/ fJ; ;o{g B{z G[Zb iKdh j?. fJ; dk ws j? fe iht^niht nkgD/^nkgD/ ;[Gkn (r[D^XowK) d/ nXko s/ ;z:'r eod/ jB fi; Bkb fGzB^fGzB t;s{nK ns/ fJ; t;s{ irs pDdk j?, fJ; d/ fgZS/ e'Jh fJPto Pesh BjhA j?. e[ZM i?BnukfonK B/ nkswk d/ P[ZX, p[ZX ns/ w[es o{g B{z fJPto dk BKt fdZsk j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJPto ;z;ko dk eosk BjhA, P[ZX, p[ZX nkswk j?. ;zGt o{g s'A fJ;h nXko s/ shoEKeoK B{z GrtkB d/ o{g ftZu ikfDnk iKdk j?.

4H wB[Zy ;z;ko dk ;otT[Zu gqkDh j?î?B doPB d/ nB[;ko iht (nkswk) nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko niht (g[drb) ;zrqfjs eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z T[; d[nkok nktfos eodk j?. Bshi/ ti'A fJ; irs ftZu fGzB^fGzB gqkDhnK dk nkftoGkt j[zdk j?. fJjBK ftZu'A fJZe gqkDh wB[Zy j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko irs d/ j'o gqkDh fJZe s'A gzi fJzdohnK sZe d/ j[zd/ jB, gozs{ wB[Zy S/ fJzdohnK tkbk gqkDh j?. T[; dh fJ; S/thA fJzdoh dk Bkw wB j?. wB d/ d[nkok T[j ;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso B{z gqkgs eoe/ nkgDh nkswk B{z P[ZX, p[ZX ns/ w[es eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?, fJ;h ekoB T[j ;z;ko dk ;ot T[Zu gqkDh j?.

5H wB[Zyh ihtB dk ftek; T[; d/ iht^niht dotK s/ fBoGo eodk j?î?B doPB d/ nB[;ko iht ftP/P nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko niht dotK B{z ;zrqfjs eodk j?, fJ; bJh ;z;ko ftZu eJh soQK d/ gqkDhnK dk gqd[oGkt j[zdk j?, wB[Zy T[jBK ftZu'A fJZe j? ns/ wB[ZyK ftZu th iht sK ;wkB j[zdk j? gozs{ g[drbiBe fGzBsk j[zdh j?. wB[Zy dk ftek; T[; d/ iht (nkswk) ns/ fJ; g[drbiBe fGzBsk, d'jK s/ fBoGo eodk j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P e?tb (w'eP) dh gqkgsh j?î?B doPB d/ nB[;ko id'A iht wB[Zy d/ ;o{g B{z XkoD eodk j? sK T[j nkgD/ P[ZX^p[ZX ns/ w[es ;o{g B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu ;cb j' ;edk j?. T[; ;w/A wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fJjh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJ; irs d/ fJbktk fJZe e?tb b'e j? fi; ftZu f;XK dhnK w[es nkswktK P[ZX^p[ZX o{g ftZu ofjzdhnK jB. w[es nkswk ftZu fJ; d/ nB[;ko uko r[D j[zd/ jB^nBzs doPB, nBzs frnkB, nBzs ;[y ns/ nBzs tho:. fJ; B{z nBzs us[PN fejk iKdk j?.



7H e?tb dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso io{oh j?^ i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko id'A sZe iht eowK s'A iho' BjhA j' iKdk T[; ;w/A sZe nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko niht dotK Bkb ;z:'r eodk ofjzdk j? ns/ fGzB^fGzB :'BhnK gqkgs eodk ofjzdk j?. wB[Zyh :'Bh ftZu T[j ;w:e frnkB, ;w:e doPB ns/ ;w:e ufoso d[nkok nkgD/ nkg B{z eow iho' eoe/ niht dot XkoD eoB s'A w[es j' iKdk j?. ;w:e doPB dk noE j? shoEzeoK ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBowkDs f;XKsK ftZu PoXk, ;w:e frnkB dk noE j? sohEzeoK d[nkok fBowkDs dot ;zpzXh frnkB dk :EkoE nB[Gt ns/ ;w:e ufoso dk noE j? ;w:e doPB ns/ ;w:e frnkB d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoBk. fJj pj[s w[Pfeb wkor j?. w'eP d/ fJS[Ze ftnesh B{z fJ; w[Pfeb wkor s/ uZbDk jh j't/rk.

8H ;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso d/ bJh B?fse ihtB io{oh j?^ i?B dkoPfBeK d/ nB[;ko id'A sZe wB[Zy T[Zu B?fse ihtB B{z gqkgs BjhA eo b?Adk T[d'A sZe T[j ;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso B{z gqkgs BjhA eo ;edk. T[Zu B?fse ihtB d/ bJh i?B dkoPfBe gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePkfJnK (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko d/ fsnkr s/ i'o fdzdk j?.



3H e[ZM ftdtkB i?B Xow d/ shoEzeo gkoPtBke B{z fJ; Xow dk wzBd/ jB^

(T) w{b gqtose (n) Gkosh dkoPfBe (J) ;zs (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H i?B Xow d/ 24t/A shoEzeo ;B^

(T) wjKtho ;tkwh (n) gkoPtBkE (J) ;zxGdo (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj pqfjwzv pfDnk j?^

(T) eJh XowK s'A (n) eJh dotK s'A (J) eJh ikshnK s'A(;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H i?B doPB ftPtk; eodk j?^

(T) Gkr ftZu (n) eow f;XKs ftZu (J) Xow ftZu (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 11H3 i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk (Jainism and Education)

i?B doPB ftZu sot dh ft;Eko g{oD ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. dotK d/ gqeko ns/ r[DK dk fizBk ftPd toDB i?B doPB ftZu fwbdk j? T[Bk ehs/ j'o BjhA. nkswk ns/ ekb dot d/ fi; ;o{g ns/ r[DXow dh uouk i?B doPB ftZu ehsh rJh j? T[; s/ ftfrnkBeK dk fXnkB nkeofPs j' u[Zek j?. i?B doPB dk w[Zy sZs T[; dh w{b ns frnkB whwK;k j?. i?B doPB d[nkok wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P d/ pko/ ftZu b'e fJZe ws j'D iK Bk j'D, gozs{ T[; d/ d[nkok fBPfus nkuko ;fjzsk s'A nZi ;kok ;z;ko ;fjws j?. fJ; nkuoD dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh i?B doPB B/ f;Zfynk B{z io{oh wzfBnk j?. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe fJ; f;Zfynk dk ;o{g eh j't/. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu i?B doPB d/ fdPNhe'D dk ;ko ;zy/g g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

i?B doPB iht (nkswk) ns/ niht (g[drb), d'jK dh ;[szso ;Zsk wzBdk j? ns/ fJj wzBdk j? fe iht nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko niht B{z XkoD eoe/ fGzB^fGzB :'BhnK B{z XkoD eodk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko nkswk wB[Zyh :'Bh B{z XkoD eoB d/ pknd nkgD/ P[ZX^p[ZX ns/ w[es o{g B{z gqkgs j' ;edh j?, pPos/ wB[Zy osBso: (;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso)

B'N



B'N s'A nkswk B{z eowiho' eo ;e/. T[d'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk fJjh T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[; d/ fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. i?B nkrwK d/ nB[;ko n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z osBBso dh gqkgsh eokT[Adh j? fi;dh ;jkfJsk Bkb wB[Zy dh nkswk nkgD/ P[ZX, p[ZX ns/ w[es o{g B{z gqkgs eodh j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P e?tb (w'eP, iht dh niht s'A w[esh) j?. fJ; d/ bJh i?B doPB B/ osBso (;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso) B{z ;kXB wkor dZf;nk j?. T[d'A f;Zfynk d/ w[Zy T[d/P fJjh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ;d/ bJh fJj B?fse ihtB dh gqkgsh s/ i'o fdzdk j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P fJj th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. G"fse ihtB d/ bJh ftfGzB ebktK d/ frnkB ns/ gowkoE B{z io{oh ;wMdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk B{z fJj ekoi th eoBk j't/rk. f;Zfynk d/ fJBQK T[d/PK dk ;ko g/P j?^

1H ;w:e doPB dk T[d/Pî?BukfonK dk ftPtk; j? fe nZSk G"fse ihtB ns/ nkswk B{z eowiho' eoe/ T[; B{z P[ZX, p[ZX ns/ w[es eoB, d'jK d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbk io{oh fJj j? fe wB[ZyK ftZu i?B shoEzekoK, i?B nkrw rqzEK ns/ i?B nkrwK dk frnkB eokT[D tkb/ w[BhnK ftZu PoXk j't/. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P wB[ZyK ftZu i?B shoEzeoK, i?B nkrw rqzEK ns/ i?B w[BhnK d/ gqsh PoXk dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H ;w:e frnkB dk T[d/P^;w:e frnkB Bkb i?BukfonK dk Gkt dot (iht, niht ns/ ekb) ;zpzXh T[; frnkB s'A j? fijVk shoEzeoK B/ fdZsk j? ns/ i' i?B nkrwK ftZu ;zrqfjs j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj frnkB gqekP d/ ;wkB j? i' nfrnkB d/ jB/o/ B{z d{o eodk j?. fJ; frnkB dh gqkgsh f;Zfynk d[nkok d{ik T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H ;w:e ufoso dk T[d/Pî?B doPB fJ; rZB s/ i'o fdzdk j? fe ;w:e doPB ns/ ;w:e frnkB dk ;wkjko ;w:e ufoso ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j? Gkt wB[Zy B{z T[; B{z nkgD/ ftuko, tkDh ns/ fttjko ftZu T[skoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh u?BukfonK dh fdqPNh s'A gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) dk gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) dk fsnkr io{oh j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok fJjBK ;kfonK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko fJj f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A tZX wjZst dk T[d/P j?.

4H ftfGzB ebktK ftZu f;ybkJh dk T[d/Pî?B ;kfjs ftZu S'N/^tZv/ ;ko/ T[d:'rK B{z ebk dk BKt fdZsk frnk j?. fJBQK ebktK ftZu y/sh ekoi, ;{s eZsDk, eZgVk p[BDk, wekB pDkT[Dk, uNkJh p[BDk, Xks{ d/ posB pDkT[Dk, bZeVh dk ;wkB pDkT[Dk, nkfd eJh T[d:'rK dk T[b/y j?. ;z;kfoe ftneshnK B{z nkgDk ihtB ubkT[D d/ bJh fJjBK ftZu'A e[ZM Bk e[ZM ekoi io{o eoBk j't/rk. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkgDh :'rsk nB[;ko fe;h ebk (T[d:'r) ftZu fBg[zB eoBk ukjhdk j?, gozs{ i?B nkrwK ftZu e/tbh (w'eP d/ fJS[Ze) B{z fJ; ;G s'A d{o ofjD dk T[g/dP j?.

5H gowkoE Gkt d/ ftek; dk T[d/Pî?B doPB tZv/ fjs d/ Bkb^Bkb S'N/ fjs dk ;woEe j?. T[AM sK ;w:e ufoso tkbk ftnesh nkgD/ P[ZG, wzrb ns/ efbnkD d/ Bkb^Bkb ;ko/ gqkDhnK d/ P[ZG, wzrb ns/ efbnkD dh rZb ;'u/rk, ej/rk ns/ eo/rk, gozs{ fJZE/ ;z;kfoe fdqPNh s'A th fJ; dh io{os j[zdh j?. G"fse ihtB d/ y/so ftZu th wB[Zy fJZe^d{i/ dk fjs eoB ns/ nfXnksfwe T[Bsh d/ bJh fJZe^d{i/ dk fjs eoB. gqkDh wkso d/ P[ZG, wzrb ns/ efbnkD ;zpzXh ekoi eoBk jh gowkoE j?. i?B Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy ftZu gowkoE Gkt dk ftek; io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.



f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

i?B doPB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ i' T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ rJ/ jBl T[jBK B{z d' torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^fttjkfoe ihtB ;zpzXh T[d/P ns/ nkswfrnkB ;zpzXh T[d/P. i?B Xow rqzE „fttjko ;{so‟ ftZu fttjkfoe ihtB d/ bJh gkmuo:k fBowkD d/ gzi f;XKsK dk T[b/y fwbdk j?^

1H ftfdnkoEh dh gq'VQsk dk f;XKs.

2H ftfdnkoEh dh ;woZEk dk f;XKs.

3H ftfdnkoEh T[wo dk f;XKs.

4H eqwkrssk dk f;XKs.

5H T[g:'rsk dk f;XKs.

fJBQK f;XKsK d/ nXko s/ i?B doPB ftZu fGzB^fGzB tor d/ pZfunK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. Bkb jh wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh gkmuo:k ftZu ftfGzB ftfPnK ftZu frnkB ns/ fefonktK ftZu f;ybkJh B{z ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. G"fse T[d/Pk dh gqkgsh d/ bJh^GkPk, ftnkeoD, rfDs, G"fse ftfrnkB, ;fEsh ftfrnkB, rfs ftfrnkB, iho' ftfrnB, :zsoe ns/ ftfGzB ebktK (T[d:'rK) dk ;wkt/P ehsk j?. i?B nkrwK ftZu g[oyK d/ bJh 72 ebktK (T[d:'rK) ns/ fJ;sohnK d/ bJh 64 ebktK (bfbs ebktK) dk toDB j?, fJBQK ftZu'A ftfdnkoEh nkgDh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk d/ nB[;ko fe;h fJZe iK d' ebk (T[d:'r) dh u'D eo/, fJj T[jBK s'A ng/fynk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A fJj ng/fynk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j fJ;soh:'fus ebktK B{z f;ZyD. nfXnksfwe T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh shoEzeoK d/ T[gd/P ns/ i?B nkrwK d/ nfXnB ns/ ;ZihtB s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko ;ZihtB sK ;kfonK d/ bJh pj[s io{oh j?. fJ; bJh nkuoD dh f;Zfynk gkmuo:k dk io{oh ns/ gqw[Zy nzr j'Dh ukjhdh j?. nkuoD f;Zfynk ftZu osBso (;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso) ns/ gzi wjktos (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) dh f;bykJh io{oh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

i?B doPB ftZu frnkB d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK dk pj[s ;[yw toDB ehsk frnk j?. G"fse frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh i?B nkrwK ftZu fBwB fbys ftXhnK dk T[b/y fwbdk j?^

1H fJzdohnB[Gt ftXh^fJ; ftXh ftZu fJzdohnK d[nkok nB[Gt eoe/ frnkB gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z nZi dh GkPk ftZu gqsZy ftXh efjzd/ jB.

2H nB[eoD ftXh^fJj gqsZy ftXh dk jh fJZe o{g j?. fJ; ftZu nfXnkge f;ZfynkoEh d/ ;kjwD/ nkdoP nkuoD, nkdoP w"fye GkPk, nkdoP fbfys GkPk ns/ nkdoP ftXktK nkfd g/P eod/ jB ns/ f;ZfynkoEh T[jBK dk nB[eoD eod/ jB. fJj GkPk ns/ nkuoD f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh ;[Gkfte ftXh j?.

3H gq:'r ftXh^fJ; ftXh ftZu nkgD/^nkg eoe/ f;Zfynk iKdk j?. fJj ftXh ebk (T[d:'rK ns/ bfbs ebktK) dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh T[fus ftXh j[zdh j?.

4H Po{sh ftXh^fJ; ftXh ftZu r[o{ s'A ;[D e/ frnkB gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?. nZi dh ;fEsh ftZu r[o{ d/ Bkb^Bkb o/vhU ns/ N/bhftIB d[nkok th ;[fDnk ns/ f;Zfynk iKdk j?.

5H ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh^fJ; ftXh ftZu gkm ;wZroh Bkb ;zpzXs rqzEK dk nfXnB eoe/ f;Zfynk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ i?B rqzEK ftZu gzi gqeko dZ;/ rJ/ jB^

B'N



B'N 1H tkuBk (gkm ;kfjs dk gmB eoBk)

2H gfoSBk (i' e[ZM gfVQnk ns/ ;wfMnk j? T[; s/ r[o{ s'A gqPB g[ZS e/ PzektK dk ;wkXkB eoBk)

3H gforqjD (gfms t;s{ dh nkftosh eoBk)

4H nB[gq/fynk (gfms t;s{ s/ d[pkok fuzsB ns/ wBB eoBk) ns/

5H XoweEk (fJ; soQK gqkgs frnkB dh nfBnk nfXekoh ftneshnK Bkb uouk eoBk).

nZi dh GkPk ftZu fJj ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh d/ gd ej/ iKd/ jB. i/eo fJBQK gdK ftZu ;tkfXnkfJ ehsk ikt/ sK T[j tZX gqGkth j't/rk.

nfXnksfwe frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh i?B nkrwK ftZu Po{sh, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ sgZf;nk ftXhnK dk T[b/y fwbdk j?. Po{sh ns/ ;tkfXnkfJ ftXhnK s'A dot (iht, niht ns/ ekb) dk frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ iht B{z eowiho' eoe/ T[; d/ n;b ;o{g B{z d/yD d/ bJh sgZf;nk dh io{os j[zdh j?. sgZf;nk eoB tkb/ gzi wjktosK dk em'osk d/ Bkb gkbB eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ uko ePk:K B{z g{oD o{g s'A fsnkrDk j[zdk j?.

nB[Pk;B

i?B doPB ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfykoEh d'jK d/ bJh pj[s finkdk em'o nB[Pk;B dk gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?. wjktho ;tkwh B/ nB[Pk;B ftZu sg ns/ ;ziw B{z pj[s wjZst fdZsk j?. „T[ZsonfXnB ;{so‟ ftZu fJ; B{z fJZe o{ge d[nkok ;gPN ehsk frnk j?. T[j o{g fJ; soQK j?^„sgZf;nk B{z nrBh pDkU‟ nkswk B{z :r ;EB pDkU, :'r dh e[Sbh fbU, eow B{z fJzXB pDkU, :ziw o{gh PKsh dk gkm eo' ns/ fJ; soQK gqP;s j'w eo'. e?tb frnkB d/ fJS[Ze d/ bjh sK gzi wjktosK d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K d/ fsnkr dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoBk io{oh j?. fJ;h B{z i?B Xow ftZu ;Zuk nB[Pk;B fejk frnk j?, gozs{ fJ; nB[Pk;B B{z fJj nkswgq/fos nB[Pk;B d/ o{g ftZu gqkgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. i?B rqzEK d/ nB[;ko nukfonk d/ gd s/ T[jBK jh ftneshnK B{z fB:[es eoBk ukjhdk fijV/ nkgD/ fJZSk Bkb wjktosh Gkt gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoB tkb/ j'D. T[d'A nukfonK s'A gqGkfts j' e/ T[gkfXnkfJ T[; soQK dk nkuoD eoBr/ ns/ fJBQK d'jK wjktoshnK s'A gqGkfts j' e/ Pokte ns/ PowD th T[;h soQK nkuoD eoBr/. fJ; B{z nZi dh GkPk ftZu gqGktkswe nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jB. i?B doPB fJj ftt;Ek fdzdk j? fe i/eo fe;h f;ZfynkoEh s'A nkuoD ;zpzXh e'Jh G[Zb j' ikt/ sK T[j T[; B{z nkgd/ nukfonk d/ ;kjwD/ ;theko eo/rk ns/ nukfonk T[; B{z G[Zb pyPkT[D dh ftt;Ek d/t/rk, gozs{ fJj G[Zb pyPkT[Dk (dzv) fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu nfs em'o BjhA j't/rk. fJ; soQK gqkgs nB[Pk;B B{z i??B Xos ftZu nkswknB[Pk;B fejk frnk j?.

nfXnkge

i?B ;kfjs ftZu nfXnkge d/ bJh T[gkfXnkfJ ns/ nukfonk, d' PpdK dk gq:'r j'fJnk j?. T[gkfXnkfJ T[; B{z fejk iKdk fijVk nfXnkgB ekoi eodk j?, u/fbnK B{z GkPk ;kfjs ns/ j'o G"fse ftfPnK dk frnkB eokT[Adk j? ns/ nkukfonk T[; B{z fejk iKdk j? fijVk u/fbnK B{z Xow, doPB ns/ B?fsesk dh f;Zfynk fdzdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nkuoD B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. i?BnukfonK dh wkBsk j? fe nukfonk B{z fis/Adoh ns/ wjktosh j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ uko ePk:K dk g{oD o{g s'A fsnkr eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[AM sK T[gkfXnkfJ ftZu th nkuoD dh P[ZXsk j'Dh ukjhdh j? gozs{ T[; B{z uko wjktosK dk gkbD ns/ ePk:K dk fsnkr T[Bh em'osk Bkb eoBk io{oh BjhA jz[dk fizBh em'osk d/ Bkb nukfonK d/ bJh io{oh j[zdk j?. nukfonK d/ bJh rqj;E ihtB ftZu dkfyb eoBk tois j?, gozs{ T[gkfXnkfJ rqj;E ihtB ftZu dkfyb eo ;ed// jB. i?B doPBukfonK d/ nB[;ko T[gkfXnkfJ B{z nkgD/ ftP/ dk gzfvs j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bkb jh T[; B{z j'o ftfPnK dk ;XkoD frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ns/ ;G s'A tZvh rZb fJj j? fe i?B doPB T[gkfXnkfJ ns/ nukfonk, d'jK B{z ;/tktofs d/ o{g ftZu d/yDk ukj[zdk j?.



f;ZfynkoEh

i?Bnukfonk f;ZfynkoEhnK B{z d' torK ftZu tzvd/ jB^Pokte ns/ PowD. Pokte T[j j? i' nkgD/ nkg B{z ;z;kfoe ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eodk j? ns/ PwoD T[j j? fijVk nkgD/ nkg B{z gkowkofEe ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eodk j?. PowD d/ bJh i?B doPB ftZu em'o ihtB dk ftXkB j?. T[; B{z gzi wjktosK dk gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K dk fsnkr em'osk Bkb eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; bJh T[; B{z wjktosh fejk iKdk j?. Pokte d/ bJh th gzi wjktosK dk gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K d/ fsnkr dk ftXkB j?, gozs{ T[; B{z PowD fizBh em'osk posD dh io{os BjhA j[zdh fJ; bJh T[; B{z nD[tosh fejk iKdk j?, gozs{ d'jK soQK d/ u/fbnK B{z g{ok ihtB ihT[Dk io{oh j?. i?B doPB ftZu u/fbnK B{z ;{oi uVQB s'A gfjbK ikrD, r[o{nK d/ nkd/PK B{z wzBD, ;ksfte G'iB eoB, pj[w{b t;s{nK dk gq:'r Bk eoB ns/ ;kd/ eZgV/ gkT[D dk nkd/P j?. Bkb fJj th nkd/P j? fe T[j tZX j;/ BjhA, finkdk uzub Bk j'D, fJzdohnK d/ fB:zsoD oZyD, fe;h dk ojZ; Bk y'bD, eN[tuB Bk p'bD, ;dkukoh j'D, b'Gêq'X s'A d{o ofjD, ;Zu p'bD tkb/ j'D, ns/ nfGwkB, eq'X, gqwkd, o'r ns/ nkb; s'A d{o ofjDk. Bkb jh T[j fPPN ns/ ftBow j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z jw/PK ;wki^;ws nkuoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK ftZu frnkB gqks eoB dh fifrnk;k j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ T[j nkb; dk fsnkr eoe/ f;ZyD d/ tZb tXD/ ukjhd/ jB. i?B doPB dh wkBsk j? fe jo/e ftfdnkoEh nkgDk nbZr Poho j[zdk j? ns/ nkgDh nbZr nskwk j[zdh j? fJ; bJh nfXnkge B{z T[; dh ftneshrs :'rsk d/ nXko s/ jh T[; dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eoBk ukjhdk j?. nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEh ftZu ;zpzX

i?B doPB nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK ftZu ;/tkGkt dk gZyh j?. T[; dh fdqPNh s'A d'jK B{z fJZe^d{i/ d/ fjs d/ bJh jw/PK fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j?. i?Bknukfonk f;ZfynkoEhnK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j nfXnkge d/ r[Z;/ j'D s/ th ftBwo ofjD, T[jBK B{z ;fjD eoD, T[jBK dh ;/tk eoB, T[jBK d/ nkd/PK dk gkbD eoB ns/ T[jBK B{z gq;zB eoB. i?B doPB ftZu u/fbnK B{z r[o{nK ftZu PoXk oZyD dk T[gd/P j? ns/ nfXnkgeK B{z u/fbnK Bkb gq/w eoB dk nkd/P j?. i/eo fBZu/ s'A PoXk T[wV/ ns/ T[Zgo s'A gq/w po;/ sK nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftZu fezBk fwmk ;zpzX j't/rk, fJ; dh ebgBk n;hA eo jh ;ed/ jK. ftfdnkfbnk

i?B Xow ns/ doPB d/ Bkb i?B nkrwK d/ frnkB ns/ i?B nkuoD dh f;ybkJh ;zpzXh f;Zfynk d/ e/AdoK dk th ftek; j'fJnk, gozs{ fJj e/Ado p"X wmK dh soQK nZi d/ ftfdnkb/ iK ftPtftfdnkb/ BjhA ;B. brGr r[o{nK rqfjK ftZu jh fJ; ;G dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh ;h. r[o{ rqfjK ftZu dkfyb/ d/ ;w/A ns/ f;Zfynk g{oh eoe/ xo w[VB s/ fsUjko wBkJ/ iKd/ ;B ns/ r[o{nK B{z G/AN fdZsh iKdh ;h, gozs{ fJj f;Zfynk ;G B{z ;[bG BjhA ;h. ;hfws r[o{ rqfj, ;hfws dkfybk ns/ ;hfws f;Zfynk ftt;Ek ;h. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynkî?B doPB toD ftt;Ek ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk, ;kfonK B{z frnkB gqkgs eoB dk nfXekoh wzBdk j?, gozs{ T[j wB[Zy dh ftneshrs fGzBsk B{z wzBdk j? ns/ fijVk wB[Zy fi; :'r j't/ T[; B{z T[;h d/ nB[e{b frnkB ns/ ebk (T[d:'r) dh f;zFynk d/D dh rZb eodk j?. T[j jo/e wB[Zy B{z e?tb frnkB gqkgs eoe/ e?tb dh gqkgsh dk nfXekoh wzBdk j?. jK, o'rh ns/ e'VQh B{z i?B dkoPfBeK B/ f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko s'A tzfus oZfynk j?. e[ZbQ fwbk e/ i?B doPB iB f;Zfynk dk gZyh j?.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^fdrzpo fJ;sohnK B{z w'eP dh nfXekohDh BjhA wzBd/. T[d'A T[jBK B{z iht ;zpzXh frnkB dh e'Jh io{os BjhA. Pt/sKpo fJ;sohnK B{z w'eP dh nfXekohDh sK wzBd/ jB, gozs{ T[jBK dh f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ftZu w'B jB. nkuoD dh f;Zfynk sK T[jBK B{z T[jBK d/ nkgD/^nkgd/ xoK ftZu gqkgs j' jh iKdh j?.

B'N



B'N 3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynkî?B doPB ftZu ;z;ko B{z eko'pkoe wzfBnk frnk j?, T[d'A ;z;kfoe ihtB d/ bJh wB[Zy B{z fsnko eoBk io{oh j?. i?B rqzEK d/ bJh 72 ebktK (T[d:'rK) ns/ fJ;sohnK d/ bJh 64 ebktK (bfbs ebktK) dh f;Zfynk dk T[b/y fwbdk j?. i?B doPB G"fse ihtB ihT[D d/ bJ wB[ZyK B{z fJjBK ftZu'A fJZe iK d' ebk f;ZyD s/ i'o fdzdk j?. jK, e/tbh (w'eP d/ fJS[Ze) B{z T[j fJBQK s'A d{o ofjD dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?.

4H Xow f;Zfynkî?B doPB w{b s"o s/ Xow j?, doPB sk T[; dk pknd ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk j?. T[d'A i?B doPB ftZu i?B Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?. T[j ;kfonK B{z gzi wjktosK dk gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K dk fsnkr eoe/ ;fjihtB ihT[D dk T[gd/P fdzdk j?, gozs{ fe;h j'o Xow dh fBzdk B{z T[j wkBf;e fjz;k wzBdk j?. fJj XowfBog/ysk dk ;otT[Zu o{g j?. T[; dh fJ; Xkofwe T[dkosk dh nZi d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftP/P io{os j?.



7H wjktho ;tkwh B/ gzi wjktosK^;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo d/ gkbD dk T[gd/P fdZsk ;h.

8H i?B Xow d/ d' o{g jB^Pt/sKpo ns/ ghsKpo.

9H i?B Xow d/ nB[;ko nkswk d' soQK dh j[zdh j?^w[es nkswk ns/ p[ZX nkswk.

10H i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P e?tb (w'eP) dh gqkgsh j?. 11H4 i?B doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Jainism to Education) fJZe dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok d/ o{g ftZu i?B doPB dk nkgDk wjZst j?. dot dk fizBk ftfrnkBe torheoD ns/ ftPb/PD i?B doPB ftZu fwbdk j? T[Bk fe;/ j'o ftZu BjhA. iht (nkswk) ns/ ekb (;w/A) dot sK nZi d/ ftfrnkBeK d/ bJh y'i d/ ftP/ jB. gozs{ T[; dk fJj ftuko fe iht nkgD/ eowK d/ nB[;ko ns/ niht (g[drb) ;zrqfjs eodk j? ns/ fGzB^fGzB gqkDhnK d/ o{g ftZu ntfos j[zdk j? nkgD/ rb/ BjhA T[Zsodk. eowK dk cb d/D tkbk e'Jh fB:zsk io{oh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[j t/dKshnK dk pqjw, t?DtK dk fJPt, :j[dhnK dk i/j'tk, fJ;kJhnK dk r'v, w[;bwkBK dk nZbQk ns/ gko;hnK dk nj[owid jh j' ;edk j?. jK, t;s{ irs ns/ iht (nkswk), d'B'A B{z n;b wzB e/ i?B doPB B/ wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB ftZu ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eoB dk ;s[b :sB ehsk j?. fJ; B/ wB[Zy B{z ;fjihtB dk T[gd/P d/e/ T[; B{z nkgD/ ns/ ;kfonK d/ efbnkD d/ tZb tXfJnk j?. gzi wjktosK dk gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K dk fsnkr ;fjihtB dh gqkgsh ftZu pj[s ;jkfJe j[zdk j?.

f;Zfynk doPB d/ o{g ftZu th i?B doPB dk nkgDk wjZst j?. T[AM f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk B{z ;[ftt;fEs o{g gqdkB eoB ftZu i?B doPB dk e'Jh ftP/P :'rdkB fdykJh BjhA fdzdk, gozs{ f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu T[; B/ fiBQK f;XKsK dk fBo{gD ehsk j? T[j ;otG"fwe ns/ ;otekfbe jB ns/ nZi d/ ;zdoG ftZu th pj[s T[g:'rh jB. fJZE/ T[jBK dk ;whfynkswe nfXnB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

i?B doPB d/ nB[;ko n;b f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z e?tb (w'eP) dh gqkgsh B{z ;kXB osBso (;w:e fdqPNh, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso) ftZu f;ybkJh fdzdk j?. fJ; s'A sK nfijk bZrdk j? fe i?B doPB f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ e/tb nfXnksfwe ftek; dk ;kXB



wzBdk j?. gozs{ id'A T[j f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z fe;h ebk (T[d:'r) ftZu f;Zfyns eoe/ T[; B{z ihtB phskT[D :'r pDkT[D dh rZb eodk j? sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe T[j f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; dk th ;kXB wzBdk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe i?B doPB ftZu f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soqK d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe nfXnksfwe ftek; B{ z w[Zy ns/ G"fse ftek; r"D ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. toswkB ftZu sK f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe, fszBK gZyK d/ ;zs[fbs ftek; d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

i?B doPB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ w{b o{g s'A gzi T[d/P fBPfus ehs rJ/ jB^;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB, ;w:e ufoso, ftfGzB ebktK ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ gowkoE Gkr dk ftek;.

;kc ikfjo j? fe i?B doPB d[nkok fBowkDs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P th wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK gZyK Bkb ;zpzXs j?. G"fse io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh G"fse dotK d/ frnkB ns/ ftfGzB ebktK (T[d:'rK) ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ gowkoE dh f;Zfynk ns/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;w:e doPB, ;w:e frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso s/ i'o d// e/ i?B nukfonK B{z ;fjihtB dh gqkgsh dk w[Zy ;kXB pDk fdZsk j?. fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ihtB B{z ;wro o{g s'A T[Bzs eoB d/ tZb tXd/ jB. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

fJBQK ft;Eko g{oD T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fJZe ft;Eko g{oD gkmuo:k dh uouk th i?B rqzEK ftZu fwbdh j?. i?B nkrwK ftZu G"fse ihtB d/ bJh gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD d/ gzi f;XKsK (gq'VQsk, ;woZEk, T[wo, eqwkrssk ns/ T[g:'rsk) dh uouk ehsh rJh j? ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh osBso (;w:e doPB Gkt i?B shoEzeoK, i?B nkrwK ns/ i?B w[BhnK ftZu PoXkl ;w:e frnkB Gkt iht^niht ;zpzXh, i?B nkrwK ftZu ;zrqfjs frnkB ns/ ;w:e ufoso Gkt ;w:e doPB ns/ ;w:e frnkB d/ nB[;ko nkuoD) ftZu f;ybkJh dh rZb ejh rJh j?.

i?B doPB ftZu G"fse ihtB d/ bJh gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD d/ gzi f;XKs fBPfus ehs/ rJ/ jB, T[j nZi th pj[s T[g:'rh jB, gozs{ nfXnksfwe ihtB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh osBso ftZu f;ybkJh dh rZb e[ZM ;zehoD bZrdh j?. ;z;ko d/ j'o Xow ns/ doPB th ;kB{z nfXnksfwesk dh gqkgsh eok ;ed/jB. gozs{ gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePktK (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) d/ fsnkr dh f;bykJh sK ;kfonK B{z ;theko j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fpBK fJBQK d/ ;fjihtB dh gqkgsh ;zGt jh BjhA. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

i?B doPB ftZu G"fse frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK gzi ftXhnK^fJzdoh nB[Gt ftXh, nB[eoD ftXh, gq:'r ftXh, Po{sh ftXh ns/ ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB gqkgs eoB dhnK fsZB ftXhnK^Po{sh, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ sgZf;nk ftXh dk T[b/y fwbdk j?.

f;bykJh ftXhnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu i?B nukfonK dhnK e[ZM rZbK pj[s T[g:'rh jB. G"fse frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fJzdoh gqsZy, gq:'r, Po{sh ns/ ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh, nkswfrnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh Po{sh, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ ;s;zr ftXh ns/ nkswsZs dh nB[G{sh d/ bJh sgZf;nk ftXh dk ;woEB, i?B doPB dh wB'ftfrnkBe gj[zu j?. ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh d/ fiBQK G/dK (gdK) dk toDB i?B rqzEK ftZu j, T[j th pj[s wB'ftfrnkBe j?. fJBQK gdK ftZu ;tkfXnkfJ eoB Bkb wB[Zy pj[s finkdk uzr/ Yzr Bkb f;Zy ;ed/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK f;Zfynk frnkB ;EkJh j[zdk j?.

B'N



B'N sgZf;nk ftXh B{z SZv e/ j'o ;kohnK ftXhnK dk gq:'r nZi th fe;h Bk fe;h o{g ns/ wksok ftZu j[zdk j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe nZi d/ ;zPfbP frnkB B{z ;wMD ns/ nkgD/ ftZu ;wkT[D ftZu T[BhnK ;jkfJe BjhA jB fizBhnK toswkB ekb ftZu ftef;s wB'ftfrnkBe ftXhnK. nB[Pk;B

i?B nukfonK B/ nB[Pk;B d/ ftP/ ftZu th pj[s ;gPN ftuko g/P ehs/ jB. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fB:wK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoBk jh nB[Pk;B j?, gozs{ fJj ;G nkswgq/fos j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ id'A edh ftfdnkoEh s'A e'Jh G[Zb j' ikt/ sK T[; B{z G[Zb pyPkT[D dk w"ek d/Dk ukjhdk j?. G[Zb pyPkT[D d/ ftP/ ftZu fJBQK dk ;gPN fBod/P j? fe G[Zy pyPkT[D ftt;Ek (dzv) fdzd/ ;w/A nfXnkge B{z em'o BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.

;gPN j? fe i?B nukfonk nkswgq/fos nB[Pk;B d/ gZyh jB, n;b nB[Pk;B d/ gZyh jB. nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

i?B doPB ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh, d'jK d/ gzi wjktosK (;Zu, nfjz;k, n;s/, ngforqj ns/ pqjwuo) d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K (eq'X, b'G, w'j ns/ njzeko) d/ fsnkr dk nkd/P fdZsk frnk j?.

nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK B{z gzi wjktosK d/ gkbD ns/ uko ePk:K d/ fsnkr dk T[gd/P d/e/ i?B nukfonK B/ fJZe tZvk ekoi ehsk j?. i/eo nZi d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh T[; B{z nzfPe o{g ftZu jh ;theko eo b?D sK f;Zfynk irs dhnK nZXhnK ;wZf;nktK dk jZb nkgd/^nkg j' ikJ/. ;fjihtB dh f;Zfynk i?B doPB dh ;G s'A tZvh ftP/Psk j?. ;kB{z fJ; B{z ;theko eoBk jh ukjhdk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

i?B Xow^doPB d/ ftek; d/ ;w/A fiZE/ r[o{ tk; j[zdk ;h T[ZE/ jh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j[zdh ;h, i?B nukfonk nZi nZi dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dh ebgBk th BjhA eo ;e/ ;B. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

i?B doPB ftZu iB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk, ;kfonK d/ ;zrmB dh rZb ejh rJh j?, gozs{ e[ZM nkgD/ Yzr s'A. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJBQK y/soK ftZu T[j ;kvk ;jh wkordoPB BjhA eo ;fenk j?. 11H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe i?B Xow^doPB nkgD/^nkg ftZu fBogZytkdh Xow^doPB j?, fJj nkgDh rZb efjzdk j?, d{finK dh nkb'uBk BjhA eodk. nkgDh rZb ftZu th fJj ;:ks Pps dk gq:'r eodk j?. ;ihtB dh f;Zfynk fJ; dk w[Zy T[d/P j?. T[;h d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dk g{ok Ykuk fsnko ehsk j?. toswkB Gkos ftZu T[; dk fuzsB pj[s T[g:'rh ;kfps j' ;edk j?. 11H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ekb (Time) L ;wK

2H ;zxks (Mixture) L fwPoD

3H nekP (Space) L iho'




1H i?B doPB s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H i?B doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H i?B doPB ns/ f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

4H i?B doPB dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H t/d 2H eow f;XKs 3H (T) 4H (T) 5H (n)

6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs 9H ;jh 10H ;jh 11H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;





B'N



B'N fJekJh^12L fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk (Philosophy & Traditions of Islamic Religion and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


12H1 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Islamic Religion and Philosophy)

12H2 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Islamic Religion and Philosophy)

12H3 fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK (Islamic Traditions)

12H4 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk (Philosophy & Traditions of Islamic Religion and Education)

12H5 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Islamic Religion, Philosophy and Traditions

to Education) 12H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)




T[d/P (Objectives)


fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ w{b f;XKs ikBD ;zpzXh.

fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK ikDB ;zpzXh.


nfijh wkBsk j? fe ekpk Pohc dk fBowkD d[BhnK d/ ;G s'A gfjb/ nkswk jios nkdw B/ nZbQk d/ j[ew Bkb e/tb nZbQk dh fJpkds (gqkoEBk) d/ bJh eokfJnk ;h. T[jBK d/ pknd fizB/ th o;[b (g?rzpo)^jios B[j, jios fJpokjhw, jios fJ;wkJhb, jios dkT{, jios w{;k ns/ jios fJ;k fJ; d[BhnK ftZu nkJ/ T[jBK ;kfonK B/ ekpk Pohc B{z nkgDk fJpkds rkj (gqkoEk ;Eb) pDkfJnk. 12H1 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Islamic Religion and Philosophy) fJ;h dh S/thA ;dh ftZu nop d/PK ftZu nfrnkb dk x'o^nzXeko SkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. Xkofwe y/so ftZu pj[d/tdstkd nkgDh uow ;hwk s/ ;h, jikoK d/th^d/tsktK dh g{ik ehsh


fJekJh^12 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk

iKdh ;h, fJZE/ sZe fe wZek ftZu ;fEs ekpk Pohc fi; d/ gqpzXe T[; ;w/A w'jzwd ;kjp d/ dkdk ;B, T[; ftZu th 360 w{oshnK ;Ekfgs ;B. nfijh wkBsk j? fe pkpk Pohc dk fBowkD d[BhnK d/ ;G s'A gfjb/ nkdwh jios nkdw B/ nZbQk d/ j[ew Bkb e/tb nZbQk dh fJpkds (gqkoEBk) d/ bJh eokfJnk ;h. T[jBK d/ pknd fizB/ th o;[b (g?rzpo)^jios B[j, jios fJpokfjw, jios fJ;wkJhb, jios dkT{, jios w{;k ns/ jios fJ;k fJ; d[BhnK ftZu nkJ/ T[jBK ;kfonK B/ ekpk Pohc B{z nkgDk fJpkds rkj (gqkoEk ;Eb) pDkfJnk. T[; ;w/A ;wki th eJh torK ftZu tzfvnk ;h, dk; gqEk gquZbs ;h ns/ dk;K d/ Bkb pj[s fBodfJsk g{oD fttjkoe ehsk iKdk ;h. ;wki ftZu fJ;sohnK dh dPk sK j'o th finkdk ;'DD tkbh ;h. ;zGqKs gfotkoK ftZu sK e[Vh dk iBw nP[ZG wzfBnk iKdk ;h, T[jBK B{z iBw b?Ad/ jh wko fdZsk iKdk ;h. T[; ;w/A nop d/PK dh okiBhfse ;fEsh th pj[s yokp ;h. g{o/ nop ftZu S'N/^tZv/ eJh ephb/ ;B fijV/ fJZe^d{i/ s/ jwb/ eod/ ofjzd/ ;B, fJZe^d{i/ dh iwhB y'j b?Ad/ ;B ns/ fJZe^d{i/ dh XzB^d"bs ns/ fJ;sohnK B{z b[ZN b?Ad/ ;B. T[; ;w//A PeshPkbh dh fiZs ;h. g{o/ noe ftZu nZbQk (fJPto) dk G?m b'eK d/ fdwkr s'A fBeb u[Zek ;h ns/ ukoK gk;/ p[okJhnK jh p[okJhnK c?bhnK ;B. fJ; ;G s'A fBiks fdbkJh jios w[jzwd ;kfjp B/.

jios w[jzwd ;kfjp dk iBw ;zB 53 fjioh g{ot 12 othT[b nZtb (22 ngq?b, 571 JhH) B{z j'fJnk ;h. fJBQK d/ fgsk npd[b w[sfpb fJBQK d/ iBw s'A gfjbK jh fJ; ;z;ko s'A ub/ rJ/ ;B, fco th fJjBK d/ iBw dk iPB pj[s X{w^Xkw Bkb wBkfJnk frnk. T[; ;w/A ohsh^fotki d/ nB[;ko fJBQK dh wksk nwhBk B/ fJBQK 8 fdB sZe nkgDk d[ZX fgbkfJnk, T[; d/ pknd fJjBK B{z Bkb d/ fgzv ftZu ofjD tkbh jbhwk ;kdwk Bkw dh dkJh d/ e'b bkbB^gkbD d/ bJh G/i fdZsk. 6 ;kbh dh T[wo ftZu fJj jbhwk d/ fJZE'A nkgDh wK d/ e'b w[V/, gozs{ e[ZM fdB pknd jh fJBQK dh wK dk d/jKs j' frnk ns/ fJBQK d/ bkbB^gkbD dk T[ZsodkfJst fJBQK d/ dkdk s/ nk frnk. id'A fJj 8 ;kb d/ ;B sK fJBQK d/ dkdk th ;z;ko s'A ub/ rJ/. T[jBK d/ pknd fJBQK d/ bkbB^gkbD dk T[ZsodkfJst fJBQK d/ jwdod ukuk np{ skfbp s/ nk frnk. id'A w[jzwd 10 ;kb d/ ;B, fJBQK d/ ukuk nkgD/ tgko d/ f;bf;b/ ftZu ;hfonk rJ/ ns/ Bkb fJBQK B{z th b? rJ/. fJ; tko T[jBK B{z nkgD/ tgko ftZu pj[s finkdk bkG j'fJnk. j[D T[jBK B/ fJBQK B{z nkgD/ tgko ftZu jh brk fbnk. id'A fJj e/tb 11 ;kb d/ ;B fJBQK d/ Bkb fJZe nfijh xNBk tkgoh fe fJj fJZe nZbQk (Je/Ptotkd) dh rZb eoB bZr/. gozs{ Bkb jh tgko ekoi B{z th d/yd/ oj/. nZbQk skbk dk fJBQK s/ e[ZM fJzBk ofjw ;h fe fijVk ftnesh fJBQK B{z nkgD/ tgko ftZu nkgDk ;kMhdko pDkT[Adk, T[; B{z pj[s finkdk bkG j[zdk. T[; ;w/A wZek Pfjso ftZu fJZe XBh ftXtk fJ;soh ydhik ofjzdh ;h. T[; B/ id'A w[jzwd ;kfjp dh B/eh, fJwkBdkoh ns/ tgko bkG d/ pko/ ftZu ;[fDnk sK T[; B/ fJjBK B{z nkgD/ tgko ftZu ;kMhdko pDk fbnk, T[d'A s'A T[; B{z th bkG j'fJnk. T[jBK dh ;ZukJh ns/ fJwkBdkoh s'A fJzBh gqGkfts j'Jh fe T[; B/ fJBQK d/ ;kjwD/ ftnkj dk gq;skt oZfynk. w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ nkgD/ ukuk dh oikwzdh Bkb ydhik d/ Bkb fBekj (ftnkj) eo fbnk. T[; ;w/A jios w[jzwd ;kfjp dh T[wo 25 ;kb dh ;h ns/ jios ydhik dh T[wo 40 ;kb ;B. fJZE'A jios w[jzwd ;kfjp dk BtK ihtB P[o{ j[zdk j?.

B'N

B'N; jios w[jzwd ;kfjp dk iBw ;zB 53 fjioh g{ot 12 ophT[b nZtb (22 ngq?b,

571 JhH) B{z j'fJnk ;h.

j[D w[jzwd ;kfjp fJZe gk;/ nkgD/ tgko ekoi d/yd/ ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wki ;/tk ekoi eod/ ns/ Bkb jh nZbQk dk gquko^gq;ko ekoi eod/, ns/ id'A edh ;wK fwbdk wZek Pfjo s'A brGr 5 fewhH dh d{oh s/ ;fEs fjok Bkwe gjkVh dh fJZe S'Nh fijh r[ck ftZu fXnkB^wrB j' e/ nZbQk dh fJpkds eod/. owikB d/ wjhB ftZu id'A fJZe fdB w[jzwd ;kfjp fJ; r[ck ftZu fXnkB^wrB j' e/ nZbQk dh fJpkds eo oj/ ;B, nZbQk dk G/fink cfoPsk fipokJhb fJBQK d/ ;kjwD/ gqrN j'fJnk. T[; B/ fejk^fJeok Gkt T[Zm gVQ. pZ; fJZE'A s'A jh w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ ;hB/ ftZu e[okb Pohc dk frnkB T[soBk P[o{ j''fJnk. w[jzwd ;kfjp fJ; r[ck ftZu iKd/ oj/.



B'N wjhB/ d/ pknd fco fJjh cfoPsk fipokJhb fJBQK d/ ;kjwD/ gqrN j'fJnk ns/ T[; B/ fJjBK B{z nZbQk dk ;Zuk frnkB fdZsk fijVk nZr/ uZb e/ e[okb Pohc d/ o{g ftZu b/ypZX j'fJnk. p; fco eh ;h, w[jzwd ;kfjp fJZe nZbQk d/ gquko^gq;ko ekoi ftZu j'o s/ih Bkb bZr rJ/. fJZe gk;/ fJBQK d/ nB[:kJh tXD bZr/ sK d{i/ gk;/ fJBQK d/ fto'Xh th tXD bZr/. fto'XhnK B/ fJjBK B{z ns/ fJBQK d/ nB[:kJhnK s/ i[bw YkT[D/ P[o{ ehs/, fJZE/ sZe fe w[jzwd ;kfjp B{z ikB s'A wkoB sZe dk :sB ehsk. id'A fJBQK dh ikB B{z pj[s finkdk ysok j'fJnk sK fJj nZbQk d/ j[ew Bkb wZek SZv e/ wdhBk ub/ rJ/. fJ; ;w/A fJBQK dh T[wo 53 ;kb dh ;h. fi; fdB w[jzwd ;kfjp wZek Pfjo SZv e/ wdhBk Pfjo rJ/, T[; fdB s'A jh fJ;bkwh ;zB fjioh P[o{ j'fJnk. fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB B{z ikD B{z noph GkPk ftZu fji efjzd/ jB, fJ; bJh fJ; fdB s'A Pfjo j'D tkb/ ;zB B{z fjioh fejk frnk.

wdhBk gj[zu e/ w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ fJZe nZbQk d/ gquko ns/ gq;ko ekoi B{z ikoh oZfynk. fJZE/ th e[ZM b'eK B/ fJBQK dk y{p fto'X ehsk. gozs{ ;ZukJh B{z e"D o'e ;edk ;h, nyho fJZe nfijk nk jh frnk id'A g{o/ nop ftZu pj[d/tst d/ ;EkB s/ f;oc fJZe nZbQk g{ik :'r j? (J/e/Ptotkd) ;Ekfgs j' frnk. 9 fjioh (;zB 632 JhH) ftZu w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ ji coi ehsk ns/ T[gd/P fdZsk fe fijV/ b'e nkgDh B/e ewkJh s'A id'A th wZek ikD ftZu ;woZE j'D, T[ZE/ gj[zu e/ ekpk Pohc ftZu nZbQk dh fJpkds io{o eoB. 10 fjioh (;zB 633 JhH) ftZu nkgB/ nkyoh pko ji ehsk. fJ; tko bZyK b'e T[jBK d/ Bkb ji eoB gj[zu/. fJ; w"e/ s/ T[jBK B/ T[ZE/ ncoks d/ w?dkB ftZu T[ZmDh s/ uVQ e/ T[g;fEs v/Y bZy b'eK B{z ji eoB dh ftXh dZ;h ns/ T[jBK B{z T[gd/P fdZs/. e[ZM T[gd/P fJ; soQK jB^

1H nZbQk fJZe j?, T[j fBokeko j?, T[; B{z w{osh d/ o{g ftZu g{iDk rbs j?.

2H nZbQk B/ ;koh d[BhnK B{z pDkfJnk j? ns/ T[jh T[; dk gkbDjko j?.

3H b'e'! fJZe^d{i/ dk y{B eoB, fJZe^d{i/ dk wkb rbs sohe/ Bkb jVg eo b?Dk ns/ fJZe^d{i/ dk ngwkB eoBk ;ok;o jokw j?. s[;hA w/o/ pknd r[wokj Bk j' ikDk fe fJZe^d{i/ dh rodB eZND bZr'.

4H n"osK d/ wkwb/ ftZu nZbQk s'A vo', T[jBK d/ Bkb nZSk fttjko eo'.

5H b'e'! w?A s[jkv/ e'b fJZe nfijh uhi SZv iKdk jK, i/eo s[;hA T[;B{z wip{sh Bkb cV fbnk sK s[;hA edh r[wokj BjhA j' e/ GNe'r/ BjhA, T[j j? nZbQk dh feskp e[okB Pohc.

6H s[jkv/ s/ y[dk B/ 5 coi io{oh ehs/ jB, T[j jB^

(i) ebwk^„bk fJbkj fJZbQk w[jzwd[o o;{b[T[bQk‟ Gkt nZbQk d/ fJbktk e'Jh fJpkds (T[gk;Bk) d/ :'r BjhA j?, jios w[jzwd nZbQk d/ o;{b (g?rzpo) jB. fJ; s/ nwb eoBk.

(ii) Bwki^b'e'! s[jkv/ s/ 5 BwkiK^cfio, i[jo, nf;o, wrfop ns/ fJPk io{oh jB, fJBQK B{z ;w/A s/ ndk eod/ ofjDk.

(iii) ieks^nkgDh gftZso ewkJh ftZu'A YkJh gqshPs rohpK, w/jskiK, :shwK, p/tktK ns/ io{oswzdK B{z fdzd/ ofjDk, gozs{ ieks (dkB) fdzd/ ;w/A fdyktk Bk eoBk.

(iv) o'ikôwikB d/ wjhB/ ftZu g{o/ wjhBk o'ik (tos) oZyDk. fJ; Bkb s[jkB{z G[ZfynK dh G[Zy dk nfj;k; j't/rk, s[jkvh f;js s/ uzrk gqGkt gJ/rk ns/ nZbQk dh :kd ftZu s[jkvh swkw p[okJhnK d{o j'DrhnK.

(v) jiî/eo s[;hA :'r j' sK ihtB ftZu fJZe tko nkgDh gftso ewkJh Bkb ji eoBk.

fJ; d/ fJZe ;kb pknd 26 ngq?b, 634 JhH B{z jios w[jzwd ;kfjp sK nZbQk B{z fgnko/ j' rJ/ gozs{ T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBowkDs fJ;bkw Xow fBozso cbdk^c[bdk fojk. nZi nopK b'e



fJ; Xow B{z wzBd/ jB. toswkB ftZu fJ; ftZu eJh ;zgqdkfJ (ws) jB fiBQK ftZu w[Zy jB^ ;[ch, ;[Bh, fP:k ns/ njb jdh;. fJBQK ftZu ;[ch ;ot s'A tZX i'o frnkB s/ fdzd/ jB, ;[Bh nZbQk dh fJpkds s/ fdzd/ jB, fP:k Poho ns/ wB dh P[ZXsk ns/ gftsosk s/ fdzd/ jB ns/ njb jdh;h ;wkBsk s/ fdzd/ jB. gozs{ e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj ;ko/ fJZe nZbQk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB, w[jzwd ;kfjp B{z nkyoh o;[b (g?rzpo) wzBd/ jB ns/ e[okB Pohc B{z nkgDk Xow rqzE wzBd/ jB. fJj fszB ;{so jh d[BhnK Go d/ w[;bwkBK B{z fJZe ;{so ftZu pzfBnk j'fJnk j?.

fJ;bkw w{bo{g s'A fJZe Xow d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk ;h gozs{ nZr/ uZb e/ e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ fJ; dk doPB th ftef;s eo fdZsk. fJ; ekoi ftZu ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD G{fwek ojh ;[chtkdhnK dh. n;hA ikDd/ jB fe fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsBXkok B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[jBK dh sZs whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh g/P j?. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dh sZs whwK;k

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko fJ; fdqPNh dh ouBk nZbQk (pqjw, God) B/ ehsh j?. nZbQk B/ fit/A jh fejk e[B Gkt j' ik, Bkb jh fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk j' rJh. fJj nZbQk dk fBokeko, ;otfrnksk ns/ ;otPeshwkB wzBdk j? ns/ T[; B{z pj[s fdnkb{ ns/ feqgkb{ wzBdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nZbQk dk e'Jh ;kMh BjhA, T[j fJeZbk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nkswktk eJh jB ns/ fJBQK th nZbQk B/ pDkfJnk j? ns/ nzs ftZu fJj nZbQk d/ e'b jh iKdhnK jB.

wB[Zy B{z fJ;bkw nZbQk dh ;G s'A tZvh d/D wzBdk j?. e[okB ftZu T[; B{z ;ot T[Zu gqkDh wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nZbQk B/ d[BhnK dhnK ;kohnK uhiK wB[ZyK d/ T[g:'r d/ bJh pDkJhnK jB ns/ wB[Zy nkgDh fJpkds d/ bJh pDkfJnk j?. fJ;bkw d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P fJ; ;z;ko d/ G"fse ;[y d/ Bkb^Bkb nZbQk dh fJpkds eoe/ w"s d/ pknd ;dk uZbD tkb/ ihtB dh fsnkoh eoBk j? ns/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[Dk j?. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko id'A wB[Zy dh w"s d/ pknd T[; d/ Pt B{z epo ftZu oZfynk iKdk j? sK T[; dk jw/PK uZbD tkbk ihtB P[o{ j[zdk j? fi; B{z poyki efjzd/ jB. e:kws (wjkgqb?n) d/ fdB nZbQk T[; d/ eowK dk b/ykî'yk ns/ T[; d/ eowK d/ nB[;k T[; B{z pfjPs (izBs, ;tor Heaven) iK d/Iy (ijzB[w, Boe, Hell) ftZu G/i d/t/rk. fJj g[BoiBw ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

fJ;bkw Xow d/ fBowksk jios wj[zws ;kfjp frnkB B{z nzfwqs wzBd/ ;B. frnkb s'A T[jBK dk Gkt G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ frnkB s'A ;h. G"fse frnkB d/ nzsors T[jBK B/ G"fse t;s{nK ns/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ frnkB B{z ;EkB fdZsk ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB d/ nzsors fJ;bkw Xow d/ frnkB B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. toswkB ftZu fJ;bkw Xowktbzph fe;h th soQK d/ frnkB dk w[Zy ;o's e[okB Pohc B{z wzBd/ jB.

e[okB Pohc ftZu G"fse frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ fszB ;kXB dZ;/ rJ/ jB^fJbw[b :ehB (nB[wkB d[nkok fBPuk eoBk), J/B[b :ehB (nZyK Bkb d/y e/ fBPfus eoBk) sssns/ jZe[b :ehB (;goP eoe/ fBPuk eoBk). fJ; dk f;ZXk noE j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu fJzdohnK B{z G"fse frnkB gqkgs eoB dk ;kXB wzfBnk frnk j?. gozs{ fiZE/ sZe nfXnksfwe frnkB gqkgs eoB dh rZb j?, fJ;B{z gqkgs eoB dk w[Zy ;o's fJj g?rzpoK d/ d[nkok fdZshnK rJhnK ;{uBktK B{z wzBdk j?. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dk w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

fJ;bkw Ppd dk ;XkoD noE j?^PKsh. fJj PKsh dk wkor j?. fJ;bkw Ppd dk ftfPPN noE j?^nkgD/ nkgB{z nZbQk B{z ;wofgs eo d/Dk. fJ;bkw fJj wzBdk j? fe ;ko/ wB[Zy nZbQk d/ d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ jB, ;ko/ ;wkB jB, ns/ ;ko/ fJZe^d{i/ d/ GkJh jB, fJ; bJh ;kfonK B{z gq/w d/ Bkb ofjDk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkgD/ gotofdrko dh fJpkds eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJj ;wkBs,

B'N



B'N GkJhuko/, gq/w ns/ PKsh B{z wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nXkoG{s w{b wzBdk j?. fJj G"fse ;kXBK d/ G'r dk fto'X BjhA eodk, gozs{ fJj ukj[zdk j? fe fJBQK dk T[g:'r ;ko/ wB[Zy fwb^tzv e/ eoB. fJj fdnk ns/ dkB B{z pj[s wjZst fdzdk j?. gkg ns/ g[zB eowK dk T[b/y eoe/ fJ; B{z wB[Zyh iksh B{z ;jh nkuoD dk wkor fdykfJnk j?. fJ; B/ wB[ZyK B{z nZbQk s'A voB ns/ B/e ezw eoB dk ;zd/P fdZsk j? ns/ gke dkwB (;ufoso) ns/ ;ziwh ihtB ihT[D dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. gkg eowK ftZu T[; B/ w[Zy o{g s'A M{m p'bD, d{finK dhnK t;s{nK B{z y'jD, go^fJ;sohnK B{z e[fdqPNh s'A d/yD, d{finK B{z ;skT[Dk, nekoB fe;h wB[Zy dh jZfsnk eoB, eoi s/ fpnki b?D ns/ nZbQk dh fe;h d{i/ Bkb s[bBk eoB B{z oZfynk j?, ns/ fJjBK s'A puD dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. ns/ g[zB eowK ftZu nZbQk dh fJpkds eoB (BwkI gVQB) g?rzpo wj[zwd ;kfjp d/ fdykJ/ wkor s/ uZbD, ;Zu p'bD, ieks (dkB) d/D, fJ;sohnK dk ;zBwkB eoB ns/ ;kfonK dh ;/tk eoB dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. i/eo fJj fejk ikt/ fe fJ;bkw Xow nkgD/ n;b o{g ftZu fJZe nfijh nkuko ;fjzsk j? fi; dk gkbD ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ ftneshnK B{z eoBh ukjhdh j? sK e'Jh nfsP:'esh BjhA j't/rh. fJ;bkw Xow doPB dh gfoGkPk

fJ;bkw Xow doPB B{z T[; dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ nXko s/ fBwB fbys o{g s'A gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?^

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB fJ; ;z;ko B{z nZbQk d[nkok fBofws wzBdk j? ns/ fJj wzBdk j? fe fJ; t;s{ irs dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK, BkPtkB j'D d/ pkti{d :EkoE jB, wB[Zy d/ bJh T[g:'rh jB. fJj nZbQk B{z ;otPeshwkB ns/ nkswk B{z T[; d/ d[nkok fBofws wzBdk j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodk j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P poiky (;dk uZbD tkb/ ihtB) dh fsnkoh eoBk ns/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[Dk j?, fi; B{z nZbQk dh fJpkds ns/ B/e ezw eoB d/ d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H nZbQk dk G/fink cfoPsk HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;h.

2H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko, fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH B/ ehsh j?. 12H2 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Islamic Religion and Philosophy) fJ;bkw Xow dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jB^

1H fJj ;z;ko nZbQk (pqjw, God) d[nkok fBofws j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko fJ; ;z;ko B{z nZbQk B/ pDkfJnk j?, T[;h B/ ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK ns/ gqkDhnK B{z pDkfJnk j? ns/ T[jh fJBQK ;G dk gkbDjko j?.

2H G"fse ;z;ko BkPtkB j[zd/ j'J/ th :EkoE j? ns/ nfXnksfwe ;z;ko jw/PK uZbD tkbk j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB fJj ;theko eodk j? fe fJj ;z;ko BkPtkB j?, fJ; dh jo t;s{ ns/ jo iht BkPtkB j?, gozs{ fJPto B/ fJ; dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK B{z wB[Zy d/ G'r d/ bJh pDkfJnk j? ns/ wB[ZyK B{z nkgDh fJpkds (gqkoEBk) d/ bJh pDkfJnk j? fJ; bJh fJj ;G :EkoE jB, n;b jB. fJ; dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy dh w"s d/ pknd T[; dk jw/PK uZbD tkbk nfXnksfwe ihtB P[o{ j[zdk j?, fi; B{z poiky efjzd/ jB.

3H nZbQk fBokeko j? ns/ nkswktK T[; d/ d[nkok fBows jB^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB nZbQk B{z fBokeko, ;otPeshwkB ns/ ;otfrnksk wzBdk j?. nZbQk d/ fJbktk fJj j'o fe;h



j'o d/th^d/tsk d/ ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eodk. fJ; d/ nB[;ko nkswktK nZbQk d[nkok fBofws jB ns/ nzs ftZu nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zuDk ukjhdhnK jB.

4H wB[Zy nZbQk dh ;otT[Zu ouBk j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko fJ; ;z;ko ftZu e/tb wB[Zy jh nfijk gqkDh j? fijVk nZbQk dh fJpkds eoe/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zuk ;edk j?. fJ; dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy nZbQk d[nkok pDkJh ;otT[Zu ouBk j?. fJj wB[Zy d/ g[BoiBw ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko nZbQk fenkws (wjkgqb?n) d/ fdB epo ftZu rVQ/ w[ofdnK d/ eowK dk b/ykî'yk bJ/rk ns/ fco T[jBK B{z T[jBK d/ eowK d/ nB;ko pfj;s (izBs, ;tor) iK d'Iy (ijzB[w, Boe) ftZu G/i d/t/rk.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[;dhnK o{jkBh skesK, T[; d/ eowK ns/ nZbQk d/ ofjw s/ fBoGo eodk j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dk ftek; T[; dhnK nfXnksfwe PeshnK, T[; d/ nkgD/^nkg d/ :sBK ns/ nZbQk d/ ofjw s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; dk ftPtk; j? fe nZbQk pj[s fdnkb{ ns/ feqgkb{ j?, fijV/ b'e T[; dh fJpkds eod/ jB, T[; s'A fwzBs eod/ jB, nZbQk T[jBK dh fJZSk dh g{osh eodk j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P edh Bk ysw j'D tkb/ ihtB dh fsnkoh ns/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[Dk j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko ;kohnK nkswktK nZbQk d/ e'b ikDk ukj[zdhnK jB, fJ; bJh wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P edh Bk ysw j'D tkb/ ihtB dh fsnkoh ns/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; dh x'PDk j? fe nZbQk s'A n;hA nkJ/ jK, T[;h d/ bJh n;hA jK ns/ T[; d/ e'b n;hA w[VBk j?. fJ; B{z fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu Biks efjzd/ jB.

7H nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[D d/ bJh nZbQk dh fJpkds io{oh j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko, nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[D dk e/tb fJZe jh ok;sk j?^ nZbQk dh fJpkds. fJ; dk ftPtk; j? fe fpBK nZbQk skbkj dh feqgk d/ e[ZM th gkT[Dk ;zGt BjhA. fJ; d[BhnK ftZu i' e[ZM gkT[Dk j't/ T[; d/ bJh nZbQk dh fJpkds eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJ; ihtB d/ pkdn edh Bk ysw j'D tkb/ ihtB B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh th nZbQk dh fJpkds eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ nkgDh nkswk B{z nZbQk d/ e'b gj[zukT[D d/ bJh th T[;h dh fJpkds eoBh ukjhdh j?.

8H nZbQk dh fJpkds d/ bJh gke^;ke j'Dk ns/ wB[Zy wkso dh ;/tk eoBk io{oh j?^ fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dh wkBsk j? fe nZbQk T[jBK dh jh fJpkds ep{b eodk j? fijV/ gke^;ke (;ufoso) j[zd/ jB ns/ dhB^jhBK dh ;jkfjsk eod/ jB. nZbQk dh fJpkds d/ bJh fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu fBwB fbys gzi fB:wK d/ gkbD dk ftXkB j?^

(i) nZbQk, T[; d/ g?rzpo jios w[jzwd ;kfjp ns/ e[okB Pohc ftZu ftPtk; ns/ nk;Ek eoBk.

(ii) gzi tes dh Bwki gVQBk.

(iii) owikB d/ wjhB ftZu o'ik (tos) oZyDk.

(iv) nkgDh B/e ewkJh ftZu'A ieks (dkB) d/Dk.

(v) ihtB ftZu xZN^s'A^xZN fJZe tko fpBK eoi bJ/ joi eoBk.

gke^;ke j'D d/ bJh fJ;bkw d/ gzi ekoiK d/ ;zgkdB B{z io{oh wzfBnk frnk j?^

(i) nZbQk s'A voBk. (ii) Poho ns/ wB s'A P[ZX ns/ fBowB j'Dk.

(iii) dhB^jhBK dh ;jkfJsk eoBk. (iv) fJ;sohnK dk nkdo eoBk.

(v) d[opb dh jk s'A puDk.

B'N



B'N 9H oki dk ezw iBsk B{z ;jh ok;s/ s/ brkT[Dk j?^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko Pk;e (okik, oki) B{z jios w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ dZ;/ ok;s/ s/ uZbDk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkgDh iBsk B{z th T[;h d/ dZ;/ ok;s/ s/ uZbD dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. T[; B{z nkgDh ihwB dh oZfynk eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ Bkb jh fe;h d{i/ Pk;e (okik, oki) dh iwhB BjhA y'jDh ukjhdh. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko i/eo fe;h oki B{z nkgDh iwhB, nkgD/ Xow ns/ nkgDhnK fJ;ohnK dh oZfynk d/ bJh :[ZX th eoBk gJ/ sK T[; B{z :[ZX eoBk ukjhdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' fJ;h dh S/thA ;dh ftZu nop d/PK ftZu nfrnkB dk x'o nzXeko

SkfJnk j'fJnk ;h.

12H3 fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK (Islamic Traditions)

nkozG ftZu fJ;bkw Xow dk fJZe jh o{g ;h gozs{ nZr/ uZb e/ eJh ;zgqdkfJ (ws) ftef;s j' rJ/. fJBQk ftZu uko ;zgqdkfJ jB^(i) ;[ch, (ii) ;[Bh, (iii) fP:k ns/ (iv) njb jdh;. fJjBK ftZu ;[ch ;G s'A tZX frnkB s/ i'o fdzd/ jB, ;[Bh nZbQk dh fJpkds s/ fdzd/ jB, fP:k Poho dh P[ZXsk ns/ wB dh gftsosk s/ fdzd/ jB ns/ njb jdh;h ;wkBsk s/ fdzd/ jB. gozs{ e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj ;ko/ fJZe nZbQk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ jB, jios w[jzws ;kfjp B{z nZbQk dk nkyoh o;[b (g?rzpo) wzBd/ jB ns/ e[okB Pohc B{z nkgDk Xow rqzE wzBd/ jB. Bkb jh fJBQK dhnK nkgDhnK e[ZM ;wkB gqgoktK th jB fijVhnK d[BhnK Go d/ fJ;bkw XowktbzphnK B{z fJZe ;{so ftZu pzB/ jB. fJj ;ko/ fdB ftZu gzi tes Bwki gVQd/ jB Gkt nZbQk dh fJpkds eod/ jB, nZbQk Bkw s/ ieks (dkB) fdzd/ jB, owikB d/ gfoso wjhB/ ftZu o'ik (tos) oZyd/ jB ns/ owikB dk wjhBk ysw j'D d/ pknd d"i dk uzd fdykJh d/D d/ d{i/ fdB Jhd w[pkfoe wBkT[Ad/ jB ns/ fJ; fdB fJeZm/ BwkI gVQd/ jB ns/ fJZe^d{i/ Bkb rb/ fwb e/ ;wkBsk, GkJhuko/ ns/ gq/w dk fJIjko eod/ jB. fJj ;ko/ ji eoB (wZek ik e/ ekek Pohc ftZu nZbQk dh fJpkds eoB) B{z nkgDk gfoso coi wzBd/ jB. fJjh ;ko/ Pohns (Xow nXkfos ;wkfie ekB{zBK) B{z wzBd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk gkbD eod/ jB. fJj fp;fwZbQk (ftfdnkozG), ysBk, fBekj (fttkj) ns/ nkyoh ;z;eko eod/ jB, fJj nbZr rZb j? fe e[ZM fGzBsk d/ Bkb eod/ jB. gozs{ fJZe rZb fi; s/ fJj ;ko/ nwb eod/ jB T[j fJj fe ;ko/ ;z;ekoK dk ;zgkdB nZbQk B{z ;kePh eoe/ eod/ jB, ihtB ekb ftZu j'D tkb/ ;z;ekoK s/ ftnesh ftP/P d/ bJh ;Zu/ wkor s/ uZbD dhnK d[nktK eod/ jB ns/ ihtB d/ nzs ftZu j'D tkb/ nkyoh ;z;eko ftZu ckfsjk gVQd/ jB ns/ w[od/ dk shik, dZ;tK ns/ ukbh;k eod/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H fipokJhb B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp B{z fejk ;h^

(T) fJeok (n) peok (J) weVk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H fi; fdB w[jzwd ;kfjp wZek Pfjo SZv e/ wdhB Pfjo rJ/, T[; fdB s'A jh P[o{ j'fJnk^

(T) fJ;bkw;zB;zts (n) fJ;bkwh ;zBfjioh (J) fJ;bkw Xow (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 5H fJ;bkw Xow d/ nB[;ko fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk ehsh j?^

(T) wB[Zy B/ (n) nZbQk B/ (J) gqfeosh B/ (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA



6H fJ;bkw Xow d/ fBowksk jios w[jzwd ;kfjp frnkB B{z wzBd/ ;B^

(T) nzfwqs (n) ftP (J) io{os (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 12H4 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk (Philosophy & Traditions of Islamic Religion and Education) fJ;bkw w{b o{g s'A fJZe Xow d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk ;h. eZM ;w/A pknd e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ T[; dk doPB ;gPN eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk ns/ fJ; Xow^doPB d/ nXko s/ wB[ZyK d/ bJh fJZe ihtB P?bh fBPfus eo fdZsh fi; B/ j'bh^j'bh gqzgok dk o{g b? fbnk. fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; dhnK gqzgoktK s/ nXkfos jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe e[ZM ftdtkB fJ; B{z o{VQhtkdh f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. fJZE/ fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK d/ f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt dk eqwpZX toDB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu f;Zfynk B{z gqekP wzfBnk frnk j?, nfijk gqekP fi; Bkb nfrnkB o{gh nzXeko d{o j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu f;Zfynk B{z frnkB ns/ fefonk ftZu ;wBt? eoB tkbh fefonk d/ o{g ftZu gq:'r ehsk frnk. frnkB s'A Gkt e[okB Pohc ftZU fdZs/ rJ/ frnkB s'A j? ns/ fefonk s'A Gkt e[okB Pohc ftZu dZ;/ rJ/ nkuoD s'A j?. fJj frnkB ns/ fefonk ftZu G/d BjhA eod/, fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fi; d/ d[nkok wB[ZyK B{z e[okB Pohc ftZu fdZs/ frnkB B{z f;ykfJnk iKdk j? ns/ fco T[; frnkB d/ nB[;ko fttjko eoBk f;ykfJnk iKdk j?, T[jh ;Zuh f;Zfynk j?. fJ;bkw Xow d/ fBowksk jios w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk wK dh r'd s'A epo sZe uZbDh ukjhdh j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu f;Zfynk B{z T[; d/ ftnkge o{g ftZu fbnk frnk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK gZyK d/ ftek; s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; ftZu th ;G s'A tZX i'o wB[ZyK B{z e[okB Pohc d/ frnkB ns/ T[; d/ fdykJ/ rJ/ wkor s/ uZbD s/ f;ybkJh s/ fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z n;hA j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jB^

1H frnkB dk ftek;^fJ;bkw Xow d/ fBowksk jios w[jzwd ;kfjp frnkB B{z nzfwqs wzBd/ ;B. T[jBk dh fdqPNh s'A ihtB ihT[D d/ bJh fJ; d[BhnK dk frnkB io{oh j? ns/ fBiks (w[esh) d/ bJh nZbQk d/ nkd/PK dk frnkB io{oh j?. id'A fJ; Xow dh g[;se e[okB Pohc fsnko j' rJh sK fco w[esh d/ bJh T[; dk frnkB io{oh wzfBnk ikD bZrk. e[okB Pohc ftZu ;gPN o{g s'A fjdkfJs fdZsh rJh j? fe fJ;bkw d/ wzBD tkb/ jo/e ftnesh B{z e[okB Pohc gVQBh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ frnkB B{z gqkgs eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; ftZu fdykJ rJ/ ok;s/ s/ uZbDk ukjhdk j?.

2H ;z;feqfse ftek;ê[okB Pohc ftZu iBw s'A woB sZe d/ ;z;ekoK dk toDB j?, fiBQK d ;zgkdB eoBk fJ;bkw Xow d/ wzBD tkfbnK d/ bJh io{oh j?. fJ; Xow d/ nXko s/ ;wkfie ekB{zB pDkJ/ rJ/ jB T[jBK B{z Pohns fejk iKdk j?. Pohns ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ ekB{zBK B{z ;G B{z wzBDk io{oh j?. fJ;h nXko s fJ;bkw d/ wzBD tkfbnK dh nkgDh fJZe nbZr ;z;feqsh dk ftek; j'fJnk j?. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; dhnK gq zgoktK d/ nB[;ko e[okB Pohc ns/ Pohns dk frnkB eokT[Dk ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko wB[ZyK B{z ihtB ihT[D ftZu f;Zfyns eoBk f;Zfynk dk d{ik gqw[Zy T[d/P j[zdk j?.

3H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK d/ nB[;ko fJ;bkw Xow d/ wzBD tkb/ ;ko/ wB[ZyK B{z e[okB Pohc ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ B?fse fB:wK dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ fdykJ/ rJ/ oks/ s/ uZbDk ukjhdk j?. e[okB Pohc ftZu ;kc fbfynk j? fe y[dk dk cib (feqgk)

B'N



B'N T[jBK s/ jh j[zdk j? fijV/ B?fse fB:wK dk gkbD eod/ jB ns/ ufosotkB j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK jo/e wB[Zy d/ bJh io{oh j? fe T[j nkgD/ nzdo fSg/ P?skB B{z wko/ ns/ gke^;kc j' e/ y[dk dh fJpkds eo/. fJ;bkwh gqzgok ftZu f;Zfynk d[nkok fJ; d/ ftek; s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk iKdk j?.

4H ebkê"Pb ns/ eko'pkoK ftZu f;ybkJh^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB G"fse ;[y G'r ftZu th ftPtk; eodk j?, gozs{ Bkb jh fJ; ftZu fJj fjdkfJs fdZsh rJh j? fe fJj G'r ;G wB[Zy fwb tzv e/ eoBr/. G"fse ;[y G'r dh gfjbh io{os j? G"fse ;[y G'r dhnK t;s{nK dk T[sgkdB. fJ; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d[nkk wB[ZyK B{z T[j ;G ebkê"Pb f;ykJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB fiBQK d/ T[sgkd wB[ZyK B{z ;[y gqdkB eod/ jB ns/ Bkb T[jBK B{z sZs;zpzXh eko'pkoK ftZu fBg[zB eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[sgkds t;s{nK dh tzv dh ftt;Ek j' ;e/.

5H fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk^fJ;bkw Xow m'; Je/Ptotkdh Xow j?. fJ; Xow ftZu ;kc fjdkfJs j? fe fJ;bkw d/ wzBD tkfbnK B{z fJZe nZbQk d/ fJbktk fe;h j'o d/th^ d/tsk B{z BjhA wzBDk j?, jios w[jzwd ;kfjp B{z y[dk dk nkyoh g?rzpo wzBDk j? ns/ e[okB Pohc B{z nkyoh Xkofwe wzBDk j? ns/ e[okB Pohc dk frnkB gqkgs eoe/ T[; d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoBk j?. fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A pZfunK B{z nkozG s'A jh e[okB Pohc dk nfXnB eokfJnk ikt/ ns/ e[okB Pohc ftZu dZ;/ rJ/ ok;s/ d/ nB[;ko T[jBK B{z nkuoD eoB ftZu f;Zfyns ehs/ ikt/. fJ;bkwh Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu fJj f;Zfynk dk ;otgqw[Zy T[d/P wzfBnk iKdk frnk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns gqzgoktK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ gzi gqw[Zy T[d/P jB^frnkB dk ftek;, ;z;feqfse ftek;, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;, ebkê"Pb ns/ eko'pkoK ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk. fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK ftZu fJBQK ;G dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;wBfts o{g s'A :sB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJBQK ;G dh gqkgsh d/ bJh e[okB Pohc d/ frnkB B{z io{oh wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k B{z n;hA j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

1H G"fse ftP/^GkPk, ;kfjs, GkPkPk;so, ftnkeoD, ;wki ftfrnkB, fJfsjk;, okiBhsh ftfrnkB, rfDs, i'shP Pk;so, gqfeofse ftfrnkB, fues;k ftfrnkB, y/sh, T[d:'r, tfDi, fusoebk, GtB fBowkD, Bek;h, fPbg e"Pb ns/ P[ZX ebk.

2H G"fse fefonktK^fJZe d{i/ d/ Bkb uzrk fttjko ns/ dhB^jhBK dh ;/tk.

3H Xkofwe ftP/^XowPk;so (e[okB Pohc, jdh;/ ns/ j'o Xkofwe rqzE), nfXnksw Pk;so (n;wkBh frnkB), fJ;bkwh doPB ns/ Pohns (fJ;bkwh ekB{zB) ns/ B;hjsK (g?rzpo, dot/P, Bth, oZpkBh, i'A;b/wk nkfd d[nkok fdZsh rJ/ T[gd/P).

4H Xkofwe fefonktK^BwkI ns/ o'ik. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB fJZe em'o Je/Ptotkdh Xow^doPB j?. fJ; d/ nXko s/ gJhnK gqzgoktK th nkgD/ nkg ftZu em'o j?B. Bshik fJj j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ d[nkok ftef;s f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dhnK ftXhnK ftZu th pj[s xZN gfotosB j'fJnk j?. fJ; gqzgok ftZu f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dhnK fiBQK ftXhnK dk ;EkB j?, T[jBK B{z n;hA nZi dh GkPk ftZu j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jB^

1H nB[eoD ftXh^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB fJ; sZE s'A ikD{ j? fe nB[eoD wB[Zy dh ;[Gkfte gqftosh j?. pZu/ nkozG ftZu fJ;h ftXh d[nkok f;Zyd/ jB. fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk ftZu gqkEfwe ;so s/ ;G s'A tZX gq:'r fJ;h ftXh dk j[zdk j?. T[;skd



(nfXnkge) nZyoK, gmkfVnK ns/ e[okB Pohc dh nkfJsK dk T[Zu ;to ftZu T[ukoD eod/ jB ns/ Pfrod (u/b/) ;w{fje o{g s'A T[jBK dk nB[eoD eod/ jB. fJj ekoi tko^tko d'jokfJnk iKdk j? ns/ pZu/ f;Zy/ j'J/ frnkB B{z :kd eod/ jB. fJ; B{z ;XkoD GkPk ftZu oNDk efjzd/ jB. nkozGe ;so s/ T[ukoD ns/ ;[b/y dh f;Zfynk th fJ;h ftXh s'A fdZsh iKdh j?. pZfunK s/ tZfvnK B{z Btki gVQkT[Dk th fJ;h ftXh s'A f;ykfJnk iKdk j?. T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu T[; dk io{os nB[;ko gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

2H GkPD, ftnkfynkBV ns/ ftnkfynk ftXh^fJ;bkfwe f;Zfynk ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu nkozG s'A jh ;XkoD o{g s'A GkPD ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk fojk j?. GkPD dk ftekf;s o{g j? ftnkfynkB ns/ ftnkfynkBh ftXh dh ;cbsk fBoGo eodh j? ftnkfynkB ftZu nkJ/ sZEK dh ftnkfynk s/. fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk ftZu T[Zu ;so s/ f;XKse ftfPnK dh f;ybkJh brGr fszBK ftfPnK d/ ;z:[es o{g s'A jh ehsh iKdh j?.

3H soe ftXh^sZEK B{z f;ZX/ rqfjD Bk eoe/ ftP/ ftZu „eh‟, „feT[A‟ ns/ „fet/A‟ gqPB eoB, nkgDhnK PektK B{z tko^tko T[mkT[D ns/ soe d/ nXko s/ T[jBK dk ;wkXkB y'iD dh ftXh B{z soe ftXh efjzd/ jB. fJ;bkwh ftXh ftZu fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r doPB fij/ r{VQ ftfPnk dh f;ybkJh ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

4H ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh^;tkfXnkfJ dk noE^nkgD/^nkg nfXnB eoBk. fJ; ftXh ftZu f;ZfynkoEh gkmftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs g[;seK dk gmB eoe/ sZEK dh ikDekoh nkgD/^nkg eod/ jB. f;ZfynkoEhnK d[nkok gqwkfDe rqzEK B{z nkgD/^nkg gVQ e/ ;wMD dh ftXh jh ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh j?. fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu ehsk iKdk j?.

5H gqdoPB, gq:'r ns/ nfGnk; ftXh^fJj ftXh nB[eoD ns/ nfGnk; ftXh dk jh ftef;s o{g j?. fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk ftZu fJ; ftXh dk gq;'r ebkê"PbK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. T[;skd (nfXnkge) f;ykJh ikD tkbh ebk iK e"Pb B{z eoe/ fdykT[Ad/ jB, Pfrod (f;ZfynkoEh) T[; B{z d/yd/^;wMd/ jB ns/ fco T[;h soQK T[; B{z eoB dk :sB eod/ jB. nfGnk; d[nkok T[; ftZu wjkos gqkgs eod/ jB.

nB[Pk;B

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu nB[Pk;B B{z pj[s wjZst fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ fdykJ/ rJ/ wkor s/ uZbDk jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?. fJ; nB[Pk;B dk gfjbk edw j? nkgD/ nzdo fSg/ P?skB B{z wkoBk, d{ik edw j? ;ziw posDk ns/ fsZik edw j? fB:wK dk gkbD eoBk ns/ G[Zb j'D s/ s'pk (gPukskg) eoBk ns/ G[Zb ;[Xko eoBk. fJ; dk ftPtk; j? fe n;b nB[Pk;B dh ;EkgB d/ bJh fJj ;G eoBk io{oh j?. gozs{ nZr/ uZb e/ fJ; dk o{g pdb frnk. ;e{bQK ftZu nB[Pk;B dk noE T[;skdK d/ nkd/PK d/ gkbD ftZu fbnk ikD bZrk ns/ fJ; dh ;EkgBk d/ bJh PfrodK B{z em'o dzv fdZsk ikD bZrk. toswkB ftZu th fJ;bkwh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B B{z fJ;h o{g fbnk iKdk j?. nfXnkge

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu nfXnkge B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. fJ;bkw d/ wzBD tkb/ nZbQk B{z ;G s'A tZvk nfXnkge wzBd/ jB ns/ T[;d/ pDkJ/ rJ/ g?rzpo, T[b/wk, o;{b ns/ Bth B{z th nfXnkge dh Pq/Dh ftZu oZyd/ jB. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A nfXnkge dk ;otgqw[Zy ekoi e[co (nZbQk dh fe;h d{i/ Bkb s[bBk eoBk) d/ nzXeko B{z ysw eoe/ fJwkB (fJZe nZbQk s/ :ehB) dk gqekP fbnkT[Dk j?. e[okB Pohc d/ nB[;ko ;XkoD nfXnkgeK B{z th e[okB Pohc dk frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?, T[jBK B{z nZbQk B{z wzBD tkbk ns/ d{finK B{z nZbQk dh okj fdykT[D tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. Bkb jh T[jBK B{z fjews tkbk Gkt gVQkJ/^f;ykJ/ ikD tkb/ ftP/ ns fefonktK dk ;gPN frnkB oZyDk tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ frnkB d/ ;zukoB ftZu wkfjo j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ gqsh fgsks[b fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j? ns ;wki B{z ;jh ok;sk fdykT[D tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N f;ZfynkoEh

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu f;ZfykoEhnK s'A fJj ng/fynk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j nZbQk ns/ g?rzpo w[jzwd ;kfjp ftZu ftPtk; eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ f;ykJh rJ/ wkor s/ uZbD. T[j ;ziwh ns/ fwjBsh j'D, nkgD/ nfXnkgeK dh nkfrnk dk gkbD eoB, fJZe^d{i/ d/ gqsh ftBowskg{oD fttjko eoB, edh e'Jh ngokX Bk eoB ns/ i/eo G[Zb Bkb edh ngokX j' ikt/ sK T[; d/ bJh s'pk (gPuskg) eoB. nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEh ;zpzX

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftZu fgsk^g[Zs fij/ ;zpzX j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, gozs{ fJ; nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK ftZu nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK ftZu Pk;e^Pkf;s fij/ ;zpzX j[zd/ jB. ftfdnkfbnk

fJ;bkw Xow d/ gquko d/ ;w/A nZi fij/ ftfdnkb/ BjhA ;B. nZr/ uZb e/ fiBQK ;EkBK s/ nkozGe f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh T[jBK B{z wesp ejk ikDk bZrk, fiZE/ T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ekl ehsh rJh T[jBK B{z wdo;k fejk ikD bZrk ns/ fiZE/ e/tb Xow dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh T[jBK B{z T[bw fejk ikD bZrk. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; dhnK gqzgoktK s/ nXkfos ftfdnkfbnK dk ;o{g e[ZM nkgDh soQK dk j[zdk j?. iK sK fJj w;fidK d/ e'b pDkJ/ iKd/ jB iK fJBQK d/ nzdo wk;fidK pDk fdZshnK iKdhnK jB. fJBQK ftZu fe;h th soQK dh f;Zfynk d/ Bkb fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk io{o fdZsh iKdh j?. fJ; ftZu fJ;bkw Xow d/ ikDB ns/ wzBD tkb/ nfXnkge fB:[es ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ em'o nB[Pk;B ftt;Ek ekfJw ehsh iKdh j?. fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^fJ;bkw Xow ftZu frnkB B{z nzfwqs fejk frnk j?, T[; ;w/A ;kfonK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. e[okB Pohc ftZu ebw dh f;nkjh B{z PjhdK d/ y{B s'A th finkdk wjZstg{oD wzfBnk frnk j?. fJj th fJ; rZb dk ;zes j? fe ;wki ftZu ;kfonK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[AM th fJ;bkw ftZu jo wK^pkg B{z nkgD/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB dk coi fBPfus ehsk frnk j? ns/ Bkb jh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoBk jo/e wod s/ n"os dk coi wzfBnk frnk j?. gozs{ ;Zu rZb fJj j? fe fJ; Xow^doPB dhnK gqzgoktK ftZu iB f;Zfynk dk noE fJ;bkw Xow s'A fbnk frnk j?.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ fBowksk w[jzws ;kfjp B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk s/ pj[s i'o fdZsk j? gozs{ nZr/ uZb e/ fJ; d/ nXko s e[ZM nfijh gqzgok ftef;s j'Jh fi; ftZu fJ;sohnK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk fBP/X eo fdZsk frnk. fJ; d/ fybkc fJpd'P B/ ntki T[mkJh sK T[; B{z gZEo wko^wko e/ wko fdZsk frnk. toswkB ftZu gZSwh d/PK d/ gqGkt Bkb fJ; ftZu pdbkn nkT[Dk P[o{ j'fJnk j?.

3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko nZbQk B/ d[BhnK dhnK ;kohnK uhiK wB[ZyK d/ G'r d/ bJh pDkJhnK jB ns/ wB[ZyK B{z nkgDh fJpkds d/ bJh pDkfJnk j?. fJj Xow G"fse ;[y^G'r ftZu th ftPtk; eodk j?, gozs{ fJ; fjdkfJs d/ Bkb fe G'r ;G fwb tzv e/ eoB. T[; ;w/A G'r dhnK t;s{nK dk T[sgkdB io{oh j?. fJ; d/ bJh Xow^doPB ftZu ebkê"Pb ns/ eko'pkoK d/ f;ZyD s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?.

4H Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk^fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; s/ nXkfos gqzgoktK ftZu f;Zfynk dk Gkt w{b o{g s'A fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk s'A fbnk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ pknd fttjkfoe f;Zfynk s'A fbnk iKdk j?. fttjkfoe f;Zfynk ftZu th wB[ZyK d/



wB[ZyK d/ gqsh fttjko dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK d/ nB[;ko Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek io{oh o{g s'A j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ j[zdh th j?.

B'N

Nk;e fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

12H5 fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Islamic Religion, Philosophy and

Traditions of Education) . fJ;bkw w{g o{g ftZu Xow d/ y/so d/ pj[d/tsttkd ns/ ;wkfie y/so d/ ;tor G/d d/ fto[ZX fJZe nzd'bB ;h, fi; B/ nZr/ uZb e/ Je/Ptotkdh Xow ns/ tor^tjhB ;wki dh ;EkgBk ehsh. nZr/ uZb e/ ftdtkBK B/ fJ; Xow dh dkoPfBe ftnkfynk th P[o{ eo fdZsh, fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A fJ;bkw doPB dk ftek; j'fJnk. ekbKso ftZu fJ; Xow doPB s/ nXkfos gqzgoktK ftef;s j'JhnK, fiBQK ftZu f;Zfynk dk nkgDk fJZe ftP/P o{g ftef;s j'fJnk. gozs{ toswkB dhnK go;fEshnK dh fdqPNh s'A fJ; fJ;bkwh gqzgoktkdh f;Zfynk d/ ;kjwd/ e[ZM r[D^d'P jB, fJZE/ T[jBK jh r[D^d'PK dk toDB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

fJ;bkw Xow^Xow doPB ftZu f;Zfynk B{z frnkB dh XkoDk d/ o{g ftZu fbnk frnk j? ns/ frnkB s'A fJ; dk Gkt G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ frnkB s'A j?. fJ; Xow^doPB s/ nXkfow gqzgoktK ftZu e[okB Pohc d/ frnkB B{z gqkgs eoB ns/ e[okB Pohc ftZu dZ; rJ/ wkor s/ uZbD B{z jh ;Zuh f;Zfynk wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dh fJj f;Zfynk wK dh r'd s'A epo sZe uZbDh ukjhdh j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh B{z sK fJj ;gPN BjhA ehsk frnk j? gozs{ T[; B{z wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns nfXnksfwe ftek; dk ;kXB dZ; e/ T[; B{z ft;Ekog{oD o{g io{o gqdkB ehsk frnk j? ns/ Bkb T[; B{z T[; d/ ftnkge o{gîBw s'A woB sZe uZbD tkbh gqfefonk d/ o{g ftZu fbnk frnk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d/ w[Zy o{g s'A gzi T[d/P j'D/ ukjhd/ jB^frnkB dk ftek;, ;z;feqfse ftek;, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;, ebkê"PbK ns/ eko'pkoK ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk. fJjBK T[d/PK ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ fdZsk frnk j?.

;XkoD fdqPNh s'A d/yD s/ nfijk bZrdk j? fe fJBQK T[d/PK ftZu wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ ;ko/ gZy Pkfwb jB, gozs{ n;bhns fJj j? fe fJj fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ frnkB ns/ T[; d/ nB[o{g nkuoD sZe ;hfws jB. frnkB s'A fJ; dk Gkt w{b o{g s'A e[okB Pohc d/ frnkB s'A j?, ;z;feqsh s'A Gkt e/tb fJ;bkwh ;z;feqsh s'A j?, B?fsesk s'A Gkt e/tb fJ;bkw Xow s/ nXkfos B?fsesk s'A j?, ebkê"PbK ftZu th w[Zy o{g s'A fJ;bkwh d/PK d/ ebkê"PbK ns/ eko'pkoK s/ i'o j? ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ Bkw s/ sK e/tb fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe fJj T[d/P fJ;bkwh d/PK dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P s'A j' ;ed/ jB, gozs{ ;z;ko Go dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P BjhA j' ;ed/.



B'N f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu th fJ;bkw Xow^doPB B/ fJ;bkwh d/PK dh GkPk ns/ T[jBK d/ ;kfjsK B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. fues;k ftfrnkB ftZu th e/tb :[:kBh fues;k B{z ;EkB fdZsk j? ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk ftZu e/tb fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk j?. G"fse ftfPnK ftZu fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ebkê"PbK B{z th fJ;bkwh d/PK d/ fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ebkê"PbK sZe ;hfws oZfynk j?. jK, rfDs ns/ gqfeofse ftfrnkBK B{z T[jBK d/ t;s{fBPm ns/ ftnkge o{g ftZu ;EkB fdZsk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe nkgD/ ;ze[fus fdqPNhe'D d/ ekoB fJ; Xow^doPB B/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k th ;ze[fus jh pDkJh j?. fco nZi d/ :[r ftZu gkmuo:k ftZu Xow dh f;Zfynk B{z io{oh eoBk ns/ io{oh ftfPnK ftZu th T[; B{z ;otgqw[Zy ;EkB d/Dk :[esh;zrs BjhA j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

fiZE/ sZe f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk gqPB j? fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko ftef;s gqzgoktK s/ nXkfos ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nZi th nB[eoD ns/ nfGnk;, ftnkfynkB, soe, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ gqdoPB ftXhnK s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk frnk j? ns/ fJjBK ftZu th oNB s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk iKdk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu fJ;bkw Xow^doPB dh e'Jh ftP/P d/D BjhA j?. fJ; ftZu oNB s/ tZX i'o fdZsk frnk j? ns/ fJ; B{z nZi fJZedw uzrk BjhA wzfBnk iKdk. nB[Pk;B

T[AM fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu e[okB Pohc ftZu fdykJ/ rJ/ wkor s uZbD Gkt nkgD/ nzdo d/ P?skB B{z wkoB, ;ziw posD, fB:wK dk gkbD eoB ns/ G[Zb j'D s/ gPukskg eoe/ nkgD/ nkg B{z ;[XkoB B{z jh nB[Pk;B fejk frnk j?, gozs{ fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgokrs ;e{bQK ftZu nfXnkgeK d/ nkd/PK d/ gkbD eoB B{z jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ G[Zb ;[Xko d/ bJh gPukskg dk w"ek gqdkB Bk eoe/, em'o dzv fdZsk iKdk j?.

toswkB ftZu wB'ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu ehsh rJhnK P'XK d/ Bhsi/ dZ;d/ jB fe dzv s'A finkdkso pZu/ ;jh ok;s/ s/ nkT[D d/ ;EkB s/ ngokXK d/ tZb tX iKd/ jB. dzv s'A n;EkJh ftt;Ek ekfJw sK ehsh ik ;edh j?, gozs{ pZfunK ftZu nB[Pk;B dh GktBk ftef;s BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?. nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh

T[AM fJ;bkw Xow^doPB nfXnkgeK s'A frnkBh ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK s'A frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ fJS[Ze j'D dh ng/fynk eodk j?, gozs{ frnkB s'A T[[; dk w[Zy Gkt fJ;bkwh frnkB s'A j?. fJBQK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK d/ ftP/ ftZu T[; dk ;gPN fBod/P j? fe fJBQK d/ ftZu fgsk^g[Zso fij/ ;zpzX j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, fJj d{ih rZb j? fe fJ;bkwh gqzgokrs ;e{bQK ftZu fJjBK d/ ftZu Pk;e ns/ Pkf;s fij/ ;zpzX j[zd/ jB.

toswkB ftZu b'eszsoh d/PK ftZu nfXnkge^f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ftZu fJ; soQK d/ ;zpzXK dk fto'X ehsk iKdk j? ns/ b'eszsoe ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[;d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkbk w[Zy o{g s'A fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ gqukoe ns/ gq;koe j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

ftfdnkfbnK d/ ftP/ ftZu fJj fdqPNhe'D th ;ze[fus jh fejk ikt/rk.



f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

iB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk, eko'pkoe f;Zfynk ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu th fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu i' fBod/P jB T[jBK B{z gqzgokrs f;Zfynk ftZu e[ZM nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb ;EkB j?. fJ;bkw iB f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk f;Zfynk dk g'Pe j?, gozs{ T[; dhnK gqzgoktK ftZu iB f;Zfynk dk e'Jh ftXkB BjhA j? ns/ fJ;soh f;Zynk dk fBP/X j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe j[D fJ; ftZu pdbkn nk fojk j?. Xo f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK ftZu ;wkBsk j?. d'B'A jh e/tb fJ;bkw Xow dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdzd/ jB. toskwB :[r ftZu fJ; B{z Xow d/ gqsh ;ze[fus fdqPNhe'D jh fejk ikt/rk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ftZu f;Zfynk B{z gqekP wzfBnk frnk j?.

8H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB fJZe em'o Je/Ptotkdh Xow^doPB j?.

9H ;wkitkd dk gfjbk w{bwzso j? fe ;G wB[Zy ;wkB jB.

10H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ nB[;ko, fJ; f;qPNh dh ouBk w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ ehsh j?. 12H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJ;bkw Xow^doPB nkgD/ ;w/A d/ pj[d/tsttkd ns/ ;wkfie toe G/d B{z fwNkT[D ftZu pj[s ;cb fojk. toswkB ftZu n;hA fi; ;wkitkd dh uouk eod/ jK T[; ;wkitkd dh ;EkgBk nZi s'A brGr 1500 ;kb gfjbK jios w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ eo fdZsh ;h. ;wkitkd dk gfjbk w{bwzso j? fe ;G wB[Zy ;wkB jB, d{ik w{b wzso j? fe ;kfonK B{z fwb^tzv e/ T[gG'r eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fsZik w{b wzso j? fe fe;h B{z fe;h d{ik dk P'PD BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. e[okB Pohc ;kB{z fJjh gkm gVQkT[Adh j?. gozs{ fJ; d/ nXko s/ ftef;s gqzgoktK pj[s e[ZM ;zehoD ojhnK, fi; d/ ekoB T[j d[BhnK Go d/ b'eK B{z ;jh ok;sk BjhA fdyk gkfJnk. f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g fBoXkoD ftZu th T[; dk fdqPNhe'D ;ze[fus j?, T[j fJ;bkw Xow d/ wzBD tkfbnK d/ bJh pj[s T[g:'rh j?, gozs{ fJ;bkw/so XowK B{z wzBD tkfbnK d/ bJh T[Bk T[g:'rh BjhA j?. toswkB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ gqsh fJZe nfij/ fdqPNhe'D dh io{os j?, fijVk ;z;ko Go d/ b'eK dk wkordoPB eo ;e/, fJj fdqPNhe'D ;ze[fus BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j?, e[ZM B{z BjhA, pkfonK B{z rqkjk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. 12H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H nZbQk (God) L pqjw

2H gqzgoktK (Traditions) L ohshnK 12H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB d/ w{b f;XKsK dk toDB eo'.

3H fJ;bkwh gqzgoktK ns/ f;Zfynk s/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H fJ;bkw Xow^doPB ns/ gqzgoktK dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'.

B'N



B'N T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H fipokJhb 2H nZbQk (pqjw, God) 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (n) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh


p[e;









fJekJh^13 wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB

fJekJh^13L wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB (Philosophical and Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


13H1 wjkswk rKXh dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Mahatma Gandhi)

13H2 wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Mahatma Gandhi)

13H3 wjkswk rKXh dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi)

13H4 wjkswk rKXh d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi)





T[d/P (Objectives)


wjkswk rKXh dk ihtB doPB ikDB ;zpzXh.

wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe fuzsB ikDB ;zpzXh.

wjkswk rKXh dk ftfdne fuzsB ikDB ;zpzXh.


rKXh ih wB[Zy B{z Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P ;Zu Gkt fJPto dh gqkgsh j?. fJ;h B{z fJj w[esh efjzd/ ;B. gozs{ fJj wB[Zy B{z gfjbK nkgD/ G"fse ftek; eoB ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z G"fse gqGktK s'A w[es eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. nfXnksfwe w[esh d/ bJh fJjBK B/ rhsk d/ nBkPesh :'r B{z ;otT[Zu ;kXB wzfBnk j? ns/ G"fse ihtB dh ;[y^;wfoXh d/ bJh fwjBs, B?fsesk ns/ ufoso d/ wjZst B{z ;theko ehsk j?. fJj fJjB{z jh wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w{b wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK B/ fJBQK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh J/ekdP tos (;Zu, nfjz;k, pqjwuo, n;tkd, n;s/, ngforqj, nG?n, n;goPsk fBtkoD, ekfJe fwjBs, ;otXow ;[Gkn ns/ ftBwosk) d/ gkbD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. 13H1 wjkswk rKXh dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Mahatma Gandhi) rKXh ih dh nozGe f;Zfynk dk PqhrD/P g'opzdo dh fJZe gkmPkbk ftZu j'fJnk. id'A fJj 7 ;kb d/ ;B, fJBQK d/ fgsk okie'N d/ dhtkB j' rJ/ ;B. T[d'A fJj T[jBK d/ Bkb ub/ rJ/ ns/ T[ZE'A d/ fJZe ftfdnkb/ ftZu gVQB bZr/. gVQB ftZu fJj ;XkoD ;so d/ pkbe ;B. y/vê[Zd ftZu th fJjBK dh xZN o{uh ;h. jK, y/vê[Zd, swkP/ ns/ BkNe nkfd d/yD ftZu fJj o{uh b?Ad/



B'N ;B. ;Zfsnktkdh jfoPuzdo BkNe dk fJBQK d/ T[Zgo pj[s gqGkt fgnk nZr/ uZb e/ fJBQK d/ ihtB doPB dk nXko pfDnk, fJj ;Zu d/ g[ikoh pD/. ;[Gkn d/ fJj Powhb/ ns/ e[ZM Gho{ ;B. id'A fJj e/tb s/oQK ;kb d/ ;B fJBQK dk ftnkj eo fdZsk frnk. j[D sK fJBQK dk wB gVQB^fbyD ftZu j'o th xZN bZrD bZrk. fJ; ;w/A fJBQK s/ e[;zr dk e[gqGkt th fgnk gozs{ fJj T[; s'A ibd jh fBeb nkJ/.

wjkswk rKXh dk iBw 2 neN[po, 1869 ftZu toswkB r[ioks gqd/P d/ g'opzdo Bkw ;EkB s/ fJZe t?PDt Xowktbzph, ;zgzB ns/ gqfsPfms gfotko ftZu j'fJnk ;h. fJBQK dk n;b Bkw w'jBdk; eowuzd rKXh ;h. fJjBK d/ fgsk eowuzd rKXh g'opzdo d/ dhtkB ;B ns/ pj[s Xkofwe ns/ ;ksfte gqftosh d/ ftnesh ;B. fJBQK dh wksk Pqhwsh g[sbhpkJh th pj[s Xkofwe ns/ ;ksfte gqftosh dh wfjbk ;B. wjkswk rKXh s/ nkgD/ fJ; gfotkfoe tksktoD dk pj[s gqGkt fgnk.

rKXh ih dh nozGe f;Zfynk dk PqhrD/P g'opzdo dh fJZe gkmPkbk ftZu j'fJnk. id'A fJj 7 ;kb d/ ;B, fJBQK d/ fgsk okie'N d/ dhtkB j' rJ/ ;B. T[; ;w/A fJj T[jBK d/ Bkb okie'N ub/ rJ/ ns/ T[ZE/ d/ fJZe ftfdnkb/ ftZu gVQB bZr/. gVQB ftZu fJj ;XkoD ;so d/ pkbe ;B. y/vê[Zd ftZu th fJjBK dh o[uh ;h. jK, y/vê[Zd, swkP/ ns/ BkNe nkfd d/yD ftZu fJj o{uh b?Ad/ ;B. ;fsnktkdh jfoPuzdo BkNe dk fJBQK d/ T[Zgo pj[s gqGkt fgnk i' nZr/ uZb e/ fJBQK d/ ihtB doPB dk nXko pfDnk, fJj ;Zu d/ g[ikoh ;B. ;[Gkn d/ fJj Powhb/ ns/ e[ZM Gho{ ;B. id'A fJj e/tb s/oQK ;kb d/ ;B fJBQK dk ftnkj eo fdZsk frnk. j[D sK fJBQK dk wB gVQB^fbyD ftZu j'o th xZN bZrD bZrk. fJ; ;w/A fJBQK s/ e[;zr dk e[gqGkt th fgnk gozs{ fJj T[; s'A ibd jh fBeb nkJ/.

1885 ftZu nkgB/ jkJh ;e{bQ gqhfynk gk; ehsh ns/ fco T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ bJh GktBro P:kwbkb ekbi ftZu dkfybk fbnk. gozs{ rKXh ih dk wB fJ; f;Zfynk ftZu BjhA bZrk. 1887 ftZu fJj ekB{zB dh f;Zfynk b?D fJzrb?Av rJ/. fJZE/ fJjBK B/ ekB{zB dh f;Zfynk d/ Bkb^Bkb „pkJhpb‟ ns/ „bkJhN nkc J/Phnk‟ d/ nfXnB ns/ Pqhwsh J/Bh p/;/AN dk ;s; zr eoB dk w"ek th fwfbnk. fJ; dk fJBQK d/ ihtB s/ v[zxk gqGkt fgnk. 1891 ftZu fJj p?fo;Noh dh gqhfynk gk; eoe/ Gkos w[V/.

fJZE/ nk e/ fJjBK B/ pzpJh ns/ okie'N ftZu tekbs P[o{ ehsh. fJ; ekoi ftZu fJjBK B{z finkdk ;cbsk BjhA fwbh gozs{ fco th fJj fJjh ekoi eod/ oj/. 1893 ftZu fJj fJZe w[edw/ d/ f;bf;b/ ftZu dZyD ncohek rJ/. fJZE/ fJjBK B/ GkoshnK dh dhB^jhB dPk B{z d/fynk ns/ T[jBK s/ j'D tkb/ nfsnkuko d/y/. fJj nkgD/^nkg th fJjBK nfsnkukoK d/ fPeko j'J/. fJBQK dh nkswk eokj T[mh ns/ fJj T[ZE'A GkoshnK dh dPk ;[XkoB ftZu bZr rJ/. fJjBK B/ ncohek gqtk;h GkoshnK B{z ;zrfms ehsk ns/ T[jBK d/ ;[Xko d/ bJh m'; ekoi eoB/ nozG ehs/. 1894 ftZu fJjBK B/ T[ZE/ „B/Nkb eKro;‟ dh ;EkgBk ehsh ns/ fJ; ;zrmB d/ wkfXnB Bkb ncohek dh ozr G/d Bhsh d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB P[o{ ehsk. gozs{ T[;h ;w/A fJjBK B{z fdB d/ bJh Gkos nkT[Dk fgnk. fJZE/ nkT[D s/ fJBQK B/ b'ewkB fsbe, r'gkb feqPB r'yb/, iwP/d ih NkNk ns/ dkdkGkJh B"okih Bkb G/AN ehsh ns/ Gkos ftZu nzro/iK d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB ubkT[D dh uouk ehsh. gozs{ fJ; s'A gfjbK eh fJj fJZE/ nzro/iK d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB S/Vd/, fJjBK B{z sko d[nkok ncohek p[bk fbnk frnk. fJ; pko fJj T[ZE/ ;fjgfotko rJ/. T[ZE/ gj[zu e/ fJjBK B/ ozrG/d Bhsh d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB dh nrtkJh ehsh. T[ZE/ dh ;oeko B/ fJBQK d/ Bkb pj[s nwkBth fttjko ehsk, fJBQK s/ pj[s nfsnkuko ehs/, gozs{ rKXh ih fJBQK ;G B{z ;fjzd/ j'J/ fBoGhesk Bkb nkgDk nfjz;kswe nzd'bB ubKd/ oj/. 1899 ftZu p'no :[ZX d/ ;w/A rKXh ih B/ o/ve'; ;';kfJNh d/ ;fj:'r Bkb ;wki ;/tk ekoi ehs/. 1901 ftZu id'A fJj :[ZX ysw j'fJnk, rKXh ih ;td/P w[V/. fJZE/ nkT[D s/ fJBQK B/ nkgDh ihftek ewkT[D d/ bJh d[pkok tekbs P[o{ ehsh. gozs{ Gkso B{z nzr/oiK d/ nfsnkukoK w[es eokT[D dk Nhuk th fJBQK d/ ;kjwD/ ;B. fJj fJZE/ nzro/iK d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB S/VB jh tkb/ ;B fe 1904 ftZu fJBQK B{z fco ncohek p[bk fdZsk frnk. fJBQK d/ T[ZE/ gj[zud/ jh ;fsnkrqfj nzd'bB ftZu T[ckB nk frnk. iBtoh, 1915 sZe rKXh ih T[ZE/ oj/.



nkgB/ ncohek gqtk; ekb ftZu rKXh ih B/ d' ekoi ehs/^fJZe okiBhfse nzd'bBK dh nrtkJh ns/ d{ik f;Zfynk e/AdoK dh ;EkgBk. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK dk ;G s'A gfjbk ekoi dZyD ncohek B/ c'fBe; ;EkB s/ fJZe nkPow dh ;EkgBk ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok ;Zuk, nfjz;k, ;fsnkrqfj ns/ pqjwuo nkfd dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ;h. fJ; nkPow ftZu fjzdh d/ wkfXnw Bkb f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh ;h ns/ ufoso ftek; s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk iKdk ;h. 1911 ftZu fJjBK B/ „Nkb;NkfJ ckow‟ dh ;EkgBk ehsh. fJZE/ pZfunK B{z j;sekoi ns/ ftfGzB XowK d/ ;XkoD f;XKsK dh f;Zfynk d/D dk gq-pzX ehsk frnk. fJj ckow rKXh ih d/ f;Zfynk f;XKsK dh fJZe gq:'rPkbk d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'fJnk. iBtoh, 1915 ftZu rKXh ih Gkos w[V/.

B'N

B'N; rKXh ih rhsk B{z sZs frnkB dk ;otT[Zu rqzE wzBd/ ;B. rhsk d/ nB[;ko w{b sZs

d' jB^g[oy (fJPto) ns/ gqfeosh (gdkoE)l ns/ fJBQK ftZu fJPto T[Zu j?.

ncohek s'A w[VB d/ pknd rKXh ih ;G s'A gfjbK r'gkb feqPB r'yb/ Bkb fwbD g{Bk rJ/. r'yb/ B{z T[j nkgDk r[o{ wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK Bkb fwbD d/ pknd fJj r[o{d/t oftzdoBkE N?r'o Bkb fwbD PKsh fBe/sB rJ/ ns/ fJBQK dk nkfPotkd gqkgs eoe/ Gksoh okiBhsh ftZu gqt/P ehsk. fJBQK d/ dkfyb/ Bkb fJZE/ dh okiBhsh B/ BtK w'V fbnk. fJBQK B/ okiBhsh Bz{ ;Zu, nfjz;k ns/ ;fsnkrqfj s/ nXkfos ehsk. 1915 ftZu fJBQK B/ c'fBe; ckow dh soQK dk fJZe nkPow ;kpowsh ftZu ;Ekfgs ehsk ns/ T[; dk Bkw „;fsnkrqfj nkPow‟ oZfynk. 1917 ftZu fJjBK B/ uzgkoB ftZu nzro/iK d/ nfsnkukoK d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB ehsk. 1919 ftZu fJBQK B/ n;fj:'r nzd'bB dk PqhrD/P ehsk fijVk 1921 ftZu tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ fdykJh fdZsk. fJ;h ;w/A fJBQK B/ okPNhoh f;Zfynk :'iBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftuko gqrN ehs/. 1924 ftZu nkgB/ fjzd{^w[;fwb J/esk d/ bJh nzd'bB nkozG ehsk. fJBQK d/ nksfwe pb dk gqGkt fJZE'A dh iBsk ns/ ;oeko d'jK s/ fgnk. fJ; d/ pknd 1927 dk ykdh nzd'bB ns/ ftd/Ph t;s{nK d/ gq:'r dk pfjPeko, 1930 dk Bwe ekB{zB d/ fto[ZX nzd'bB, 1932 dk ;fsnkrqfj nzd'bB, 1933 dk jfoiB T[Xko nzd'bB ns/ 1934 s'A rqkw'T[Xko dk phVk, fJBQK d/ w[Zy ekoi ;B. fJ; ;w/A fJBQK b/ nkgdk ;kpowsh nkPow SZv fdZsk ns/ poXk ftZu Bt/A ;/tk rqkw nkPow dh ;EkgBk ehsh. fJBQK B/ gqD ehsk fe Gkos B{z ;[szso eokT[D d/ pknd jh fJj ;kpowsh nkPow ikDr/. toXk nkPow ftZu fJBQK B/ rqkw ;/tk nzd'bB ubkfJnk. okPNoh nzd'bB d/ cb;o{g 1937 ftZu gqKsK ftZu ;t? ;oekoK dk rmB j'fJnk ns/ frnkoQK gqKsK ftZu'A ;Zs ftZu eKro; wzsohwvb pD/. 1937 ftZu fJBQK B/ ;kB{z p/f;e f;Zfynk dk ftuko fdZsk fi; B{z e[ZM gqKsh ;oekoK B/ T[;h ;w/A ;theko ehsk. 1939 ftZu d{ik ftPt:[ZX fSV frnk. eKro; B/ fpqfNP ;oeko dk ;kE Bk d/D dk fBoDk fbnk ns/ ;ZsK gqd/PK d/ eKro; wzsohwzvbK B/ n;shck d/ fdZsk.

1942 ftZu ;[szsosk ;zrokw dk d"o d[pkok nozG j'fJnk. rKXh ih B/ fJ; „Gkos S'V'‟ nzd'bB dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/ fJ; d/ cb;o{g 15 nr;s, 1947 B{z d/P ;szso j'fJnk. rKXh ih j[D ;eoh okiBhsh s'A d{o j' rJ/ ns/ d/P B/ fJBQK B{z „okPNo fgsk‟ d/ o{g ftZu wkD fdZsk. okPNo fgsk rKXh B{z sK okPNoh nzd'bBK d/ gqD/sk ns/ ;zukbe d/ o{g finkdk gqf;ZX jB gozs{ ;Zu rZb fJj j? fe fJjBK B/ ihtB d/ jo/e y/so ftZu ekoi ehs/ jB. fJj ;wki ;[Xko, rqkwT[Xko, jfoiBT[Xko ns/ ftfdne ;[XkoK d/ bJh th T[Bh jh nkdo d/ Bkb :kd ehs/ ikDr/. Xow^doPB s/ th fJBQK B/ y[Zb/ fdwkr s'A ;'funk^;wfMnk ns/ fbfynk j?. rKXh ih B/ nkgD/ ftukoK B{z iBîB sZe gj[zukT[D d/ bJh ;wkuko^gZsoK dk ;jkok fbnk ;h. fJBQK ;wkuko^ gZsoK ftZu :zr fJzvhnk, jfoiB, G{dkB :r, BthA skbhw ns/ BtK fjzd w[Zy jB. nkgD/ ihtB ftZu rKXh ih B/ eJh rqzEK dh ouBk th ehsh ;h. fJjBK rqzEK ftZu^nksw eEk, ;otT[d/, ;fsnkrqfj, w/ok Xow, rhsk p'X, rhsk wsk, fjzd{ Xow, wzrb gqGks, Bhsh Xow, pqjwuo, nBkPesh :'r ns/ p/f;e f;Zfynk w[Zy jB. gozs{ nikdh gqkgsh eoB d/ pknd fJj fJ; ;z;ko ftZu findk fdB BjhA ofj ;e/. 30 iBtoh, 1948 B{z fJZe f;ofco/ B/ fJBQK B{z nkgDh r'bh dk fPeko pDkfJnk ns/ fJj „j/ okw‟ d/ T[ukoD d/ Bkb nkgD/ „okw‟ Bkb ik fwb/.





1H rKXh ih r'gkb feqPB r'yb/ B{z nkgDk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH wzBd/ ;B.

2H 1942 ftZu rKXh ih B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nzd'bB dh nrtkJh ehsh. 13H2 wjkswk rKXh dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Mahatma Gandhi) rKXh ih B{z nkgD/ gfotko ftZu t?PDt Xow dh f;Zfynk fwbh ;h. nkgD/ pugB ftZu jh fJBQK B/ wB[;wfosh dk fJZe nB[tkd gVQ fdZsk ;h. rhsk sK fJj fBs gVQd/ ;B. fJzrb?Av ftZu fJBQK B/ „pkJhpb‟ ns/ „bkJhN nkc J/Phnk‟ gVQh ;h ns/ Pqhwsh J/Bh p/;/AN dk ;s;zr ehsk ;h. fJ; ;G d/ nXko s/ fJBQK d/ Xkofwe ns/ dkoPfBe ftuko pD/. gozs{ w{b o{g ftZu fJBQK dk doPB rhsk s/ nXkfos j?. rhsk B{z fJj „rhsk wksk‟ efjzd/ ;B.

rKXh ih B/ fe;h Bt/A doPB dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk. fJjBK B/ Gkosh doPB dhnK w{bG{s rZbK B{z jh fttjkfoe o{g fdZsk j?. gozs{ fJj fttjkfoe o{g fJBQK dh ;{M^p{M dk gfoukoe j?, fJ; bJh T[; B{z nZi rKXh doPB, rKXhtkd iK ;otT[d/ doPB d/ Bkw s'A p[bkfJnk iKdk j?. fJZE/ rKXh ih d/ ;otT[d/ doPB dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k g/P j?. rKXh ;otT[D/ doPB dh sZs whwK;k

rKXh ih rhsk B{z sZs frnkB dk ;otT[Zu rqzE wzBd/ ;B. rhsk d/ nB[;ko w{b sZs d' jB^ g[oy (fJPto) ns/ gqfeosh (gdkoE) ns/ fJBQK ftZu fJPto T[Zu j?. rKXh ih rhsk dh frJ: rZb B{z wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe fJPto dh T[Zusk d' rZbK s/ ;gPN j[zdh j?. gfjbh fJj gqfeosh d/ eDêD ftZu ftnkgs j? gozs{ gqfeosh fJPto ftZu ftnkgs BjhA j?. d{ih fJj fe fJPto fJ; irs dk fBowkDeosk ns/ gkbDeosk j? ns/ T[jh fJ; dk ;zjkoeosk jB. rKXh ih B/ rhsk d/ fJ; sZE B{z T[ikro ehsk fe fJPto fJ; irs dk eosk j? ns/ gqfeosh fJ;dh T[sgkdB eD j?. fJPto B{z fJj ;Zu d/ o{g ftZu wzBd/ ;B. ;Zu Ppd ;s s'A pfDnk j? ns/ ;s dk noE j[zdk j?^ti{d, fJ; bJh ;Zu dk noE j'fJnk fi; dk ti{d j?, fijVk fBs j?. rKXh ih dk ftPtk; ;h fe fJPto ngfotosBPhb ns/ fBs j? fJ; bJh fBs j? ns/ gqfeosh (gdkoE) gfotosBPhb ns/ nfBs j? fJ; bJh M{m j?.

nkswk B{z fJj gqwkswk dk nzP wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe id'A gqwkswk fBs ns/ ;Zu j? sK gqwkswk th fBs ns/ ;Zu j?. rKXh ih nkswk, gqwkswk ns/ ;Zu fJjBK ;kfonK B{z T[; nBkfd ns/ nBzs Pesh d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B.

wB[Zy B{z rKXh ih Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nkswfrnkB, fJPto gqkgsh ns/ w'eP j?. fJBQK B/ wB[Zyh ihtB B{z d' gZyK ftZu tzfvnk j?^fJZe G"fse ns/ d{ik nfXnksfwe. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj d'B'A gZy fJZe d{i/ s/ fBoGo eod/ jB ns/ fJZe d/ ftek; fpBK d{i/ dk ftek; BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, fJ; bJh wB[Zy d/ fJBQK d'jK gZyK dk ftek; fJeZm/ eoBk ukjhdk j?.

j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe wB[Zy d/ fJBQK d'jK gZyK^G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe dk fJeZm/ ftek; fet/A ehsk ik ;edk j?. rKXh ih dk T[Zso j? fe wB[Zy d/ G"fse gZy dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh w{b o{g s'A G"fse frnkB ns/ fefonktK dh io{os j[zdh j? fi; B{z fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe gZy d/ ftek; d/ bjh w{b o{g s'A nfXnksfwe frnkB ns/ fefonktK dh io{os j[zdh j? fi; B{z Xow rqzEK d/ gkm, GiB, ;s;zr ns/ ;wki ;/tk d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj wB[Z d/ d'B'A gZyK d/ ;jh o{g ftZu ftek; eoB d/ bJh J/ekdP



tos^;Zu, nfjz;k, pqjwuo, n;tkd, n;s/, ngforqj, nG?n, n;goPsk, fBtkoD, ekfJe fwjBs, ;otXow ;wGkt ns/ ftBwosk d/ gkbD B{z io{oh ;wMd/ ;B. rKXh ;otT[d/ doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

rKXh ih B/ frnkB B{z d' torK ftZu tzfvnk j?^G"fse frnkB ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB. G"fse frnkB d/ nzsors fJBQKB/ G"fse irs ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ ftfGzB gZyK (;wkfie, nkofEE ns/ okiBhfse) d/ frnkB B{z oZfynk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB d/ nzsors f;qPNh^f;qPNk ns/ nkswk^gqwkswk ;zpzXh sZs frnkB B{z oZfynk j?. rKXh ih dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z d'jK soQK d/ frnkB dk io{oh j?, G"fse ihtB d/ bJh G"fse frnkB io{oh j? ns/ nkswk frnkB iK fJPto gqkgsh iK w'eP d/ bJh nfXnksfwe frnkB io{oh j?.

rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko G"fse frnkB dh gqkgsh fJzdohnK d[nkok ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB dh gqkgsh rhsk gkm, GiB^feosB ns/ ;s;zr d[nkok ehsh ik ;edh j?. rhsk B{z fJj nfXnksfwe frnkB dk T[Zuso rqzE wzBd/ ;B.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' rKXh ih dh nozGe f;Zfynk dk PqhrD/P g'opzdo dh fJZe gkmPkbk ftZu

j'fJnk ;h.

rKXh ;otT[d/ doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

rKXh ih B{z Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P ;Zu Gkt fJPto dh gqkgsh j?. fJ;h B{z fJj w[esh efjzd/ ;B. gozs{ fJj wB[Zy B{z gfjbK nkgD/ G"fse ftek; eoB ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z G"fse gqGktK s'A w[es eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. nfXnksfwe w[esh d/ bJh fJBQK B/ rhsk d/ nBkPesh :'r B{z ;otT[Zu ;kXB wzfBnk j? ns/ G"fse ihtB dh ;[y^;wfoXh d/ bJh fwjBs, B?fsesk ns/ ufoso d/ wjZst B{z ;theko ehsk j?. fJj fJBQK B{z th wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w{b wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK B/ fJBQK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh J/ekdP tos (;Zu, nfjz;k, pqjwuo, n;tkd, n;s/, ngforqj, nG?n, n;goPsk fBtkoD, ekfJe fwjBs, ;otXow ;wGkt ns/ ftBwosk) d/ gkbD s/ i'o fdZsk j?.

;Zu rKXh ih d/ bJh ;kXe ns/ ;kXB d'B'A j?. ;kXe d/ o{g ftZu ;Zu T[j j? fi; dk ti{d j?, fi; dk edh nzs BjhA j[zdk, Gkt fJPto. ns/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;Zu s'A rKXh ih dk Gkt ;Zu ftuko, ;Zu nkuoD ns/ ;Zu/ GkPD s'A j?. nfjz;k s'A fJBQK dk noE ;ko/ ihtXkohnK d/ gqsh e[ftuko d/ nGkt s'A j?. rKXh ih dh fdqPNh s'A e/tb iht jfsnk jh fjz;k BjhA j? pbfe fe;h tk P'PD eoBk th fjz;k ns/ ns/ fe;h d/ gqsh e[ftuko oZyDk th fjz;k j?. fJBQK d/ ftuko s'A nfjz;k d/ nGkt ftZu Bk sK ;Zu dk gkbD j' ;edk j? ns/ Bk ;Zu dh gqkgsh j' ;edh j?. nfjz;k B{z fJj G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe g{oDsk dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gow io{oh wzBd/ ;B. pqjwuo B{z fJj fJzdoh fBrqj d[nkok wB B{z nkgD/ tP ftZu eoB d/ noE ftZu b?Ad/ ;B. fJzdoh G'r d/ o; s'A d{o ofjDk jh n;tkd j?. n;s/ dk noE j?û'oh Bk eoBk. ngforqj dk noE j?^;zrqj Bk eoBk. nG?n dk noE j?^fe;h th soQK d/ G?n s'A w[es j'Dk. n;gqPsk fBtkoD dk noE j?^ iBw d/ nXko s/ fe;h B{z P{do Bk ;wMDk. ekfJe fwjBs dk noE j?^fpBK fwjBs ehs/ fe;h t;s{ dk G'r eoBk. ;otXo ;wGkt dk noE j?^;G XowK B{z fJPto gqkgsh dk ;kXB wzBDk. ns/ ftBwosk dk noE j?^njzeko ns/ eq'X dk fsnkr ns/ fdnk ns/ w[nkch Pesh dk ftek;. rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko jo/e ftnesh B{z fJBQK tosK dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fijV/ ftensh fJBQK tosK dk gkbD eo/rk T[jh ;ko/ gqkDhnK d/ T[d/ dh rZb ;'u/rk ns/ T[jh ;Zu/ noEK ftZu ;otT[dh j't/rk. rKXh ih d/ ftuko ftZu nfijk T[dko fdb ftensh jh G"fse ihtB ftZu ;[y^ PKsh gqkgs eo ;edk j? ns/ nksw sZs dh nB[G{sh eo ;edk j?.



B'N 13H3 wjkswk rKXh dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi) okPNofgsk wjkswk rKXh ih e/tb okiBhfse B/sk jh BjhA ;B pbfe fJZe pj[s tZv/ Xow ;owr ns/ ;wki ;[Xkoe th ;B. fJBQK B/ nkgD/ ;w/A dh g[;seh, f;XKse, ;ze[fus ns/ gqhfynk gqXkB f;Zfynk ftZu ;[Xko d/ bJh th eJh ;[Mkn fdZs/ ;B. f;Zfynk irs ftZu fJj f;Zfynk Pk;soh d/ o{g ftZu gqfsPfms jB.

rKXh ih f;Zfynk B{z ftnesh dk iBwf;ZX nfXeko wzBd/ ;B ns/ wB[Zy dh fe;h th soQK dh G"fse iK nfXnksfwe T[Bsh d/ bJh T[; B{z T[Bk jh io{oh wzBd/ ;B fizBk pZfunK d/ bJh Pohoe ftek; d/ bJh wK dk d[ZX. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJBQK B/ fJZe fBPfus T[wo sZe d/ pZfunK d/ bJh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek io{oh o{g s'A eoB s/ i'o fdZsk ns/ fBP[be eoB dh rZb ejh. fJBQK dk ;gPN ws ;h fe fJj f;Zfynk ftd/Ph GkPk nzro/Ih d/ wkfXnw Bkb BjhA fdZsh ik ;edh, fJj f;Zfynk wksGkPk d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh fdZsh ik ;edh j?. T[AM th fJj nzro/Ih B{z wkBf;e dk;sk tXkT[D tkbh GkPk wzBd/ ;B. fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z ;tktbzph pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[; B{z nkgDh o'ihô'Nh ewkT[D :'r pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B, fJ; bJh fJBQK B/ j;se"PbK dh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk. Bkb jh fJj wB[Zy dh nksfwe T[Bsh th eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z J/ekdP tos (;Zu, nfjz;k, pqjwuo, n;tkd, n;s/, ngforqj, nG?n, n;gqPsk, fBtkoD, ekfJe fwjBs, ;otXow ;wGkt ns/ ftBwosk) d/ gkbD d/ tZb tXD s/ i'o fdZsk. rKXh ih B/ nkgD/ fJ; f;Zfynk doPB d/ nXko s/ okPNoh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fBPfus ehsk ns/ T[; B{z p/f;e f;Zfynk dk Bkw fdZsk. fJZE/ rKXh ih d/ ftfdne ftukoK dk eqwpZX ftt/uB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

rKXh ih e/tb ;kyosk B{z f;Zfyn BjhA wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^„;kyosk Bk sK f;Zfynk dk nzs j? ns/ Bk nozG. fJj e/tb fJZe ;kXB j? fi; d/ d[nkok g[oy fJ;sohnK B{z f;Zfyns ehsk ik ;edk j?‟ (Literacy is not the end of education nor even the beginning. It

is only one of the means whereby men and women can be educated.). rKXh ih wB[Zy B{z Poho, wB, fdb ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK dk ws ;h fe f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB, fdb ns/ nkswk dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. rKXh ih B/ 3R

S (Reading, Writing

and Arithmetic) dh f;Zfynk B{z 3HS (Hand, Head and Heart) dh f;Zfynk ftZu pdb fdZsk

ns/ fejk fe f;Zfynk dk ekoi jZE, fdwkr ns/ fdb dk ftek; eoBk j?. fJBQK d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^„f;Zfynk s'A w/ok Gkt pkbe ns/ wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB ns/ nkswk d/ T[Zusw ftek; s'A j?‟ (By education I mean an all round drawing out of the best, in child and man-

body, mind and spirit).

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

rKXh ih d/ ftuko s'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?. w[esh B{z fJBQK B/ pj[s ftnkge noE ftZu fbnk j?. fJj gfjbK Pohoe, wkBf;e, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse w[esh dh rZb eod/ ;B ns/ fco nksfwe w[esh dh. fJBQK dk soe ;h fe id'A sZe wB[Zy B{z Pohoe d[opbs, wkBf;e sBkn, nkofEe nGkt ns/ okiBhfse dk;sk s'A w[esh BjhA fwbdh T[d'A sZe T[j nfXnksfwe w[esh dh gqkgsh BjhA eo ;edk. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk T[Zusw ftek; eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ ;zpzX ftZu rKXh ih B/ fijV/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB, T[jBK B{z n;hA j/m fby/ eqw ftZu ftnes eo ;ed/ jB^

1H Pohoe ftek;^wB[Zyh ihtB dk e'Jh th T[d/P feT[A Bk j't/ T[; dh gqkgsh fJ; Poho d[nkok jh j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh fJ;dk ftek; io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nkgD/ ftfdnkbh ihtB ftZu jh rKXh ih B/ f;Zfynk d/ fJ; T[d/P dh io{os nB[Gt eo bJh ;h. nZr/ uZb e/ fJ;B{z nksfwe ftek; d/ bJh th io{oh ;wfMnk.



2H wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe ftek;^rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko Poho d/ Bkb wB ns/ nkswk dk th ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK dk efjDk ;h fe fi; soQK Pohoe ftek; d/ bJh wK d/ d[ZX dh io{os j[zdh j? T[;h soQK wkBf;e ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh io{os j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk B{z fJj ekoi io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

3H t?:PfNe ns/ ;wkfie ftek;^rKXh ih ftnesh d/ t?:PfNe ns/ ;wkfie, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; s' i'o fdzd/ ;B. ftnesh d/ ft:PfNe ftek; B{z fJj ftensh, ;wki ns/ okPNo, ;kfonK d/ ftek; d/ bJh io{oh wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A t?:PfNe ftek; dk T[Zusw o{g nksfwe ftek; j? ns/ nksfwe ftek; d/ bJh wB[Zy dk ;wkfie ftek io{oh j?. ;wkfie ftek; s'A rKXh ih dk Gkt wB[Zy B{z ;wki ftZu gq/w ns/ ;fj:'r d/ Bkb ofjDk f;ykT[D s'A ;h. fJBQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe wB[Zy wkso Bkb gq/w eoB ns/ wB[Zy wkso dh ;/tk eoB Bkb jh nksfwe ftek; ;zGt j?. fJj ftPtGkJhuko/ d/ jkwh ;B.

4H ;z;feqfse ftek;^rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko ;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX nkswk Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ T[j wB[Zy d/ fttjko ftZu gqrN j[zdh j?. fJj wB[Zy d/ fttkjko B{z fB:zsfos eoB ns/ T[; dh nksfwe T[Bsh d/ bJh T[; d/ ;z;feaqfse ftek; B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJ; B{z f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P wzBd/ ;B.

5H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;^rKXh ih ufoso pb d/ wjZst B{z ikDd/ ;B. fJj f;Zfynk d[nok fJ; d/ ftek; s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJZe T[Zso ufos ftZu fJj ;Zu, nfjz;k, pquwuo, n;tkd, n;s/ ngforqj ns/ fBoG?ns, fJBQK r[DK dk j'Dk io{oh ;wMd/ ;B. ftfdnkfbnK B{z fJ ufoso fBowkD dh T[d:'rPkbk fejk eod/ ;B. ufoso d/ fBowkD d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJBQK B/ fbfynk j? fe jo frnkB dk T[d/P T[Zso ufoso dk fBowkD j'Dk ukjhdk j? (The end of all the knowledge must be building up of character, personal

purity.).

6H eko'pkoe ftek;^nkofEe nGkt s'A w[esh gkT[D d/ bJh rKXh ih eko'pkoe T[d/P s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJj jo/e wB[Zy B{z nkswfBoGo pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[; B{z fe;h j;s e"Pb iK T[d:'r dh f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJBQK B/ ;gPN o{g s'A fejk fe p/f;e f;Zfynk d[nkok pZfunK B{z xZN s'A xZN nkgDh ihftek ewkT[D :'r pDkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

7H nfXnksfwe ftek;^rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh nkswknB[G{sh, nswfrnkB, iK nkswp'X j?. fiBQK Pohoe, wkBf;e, ft:PfNel ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, ufosoe ns/ eko'pkoe ftek; dh n;hA T[Zs/ uouk ehsh j?, fJBQK ;G dk T[d/P th wB[Zy B{z nksw frnkB eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk j?. fJ; d/ bJh rKXh ih Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk dh th io{os ;wMd/ ;B. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu rKXh ih rhs/ s'A gqGkfts ;B. fJj frnkB, eqw Grsh ns/ :'r fJBQK ;G s/ ;wkB i'o fdzd/ ;B. nfjz;k ns ;fsnkrqfj B{z fJj fJBQK dk w{os o{g wzBd/ ;B.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

rKXh ih d/P dh nXkoG{s io{osK d/ gqsh ;ir ;B. fJjBK B/ fJBQK io{osK dh g{osh ns/ torjhD ;wki d/ fBowkD d/ bJh fefonk gqXkB gkmuo:k d/ fBowkD s/ i'o fdZsk. nkgD/ d[nkok gq;skfts p/f;e f;Zfynk (iwks 1 s'A iwks 8 sZe) d/ bJh fJjBK B/ fefonk gqXkB gkmuo:k dk jh fBowkD ehsk ;h ns/ T[; ftZu ;otgqw[Zy ;EkB j;se"PbK dh f;Zfynk B{z ns/ d{i/ ;EkB wksGkPk dh f;Zfynk B{z fdZsk ;h. fJjBK B/ p/f;e f;Zfynk dh j/m fbyh gkmuo:k g/P ehsh ;h^

B'N



B'N 1H j;s e"Pb ns/ T[d:'r (eksJh, p[DkJh, pkrpkBh, y/sh, ekPm ebk, uow ekoi, g[;se ebk, fwZNh dk ezw, wZSh gkbD, rqfj ftfrnkB nkfd).

2H wksGkPk.

3H fjzd[;skBh (nZi okPNo GkPk fjzdh, T[jBK d/ bJh fiBQK dh wksGkPk fjzdh BjhA j?.).

4H fttjkfoe rfDs (nzerfDs, phirfDs, o/ykrfDs, Bkg^s'b nkfd).

5H ;wkfie ftP/ (fJfsjk;, G{r'b, Bkrfoe Pk;so ns/ ;wki dk nfXnB).

6H ;XkoD ftfrnkB (pkrpkBh, tB;gsh ftfrnkB, gqkDh ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB, G"fse ftfrnkB ns/ rqfj ftfrnkB).

7H ;zrhs.

8H fusoebk.

9H f;js ftfrnkB (;ckJh, e;os ns/ y/vê[Zd nkfd).

10H nkuoD f;Zfynk (B?fse f;Zfynk, ;wki ;/tk ns/ j'o ;wkfie ekoi). f;ybkJh ftXhnK

rKXh ih wB[Zy B{z Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe T[; d/ ;otgZyh ftek; d/ bJh fJBQK ;kfonK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu wB[Zy dk ftek; fJjBK fszBK^Poho, wB ns/ nkswk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJjBK B/ f;ybkJh dh gqfefonk ftZu wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB ns/ nkswk fszBK dhnK fefonktK B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. fJjBK B/ wB'ftfrnkB dk nfXnB sK BjhA ehsk ;h gozs{ nfijk bZrdk j? fe fJj fttjkfoe wB'ftfrnkB d/ gzfvs ;B. f;ybkJh d/ y/so ftZu fJj ;G s'A tZX i'o fefonk s/ fdzd/ ;B. fJjBQK d/ nB[;ko eoe/ f;ZyDk ns/ nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyDk jh T[Zso f;ZyDk j[zdk j?. T[AM fJj eEB, ftnkfynk ns/ gqPB T[Zso ftXh d/ wjZst B{z th ;theko eod/ ;B. T[gfBPd ns/ t/dKs d[nkok fBowkDs PotD, wBB ns/ fBfdfXnk;B dh ftXh ftZu th fJjBK dk ftPtk; ;h. frnkB B{z g{oD fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu g/P eoBk ns/ T[; B{z fe;h fefonk d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftef;s eoBk fJjBK dh f;ybkJh ftXh d/ w[Zy nXko ;B. fJ; B{z ;fj;zpzX ftXh (Correlation Method) efjzd/ ;B. rKXh ih fJjBK f;ybkJh ftXhnK B{z ;[Gkfte o{g s'A gq:'r eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJZE/ n;hA fJ; s/ E'Vk gqekP gkT[Dk io{oh ;wMd/ jB.

1H nB[eoD ftXh^rKXh ih B/ ;gPN ehsk fe nB[eoD pZfunK dh ;[Gkfte gqftosh j?, T[j nozG ftZu nB[eoD d[nkok jh f;Zyd/ jB, fJ; bJh nozG ftZu fJjBK B{z fJ;h ftXh d[nkok f;ykT[Dk ukjhdk j?. rKXh ih ;dkukoD dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJ; B{z ;otT[Zu ftXh wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ ftuko s'A ;dkukoD dh BhAj fPP{ ekb ftZu jh oZyDh ukjhdh j?, fJ; ;w/A ftef;s ;z;eko pj[s ;EkJh j[zd/ jB. fJjBK B/ fJ; rZb s/ pj[s i'o fdZsk fe wksk^fgsk ns/ nfXnkge pZfunK d/ Bkb jw/PK fttjko eoB fi; Bkb T[j gq/w eoBK f;ZyD ns/ T[jBK d/ ;kjwD/ jw/PK ;Zu, nfjz;k, pqjwuo, n;tkd, n;s/, ngforqj, nG?n, n;gqPsk, ekfJe fwjBs, ;otXow ;wGkt ns/ ftBwoskg{oD nkuoD eoB fi; dk nB[eoD eoe/ T[j ;dkukoD eoB.

2H fefonk ftXh^rKXh ih B/ ;gPN ehsk fe fefonk pZfunK dh ;[Gkfte gqftosh j[zdh j?, T[j jw/PK e[ZM Bk e[ZM eod/ ofjzd/ jBl fJ; bJh fe;h th ftP/ iK ebkê"Pb dh f;Zfynk fefonk d[nkok d/Dh ukjhdh j?. rKXh ih B/ fe;h th frnkB iK e"Pb B{z, fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/, nkgD/^nkg eoe/, nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. nZi dh y/v ftXh ns/ gq:'r ftXh nkgD/ ftZu fefonk ftXhnK jh jB. rKXh ih ebk, ;zrhs ns/ j;s e"PbK dh f;Zfynk d/ bjh fJjBK ftXhnK d/ gq:'r s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B.



3H w"fye ftXh^w"fye ftXhnK ftZu ftnkfynkB, gqPB T[Zso, tkd^fttkd nfkd ftXhnK nkT[AdhnK jB. rKXh ih fJBQK ftXhnK dk gq:'r ;fj:'rh ftXhnK d/ o{g ftZu jh eoB dh nkfrnk fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe pZu/ pj[s fifrnk;{ j[zd/ jB, s[;hA fe;h th ftXh Bkb f;ybkJh eo', T[j ftZu^ftZu s[jkv/ s'A gqPB g[ZSd/ jh jB, T[jBK d/ gqPB d/ T[Zso d/D/ ukjhd/ jB, T[jBK dhnK PzektK dk ;wkXkB s[ozs eoBk ukjhdk j?l gozs{ fJZe ;ktXkBh d/ Bkb fe pZu/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e, d'jK fdqPNhnK s'A jw/PK fefonkPhb ofjD, e/tb fBPeoh Po'sk jh Bk j'D.

4H ;fj;zpzX ftXh^rKXh ih B/ fJ; rZb s/ pj[s i'o fdZsk fe pZfunK B{z i' e[ZM th f;ykfJnk ikt/ n;b go;fEshnK ftZu n;b o{g s'A f;ykfJnk ikt/. fJ; d/ bJh fJjBK B/ pZfunK d/ gqfeofse tksktoD, ;wkfie tksktoD iK T[jBK d/ ihtB Bkb i[V/ fe;h j;s e"Pb B{z f;Zfynk d/ e/Ado pDk e/ ;ko/ frnkB ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk fJjBK d/ wkfXnw s'A d/D s/ i'o fdZsk j?. gkmuo:k d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z fJZe^d{i/ Bkb ;zpzXs eod/ gVQkT[D dh ftXh B{z ;fj;zpzX ftXh efjzd/ jB. T[d'A pZfunK d/ gqfeofse tksktoD, ;wkfie tksktoD iK j;se"Pb B{z e/Adoh ftP/ wzB e/ gkmuo:k d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk fJjBK Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoe/ d/D dh ftXh B{z e/AdoheoB ftXh efjDk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ ;XkoD ftZu fJ; B{z ;fj;zpzX iK ;wtk: ftXh efjzd/ jB. rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko fJ; ftXh ftZu pZu/ nkgD/ n;b ihtB dhnK n;b fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?Ad/ jB ns/ fJ; soQK ;[Gkfte o{g s'A f;Zyd/ jB, fJ; soQK f;ZyD ftZu T[jBK dh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e fefonktK ftZu ;wBt? j[zdk j? ns/ T[j n;b ihtB d/ bJh fsnko j[zd/ jB.

5H PotD^wBB^fBfdfXnk;B^PotD^wBB^fBfdfXnk;B ;kvh gqkuhB f;ybkJh ftXh j?. fJ; ftXh d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK f;ZfynkoEh Pot; eod/ ;B, r[o{ d/ w"fye T[gd/P ;[Dd/ ;B, fco T[; s/ fuzsB eod/ ;B ns/ nzs ftZu T[; dk nfGnk; eod/ ;B. n;b ftZu frnkB dk T[d'A sZe e'Jh noE BjhA id'A sZe T[j ;kv/ fttjkfoe ihtB dk nzr pD e/ ;kv/ ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe BjhA j[zdk. rKXh ih B/ Xow ns/ doPB fij/ ftfPnK d/ frnkB d/ bJh fJ; ftXh dh T[g:'rsk ;theko ehsk j?, gozs{ e[ZM gfotsB d/ Bkb. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko id'A pZu/ tZv/ j' ikD sK ;s;zr eoB, T[gd/P ;[BD, nfXnB eoB, fuzsB eoB, p[ZXh ns/ ftt/e d[nkok ;Zu dh y'i eoB ns/ i' ;Zu j't/ T[; B{z fttjkfoe ihtB ftZu fBs gq:'r eoB. gozs{ fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r sK jh ehsk ik ;edk j? id'A pZu/ fuzsB eoB :'r j' ikD.

nB[Pk;B

rKXh ih nB[Pk;B d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eod/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;Zuk nB[Pk;B nksw gq/fos j[zdk j?. fJ; nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fJj dwBkswe ftXh dk fto'X eod/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;Zu/ nB[Pk;B dk ftek; gqGktkswe ftXh d[nkok jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj pZfunK B{z P[ZX gqfeofse tksktoD ns/ T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD ftZu oZyD s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK B{z ftPtk; ;h fe fJ; soQK d/ tksktoD ftZu pZu/ nB[eoD d[nkok T[Zu nkdoPK ns/ T[Zu nkuoD B{z rqfjD eoBr/. gozs{ i/eo fco th pZu/ rbs ok;s/ s/ uZb/d jB sK fJjBK B{z ;jh ok;s/ s/ fbnkT[D d/ bJh nfXnkgeK B{z nkgD/ nkswpb dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fJj nkswpb T[AM jh BjhA nk iKdk. fJ; d/ bJh nfXnkgeK B{z nkgD/^nkg pqjwuo ihtB dk gkbD eoBk j[zdk j?.

nfXnkge

rKXh ih dh fdqPNh s'A nfXnkge B{z ;wki dk nkdoP ftnesh, frnkB dk gz[i ns/ ;Zu nkuoD eoB tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A eko'pko B{z e/tb eko'pko d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eoB tkb/ ftnesh edh nkdoP nfXnkge BjhA j' ;edk. fJZe nfXnkge nkdoP nfXnkge T[d'A j' ;edk j? id'A T[j fJ; eko'pko B{z ;/tk ekoi d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eo/. T[; B{z pZfunK d/ fgsk, fwso ;fj:'rh ns/ gE gqdoPe, eJh o{gK ftZu ekoi eoBk j[zdk j? fJ; bJh T[; B{z ;fjPD{, T[dkou/sk ns/ X?otkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N f;ZfynkoEh

f;ZfynkoEh sK f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk dk e/Ado j[zdk j?. rKXh ih d/ ftuko s'A f;ZfynkoEh B{z nB[Pkf;s ofjDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; B{z pqjwuo dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. rKXh ih pZfunK B{z T[jBK d/ t?:PfNe ftek; dh g{oh^g{oh S{N fdzd/ ;B gozs{ T[jBK d/ ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; Bz{ fdqPNh ftZu oZyd/ j'J/. rKXh ih nozG s'A jh pZfunK ftZu Pohoe, wkBf;e, p"fXe ns/ nfXnksfwe pb dk ftek; eoB ns/ T[jBK B{z nkswfBoGo pDkT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ ftuko s'A nfijk jh ftnesh nkgDk ns/ ;z;ko dk Gbk eo ;edk j?. rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko f;ZfynkoEh B{z ;ziwh d/ Bkb^Bkb fifrnk;{ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ftfdnkfbnk

ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;zpzX ftZu th rKXh ih d/ nkgD/ ftuko jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkb/ nfij/ ekoiPkbktK j'D/ ukjhd/ jB fiZE/ nfXnkge ;/tk Gkt Bkb g{oD fBPmk Bkb f;ybkJh ekoi eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;z:[es :sB Bkb T[jBK ftZu ;wkB T[sgkdB j't/ fe T[j nkofEe fdqPNh s'A nkswfBoGo j'D. fJj ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;w[dkfJe e/Ado pDkT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe; ftfdnfbnK ftZu ;w[dkfJ dhnK ftfGzB fefonktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ b'eK fJZE/ gVQB ns/ ekoi eoB dhnK ;[thXktK T[gbpX j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. fJZE/ oks gkmPkbktK brk e/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek th ehsh ikt/. fJZe gk;/ ;w[dkfJ B{z ftfdnkfbnK d/ ftfGzB fefonkêbkgK ftZu T[jBK dk ;fj:'r eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;w[dkfJ B{z ftfGzB fefonk^ ebkgK ftZu T[jBK dk ;fj:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^rKXh ih d/ ;w/A Gkos ftZu brGr 13# b'e ;kyo ;B. ftfdnkbh f;fynk dh xkN ftZu T[jBK ftZu Bk nkswftPtk; ;h ns/ Bk ikro[esk ;h. T[; ;w/A n;hA gqrsh fet/A eod/! rKXh ih B/ nf;Zfynk d/ nfGPkg s'A puD d/ bJh iB f;Zfynk, gq'VQ f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P pb fdZsk. iB f;Zfynk d' o{gK ftZu j't/rh^fJZe sK pkbe B{z f;Zfyns eoB d/ bJh fJjBK B/ p/f;e f;Zfynk :'iBk g/P ehsh. fJj f;Zfynk dh okPNoh :'iBk ;h fi; ftZu 7 ;kb s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ pkbeK dh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk s/ pb fdZsk frnk ;h. fJ; f;Zfynk B{z rKXh ih B/ j;s e"PbK s/ e/Adfos ehsk, fJZe sK fJ; bJh fe j;s e"Pb ;kv/ ihtB d/ nXkoG{s ekoi jB ns/ d{i/ fJ; bJh fe fJjBK d/ d[nkok ftfdnkfbnK dk you fBeb ;edk j? ns/ fJj f;Zfynk ;G d/ bJh ;[bG ehsh ik ;e/. iB f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko d/ bJh rKXh ih dk d{ik edw ;h^gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek. fJjBK d/ ftuko s'A nf;Zfyns gq'VQK dh f;Zfynk dk T[ZsodkfJst ;wki dk j?. fJjBK B/ ;wkfie B/sktK, ;wkfie ;zrmBK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk, fJ;d/ bJh ih nkfJnK ehsk. rKXh ih e/tb ;kyosk B{z f;Zfynk BjhA wzBd/ ;B fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu ;kyosk d/ Bkb^Bkb ;ckJh, f;js oZfynk, p"fXe ftek;, B?fse ftek;, T[d:'r, eko'pko, ;wki efbnkD ns/ ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs ekoiK B{z oZfynk ;h.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^rKXh ih fJ;soh B{z fJPto dh ;otT[Zu ouBk wzBd/ ;B. rKXh ih B/ fJ; rZb B{z ;gPN ehsk fe Gkt/A fe g[oy ns/ fJ;soh dk ekoi y/so E'Vk fGzB j[zdk j? gozs{ T[jBK dh ;z;feqfse io{osK ;wkB j[zdhnK jB, fJ; bJh d'jK B{z nkgD/^ nkgD/ ftek; d/ ;wkB w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe fJ;soh B{z w[Zy o{g s'A gsBh, wksk ns/ ;wki d/ fBowksk d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eoBk j[zdk j?. gfjb/ d' ekoiK ftZu T[j g[oy s'A fGzB io{o jzdh j? gozs{ nkgD/ fsZi/ T[ZsodkfJt dk fBotkj eoB d/ bJh T[; B{z nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk ;gPN frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu fJj fJ;sohnK B{z ;zrhs ns/ Bku s'A d{o oZyDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK dk ws ;h fe fJj fefonktK tk;Bk B{z tXkT[AdhnK jB. fJj fJ;soh ns/



g[oy dh f;Zfynk ftZu e/tb fJzBk jh nzso eod/ ;B fe fJ;sohnK B{z rqfj ekoi dh tkX{ f;Zfynk fdZsh ikt/. fJ;soh B{z ;wki ftZu pokpo dk ;EkB d/ e/ T[; dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoe/ rKXh ih B/ ;wki dk pj[s T[geko ehsk j?.

3H ;fj f;Zfynk^rKXh ih B/ w[zv/ê[VhnK B{z fJeZm/ oZy d/ gVQkT[D d/ gq:'r ehs/ ;B T[jBK d/ nXko s/ ;fj f;Zfynk dh ;zGktBk ;theko ehsh ;h. rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko gqkJhwoh ns/ T[Zu ;so ;fj f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ik ;edh j? gozs{ feP'o nt;Ek s/ fJj T[fus BjhA j[zdh. nkgD/ fJ; ws B{z ftnes eod/ ;w/A fJj jo/e ;wki B{z fJj S{N fdzd/ jB fe T[j nkgD/ tksktoD B{z fdqPNh ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ ;fj f;Zfynk B{z ;theko iK n;htkeko eoB d/ bJh ;[szso j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK ;fj f;Zfynk d/ ;zzpX ftZu rKXh ih ;wkfie tksktoD s/ fBoGo eod/ ;B.

4H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^rKXh ih g[;se gqXkB f;XKse f;Zfynk d/ fto'Xh ;B, fJjBK B/ fefonk gqXkB fttjkfoe f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk, nfijh f;Zfynk s/ fijVh wB[Zy B{z eow d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftZu e[Pbsk d/ Bkb ekoi eoB dh ;woZEk gqdkB eo/. fJj wB[Zy dhnK w{b io{osKô'Nh, eZgV/ ns/ wekB d gqsh th ;u/s ;B, fJ; bJh T[jBK B/ nkgDh p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu j;s e"PbK dh f;Zfynk B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdZsk. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe Gkos y/so ns/ e[Nho T[d:'r XzfXnk dk d/P j? fJ; bJh fJZE/ pZfunK B{z y/sh, pkrpkBh ns/ j;s e"PbK dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. fJj ukj[zd/ ;B fe p/f;e f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ pknd pZu/ nkswfBoGo j'D, nkgDh o'ihô'Nh nkgD/^nkg ewk ;eD. ns/ nZi pZu/ tZv/ T[d:'r ns/ eko'pkoK dh f;Zfynk b?Dk ukj[D T[jBK d/ bJh nfijh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek th j'Dh ukjhdh j?. rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko fJ; f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek T[d:'fre ns/ eko'pkoe e/AdoK s/ j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; ;zpzXh rKXh ih B/ ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk dk ;woEB ehsk j?.

5H Xkofwe f;Zfynk^rKXh ih Xkofwe ftukoXkok d/ ftnesh ;Bl gqkoEBk GiB ns/ rhsk gkm fJjBk dh d?fBe fefonktK d/ nzr ;B. gozs{ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fe;h Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk d/D d/ fJj gZy ftZu BjhA ;B. fJjBK B{z fJ; rZb G?n ;h fe ftfGzB XowK d/ fJ; d/P Gkos ftZu Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/D Bkb ;zgqdkfJesk j'o findk tZX ;edh j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK B/ ;ko/ XowK d/ ;XkoD f;XKsK ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk B{z jh gkmuo:k ftZu ;EkB fdZsk. fJj ;Zu B{z fJPto wzBd/ ;B. fJ; rZb dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fJjBK B/ ;Zu, nfjz;k ns/ pqjwuo dh f;Zfynk s/ ;G s'A tZX pb fdZsk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJjBK B/ gq/w dh T[g:'rsk B{z th ;theko ehsk j?. wB[Zyh ;/tk B{z fJj ;G s'A tZvk Xow wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ ftuko Bkb pZfunK B{z wB[Zyh ;/tk d/ tZb tXkT[Dk jh n;b Xkofwe f;Zfynk j?.

6H okPNoh f;Zfynk^nzro/iK B/ ;kv/ bJh fi; f;Zfynk dk ftXkB ehsk ;h T[; d/ T[; ;w/A d' jh T[d/P ;B^gfjbk Pk;B ekoi ftZu ;fj:'r eoB ;zpzXh nzro/ih gVQ/^fby/ pkp{ fsnko eoBk ns/ d{ik nfij/ ftneshnK dk fBowkD eoB fijV/ sB s'A Gkosh j'D gozs{ wB s'A nzro/i go;s j'D. fJ; dh gkmuo:k th pj[s d'P:[es ;h, fJ; dk Gkosh iB ihtB ns/ ;z;feqsh Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA ;h. gkm ftfPnK ftZu ;G s'A tZX pb nzro/ih GkPk ns/ ;kfjs s/ fdZsk iKdk ;h ns/ nzro/ih GkPk jh T[; ;w/A f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw ;h ns/ fJj f;Zfynk dh e[ZM tZv/ BroK ftZu jh ;[bG ;h. fJ; d/ fJbktk fJj you ;kXe th ;h. Bshi/ ti'A T[Zu tor d/ b'e fJ; B{z gqkgs eo ;ed/ ;B. ns/ d[y dh rZb sK fJj j? fe fJ; f;Zfynk B{z gqkgs eoB d/ pknd b'e nf;Zfyns b'eK dk P'PD eod/ ;B.

;[szsosk dh bVkJh d/ Bkb^Bkb rKXh ih B/ ssekbhB f;Zfynk ftZu ;[Xko d/ bJh th ekoi ehsk. ;G s'A gfjbK fJjBK B/ 1921 ftZu nkgD/ ;kEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ okPNoh f;Zfynk dk gq;skt oZfynk. gozs{ T[d'A fJ; B{z w{os o{g BjhA fdZsk ik ;fenk. 1937 ftZu Gkos d/ gqKsK ftZu ;t?;oekoK dk rmB j'fJnk ns/ frnkoK ftZu'A ;Zs gqKsK ftZu eKro; wzsohwzvb pD/. neN[po, 1937 ftZu toXk ftZu okPNoh f;Zfynk ;zw/bB dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk. fJ; ftZu

B'N



B'N ;Zs'A eKro; wzsohwzvbK d/ f;Zfynk wzsohnK, d/P d/ u'Nh d/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK, ftukoeK ns/ okPNoh B/sktK B{z p[bkfJnk frnk. fJ; dk ;Gkgfsst ;t? rKXh ih B/ ehsk. fJ; ;zw/bB ftZu rKXh ih B/ nkgDh okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk g/P ehsh. ;zw/bB ftZu fJ; :'iBk dk ;[nkrs ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; B{z nkyoh o{g d/D d/ bJh vkH ikfio j[;?B dh gqXkBrh ftZu fJZe ;fwsh rfms ehsh rJh. fJ; ;fwsh B/ rKXh ih d/ ftukoK B{z eqwpZX ehsk ns/ 1938 ftZu fJ; B{z p[fBnkdh f;Zfynk (Basic Education) d/ Bkw Bkb g/P ehsk. fJj f;Zfynk :'iBk w{b o{g s'A ;Zs f;XKsK s/ nXkfos j?^;Zu, nfjz;k ns/ ;otT[d/ dk f;XKs, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dk f;XKs, f;Zfynk B{z j;s ihtB Bkb i'VB dk f;XKs, wksGkPk B{z f;Zfynk dk wkfXwn pDkT[Dk dk f;XKs, f;Zfynk B{z j;s e"PbK s/ e/Adfos eoB dk f;XKs, f;Zfynk B{z nksw fBoGo pDkT[D dk f;XKs ns/ frnkB B{z g{oD fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eoB dk f;XKs.



3H rKXh ih B{z nkgD/ gfotko ftZu f;Zfynk fwbh ;h^

(T) t?PDt Xow (n) eow dh

(J) rhsk dh (;) owkfJD dh

4H rKXh ih d/ fgsk eqwuzd rKXh g'opzdo oki d/ ;B^

(T) tehb (n) dhtkB

(J) w[Zywzsoh (;) w?Apo

5H ;zB 1932 ftZu j'fJnk ;h^

(T) ;fsnkrqfj nzd'bB (n) ykdh nzd'bB

(J) jfoiBT[Xko nzd'bB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H rKXh ih d/ ftuko s'A wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P j?^

(T) w[esh (n) f;Zfynk

(J) ;kyosk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 13H4 wjkswk rKXh d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Educational Thought of Mahatma Gandhi) fe;h t;s{, fefonk iK ftuko dk w[bnzeD fe;/ g{ot fBPfus wkBdzvK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh gqafefonk j?, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk eoB dh gqfefonk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuko, ftfuko ns/ fttjko B{z T[fus fdPk gqdkB eoB dh gqfefonk j?. T[d'A fe;h ftfdne fuzsB iK ftt;Ek dk w[bnzeD fJ;h nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[go'es fdqPNh s'A T[fus f;Zfynk d/ fBowkD ftZu fezBh ;jkfJe j'Jh j? iK j' ;edh j?. n;hA fJZE/ nfijk jh :sB ehsk j?.

rKXh ih fJ; :[r d/ ;G s'A wjkB ftensh ;B. wB[Zyh ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs nfijk e'Jh y/so BjhA j? fi; ftZu fJjBK B/ ekoi Bk ehsk j't/. d/P B{z okiBhfse ;[szsosk fdtkT[D, ;wki ftZu nS{sK dk T[Eko eoB, torjhD ;wki dk fBowkD eoB ns/ ;z;ko B{z ;Zu, nfjz;k ns/ gq/w dk gkm gVQB d/ bJh fJj T[d'A sZe :kd ehs/ ikDr/ id'A sZe FJj wB[Zyh ;ZfGns ihfts oj/rh. fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th eJh gq:'r ehs/ ;B ns/ d/P d/ bJh fJZe okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk fsnko ehsh ;h. f;Zfynk is ftZu fJj f;ZfynkPk;soh d/ o{g ftZu gqfsPfms jB.



rKXh ih fe;h Bt/A doPB d/ fBowksk BjhA jB. fJjBK B? gqkuhB Gkosh doPB B{z fttjkfoe o{g fdZsk j?. gozs{ fJ; B{z fttjkfoe o{g d/D ftZu fJjBK dh nkgDh w"fbesk j?. fJ; bJh nZi T[; B{z rKXh doPB d/ o{g ftZu wzfBnk iKdk j?. rKXh ih nkswk ns/ gqwkswk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fJ; nkswk dh w[esh wzBd/ ;B. fJ; w[esh d/ bJh wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dh io{os ;wMd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ ftfdne ftuko fJ;h nXko s/ ftef;s jB. fJZE/ fJjBk d/ ftfdne ftukoK dk ;wkb'uBkswe nfXnB g/P j?.

f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

rKXh ih B/ f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ ;otgZyh ftek; d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;kyosk f;Zfynk BjhA j?, fJj Bk sK f;Zfynk dk nozG j? ns/ Bk jh nzs, fJj sK fJ;oh^g[oyK B{z f;Zfyns eoB dk ;kXB j?. fJjBK d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^„f;Zfynk s'A w/ok Gkt pkbe ns/ wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wB ns/ nkswk d/ T[Zusw ftek; s 'A j?.‟

f;Zfynk dh fJ; gfoGkPK s'A T[; d/ T[d/P ns/ ekoi sK ;gPN j[zd/ jB gozs{ T[;d/ ;o{g dk frnkB BjhA j[zdk. T[AM rKXh ih f;Zfynk B{z fJZe gqfefonk jh wzBd/ ;B, T[; B{z wB[Zy dh ;[Gkfte fefonk d/ o{g ftZu jh ;theko eod/ ;B. ekP fJj f;Zfynk d/ rshPhb ns/ ftek;Phb gZy B{z th T[ikro eod/ sK f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;Zu/ ftnkfynkeko wzB/ iKd/.

f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

rKXh ih wB[Zy B{z Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[; d/ fJBQK fszBK gZyK d/ ftek; s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe, t?:PfNe ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosoe, eko'pkoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ T[d/P s/ i'o fdZsk j?.

i/eo rKXh ih d/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z fXnkB Bkb d/fynk^;wfMnk ikt/ sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fJj ;ko/ T[d/P ;otekfbe ns/ ;otG"fwe T[d/P jB. jK, rKXh ih T[; ;w/A Pk;Bszso ns/ Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk ns/ okPNoh NhfunK dh gqkgsh dh rZb BjhA ;'u ;e/. ;'ud/ th fet/A, T[; ;w/A ;kv/ d/P ftZu nzro/iK dk Pk;B ;h ns/ ;kv/ ;kjwD/ e/tb fJZe jh okPNoh Nhuk ;h^;[szsosk dh gqkgsh. rKXh ih d[nok fBowkDs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK ftZu i/eo fJjBK T[d/PK B{z j'o i'V fdZsk ikt/ sK T[jBK ftZu ;kvh nZi dh f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ T[d/P nk ikDr/.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

nkgD/ d[nkok fBowkDs f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh rKXh ih B/ fi; gkmuo:k dk fBowkD ehsk T[j e[ZM fJ; soQK ;h^j;s e"Pb ns/ T[d:'r (eskJh^p[DkJh, pkrpkBh, y/sh, ekPm ebk, uow ekoi, g[;e ebk, fwZNh dk ezw ns/ wZSh gkbDh nkfd), wksGkPk, fjzd[;skBh (nZi dh fdqPNh s'A okPNoGkPk fjzdh, T[jBK d/ bJh fiBQK dh wksGkPk fjzdh BjhA j?), fttjkfoe rfDs (nzerfDs, phirfDs, o/ykrfDs ns/ Bkg^s'b nkfd), ;wkfie ftP/ (fJfsjk;, G{r'b, BkrfoePk;so ns/ ;wki dk nfXnB), ;XkoD ftfrnkB (pkrpkBh, tB;gsh ftfrnkB, gqkDh ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB ns/ G"fse ftfrnkB), ;zrhs, fusoebk, f;js ftfrnkb (;ckJh, e;os ns/ y/vê[Zd nkfd) ns/ nkuoD f;Zfynk (B?fse f;Zfynk, ;wki ;/tk ns/ j'o ;wkfie ekoi) ns/ fJjBK ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o j;s e"PbK s/ fdZsk ;h ns/ T[; d/ pknd wksGkPk s/.

i/eo rKXh ih d[nok gq;skfts gkmuo:k B{z fXnkB Bkb d/fynk^;wfMnk ikt/ sK fJ; dhnK d' ftP/PsktK ;gPN j[zdhnK jB^gfjbh fJj fe T[j ekch ft;Eko g{oD j? ns/ d{ih fJj fe fJ; ftZu wksGkPk d/ nfXnB s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk frnk j? ns/ T[; B{z f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw pDkfJnk frnk j?. gozs{ T[jBK d[nkok gq;skfts fJ; gkmuo:k ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o j;s e"PbK s/ fdZsk frnk j?. nfijk bZrdk j? fe fJj Gkos B{z e[Nho T[d:'r XzfdnK dk jh d/P pDkJ/ oZyDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[Zu f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ pko/ ftZu sK fJjBK B/ e'Jh ;gPN ftuko g/P BjhA ehs/ jB.

B'N



B'N f;ybkJh ftXhnK

T[AM rKXh ih B/ wB'ftfrnkB dk nfXnB BjhA ehsk ;h gozs{ f;ybkJh d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK d/ ftuko g{oh soQK wB'ftfrnkB jB. fJjBK B/ ;G s'A tZX i'o nkgD/^nkg eoe/, nkgD/^nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD s/ fdZsk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb d' rZbK s/ j'o i'o fdZsk j?^gfjbh fJj fe pZfunK B{z i' e[ZM th f;ykfJnk ikt/ T[jBK B{z n;b go;fEshnK ftZu oZy e/ f;ykfJnk ikt/ ns/ d{i/ fJj fe ;zg{oD frnkB ns/ fefonktK B{z g{oD fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu f;ykfJnk ikt/. fJ; d/ bJh fJjBk B/ ;fj;zpzX ftXh d/ gq:'r s/ i'o fdZsk j?. rKXh ih B/ gqkuhB f;ybkJh ftXhnK^nB[eoD, w"fye, fefonk ns/ PotD, wBB, fBfdfXnk;B B{z th e[ZM fJ; soQK gq:'r eoB s/ i'o fdZsk j? fe T[jBK ftZu fefonkPhbsk fBozso pDh oj/.

;ko/ frnkB B{z fe;h j;s e"Pb iK gqfeofse iK ;wkfie tksktoD B{z e/Ado wzB e/ g{oD fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eoB dh rZb f;XKse o{g ftZu pj[s uzrh bZrdh j? gozs{ fttjkfoe o{g ftZu fJ; ftXh dhnK n;cbsktK jh d/yhnK rJhnK jB. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd brGr 30 ;kbK sZe fJ; y/so ftZu pj[s ekoi j'fJnk, ;wtkfJ ftXh d/ eJh gqko{g fsnko ehs/ rJ/, gozs{ jZe e[ZM BjhA bZrk. f;ybkJh d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;kB{z rKXh ih dh fJzBh jh rZb wzBDh ukjhdh j? fe fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/ pZfunK B{z eoe/ f;ZyD d/ w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ ikD ns/ fiZE/ sZe ;zGt j't/ ftXh Bkb gVQkfJnk ikt/. ipod;sh ;fj;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB d/ n;hA gZy ftZu BjhA jK. nB[Pk;B

rKXh ih ihtB d/ jo/e y/so ftZu nB[Pk;B dk j'Dk io{oh wzBd/ ;B, f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th. gozs{ fJj nkswgq/fos nB[Pk;B d/ gZyh ;B. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fJ; nB[Pk;B d/ ftek; d/ bJh fJjBK B/ gqGktkswe ftXh dk ;woEB ehsk. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ nkdoP g/P eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; dk nB[eoD eoe/ pZu/ nB[Pk;B ftZu ofjDk f;ZyD. ns/ e'Jh th pZuk fco th T[; s'A T[bNk nkuoD eo/ sK nfXnkge T[; B{z nkgD/ nkswpb Bkb ;jh s/ brkT[Dk. rKXh ih fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu pZfunK B{z dzv d/ gZy ftZu BjhA ;B.

nB[Pk;D ;Ekfgs eoB dhnK ftXhnK B{z J/vw PqhwkB B/ fszB torK ftZu tzfvnk j?^dsBkswe, gqGktkswe ns/ w[esk:kswe. fJ; ftZu e'Jh ;zd/j BjhA fe fJjBK ftZu ;G s'A uzrh ftXh gqGktkswe ftXh j?. gozs{ fJ; ;zdoG ftZu gfjbh rZb sK fJj j? fe n;hA ;ko/ nfXnkgeK s'A nkdoP nkuoD dh ng/fynk BjhA eo ;ed/ ns/ d{ih rZb fJj j? fe nZi ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk fJzBh tZX j[zdh j? fe nkdoP nfXnkge T[BQK ;kfonK d/ ;zgoe ftZu BjhA nk gkT[Ad/. nZi dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu i/eo ftfdnkfbnK d/ fB:w pDk e/ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A T[jBK dk gkbD eokfJnk ik ;e/ sK fJ;h B{z pj[s tZvh T[gbpXh wzBDk ukjhdk j?. ns/ fJ; d/ bJh dzv ftt;Ek io{oh j?. gozs{ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z dzv pj[s ;ktXkBh Bkb d/Dk ukjhdk j?, T[jBK B{z fJj nB[Gt j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[jBK B{z i' th dzv fdZsk ik fojk j? T[jBK dh nkgDh GbkJh d/ bJh fdZsk ik fojk j?, fe;h dt?P d/ ekoB BjhA. gozs{ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu em'o dzv d/Dk T[fus BjhA. nfXnkge

rKXh ih d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z ;wki dk nkdoP ftnesh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ;Zuk nkuoD eoB tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;wki ;/te j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fe;h th ftnesh B{z fJj ekoi e/tb eko'pko d/ o{g ftZu BjhA ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk pbfe T[; d/ fgZS/ ;/tk dk Gkt j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nfijh jh ftnesh pZfunK dk ;jh wkor doPB eo ;ed/ jB.

fiZE/ sZe nfXnkgeK s'A nkdoP nkuoD dh ng/fynk dh rZb j?, brGr ;ko/ ;wki fJj ng/fynk eod/ jB, gozs{ nZi d/ :[r ftZu nfXnkgeK s'A fJj ng/fynk eoBk fe T[j ;Zu t/sB dh wzr Bk eoB ns/ fJ; ekoi B{z ;/tk Gkt Bkb eoB, e/tb f;XKse rZb j?. i/eo nfXnkge nkgDk ekoi fJwkBdkoh Bkb eoB sK T[jh ekch j't/rk.



f;ZfynkoEh

rKXh ih ftfdnkoEhnK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe T[j pqjwuo dk gkbD eoB, ftfdnkfbnK d/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoB, ;wki ;/tk ekoiK ftZu Gkr b?D ns/ nkswfBoGo pBD.

nZi d/ :[r ftZu pZfunK s'A pqjwuo d/ gkbD dh ng/fynk sK BjhA ehsh iKdh gozs{ T[jBK s'A ftfdnkfbnK d/ fB:wK d/ gkbD dh ng/fynk ;ko/ eod/ jB. ns/ S'N/ pZfunK s'A ;wki ;/tk ekoi dh ng/fynk eoBk ns/ T[jBK s'A nkswfBoGo j'D dh ng/fynk eoBk ;[gBk wkso j?. ftfdnkfbnk

ftfdnkfbnK d/ ftP/ ftZu rKXh ih dk fJZe BtK fdqPNhe'DE ;h. gfjbk sK fJj ftfdnkfbnK B{z nfijhnK ekoiPkbktK d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B fiZE/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh ;ko/ fwjBs eoB, fiZE/ j;s e"PbK d[nkok t;s{nK dk fBowkD j't/ ns/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fBofws t;s{nK s'A ftfdnkfbnK dk you fBeb/, T[j nkswfBoGo j'D. d{i/ fJj fJjBK B{z ;w[dkfJe e/AdoK d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj ukj[zd/ ;B fe ftfdnkfbnk ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ ftZu ;fj:'r j't/ ns/ fJj d'B'A fJZe^d{i/ Bkb fefonkêbkgK ftZu Gkr b?D. ftfdnkfbnK s'A fJj th ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe T[j Pkw iK oki d/ ;w/A gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB.

fiZE/ sZe ftfdnkfbnK B{z nkofEe fdqPnh s'A nkswfBoGo pDkT[D dh rZb j?, rKXh ih dk fJj ftuko e'oh ebgBk ;kfps j'fJnk. p/f;e ;e{bQK d/ eZu/ wkb dh fe; soQK popkdh j'Jh, fJ; ;G s'A n;hA ikD{ jK. fco S'N/^S'N/ jZEK s'A fteo :'r T[sgkdB dh T[whd eoBk th :[esh ;zrs BjhA. jK, ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;w[dkfJe e/AdoK d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s oeB, ftP/P eoe/ g/Av{ y/soK ftZu, fJ; s/ ;ko/ fJZe ws jB. gozs{ nZi sK ;kv/ d/P d/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ nfXnkge nkgD/ ftfdnkbh T[ZsodkfJst B{z jh g{ok BjhA eod/, T[jBK s'A ;w[dkfJe T[ZsodkfJst dh ng/fynk eoBk ;[gBk Go j?. d/P B{z nZi okPNoh ufoso dh io{os j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;ZfynkîB f;Zfynk B{z rKXh ih B/ pj[s ftnkge o{g ftZu fbnk j?, fJ; ftZu 7 s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ pZfunK dh ;XkoD, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk d'jK B{z Pkfwb ehsk j?. gq'VQ f;Zfynk B{z th fJjBK B/ E'V/ ftnkge o{g ftZu fbnk j?, fJ; ftZu ;kyosk d/ Bkb^Bkb xZN^XzfdnK dh f;Zfynk B{z th Pkfwb ehsk j?. rKXh ih d/ :sB Bkb fJ; d/P ftZu iB f;Zfynk dk gq;ko nozG j'fJnk. fJj rZb d{ih j? fe nZi frnkB dk y/so pj[s tZX ikD Bkb j[D ;XkoD f;Zfynk dk ;so iwks 8 s'A tXk e/ iwks 10 sZe eoBk io{oh j' frnk j?.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^rKXh ih B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ th pj[s i'o fdZsk ;h. fJjBK B/ fJ;sohnK B{z g[oyK dh soQK fe;h th soQK dh f;Zfynk d/D sk Bkok p[bzd ehsk. pZ; fJj T[jBK B{z rqfj ftfrnkB dh tkX{ f;Zfynk d/D dh rZb j'o efjzd/ ;B. fgSb/ 50 ;kbK ftZu fJ; y/so ftZu ekch gqrsh j'Jh ns/ nZi ;fEsh fJj j? fe fJ;sohnK nkgD/^nkg nkgD/ nfXekoK dh wzr eo ojhnK jB. ;kvh nkgDh fdqPNh s'A j[D d/P ftZu fJ;soh^g[oy ;kfonK B{z ;wkB f;Zfynk io{oh o{g ftZu ns/ ftfPPn f;Zfynk fpBK fe;h G/dGkt d/ :'rsk d/ nXko s/ ;[bG eokT[Dh ukjhdh j?.

3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynkêko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu rKXh ih d/ ftuko ;whuhB BjhA ej/ ik ;ed/. gfjbh rZb sK fJj fe 7 s'A 14 ;kb sZe dh T[wo tor d/ pZfunK B{z j;s fPbgK, y/sh iK j'o e[Nho T[d:'r XzfdnK ftZu wkfjo BjhA ehsk ik ;edk ns/ d{ih rZb fJj fe nZi frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh d/ y/so ftZu fJzBk finkdk ftek; j'fJnk j? fe fpBK T[; d/ frnkB d/ n;hA fJBQK e[Nho T[d:'rK B{z th finkdk ;cbsk d/ Bkb BjhA ubk ;ed/. sK jh f;Zfynk dh BthA ;zouBk 10O2O3 ftZu ;XkoD eko'pkoK dh f;Zfynk O2 s/ ns/ ftP/P eko'pkoK dh f;Zfynk O3 s/ fdZs/ ikD dk ftXkB ehsk frnk j?.

B'N



B'N 4H Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk^T[AM rKXh ih Xkofwe gqftosh d/ ftnesh ;B gozs{ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fe;h Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk fdZs/ ikD d/ gZy ftZu BjhA ;B. fJjBK B{z G?n ;h fe fJ; Bkb j'o Xowktbzph BokI j'Dr/. Xow f;Zfynk d/ Bkw s/ fJjBK B/ wB[Zy wkso dh ;/tk dh f;Zfynk dk ;woEB ehsk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu n;hA rKXh ih Bkb ;fjws BjhA jK. rKXh ih d[nkok gq;skfts ;otXow ;wGkt d/ ftek; d/ bJh th n;hA ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfGzB XowK d/ w{b f;XKsK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os ;wMd/ jK

5H okPNoh f;Zfynk^wjkswk rKXh ih B/ okPNoh f;Zfynk d/ o{g ftZu p/f;e f;Zfynk dk fBowkd ehsk ;h, T[; T[; :[r d/ nB[e{b io{oh ;h gozs{ toswkB ftZu T[j noEjhD j' u[Zeh j?. fJZE/ T[; d/ r[D^d'PK dk toDB g/P j?.

p/f;e f;Zfynk d/ r[D (Merits of Basic Education)

;Zu sK fJj j? fe f;XKs o{g ftZu sK fJj :'iBk pj[s T[g:'rh Bio nkT[Adh j? gozs{ gq:'r d/ o{g ftZu fJedw nDT[fus ojh j?. fJ; d/ f;XKsK B{z n;hA fJ; d/ r[D wzB ;ed/ jK^

1H nksw fBoGo :'iBk^T[; ;w/A ;oeko d/ e'b io{oh ns/ fBP[be gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB d/ bJh io{oh XzB BjhA ;h. T[; ;w/A p/f;e f;Zfynk B{z j;se"PbK s/ nXkfos eoe/ T[; d/ d[nkok T[sgkds t;s{nK d/ fteo Bkb ;e{bQK dk you eZYD dk ftuko pj[s T[g:'rh bZrdk ;h. nfijk BjhA j' ;fenk, fJj rZb d{ih j?.

2H wB[Zy d/ ;otgZyh ftek; s/ pb^p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu wB[Zy d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosoe, eko'pkoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; s/ pb fdZsk frnk j?. fJj rZB d{ih j? fe n;hA fJ; d/ d[nkok fJjBK ;ko/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh BjhA eo ;e/.

3H n;b ihtB dh fsnkoh^;kvk d/P fgzvK dk d/P j?. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu pZfunK B{z g/Av{ T[d:'rK^y/sh ns/ gP{gkbD nkfd ns/ g/Av{ j;se"PbKêskJh ns/ p[DkJh nkfd dh f;Zfynk io{oh o{g s'A fdZsh ikD dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h ns/ fJj T[whd ehsh rJh ;h fe fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB d/ pknd T[j nkgDh ihftek ewk ;eDr/. f;XKs o{g s'A fJj rZb pj[s uzrh j?. fJj rZb d{ih j? fe n;hA p/f;e f;Zfynk d[nkok nfijk BjhA eo ;e/.

4H GkoshnK d/ bJh nXkoG{s gkmuo:k^p/f;e f;Zfynk GkoshnK d/ n;b ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy d/ ;otgZyh ftek; d/ bJh ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ ;wkfie fefonktK ;EkB fdZsk frnk j? ns/ ;G s'A tZvh rZb fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu fjzd[;skBh (fjzdh) B{z g{o/ d/P d/ pZfunK d/ bJh io{oh ehsk frnk j?. ekP n;hA nfijk eo ;e/ j[zd/ sK g{ok d/P fJZe ;{so ftZu pzBQ frnk j[zdk.

5H torG/d dk ykswk^;kv/ d/P ftZu iksh, Xow ns/ ezw nkfd eJh nXkoK s/ eJh soQK d/ tor j?. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu ;G d/ bJh f;Zfynk ns/ ;G d/ bJh ;wkB ;/tk ekoi dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ;G Bkb torG/d i/eo ysw BjhA sK xZN sK ehsk jh ik ;edk j?.

6H Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e fwjB d/ nzso dk ykswk^T[; ;w/A nzro/i ;kB{z E'Vh fijh nzro/Ih f;yk e/ pkp} pDk fdzd/ ;B, ;kvk nj[dk T[Zuk eo fdzd/ ;B. fJ; dk rbs Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fwjBs eoB tkb/ Pohoe fwjBs eoB tkb/ B{z j/: ;wMD bZr/. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu ;ko/ pZfunK d/ bJh j;se"PbK iK T[d:'r dh f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki ;/tk ekoi io{oh ehs/ rJ/. id'A ;G fwjBs eoBr/ sK fwjBs tkfbnK B{z j/: e"D ;wM/rk. fJ; ftZu tor dk ykswk j'Dk ukjhdk ;h. fJj rZb d{ih j? nfijk e[ZM BjhA j' ;fenk.



7H fefonkgqXkB f;ybkJh ftXh^p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu n;b go;fEshnK ftZu n;b fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?Ad/ j'J/ nkgD/ nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ iKd/ jB. fJj f;ZyD dh wB'ftfrnkBe ftXh j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk j'fJnk frnkB ns/ e"Pb ;EkJh j[zdk j?.

8H ;ko/ frnkB ns/ fefonktK ftZu J/eheoD^p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu frnkB ns/ fefonk B{z nfGzB wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ gkmuo:k d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z fe;h j;se"Pb iK T[d:'r iK gqfeofse tksktoD iK ;wkfie tksktoD d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJZe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s ehsk iKdk j?. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu fJ; B{z ;wtkfJ ftXh efjzd/ jB. fJj f;bykJh dh fJZe T[fus ftXh j?.

9H f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw wksGkPk^T[AM T[; ;w/A sZe nzro/iK B/ th gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw wksGkPk (y/soh GkPktK) B{z jh pDk fdZsk ;h gozs{ fJ; Bkb nzro/ih wkfXnw d/ gqkEfwe ;e{bQ th uZb oj/ ;B. rKXh ih B/ e/tb wksGkPk d/ wkfXnw Bkb f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdZsk. sK jh sK ;wkBsk nk ;edh j?.

10H ftfdnkfbnk ns/ ;wki ftZu B/V/ dk ;zpzX^nzro/ih f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu ftfdnkfbnK dk Gkosh iBîhtB Bkb B/V/ dk ;zpzX BjhA ;h. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu ftfdnkfbnK ns/ ;wki d/ fJ; nzso B{z ysw ehsk frnk. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;wki dh GkPk, ;wki d/ j;se"Pb, ;wki d/ T[d:'r, ;wki d/ fsUjko ns/ ;wki dhnK j'o fefonktK B{z ;EkB fdZsk frnk. fJ; Bkb ftfdnkfbnk ns/ ;wki ftZu B/V/ dk ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j'fJnk.

B'N

Nk;e wjkswk rKXh d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

p/f;e f;Zfynk d/ d'P

f;XKse fdqPNh s'A p/f;e f;Zfynk d/ Gkt/A fizB/ r[D frDkJ/ ikD ns/ Gkt/A fizBh T[; dh gqPz;k ehsh ikt/, gozs{ fttjkfoe o{g ftZu fJj fJedw n;cb ojh j?. fJ; ftZu fBwB fbys d'P jB^

1H ng{oD :'iBk^T[AM sK fJ; B{z okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk fejk iKdk j? gozs{ n;b ftZu fJj e/tb io{oh ns/ fBP[be gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dh :'iBk jh j?. fco fJ; ftZu e/tb g/Av{ pZfunK dhnK io{osK dk fXnkB oZfynk frnk j?, Broh pZfunK dhnK io{osK dk BjhA.

2H T[Zu f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzX dh xkN^p/f;e f;Zfynk 7 s'A 14 T[wo tor d/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk j?. fJ; dh gkmuo:k e/tb fJ;h T[wo tor d/ pZfunK dh ns/ T[j th g/Av{ y/soK d/ pZfunK dhnK io{osK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ pDkJh rJh j?. fJ; dk fBowkD eod/ ;w/A wZXfwe ns/ T[Zu f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k Bkb ;zpzX BjhA i'fVnk frnk, T[; B{z T[Zu f;Zfynk dk ;jh nXko BjhA pDkfJnk frnk. nfijk bZrdk j? fe fJ; d/ pknd pZu/ gVQBr/ jh BjhA. f;Zfynk sK eqwpZX o{g s'A uZbDh ukjhdh j?.

3H Broh y/soK d/ bJh nDT[fus^fJj wzBDk fe Gkos fgzvK dk d/P j?, gozs{ gqkEfwe f;Zfyn dh gkmuo:k B{z e/tb g/Av{ y/soK dhnK io{osK dh g{osh sZe ;hfws eoBk T[fus BjhA j?. Broh pZfunK d/ ihtB Bkb fJ; dk e'Jh ;zpzX Bk j'Dk, fJ; dk fJZe tZvk d'P j?. nfijk bZrdk j? fe p/f;e f;Zfynk e/tb Gkos dh fBoXB iBsk d/ bJh jh pDkJh rJh j?.

4H j;se"PbK s/ pj[s finkd i'o^p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o j;se"PbK dh f;Zfynk s/ fdZsk frnk j?. fJ; B{z gkmuo:k dk e/Adoh ftPk pDkfJnk frnk j? ns/ fJ;h d/ wkfXnw Bkb j'o ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdZsk frnk j?. ikfeo j[;?B B/ sK fJ; d/ bJh ;e{bQh ;w/A d/ 5 xzN/ 30 fwzN ftZu'A 30 xzN/ 20



B'N fwzN fBoXkfos ehs/ ;B. nfijk bZrdk j? fe p/f;e f;Zfynk d/ fBowksk Gkos B{z j;se"PbK dk d/P pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fco ;e{bQh f;Zfynk ftZu fe;h ftP/ iK fefonk B{z io{os s'A tZX wjZst d/D dk noE j? d{finK ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z xZN wjZst d/Dk. T[; ;fEsh ftZu pZfunK dk ;otgZyh ftek; fet/A ehsk ik ;edk j?.

5H eZu/ wkb dh popkdh^S'N/^S'N/ pZfunK s'A T[sgkdB dh T[whd eoBk e'oh ebgBk dk ftPk j?. i' e[ZM th pZu/ ;e{bQK ftZu pDkT[Ad/ jB, T[j T[g:'r eoB :'r BjhA j[zdk, T[; B{z piko ftZu BjhA p/funk ik ;edk. fJ; :'iBk ftZu eZu/ wkb dh popkdh d/ fJbktk e[ZM jZE BjhA bZrk.

6H ;w/A ns/ Pesh dk d[oT[g:'r^gqkEfwe ;so s/ pZfunK B{z j;se"PbK ftZu wjkos gqdkB eoBk ;zGt BjhA. p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu Bk sK pZfunK B{z fe;h j;se"Pb ftZu wkfjo ehsk ik ;fenk ns/ Bk T[jBK d/ d[nkok T[sgkds t;s{nK Bkb ;e{bQK dk you eZfYnk ik ;fenk. fJ; ftZu eZu/ wkb dh popkdh d/ Bkb^Bkb pZfunK d/ ;w/A ns/ Pesh dk you th j[zdk j?.

7H f;ybkJh ftXh n;[Gkfte^T[AM sK p/f;e f;Zfynk ftZu fi; soQK f;ybkJh eoB dh rZb ejh rJh j?, T[j fJZe ;[Gkfte ftXh j?, wB'ftfrnkBe ftXh j?, gozs{ ipoB ;wtkfJ eoB ftZu T[; dh ;[Gkftesk ns/ gqGkftesk d'B'A jh ysw j' iKdhnK jB. fco gkmuo:k d/ ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK ftZu J/eheoD eoBk ns/ T[j th fe;h j;se"PbK, T[d:'r, gqfeofse tksktoD iK ;wkfie fefonk B{z e/Adoh ftP/ wzB e/ e'oh ebgBk dh rZb j?.

8H bVhpZX f;ybkJh n;zGtî/eo gkmuo:k d/ e[ZM ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z ;wBfts o{g s'A ftef;s eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j? sK d{ih ;wZf;nk T[g;fEs j[zdh j?, fe;h ftP/ iK fefonk B{z T[; d/ soe nXkfoe eqw ftZu g/P eoB dh. ;wtkfJ ftXh d[nkok eqwpZX f;ybkJh jh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

9H Xkofwe f;Zfynk dh xkN^p/f;e f;Zfynk B{z Gkos dh nXkoG{s f;Zfynk fejk iKdk j? ns/ j?okBh dh rZb fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu Gkosh ;wki d/ nXkoG{s Xow dh f;Zfynk B{z e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fdZsk frnk, e/tb B?fse f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?. rKXh ih B{z G?n ;h fe Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ Bkw s/ ehs/ dt/P Bk c?b ikt/. eh e'Jh Xow dt/P dh f;Zfynk fdzdk j?.

rKXh ih dk gqGkt

rKXh ih ;otT[d/ f;XK d/ fBowksk jB. fJj wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ ;B, fJj torgqXkB ;wki d/ ;EkB s/ torjhD ;wki dh ;EkgBk eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ fJ; ekoi ftZu fJj ekch ;cb th j'J/. T[jBK B? ;G s'A gfjbK dZyDh ncohek ftZu r'o/êkb/ d/ torG/d B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh nzd'bB ehsk ns/ T[; d/ pknd Gkos ftZu iBw^nXkfos T{u^Bhu dh toD ftt;Ek B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh nzd'bB ehsk. fJjBK d/ :sB Bkb Gkos ftZu iBw nXkfos toDftt;Ek d/ ;EkB s/ torjhD ;wki dh ;EkgBk P[o{ j'Jh, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe t'N dh okiBhsh eoB tkfbnK B/ toD G/d d/ ;EkB s/ tor G/d dk p{Nk phi fdZsk j? fijVk okPNoh J/esk ftZu pj[s tZvh o[ektN j?. rKXh ih B/ Xow ;zehoDsk d/ ;EkB s/ ;otXow ;wGkt d/ bJh :sB ehsk, fJ; dk th d[orkwh gqGkt fgnk. i/eo t'Nh dh okiBhsh eoB tkb/ Xkofwe ;zeohDsk B{z gkDh Bk fdzd/ sK nZi d/P dk BePk jh e[ZM j'o j[zdk.

rKXh ih :[r g[oy ;B, fJjBK dk gqGkt Bk e/tb Gkos sZe ;hfws fojk pbfe j'o d/PK s/ th fgnk. nZi g{ok ;z;ko torjhD ;wki dh ;EkgBk d/ tZb nro;o j? ns/ ;ko/ Xow dh ;zehoDsk d/ dkfJo/ s'A fBeb e/ wB[Zyh Xow d/ ft;Ekog{oD dkfJo/ ftZu gqt/P eoB d/ bJh T[sktb/ jB.



f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th rKXh ih dk gqGkt fgnk. nkgD/ d/P Gkos ftZu ;XkoD, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek d/ tZb edw tX/. Bkb gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ftZu th s/ih nkJh. fiZE/ sZe rKXh ih d[nkok gq;skfts p/f;e f;Zfynk dh rZb j?, ;[szso j'D s'A gfjbK jh fJj eJh gqKsK ftZu bkr{ eo fdZsh rJh ;h, ;[szso j'D d/ pknd sK fJj ;ko/ gqKsK ftZu bkr{ eo fdZsh rJh. d/yd/^d/yd/ ;ko/ gqkEfwe ftfdnkfbnK s/ p/f;e gqkJhwoh ftfdnkfbnK d/ p'ov bZr rJ/. gkmuo:k ftZu p/f;e eqkcNK s/ pb ns/ fJ; ;G d/ bJh ;oeko B/ ;wZroh ns/ XzB. ;wtkfJ ftXh Bkb fet/A gVQkfJnk ikt/ fJ; s/ jo fdB toePkgK dk nk:'iB. gozs{ jZE e[ZM BjhA bZrk. Bk fJ; Bkb pZfunK dk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek; j'fJnk ns/ Bk B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;. fJ; d[nkok pZfunK B{z nkgDh o'ihô'Nh ewkT[D :'r th BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;fenk. tor G/d fwNkT[D dh rZb sK d{o ojh, fJ; Bkb tor G/d j'o tfXnk. fJj fBwB e'fN dh f;Zfynk wzBh rJh ns/ fJ; B{z gqkgs eoB tkb th fGzB e'fN d/ wzB/ rJ/. ns/ ;Zuh rZb th fJjh j? fe fBwB e'fN dh jh ;kfps j'Jh. fJ; d/ d[nkok rKXh ih dk fJZe th ;[gBk ;eko BjhA ehsk ik ;fenk. jK, rKXh ih d[nkok ;Ekfgs r[ioks ghm (nfjwdkpkd) ns/ fjzd[;skBh skbhw f;Zfynk e/Ado (;/tkrqkw) nZi th fJBQK d/ nkdoPK d/ w{oso{g jB ns/ T[ZE/ fJZe gk;/ fgzv ;[Xko d/ ekoieow uZbd/ jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nkswp'X d/ ekoieow uZbd/ jB. gozs{ fJ soQK dh f;Zfynk Bkb okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; ;zGt BjhA j?. nZi io{os j? ihtB d/ fe;h th y/so ftZu d[BhnK d/ Bkb edw Bkb edw fwbk e/ uZbD dh. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

j/m fby/ eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H rKXh ih d/ ftuko s'A f;ZfynkoEh B{z nB[Pkf;s ofjDk ukjhdk j?.

8H rKXh ih d/ ;w/A Gkos ftZu brGr 13# b'e ;kyo ;B.

9H rKXh ih fJ;soh B{z fJPto dh ;otT[Zu ouBk BjhA wzBd/ ;B.

10H rKXh ih ;otT[d/ f;XKs d/ fBowksk jB. 13H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe rKXh ih B/ Gkosh f;Zfynk B{z Gkosh pDkT[D dk Bkok p[bzd ehsk, T[; d/ T[d/P ft;sfos ehs/ ns/ T[; dh gkmuo:k ft;sfos ehsh. fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh gqkuhB ftXhnK d/ gq:'r ftZu pZfunK dh ;eoh ;kM/dkoh s/ i'o d/ e/ T[jBK B{z T[g:'rh pDkfJnk ns/ Bkb jh f;ybkJh dh ;fj;zpzX ftXh d/ gq:'r s/ i'o fdZsk. nB[Pk;B d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBk dk fJj ftuko fe fJj nkswgq/fos j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ pZfunK ftZu fJ; d/ ftek; d/ bJh gqGktkswe ftXh B{z ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?, nZi ;ko/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B{z wzBD:'r j?. nfXnkge d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK d/ ftuko e[ZM nNgN io{o bZrd/ jB gozs{ fJjBK dh fJj rZb sK ;ko/ wzBd/ jB fe nfXnkge B{z ;wki dk nkdoP ftnesh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;ZfynkoEh B{z pqjwuo gkbD d/ T[gd/P dh wjZssk th ;ko/ ;theko eod/ jB. jK, ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu rKXh ih dk gfjbk ftuko j? fe fJj nkofEe fdqPNh s'A nkswfBoGo j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, e'oh ebgBk dh rZb j?, gozs{ fJjBK dh d{ih rZb s/ sK ;ko/ ;fjws jB fe fJj ;w[dkfJe e/Ado d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

iB f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu rKXh ih d/ ftuko ns/ ekoi d'B'A jh pj[s nw{b jB. fJ; d/ bJh fJj d/P fJBQK dk fuo foDh oj/rk. Xow f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu n;hA fJjBK s'A ;fjws BjhA jK, n;hA sK ;z;ko d/ w[Zy XowK d/ w{b f;XKsK dh f;Zfynk d/ gZyh jK. ns/ rKXh ih d/ d[nkok gq;skfts okPNoh f;Zfynk (p/f;e f;Zfynk) s'A sK j[D e'Jh th ;fjws BjhA j? ns/ fijV/ b'e fJ; dhnK n;cbsktK B{z d/y e/ th fJ; d/ rsh rkT[Ad/ jB, T[j d/P d/ Bkb rZdkoh eo oj/ jB.

B'N



B'N rKXh ih d/ ftfdne ftukoK d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pqh n?wHn?;H gN/b B/ fejk j? fe rKXh ih dk f;Zfynk doPB nkgDh :'iBk ftZu gqfeoshtkdh, T[d/PK ftZu nkdoPtkdh ns/ nkgDh ekoi gZXsh ftZu gq:'iBtkdh jB (His philosophy of education is naturalistic in its setting,

idealistic in its aims and pragmatic in its methods and programme of work M.S. Patel). gozs{ n;hA gN/b ;kfjp Bkb ;fjws BjhA jK. gfjbh rZb sK fJj j? fe wjkswk rKXh s/ fJBQK gZSwh doPBK dk e'Jh gqGkt BjhA ;h. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe fJj Gkosh doPB, ftP/P eoe/ rhsk doPB s'A gqGkfts ;B. ns/ fsZih rZb fJj j? fe fJj wB[Zy d/ Poho, wB ns/ nkswk, fszBK d/ ftek; s/ ;wkB pb fdzd/ ;B. j[D i/eo fJjBK d/ e'Jh ftuko fe;/ gZSwh doPBK Bkb w/b yKd/ jB sK T[jBK d/ nXko s/ fJjBK B{z T[jBK doPBK Bkb i'Vk :[esh^;zrs BjhA j?. rKXh ih B/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK dh T[Bsh d/ bJh fi; J/ekdP tos d/ gkbD dh f;Zfynk fdZsh j? ns/ ;Zu s/ nfjz;k s/ nXkfos fijVh f;Zfynk :'iBk g/P ehsh j? T[j Gkosh doPB dh iBwG{wh s/ jh fsnko ehsh j?, T[j jo fdqPNh s'A Gkosh doPB s/ nXkfos j?. fJ; :[rg[oy B{z ;kvk Ps^Ps gqDkw. 13H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ihtBîkDekoh (Biography) L ihtB^tfos

2H fuzsB (Thought) L ftuko 13H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H wjkswk rKXh dh ihtBîkDekoh fby'.

2H wjkswk rKXh d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB dh tzv fdU.

3H wjkswk rKXh d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H r[o{ 2H Gkos S'V' 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H rbs


p[e;


2H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, :'r/Ado e[wko, wX[fbek Powk. 3H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, UHghH.






fJekJh^14 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB

fJekJh^14L ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB (Philosophical and Educational Thought of Swami Vivekanand)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


14H1 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Swami Vivekanand)

14H2 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Swami Vivekanand)

14H3 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Swami Vivekanand)

14H4 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Educational Thought of Swami Vivekanand)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dh ihtBîkDekoh ikDB ;zpzXh.

;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB ikDB ;zpzXh.

;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk ftfdne fuzsB ikdB ;zpzXh.


;tkwh ftt/ekBzd :[rfdqPNk ns/ :[rf;qPNk ;B. :[rfdqPNk fJ; fdqPNh s'A fe fJjBK B/ nkgD/ ;w/A d/ nkgD/ d/P dh ;fEsh B{z d/fynk^;wfMnk ;hl ns/ :[rf;qPNk fJ; fdqPNh s'A fe fJjBK B/ BtGkos d/ fBowkD dh BhAj oZyh ;h. T[AM sK fJj Gkosh Xow^doPB dh ftnkfynk nkX[fBe gfogq/y ftZu eoB, t/dKs B{z fttjkfoe o{g d/D ns/ T[; d/ gquko eoB ns/ ;wki ;/tk ns/ ;wki ;[Xko eoB d/ bJh finkdk gqf;ZX jB gozs{ fJ; ;G d/ bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ pj[s i'o fdZsk ;h ns/ Bt/A Gkos d/ fBowkD d/ bJh ssekbhB f;Zfynk ftZu ;[Xko d/ bJh eJh ;[Mkn fdZs/ ;B. fJjh ekoB j? fe f;Zfynk irs ftZu fJj f;Zfynk Pk;soh d/ o{g ftZu ikD/^gfjukD/ iKd/ jB. fJZE/ fJjBK d/ ftfdne ftukoK ns/ ekoiK dk eqwpZX ;wkb'uBkswe toDB g/P j?.

14H1 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Swami Vivekanand) ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk iBw ebeZsk d/ fJZe pzrkbh ek:;E gfotko ftZu 12 iBtoh, 1863 B{z j'fJnk ;h. fJjBK dk n;b Bkw Bo/Ado BkE dZs ;h. fJjBK d/ fgsk Pqh ftPtBkE dZs ebeZs/ d/ T[Zu fBnkfbnk ftZu J/NoBh (tehb) ;B. T[j pj[s p[ZXhwkB, frnkBh, T[dko, goT[gekoh ns/ rohpK dh oZfynk eoB tkb/ ;B. ;tkwh ih dh wK Pqhwsh G[tB/Pto d/th th pj[s p[ZXhwsh,



B'N r[Dtsh, Xowgok:D ns/ goT[gekoh ;B. ;tkwh ih s/ fJjBK dk nfwN gqGkt fgnk. fJj pugB s'A jh g{ik^gkm ftZu o{uh b?Ad/ ;B ns/ fXnkBwrB j' iKd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fJ;h gqftosh B/ nZr/ uZb e/ fJjBK B{z Bo/AdoBkE s'A ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd pDk fdZsk.

Bo/AdoBkE dh f;Zfynk dk nozG fJjBK d/ nkgd/ xo s/ jh j'fJnk. fJj pj[s e[Pkrq p[ZXh ns/ uzub ;[Gkn d/ pkbe ;B. ;Zs ;kb dh T[wo sZe fJjBK B/ g{ok ftnkeoD oN fbnk ;h. ;Zs ;kb dh nt;Ek ftZu fJjBK B/ w/No'g'fbNB ekbi ftZu Gosh ehsk frnk. fJ; ftfdnkb/ ftZu fJjBK B/ gVQB^fbyD d/ Bkb^Bkb y/vê[Zd, e;os, ;zrhs ns/ BkNe ftZu o{uh bJh ns/ fJjBK ;ko/ y/soK ftZu nZr oj/. 16 ;kbh dh T[wo ftZu fJjBK B/ w?No'g'fbNB (jkJh;e{bQ) dh gqhfynk gfjbh Pq/Dh ftZu gk; ehsh. fJ; d/ pknd fJjBK B/ gq/;hv/A;h ekbi ftZu dkfybk fbnk ns/ T[; d/ pknd iBob n;/ApbhI fJz;NhfNT{PB ftZu gVQB bZr/. fJ; ;w/A fJjBK B/ ekbi d/ gkm ftfPnK d/ nfXnB d/ Bkb^Bkb ;kfjs, doPB ns/ Xow dk th nfXnB ehsk. fJ; y/so ftZu fJjBK B{z nkgD/ wksk^fgsk ns/ nfXnkgeK s'A pj[s ;fj:'r fwfbnk. nfXnBPhb Bo/AdoBkE dZs dk ihtB pj[s ;ziwh ;hl fJj pqjwuo dk gkbD eod/ ;B ns/ gqkoEBk, T[gk;Bk ns/ fXnkB ftZu wrB ofjzd/ ;B. frnkB d/ gqekP ns/ nfXnksfwe s/i Bkb r"o toD d/ ;[zdo :[te dk ufjok j'o finkdk gqdhgs j' T[Zfmnk ;h.

Btzpo 1881 ftZu fJjBK B{z ebeZsk ftZu jh ;fEs defPD/Pto d/ wzfdo ftZu ikD ns/ Pqh okwfeqPD gowjz; d/ doPB eoB dk ;[Gkr fwfbnk. gowjz; fJjBK dh nkGk s'A gqGkfts j'J/, gozs{ n?cHJ/H (fJzNo) dh gqhfynk dh fsnkoh ftZu bZr ikD d/ ekoB Bo/Ado BkE pj[s fdBK sZe T[jBK d/ e'b Bk ik ;e/. Bo/Ado BkE B/ n?cHJ/H gk; eoe/ phHJ/H ftZu dkfybk fbnk. fJ;h ;w/A fJjBK B/ gowjz; dk ;s;ze ehsk. fJ; ;s;zr dk fJj gqGkt j'fJnk fe Bo/Ado BkE rqfj;E ihtB ftZu BjhA pzB/. 1884 ftZu fJjBK B/ phHJ/H gk; ehsk. T[;h ;kb fJjBK d/ fgsk dk ;tortk; j' frnk. T[AM sK fJjBK d/ fgsk pj[s g?;k ewkT[Ad/ ;B gozs{ fJj you th pj[s T[dkosk Bkb eod/ ;B. Bshi/ ti'A T[jBK d/ e'b pudk e[ZM BjhA ;h. id'A T[jBK dk ;tortk; j'fJnk sK xo ftZu g?;k BjhA ;h. j[D Bo/AdoBkE B{z nkgDh wK ns/ G?DK d/ GoD^g'PD d/ bJh nkofEe y/so ftZu ekoi eoBk fgnk. ;zgzB gfotko ftZu izw/ ns/ gb/ fJ; B"itkB B{z ftgzBsk dk ;kjwDk eoBk fgnk. fJ; ;w/A T[jBK B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe fBoXBsk d[y dh iBBh j?. 1886 ftZu Pqh gowjz; dk th wjkgq;EkB j' frnk. wjkgq;EkB eoB s'A fszB fdB gfjbK gowjz; B/ Bo/AdoBkE B{z nkgDk T[ZsoknfXeko fdzd/ j'J/ fejk ;h^„nZi nkgDk ;G e[ZM s[jkB{z d/ e/ w?A oze pD frnk jK. w?A :'r d[nkok fi; Pesh B{z s[jkv/ nzdo dkfyb ehsk j?, T[; Bkb s[;hA nkgD/ ihtB ftZu wjkB ekoi eo'r/. nkgD/ fJ; ekoi g{ok eoB d/ pknd jh s[;hA T[ZE/ ikUr/ fiZE/ s'A nkJ/ j'.‟

r[o{ d/ wjkgq;EkB d/ pknd fJj T[jBK dhnK f;ZfynktK d/ gquko ns/ gq;ko ekoi ftZu bZr rJ/. gfjb/ ;kb fJjBK dk ekoi y/so ebeZsk jh fojk. fJ; d/ pknd 1888 ftZu fJj gfotokie d/ o{g ftZu Gkos GowD d/ bJh fBeb gJ/. fJj ekPh, n:'fXnk, byBT{, nkrok, wE{ok, tfozdktB ns/ jkEo; j[zd/ j'J/ fjwkfbnk gj[zu/. fJ; :ksok ftZu fJj brGr g?db jh uZb/ ns/ gowjz; okwfeqPD dhnK f;ZfunktK dk gquko ns/ gq;ko eod/ oj/. 1891 ftZu fJjBK B/ oki;EkB dh :ksok ehsh 1892 ftZu dZyD Gkos dh :ksok ehsh. fJ; :ksok ftZu fJjBK B/ Gkos dh Bzrh s;toh d/yh ns/ T[; dh nksfwe J/esh dh nB[G{sh ehsh. dZyD Gkos dh :ksok d/ nkyoh uoD ftZu fJj ezfBnke[wkoh gj[zu/. fJZE/ d/ wzfdo ftZu fJjBK B/ d/th d/ doPB ehs/ ns/ fco ;w[zdo ftZu e[Zde/ s?od/ j'J/ fJZe B/V/ dh uZNkB s/ ik gj[zu/ ns/ T[ZE/ sgZf;nk ftZu ;wkfX;E j' rJ/. fJZE/ fJjBK B{z fJZe fdt nB[G{sh j'Jh. fJZE/ fJjBK B/ d/P ;/tk, dhB^jhB, dfbs ns/ ng/fyns Gkosh iBsk d/ efbnkD dk tos fbnk. fJZE'A jh fJj wdok; gj[zu/. wdok; ftZu fJjBK B/ eJh ;EkBK s/ t/dKs s/ ftd[skg{oD ftnkfynkB fdZs/. fJZE'A d/ b'e fJjBK s'A pj[s gqGkfts j'J/ ns/ T[jBK B/ nw/ohek ftZu j'D tkb/ ftPt Xow ;zw/bB ftZu G/iD d/ bJh wkor you fJeZso ehsk. T[jBK d/ p/Bsh s/ fJjBK B/ nw/ohek ikDk ;theko ehsk. nw/ohek ikD s'A gfjbK fJjBK B/ nkgDk Bkw ftt/ekBzd oZfyn ns/ f;szpo, 1893 ftZu fJjBK B/ fJ; ;zw/bB ftZu Gkr fbnk. fJZE/ fJjBK



B/ ;z;ko B{z Gkosh Xow ns/ doPB s'A ikD{ eokfJnk. ftPt d/ ftdtkB fJjBK dh ftd[sk s'A gqGkfts j'J/. nw/foeh iB;w{ fJjBK d/ fgZS/ d'V bZfrnk. nB[e{b go;fEshnK gk e/ fJj fszB ;kb nw/foek o[e/ ns/ T[ZE/ t/dKs dk gquko ehsk. fJ; ftZu fJjBK dhnK eJh g[;seK dk gqekPB th j'fJnk. 1897 ftZu fJj fJzrb?Av rJ/ ns/ eJh ;EkBK s/ GkPD fdZs/ ns/ t/dKs dk gquko ehsk. fJzrb?Ad s'A fJNbh, ;ftNIob?Av, iowBh ns/ coK; rJ/ ns/ fJjBK d/PK ftZu t/dKs s/ ftnkfynk ehs/. fJZE'A fJj d[pkok fJzrb?Av rJ/ ns/ T[ZE/ t/dKs dk gquko ehsk. fco fJj Gkos w[V/.

B'N

B'N; ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk ws ;h fe wB[Zy B{z jw/PK dhBjhBK dh ;/tk eoBh ukjhdh j?.

fJzrb?Av s'A Gkos w'V e/ fJjBK B/ „okwfeqPD fwPB‟ dh ;EkgBk ehsh, fi; dk T[d/P Bk e/tb t/dKs dk gquko ;h, pbfe dhB^jhBK dh ;/tk d/ bJh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ns/ fues;k y'bDk th ;h. ;tkwh ih uj[zd/ ;B fe fJjBK dh nB[:kJh fgzv^fgzv ik e/ f;Zfynk dk gquko eoB nfrnkkB d/ nzXeko B{z d{o eoB. fJ;h ;w/A fJjBK B/ ebeZsk ;fEs p/b{o ftZu fJZe wm dk fBowkD eokfJnk fijVk 1899 d/ nozG ftZu okwfeqPD d/ nB[:kJhnK dk ;EkJh e/Ado pD frnk. E'V/ jh fdBK pknd fJjBK B/ fjwkfbnk ftZu nbw'V/ s'A 75 fewhH dh d{oh s/ ndt?s nkPow d/ Bkw s'A fJZe d{i/ wm dk fBowkD eokfJnk. fJjB ekoiK s'A fBots j'e/ ;tkwh ih 1899 ftZu d[pkok nw/foek rJ/. fJj T[ZE/ brGr fJZe ;kb sZe oj/ ns/ oki :'r ns/ ;kXB dh f;Zfynk fdzd/ oj/. 1900 ftZu ;tkwh ih nw/foek s'A coK; gj[zu/. fJZE/ fJjBK B/ „g/fo; ftPt Xow fJfsjk; ;zw/bB‟ ftZu Gkr fbnk. coK; s'A fJj fJNbh ns/ rqh; j[zd/ j'J/ T[;h ;kb Gkos w[V nkJ/. j[D fJj e[ZM fpwko ofjD bZr/. gozs{ fpwko ofjzd/ j'J/ th fJj Xow gquko, ;wki ;/tk ns/ iB ikroD d/ ekoiK ftZu bZr/ oj/. 1887 s'A 1901 d/ ftZu ;tkwh ih B/ eJh rqzEK dh ouBk th ehsh. fJjBK ftZu frnkB :'r, eow :'r, Grsh :'r, oki :'r, gq/w :'r, Xow ftfrnkB, fjzd{ Xow, fttjkfoe ihtB ftZu t/dKs, gqkukfJ ns/ gZSwh, w/o/ r[o{d/t, Xow ojZ;, ;kvk Gkos, toswkB Gkos ns/ f;Zfynk w[Zy jB. j[D fJjBK d/ g{o/ ;kfjs ns/ w[Zy GkPDK B{z „ftt/ekBzd ;kfjs‟ d/ Bkw s'A dZ; yzvK ftZu gqekfPs ehsk frnk j?. gozs{ ftXh dk ftXkB, fJ; :[r g[oy B/ 39 ;kb dh xZN T[wo ftZu jh 4 i[bkJh, 1902 B{z fBotkD gqkgs ehsk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk n;b Bkw HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;h.

2H ndt?s doPB d/ nB[;ko HHHHHHHHHHHHHH fJ; f;qPNh dk nkfd sZs j?. 14H2 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Swami Vivekanand) ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd Pqh okwfeqPD gowjz; d/ u/b/ ;B. Pqh gowjz; B/ fJ; ;Zu dh nB[G{sh ehsh ;h fe gqwkswk nkswk ftZu j? ns/ nkswk gqwkswk ftZu j? ns/ T[jBK B/ fJ; ;Zu dh nB[G{sh nkgD/ u/b/ ftt/ekBzd B{z th eokJh ;h. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb ftt/ekBzd B/ t/dK ns/ T[gfBPdK dk r{VQ nfXnB ehsk ;h ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok fBowkDs ;ZuK dh ihtB ftZu nB[G{sh ehsh ;h. ;tkwh ih d/ ftuko e/tb soe nXkfoe jh BjhA jB, pbfe nB[Gt f;ZX jB.

t?fde Xow ns/ doPB fGzBsktK dk :'r j?. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd t/dKs doPB B{z wzBd/ ;B. t/dKs d/ th fszB o{g jB^dt?s, ftfPPNkdt?s ns/ ndt?s. ;tkwh ih ndt?s d/ ;woEB ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko dt?s, ftfPPNkdt?s ns/ ndt?s, fJjBK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?l fJj fszB'A t/dKs



B'N doPB d/ fszB gd jB, fiBQK dk nkyoh T[d/P ndt?s dh nB[G{sh jh j?. fJBQk jh BjhA, pbfe ;tkwh ih sK ftPt d/ ;ko/ XowK ns/ doPBK B{z nzs ftZu ndt?s d/ tZb M[fenk dZ;d/ ;B.

Xow ns/ doPB d/ gqsh ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ftfrnkBe ;h. fJjBk B/ ;gPN ehsk fe ebk, ftfrnkB ns/ Xow fJZe jh gow ;Zu B{z ftnes eoB d/ fszB ftfGzB ;kXB jB. fJZe ;EkB s/ fJjBK B/ fejk j?^„id'A ftfrnkB dk nfXnkge fJj efjzdk j? fe ;kohnK t;s{nK fJZe jh Pesh dh d'se jB sK eh s[jkB{z fJPto dh :kd BjhA nkT[Adh, fi;d/ ftP/ ftZu s[;hA T[gfBPdK ftZu gfVQnk j?.‟ ns/ fJjh sK ndt?s jt/dKs efjzdk j?. ndt?s t/dKs B{z fJj ;otG"fwe ftfrnkB Xow (Universal Science Religion) efjzd/ ;B. fJjBK B/ t/dKs B{z nkX[fBe gfogq/y ftZu d/yD^;wMD ns/ T[; dh ftfrnkBe ftnkfynk eoB dk ;s{s fejk j?. fJjh T[jBK d/ ndt?s t/dKs dk BtKgD j? ns/ fJ;h nXko s/ fJjBK d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB B{z Bt t/dKs fejk iKdk j?. fJZE/ ;tkwh ih d/ Bt t/dKs dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k g/P j?. ftt/ekBzd d/ Bt t/dKs dh sZs whwK;k

ndt?s doPB d/ nB[;ko „pqjw‟ fJ; f;qPNh dk nkfd sZs j? ns/ T[jh fJ;h pqfjwzv dh ouBk dk eosk j? ns/ T[gkdkB ekoB j?. t/dKshnK dk soe j? fe fi; soQK wZeVh nkgD/ ikb/ dk fBowkD ;t? eodh j? ns/ ikb/ pDkT[D dk gdkoE nkgD/ nzdo s'A eZYdh j?, mhe T[;h soQK pqjw fJ; pqfjwzv dk fBowkD ;t? eodk j? ns/ fJ; dk T[gkdkB ekoB th T[j nkgD/^nkg jh j?. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd fJ; ;Zu B{z ;theko eod/ ;B. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ ;E[b gdkoE ns/ ;[yw nkswktK pqjw Gkt gqwkswk d/ nzP jB. d{i/ PpdK ftZu fJj ;kok ;z;ko pqjwh j?. gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe fJ; pqjw dk ;o{g eh j?. ndt?stkdhnK d/ nB[;ko pqjw fJZe nfijh Pesh j? fi; dk e'Jh ;o{g BjhA j?, fJj fBokeko, ;otPeshwkB, ;otftnkge ns/ ;otZr j?. wkfJnk d/ :'r Bkb fJj pqjw ;eko pqjw (fJPto) dk o{g XkoD eodk j?. fJj ;E[b fJzdohrqj irs ns/ T[; d/ ;ko/ gdkoE th T[; d/ ;keko o{g jB.

nkswk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih ndt??stkdhnK d/ ftuko s'A ;fjws jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ;kohnK nkswktK gqwkskwk dk nzP jB ns/ gqwkswk dh soQK T[j th nBkfd ns/ nBzs jB, fJ; bJh T[[jBK d/ iBw ns/ woB dk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk. ndt?s d/ nB[;ko ;z;ko d/ j'o gdkoE th pqjw Gkt d/ jh nzP jB gozs{ nkswk ns/ j'o gdkoEK ftZu nzso fJzBk j? fe nkswk ;otftnkgh ns/ ;otfrnsk j? ns/ T[; ftZu nkgD/ n;b ;o{g gqwkswk B{z ;wMD ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoB dk r[D j? id'A fe j'o gdkoEK ftZu fJj r[D BjhA j?. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko id'A sZe nkswk nkgD/ n;b ;o{g gqwkswk B{z BjhA gfjukDdh ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs BjhA eo b?Adh T[d'A sZe T[j fJZe Poho s'A d{i/ Poho ftZu dkfyb eodh ofjzdh j? ns/ id'A T[j nkgD/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wM b?Adh j? ns/ T[; B{z gqkgs j' iKdh j? T[d'A T[j J/fje ihtB s'A w[es j' iKdh j?. fJ;h B{z ;tkwh ih w[esh efjzd/ ;B.

wB[Zy B{z ftt/ekBzd Poho, wB ns/ nkswk dk :'r wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe wB[Zyh ihtB d/ d' gZy jB^fJZe G"fse ns d{ik nfXnksfwe. fJj wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK d/ gZyK d/ ftek; s/ pb fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK eEB ;h fe id'A sZe wB[Zy Pohoe d[opbsk, nfrnkBsk ns/ okiBhfse dk;sk s'A w[es BjhA j[zdk T[d'A sZe T[j nksfwe w[essk d/ tZb BjhA tZX ;edk.

wB[Zy d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftt/ekBzd dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ftnkge ;h. fJj wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh Gkosh frnkB ns/ fefonktK B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[;d/ G"fse ns/ nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh gZSwh frnkB, ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B. nZi sK frnkB fe;h d/P dh ;hwk ftZu ;hfws BjhA j?, nZi sK frnkB d/ y/so ftZu G{wzvbheoB j' frnk j?.



ftt/ekBzd dh Bt t/dKs dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

;tkwh ih B/ frnkB B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^G"fse frnkB ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB. G"fse frnkB d/ nzsors fJjBK B/ t;s{irs (T[; dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK ns/ fefonktK) d/ frnkB B{z oZfynk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB d/ nzsors ;[yw irs (gqwkswk, nkswk ns/ ihtnkswktK) d/ frnkB ns/ ;[yw irs d/ frnkB B{z gqkgs eoB d/ ;kXB wkorK (frnkB :'r, eow :'r, Grsh :'r ns/ oki :'r) d/ frnkB B{z oZfynK j?. t/dks d/ fBowksk Pzeo d/ nB[;ko t;s{ irs dk frnkB n;s/ frnkB j? ns/ ;[yw irs dk frnkB ;Zuk frnkB j?, gozs{ ftt/ekBzd t;s{ irs ns/ ;[yw irs d'jK d/ frnkB B{z ;Zu wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK dk soe j? fe fJj t;s{ irs pqjw d[nkok pqjw Bkb fBofws j? ns/ pqjw ;Zu j?, T[d'A fJj irs th ;Zu j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;Zu s'A M{m dh T[sgsh fet/A j' ;edh j?! fJ; soQK fJ; dk frnkB th ;Zu/ frnkB dh e'fN ftZu nkT[Adk j?. fiZE/ sZe frnkB gqkgsh d/ ;kXBK dh rZb j?, fJ; ;zdoG ftZu th ;tkwh ih d/ ftuko ;gPN jB. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko t;s{ irs dk frnkB gqsZy ftXh ns/ gq:'r ftXh Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ ;[yw irs dk frnkB ;s;zr, ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ :'r d[nkok j[zdk j?. :'r B{z sK fJj fe;h th soQK d/ frnkB (t;s{ irs iK ;[yw irs d/ frnkB) gqkgs eoB dh ;otT[Zu ftXjh wzBd/ ;B. ftt/ekBzd dk Bt t/dKs dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

;tkwh ih wB[Zy B{z nkswXkoh wzBd/ ;B ns/ Pzeo dh fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws ;B fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P w[esh j?, fJ; ;z;ko d/ nktkrwB s'A S[Nekok gqkgs eoBk j?, nkwsk dk gqkwswk ftZu bhB eoBk j?l gozs{ fJj fJ; t;s{ irs ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB B{z th ;Zu wzBd/ ;B fJ; bJh t;s{ irs ftZu T[; B{z Pohoe d[opbsk, wkBf;e dk;sk, nkofEe xkN ns/ jhBsk dh GktBk s'A w[es eokT[D s/ pb fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK d'jK soqK dh w[esh d/ bJh fJjBK B/ ;zg{oD wB[Zyh iksh B{z nfXnBPhb, ftt/ePhb ns/ eowPhb j'D dk T[g/dP fdZsk j? ns/ ;s;zr, Grsh ns/ :'r (frnkB :'r, eow :'r, Grsh :'r ns/ oki :'r) ;kXBk dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?.

wB[Zy d/ nkuko^ftuko d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih dk ;gPN ws j? fe wB[ZyK B{z jw/PK ;Zu dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ dhB^jhBK dh ;/tk eoBh ukjhdh j?. ;Zu ns/ ;/tk B{z fJj ihtB dk nXkoG{s w{b wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK dh nkgDh fdqPNh s'A ;Zu T[j j? fi; Bkb ftnPNh ns/ ;wtPNh d'jK dk fjs (G"fse fjs ns/ nfXnksfwe fjs) j[zdk j? ns/ n;s/ T[j j? fi; Bkb ftnPNh s/ ;wtPNh fe;h dk th nfjs (G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe) j[zdk j?. ;tkwh ih wB[Zy B{z fJPto dk wzfdo wzBd/ ;B ns/ wB[Zyh ;/tk B{z ;G s'A tZvk Xow wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z wB, tuB ns/ eow s'A P[ZX j'Dk ukjhdk j?, nkgDh ihftek fJwkBdkoh Bkb ewkT[Dh ukjhdh j?, dhB^jhBK dh ;/tk eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJ; soQK nkgD/ nkgB{z P[ZX ns/ fBowb pDk e/ :'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fco fe;h th :'r wkor (frnkB, eow, Grsh iK oki) d[nkok nkswknB[G{sh eoBh ukjhdh j?. :'r ;kXBk d/ bJh fJjBK B/ ;Zs gdK^Pw^dw, fsfsePk, T[gofs, PoX, ;wkXkB, w[w[ePst ns/ fBfsnkfBs ftt/e d/ wkor dk ;woEB ehsk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd Pqh okwfeqPD gowjz; d/ u/b/ ;B.

14H3 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Swami Vivekanand) ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd Gkosh doPB d/ gzfvs ns/ ndt?s t/dKs d/ g'Pe ;B. fJj t/dKs B{z fttjkfoe o{g d/D d/ bJh gqf;ZX jB. fJjBK d/ dkoPfBe ftuko f;XKse o{g ftZu fJjBK d/ d[nkok ftofus g[;seK ftZu gVQ/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ fJjBK dk fttjkfoe o{g okwfeqPD fwPB d/ iB efbnkDekoh ekoiK ftZu d/fynk ik ;edk j?. ;tkwh ih nkgD/ d/Ptk;hnK dh nfrnkBsk



B'N ns/ fBoXBsk, fJjBK d' s'A pj[s fuzfss ;B ns/ fJjBK B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ pb fdZsk ;h. fJj nkgD/ ns/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK B{z e/tb t/dks d/ gquko ftZu BjhA brkJ/ oj/, fJjBK B/ iB f;Zfynk d/ gquko ns/ gq;ko ftZu th pj[s :'rdkB fdZsk j?. Gkosh f;Zfynk B{z Gkosh ;o{g gqdkB eoB d/ bJh fJj jw/PK :kd ehs/ ikDr/. fJZE/ fJjBK d/ ftfdne ftukoK dk eqwpZX toDB g/P j?^ f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

;tkwh ih f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy B{z b"fee ns/ gob"fee d'jK ihtBK d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe id'A sZe n;hA G"fse fdqPNh s'A ;zgzB ns/ ;[yh BjhA j[zd/ T[d'A sZe frnkB, eow, Grsh ns :'r, fJj ;ko/ ebgBk dhnK t;s{nK jB. b"fee fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ Bkok fdZsk^„;kB{z nfijh f;Zfynk ukjhdh j? fi; d/ d[nkok ufoso dk rmB j't/, wB dk pb tX/, p[ZXh dk ftek; j't/ ns/ wB[Zy ;tktbzph pDB‟ (We want that education by

which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by

which one can stand on one‟s own feet.). fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk B{z fJj „wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh f;Zfynk‟ (Man Making Education) efjzd/ ;B. gozs{ wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fJj nkgD/ nzdo b[eh nkswk (g{oDsk) dh nB[G{sh wzBd/ ;B. gob"fee fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ T[dx'PDk ehsh^„f;Zfynk wB[Zy dh nzsofBfJs g{oDsk dh nfGftnesh j?‟ (Education is

manifestation of perfection already present in man.). fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fijVh f;Zfynk fJj d'B'A ekoi eodh j?, T[j n;b f;Zfynk j?. fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk B{z fJj g{oD f;Zfynk (Complete Education) efjzd/ ;B. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

;tkwh ftt/ekBzd wB[Zy d/ B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK o{gK B{z n;b wzBd/ ;B, ;Zu wzBd/ ;B, fJ; bJh fJj wB[Zy d/ d'jK gZyK d/ ftek; s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy dk G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'B'A soQK dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fijVh f;Zfynk fJj d'B'A ekoi eo/ T[; B{z g{oD f;Zfynk (Complete Education) efjzd/ ;B. fJ; ;zpzXh ;tkwh ih B/ f;Zfynk d/ fiBQK T[d/PK s/ i'o fdZsk j? T[jBK B{z n;hA fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jK^

1H Pohoe ftek;^;tkwh ih G"fse ihtB dh oZfynk ns/ T[; dhnK io{osK dh g{osh n? nkswknB[G{sh d'jK d/ bJh f;jswzd Poho dh io{os ;wMd/ ;B. G"fse fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ fejk fe fJ; ;w/A n;hA nfij/ pbfPN b'eK dh io{os j? fiBQK dhnK g/PhnK b'j/ dh soQK wip{s j'D ns/ ;Bk:{ c"bkd dh soQK em'o. nkswknB[G{sh d/ bJh fJjBK B/ frnkB :'r, eow :'rl Grsh :'r iK oki :'r B{z io{oh dZf;nk ns/ fJjBK ftZu'A fe;h th soQK dh :'r ;kXBk d/ bJ f;jswzd Poho dh io{os ;gPN ehsh. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK wB[Zy dk Pohoe ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

2H wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe ftek;^;tkwh ih B/ Gkos d/ fgSV/gD dk ;G s'A tZvk ekoB T[; d/ p"fXe fgSV/gD B{z dZf;nk ns/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe ;kB{ z nkgD/ pZfunK dk wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B{z nkX[fBe ;z;ko d/ frnkB^ftfrnkB s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk ukjhdk j?, fiZE'A i' th nZSk frnkB ns/ e"Pb fwb/ T[; B{z gqkgs eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z ;z;ko ftZu nkswftPtk; d/ Bkb yV/ j'D dh ;woEsk gqdkB eoBh ukjhdh j?.

3H ;wki ;/tk dh GktBk dk ftek;^;tkwh ih B/ ;gPN PpdK ftZu fejk fe gVQB^fbyD dk noE fJj BjhA fe nkgDk Gbk ehsk ikt/, wB[Zy B{z gVQ^fbyD d/ pknd wB[Zy wkso dh GbkJh eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJjBK B/ Gkos dh iBsk dh dfodosk B{z nkgD/^nkg nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb d/fynk ;h. fJj ukj[zd/ ;B fe gVQ/^fby/ ns/ ;zgzB b'e dhB^jhBK dh ;/tk eoB, T[jBK B{z T[Zuk T[ZmD d/ bJh :sB eoB. ;wki ;/tk s'A



fJjBK dk Gkt fdnk iK dkB s'A BjhA ;h, ;wki ;/tk s'A fJjBK Gkt dhB^jhBK d/ T[EkB ftZu ;fj:'r eoB s'A ;h, T[ZmDr/ sK T[j nkgD/^nkg jh. fJj f;Zfynk d[nkok nfij/ ;wki ;/thnK dh Nhw fsnko eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj nfXnksfwe fdqPNh s'A th ;wki ;/tk B{z pj[s wjZst fdzd/ ;B. fJj wB[Zy B{z fJPto dk wzfdo wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[; dh ;/tk B{z fJ;to dh ;/tk wzBd/ ;B.

4H B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;^;tkwh ih B/ fJj rZb nB[Gt ehsh fe Poho s'A f;jswzd, p[ZXh s'A ftef;s ns/ noE s'A ;zgzB j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb wB[Zy B{z ufosotkB th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ufoso jh wB[Zy B{z ;Zuk pDkT[Adk j?, eosZtfBPm pDkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy d/ B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; s/ th i'o fdZsk j?. B?fsesk s'A fJjBK dk Gkt ;wkfie B?fsesk ns/ Xkofwe B?fsesk d'jK s'A ;h ns/ ufosoe ftek; s'A Gkt nfij/ nkswpb d/ ftek; s'A ;h fijVk wB[Zy B{z ;Zu/ wkor s/ uZbD ftZu ;jkJh j't/ ns/ T[; B{z M{m/ wkor s/ uZbD s'A o'e/. fJjBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe nfij/ B?fse ns/ ufosotkB wB[ZyK s'A jh e'Jh ;wki iK okPNo nZr/ tZX ;edk j?, T[Zuk T[Zm ;edk j?.

5H eko'pkoe ftek;^;tkwh ih B/ Gkos dh dfodo iBsk B{z pj[s B/V/ s'A d/fynk ;hl T[jBK d/ Poho s'A MkedhnK j'JhnK jZvhnK B{z o'Nh, eZgV/ ns/ wekB dh wzr eod/ j'J/ d/fynk ;h. Bkb jh fJjBK B/ gZSwh d/PK d/ t?GtPkbh ihtB B{z th d/fynk ;h ns/ fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zu/ ;B fe T[jBK d/PK B/ fJj G"fse ;zgzBsk frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh ftek; ns/ gq:'r s'A gqkgs ehsh j?. fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ T[dx'P ehsk fe e'o/ nfXnksfwe f;XKsK s'A ihtB BjhA uZb ;edk, ;kB{z eow d/ jo y/so ftZu nZr/ nkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[ZyK dk T[sgkdB ns/ T[d:'r ekoiK ns/ j'o eko'pkoK ftZu f;Zfyns eoB s/ i'o fdZsk.

6H okPNoh J/esk ns/ ftPtGkJhuko/ dk ftek;^;tkwh ih d/ ;w/A ;kvk d/P nzro/iK d/ nXhB ;h, n;hA goszso ;B. ;tkwh ih B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe goszsosk jhBsk B{z iBw fdzdh j? ns/ jhBsk ;kv/ ;ko/ d[yK dk ;G s'A tZvk ekoB j?. fJ; bJh id'A fJj nw/foek s'A Gkos w'V/ sK fJjBK B/ Gkos dh G{wh s/ g?o oZyd/ jh B"itkBK B{z p/Bsh ehsh^„s[jkvk ;G s'A gfjbk ekoi d/P B{z ;[szso eokT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh i' th pbhdkB eoBk gJ/, T[; d/ bJh fsnko eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.‟ fJjBK B/ T[; ;w/A nfijh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek dh io{os i'o fdZsk fijVh d/Ptk;hnK ftZu okPNoh u/sBk ikfrqs eo/, T[jBK B{z ;zrfms j' e/ d/P dh ;[szsosk d/ bJh ;zxoPos eo/. gozs{ fJj ;zehoDsk okPNohnsk d/ jkwh BjhA ;B, fJj sK ;G wB[ZyK ftZu T[; gqwkswk d/ doPB eod/ ;B ns/ fJ; fdqPNh s'A ftPtGkJhuko/ ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B.

7H Xkofwe f;Zfynk ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek;^;tkwh ih f;Zfynk d[nko wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK d/ ftek; s/ ;wkB i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dk ;gPn ws ;h fe wB[Zy dk G"fse ftek; nfXnksfwesk dh iBwG{wh ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; dk nfXnksfwe ftek; G"fse ftek; d/ nXko j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ nfijk sK jh ;zGt j? id'A wB[Zy Xow dk gkbD eo/. Xow B{z ;tkwh ih T[; d/ ftnkge o{g ftZu b?Ad/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A Xow T[j j? fijVk ;kB{z gqw f;ykT[Adk j? ns/ dt/P s'A pukT[Adk j?, ;kB{z wkB[Zywkso dh ;/tk ftZu gqtfos eodk j? ns/ wB[Zy d/ P'PD s'A pukT[Adk j? ns ;kv/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. ;tkwh ih wB[Zy B{z nkozG s' jh nfij/ Xow dh f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj ;G e[ZM ;kv/ ndt?s t/dKs Xow ftZu jB, fJj ;z;ko ftZu J/est Gkt dh nB[G{sh eokT[Adk j? ns/ ;fonK Bkb gq/w eoBk f;ykT[Adk j?. fJj ;otG"fse Xow j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;z;ko d/ j'o Xow th e[ZM nfijhnK jh f;ZfynktK fdzd/ jB gozs{ T[jBK ;kfonK ftZu ;kvk Gkosh t/dKs Xow ;otT[Zu j?. fJ; soQK ;kB{z nozG s'A jh T[; dh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. Bkb jh pZfunK B{z ihtB d/ nkyoh T[d/P w[esh dh gqkgsh d/ bJh nozG s'A jh frnkB :'r, eow :'r, Grsh :'r iK oki :'r d/ tZb tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A n;b f;Zfynk T[jh j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z G"fse ihtB ihT[D d/ bJh ns/ nfXnksfwe w[esh gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?.

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

gkmuo:k s'A T[d/PK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB j[zdh j?. ;tkwh ih B/ nkgD/ d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ;zpzXh fJZe ft;Ekog{oD gkmuo:k dk ftXkB g/P ehsk. T[jBK B/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu wB[Zy d/ Pohoe ftek; ;zpzXh y/vê[Zd, e;os ns/ :"fre fefonktK ns/ wkBf;e p"fXe ftek; ;zpzXh GkPk, ebk, ;zrhs, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, okiBhshPk;so, noEPk;so, rfDs ns/ ftfrnkB ftfPnK B{z ;EkB d/D s/ i'o fdZsk. GkPk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ft;sfos ;h. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A nkgD/ ;XkoD ihtB d/ bJh wksGkPk, nkgD/ Xow doPB B{z ;wMD d/ bJh ;z;feqs GkPk, nkgD/ d/P B{z ;wMD d/ bJh gqd/fPe GkPktK ns/ ftd/Ph frnkB^ftfnkB ns/ seBheh B{z ;wMD d/ bJh nzro/Ih GkPk dk frnkB io{oh j?, fJ; bJh fJBQK GkPktK B{z gkmeqw ftZu ;EkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?. ebk B{z fJj wB[Zyh ihtB dk nfGzB nzr wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJ; d/ nzsors fusoebk, tk;s{ebk, ;zrhs, Bku ns/ nfGB? ;kfonK B{z gkmeqw ftZu ;EkB d/D gZy ftZu ;B. fJfsjk; d/ nzsors fJj Gkos ns/ :{o'g, d'jK d/ fJfsjk; B{z gVQkT[D d/ gZy ftZu ;B. fJjBK dk soe ;h fe Gkos dk fJfsjk; gVQB Bkb pZfunK ftZu ;td/P gq/w ftef;s j't/rk ns/ :{o'g dk fJfsjk; gVQB Bkb T[j G"fse Pqh gqkgs eoB d/ bJh eqwPhb j'Dr/. fJjBK B/ okiBhshPk;so ns/ noEPk;so B{z th gkmuo:k ftZu ;EkB d/D s/ i'o fdZsk. fJjBK dk ftPtk; ;h fe fJBQK d'jK ftfPnK d/ nfXnB Bkb pZfunK ftZu okiBhfse u/sBk ikfrqs j't/rh ns/ T[j nkofEe y/so ftZu ;cbsk gqkgs eoBr/. wB[ZyK ftZu ;wki ;/tk dk Gkt T[sgzB eoB ns/ T[jBK B{z ;wki ;/tk d/ tZb tXkT[D d/ bJh ;tkwh ih B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;soK s/ ;wki ;/tk B{z io{oh eoB s/ i'o fdZskl T[jBK d/ B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; ;zpzXh Xow ns/ BhshPk;so dh f;Zfynk B{z io{oh eoB s/ i'o fdZsk, eko'pkoe ftek; ;zpzXh wks GkPk, nzro/Ih GkPk, G"fse ftfrnkB, y/so ftfrnkB, seBheh ns/ T[d:'r e"Pb dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk ns/ T[jBK d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; ;zpzXh ;kfjs, Xow doPB ns/ BhshPk;so ftfPnK ns/ GiB, ehosB ;s;zr ns/ fXnkB dhnK fefonktK B{z ;EkB d/D s/ i'o fdZsk.

;tkwh ih B/ d/P ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok nkgd/ jh d/P ftZu fJzihBhnoK, vkeNoK, tehbK ns/ gqPk;eK nkfd dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB s/ th i'o fdZsk. fJj wzBd/ ;B fe id'A sZe n;hA ihtB d/ jo y/so ftZu nkswfBoGo BjhA j' iKd/ T[d'A sZe n;hA Bk G"fse T[Bsh eo ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk jh nfXnksfwe. fJjBK B/ f;ZfynkftdK dk fXnkB fJ; tZb nkeofPs ehsk fe d/P^ftd/P ftZu, fiZE/ i' nZSk j?, bkGekoh j?, ;kv/ ;wki ns/ okPNo d/ T[EkB d/ bJh io{oh j?, T[; B{z T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw ftZu ;EkB fdZsk ikt/. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D nfs ftnkge ;h ns/ feT[A BjhA j[zdk, fJjBK B/ nkgD/ d/P d/ T[Zusw Xow^doPB B{z gfVQnk ns/ ;wfMnk ;h ns/ gZSwh irs d/ G"fse t?Gt B{z nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb d/fynk ;h. fJj ikDd/ ;B fe gZSwh irs d/ G"fse frnkB Bkb n;hA nkgDk G"fse ftek; eo ;ed/ jB ns/ nkgD/ d/P d/ nfXnksfwe frnkB d[nkok nkgDk nfXnksfwe ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D nfs nkX[fBe ns/ nfs ftnkge ;h. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

;tkwh ih nkswk dh g{oDsk ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe nkswk ;otZr j?. gozs{ fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A wB[Zy B{z ;t? nkswfrnkB j't/, T[j ;t? nkswfdqPNk j't/. ;tkwh ih d/ ftuko d[nkok wB[Zy B{z nkswfrnkB sK jh j[zdk j? id'A T[;B{z G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK dk frnkB j't/. ;tkwh ih B/ G"fse frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh gqsZy, nB[eoD, ftnkfynk, fBod/PB, ftuko^ftwoP ns/ gq:'r ftXhnK dk ;woEB ehsk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;tkfXnkfJ, wBB, fXnkB ns/ :'r dhnK ftXhnK dk ;woEB ehsk j?. fJjBK B/ nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nXko s/ fJj rZb pj[s i'o Bkb ejh fe G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ frnkB gqkgs eoBd dh ;otT[Zu ftXh :'r ftXh (J/rosk) j?. ;tkwh ih nkg nfXnkge ;B. fJjBK B/ d/P^ftd/P ftZu b'eK B{z t/dKs dh f;Zfynk fdZsh ;h



ns/ T[jBK B{z fXnkB fefonk ftZu f;Zfyns ehsk ;h. gozs{ fJjBK B/ T[go'es ;kohnK ftXhnK B{z e[ZM nkgD/ ftfPPN o{g ftZu gq:'r ehsk ;h, fJ; bJh fJZE/ fJjBK d/ ftfPPN o{g B{z ;wMDk io{oh j?.

1H nB[eoD ftXh^;tkwh ih fJj rZb ikDd/ ;B fe wBZy nozG ftZu GkPk ns/ fttjko dhnK ftXhnK nB[eoD d[nkok jh f;Zydk j?, fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ P[ZX GkPk ns/ ;wki ;zws nkuoD dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJ; B{z ;otT[Zu ftXh dZf;nk. fJjBK B/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe wksk^fgsk ns/ nfXnkgeK B{z pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ Ppd GkPk dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ nkuoD d/ T[Zu nkdoP g/P eoBk ukjhd/ jB fiBQK dk nB[eoD eoe/ pZu/ P[ZX GkPk f;ZyD ns/ T[Zso nkuoD eoB. y/vê[Zd, e;os, :'rnk;B ns/ j'o fefonktK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh th fJj fJ; ftXh B{z T[fus wzBd/ ;B. fJj b'eK B{z :'r dh f;Zfynk fJ;h ftXh Bkb fdzd/ ;B.

2H ftnkfynkB ftXh^sZEK dh ikDekoh w"fye o{g s'A d/D dh ftXh B{z ftnkfynkB ftXh efjzd/ jB. ;tkwh ih fJj rZbg wzBd/ ;B fe g[oyK d[nkok y'i/ ;ZuK dk frnkB ftnkfynk ftXh d[nkok ;obsk ns/ ibdh eokfJnk ik ;edk j?. gozs{ fJj fe;h th sZE B{z ftt/e dh e;"Nh s/ e; e/ ;theko eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjh ekoB ftnkfynk ftXh dh ftP/Psk ;h. fJj t/dKs d/ f;XKsK dh f;Zfynk ftnkfynk ftXh d[nkok jh fdzd/ ;B gozs{ soeg{oD Yzr Bkb fdzd/ ;B, ftfrnkBe Yzr Bkb fdzd/ ;B.

3H soe ns/ ftuko^ftowP ftXh^sZEK B{z f;ZX/ rqfjD Bk eoe/ T[jBK d/ ftP/ ftZu „eh‟, „feT[A‟, ns/ „fet/A‟ gqPB eoB, T[jBK dk soe nXkfoe T[Zso gqkgs eoB, nkgDhnK PzektK B{z tko^tko T[mkT[D ns/ T[jBK dk ;wkXkB y'iD dh ftXh B{z soe ns/ ftuko^ ftwoP ftXh efjzd/ jB. ftt/ekBzd dh soe ftXh Gkosh fBnk doPB dh soe ftXh s'A fGzB j?. fJ; ftXh ftZu nfXnkge f;ZfynkoEhnK dhnK PzektK dk ;wkXkB eod/ jB. fJ; nXko s/ e[ZM ftdtkb fJ; B{z Pzek^;wkXkB ftXh th efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftXh ftZu nfXnkge f;ZfynkoEhnK dhnK PzektK d/ ;wkXkB ;zpzXh sZEK dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB. fJ; nXko s/ e[ZM ftdtkb fJ; B{z ftnkfynk ftXh efjzd/ jB. sZEK dh ftnkfynk ftZu sZEK dk ftPb/PD eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; nXko s/ e[ZM ftdtkB fJ; B{z ftPb/PD ftXh efjzd/ jB. ;tkwh ih fe;h th sZE B{z ;gPN eoB d/ bJh soe^g{oD ftuko^ftwoP eod/ ;B. fJ; bJh T[jBK B/ fJ; ftXh B{z soe ns/ ftuko^ftowP ftXh fejk j?.

4H fBod/PB ns/ ;bkj ftXh^t?:PfNe fBod/PB ns/ ;bkj d[nkok f;ZfynkoEhnK dk wkor fBod/PB eoB, T[jBK dh nkg f;ZyD ftZu ;jkfJsk eoB ns/ ftZu ftukb/ T[jBK dhnK PzektK dk ;wkXkB eoB dh ftXh B{z fBod/PB ns/ ;bkj ftXh efjzd/ jB. fJ; ftXh ftZu nfXnkge f;ZfynkoEhnK dhl eh gVQhJ/ ns/ fet/A gVQhJ/l eh eohJ/ ns/ fet/A eohJ/, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. fJ; ftXh ftZu f;ZfynkoEh ;tkfXnkfJ iK ;t? fefonk d[nkok nkgD/^nkg f;Zyd/ jB, nfXnkge sK T[jBK dk e/tb wkor doPB eod/ jB. ;tkwh ih feP'o ns/ B"itkBK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJ; ftXh B{z T[Zsw ftXh wzBd/ ;B.

5H gqdoPB ns/ gq:'r ftXh^;tkwh ih gq:'fre ftfPnK^ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk ns/ f;ybkJh d/ bJh fJ; ftXh d/ gq:'r dk ;woEB eod/ ;B. fJ; ftXh ftZu nfXnkge t;s{ iK fefonk B{z g/P eodk j?, f;ZfynkoEh ntb'eB eod/ jB, nfXnkge jo sZE B{z ;gPN eodk j?, f;ZfynkoEh T[; B{z gq:'r eoe/ fB{Pfus eod/ jB. nZi sK fJ; ftXh ftZu pZfunK dh ;eoh ;KM/dkoh bJh iKdh j?. nkgD/ ; jh noEK ftZu ftfrnkB nkfd gq:'fre ftfPnK dh f;Zfynk fJ;h ftXh Bkb fdZsh ik ;edh j?.

6H ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh^;tkfXnkfJ ftXh dk noE j? nkg nfXnB eoBk. fJ; ftXh ftZu f;ZfynkoEh sZEK dk frnkB sZs;zzpzXh g[;seK d/ nfXnB d[nkok gqkgs eod/ jB. ;tkwh ih nkgD/ Xow^doPB d/ frnkb d/ bJh nkfonk rqzEK d/ nfXnB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJj fejk eod/ ;B fe ;G e[ZM T[gd/PK ns/ ftnkfynkBK d[nkok BjhA dZf;nk ik

B'N



B'N ;edk, fe;h th ftP/ d/ g{oD frnkB d/ bJh T[; Bkb ;zpzXs gqwkfDe rqzEK dk nfXnB io{oh j[zdk j?. f;ZfynkoEh d[nkok fJBQK gqwkfDe rqzEK B{z nkg gVQB ns/ nkg ;wMD dk :sB eoBk jh ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh j?. ;tkfXnkfJ B[z ;tkwh ih T[d'A sZe nX[ok wzBd/ ;B id' sZe T[; s/ fuzsB, wBB ns/ fBfdfXnk;B BjhA ehsk ikt/. fJjBK dk T[dx'P ;h fe fe;h th sZE B{z ftt/e dh e;"Nh s/ e; e/ jh ;theko eo'. fJ; soQK ;tkwh ih d[nkok nB[w'fds ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh nZi dh g[;se ftXh iK g[;sekfbnk ftXh s'A e[ZM fGzB j?, e[ZM finkdk j? ns/ e[ZM T[g:'rh.

7H :'r ftXh^;tkwh ih fJ;B{z G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe fe;h th soQK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB iK frnkB dh y'i eoB dh ;otT[Zu ftXh wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ngb :'r (nbgekbhB J/ekrosk) jh io{oh j[zdh j? gozs{ nfXnksfwe frnkB dh gqkgsh d/ bJh g{oD :'r (dhoxekbhB J/ekrosk) dh io{os j[zdh j?. nZi d/ wB'ftfrnkBe th sK fJjh efjzd/ jB fe frnkB gqkgsh d/ bJh f;Zyh ikD tkbh t;s{ iK fefonk s/ fXnkB e/Adfos eoBk io{oh j?. ;kvk nB[Gt th fJjh dZ;dk j? fe f;ZyD tkb/ ftZu f;ZyD d/ bJh fizBk finkdk :'r j[zdk j?, T[j T[Bk jh ibdh f;Zydk j?. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd sK pugB s'A jh fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r eod/ ;B.

nB[Pk;B

wB[Zyh ihtB d/ w[Zy o{g ftZu fszB gZy j[zd/ jB^gqfeofse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe. ;tkwh ih fJBQK fszBK gZyK B{z wjZst fdzd/ ;B, gozs{ ;G s'A tZX wjZst nfXnksfwe gZy B{z fdzd/ ;B. ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ nB[;ko nB[Pk;B dk noE j? nkgD/ fttjko ftZu nkswk d[nkok fBodfoPN j'Dk. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko id'A wB[Zy nkgD/ gqfeofse „;t‟ s'A gq/fos j' e/ ekoi eodk j? sK n;hA T[; B{z nB[Pk;B BjhA efj ;ed/, id'A T[j nkgD/ g qeofse „;t‟ s/ ;ziw oZy e/ ;wkfie „;t‟ s'A gq/fos j[zdk j? sK n;hA T[; B{z nB[Pkf;s efj ;ed/ jB, gozs{ n;b ftZu nB[Pkf;s T[j j? fijVk nkswk s'A gq/fos j' e/ ekoi eodk j?.

;tkwh ih nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d'jK B{z nB[Pk;B dk T[gd/P fdzd/ ;B. gqPB T[Zmdk j?^ pZu/ nkswknB[Pk;B dh ;fEsh ftZu fet/A nk ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih dk nkgDk ws ;h fe id'A nfXnkge f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ nkswknB[Pk;B dk T[Zu nkdoP g/P eoBr/ sK pZu/ th T[jBK dk nB[eoD eoBr/ ns/ fco j'bh^j'bh ;'uD ns/ eoB dh T[jBK B{z nzdo s'A gq/oDk fwbD bZr/rh, T[j nkswknB[Pk;B d/ tZb tXDr/.

nfXnkge

;tkwh ih gqkuhB r[o{rqfj gqDkbh d/ ;woEB ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A nfXnkgeK B{z G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK dk frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb T[j pZfunK B{z b"fee ns/ gob"fee d'jK ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eo ;eD. fJj nfXnkgeK B{z ;ziwh ns/ nkswfrnkBh j'D dk T[gd/P fdzd/ ;B, sK jh sK u/b/ T[jBK dk nB[;oD eoe/ ;ziwh ns/ nswfrnkBh j' ;ed/ jB. ;tkwh ih nfXnkgeK s'A fJj th T[whd eod/ ;B fe T[j wB'ftfrnkB dh ;jkfJsk Bkb pZfunK dh eowiBe fGzBsk B{z ;wM e/ T[jBK d/ bJh nB[e{b f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB ns/ nkswfrnkB d[nkok T[jBK dh nfXnksfwe J/esk B{z ;wM e/ T[jBK B{z nkswsZs dk p'X eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j'D. fJ; soQK ;tkwh ih nfXnkge d/ gqkuhB ns/ notkuhB, d'jK ;o{gK d/ ;woEB ;B.

f;ZfynkoEh

;tkwh ih d/ nB[;ko G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, fe;h th soQK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe f;ZfynkoEh pqjwuo dk gkbD eo/. fJBQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe id'A sZe f;ZfynkoEh fJzdoh fBrqj BjhA eod/, T[jBK ftZu f;ZyD d/ bJh gqpb fJZSk T[sgzB BjhA j[zdh ns/ T[j r[o{ ftZu PoXk oZy e/ ;Zu B{z ikDB dk :sB BjhA eod/ T[d'A sZe T[j Bk sK G"fse frnkB gqkgs eo ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk jh nfXnksfwe frnkB gqksg eo ;ed/ jB. ;tkwh ih d/ nB[;ko r[o{û/b/ dk ;zpzX e/tb w"fbe jh BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk pbfe T[jBK B{z fJZe^d{i/ d/ fdt ;o{g B{z th d/yDk^;wMDk ukjhdk j?.



ftfdnkfbnk

;tkwh ih r[o{ rqfj gqDkBh d/ jkwh ;B. gozs{ nkX[fBe gfogq/y ftZu fJj ikDd/ ;B fe j[D r[o{ rqfj iB e'bkjb s'A d{o ehs/ gqfeosh d/ ;[owJh r'd ftZu ;Ekfgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJj e/tb fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B fe ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD P[ZX j't/ ns/ T[ZE/ e;os, y/vê[Zd, nfXnB^nfXnkgB ns/ fJBQK ;kfonK d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wki ;/tk, GiBêhosB ns/ fXnkB dhnK fefonktK dh ;zgkfds j'D. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih d/ ;w/A nkgD/ d/P dh ;fEsh pj[s d?nBh ;h. fJ; d/ T[bN gZSwh d/PK dh dPk pj[s nZSh ;h, T[ZE'A d/ b'e ;zgzB ;B ns/ t?GtPkbh ihtB ihn oj/ ;B. ;tkwh ih B/ fJ; ;G B{z nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb d/fynk ;h. fJjBK B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe ;kvh okiBhfse gqkXhBsk, nkofEe ftgzBsk, ;wkfie fgSVkgD ns/ Xkofwe nzXftPtk;, fJBQK ;kfonK dk w{b ekoB nBgVQsk j?. fJjBK B/ T[dx'P ehsk fe id'A sZe Gkos d/ ;ko/ Bo^Bkoh f;Zfyns BjhA j[zd/ T[d'A sZe n;hA ihtB d/ fe;h th y/so ftZu nZr/ BjhA tZX ;ed/. fJjBK B/ ;wki ns/ oki Bkb iB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek dh ng/fynk ehsh. iB f;Zfynk s'A ;tkwh ih dk Gkt pZfunK, B"itkBK ns/ nBgVQ gq'VQK ;kfonK B{z f;Zfyns eoB s'A ;h. fJjBK B/ f;Zfyns b'eK B{z p/Bsh ehsh fe T[j nBgVQ gq'VQK ns/ pi[orK B{z ;kyo pDkT[D, T[jBK B{z f;Zfyns eoB.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih nkgD/ d/P dhnK fJ;sohnK dh d?nBh dPk d/ gqsh pj[s ;u/s ;B. fJjBK B/ T[dx'P ehsk fe Bkoh dk ;zBwkB eo', T[jBK B{z f;Zfyns eo' ns/ T[jBK B{z nZr/ tXD d/ w"e/ fdU. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe id'A sZe n;hA Bkoh B{z f;Zfyns BjhA eod/ T[d'A sZe ;wki B{z f;Zfyns BjhA eo ;ed/ ns/ id'A sZe ;wki B{z f;Zfyns BjhA eod/ T[d'A sZe ;wki iK okPNo dk ftek; BjhA eo ;ed/. gozs{ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK dk fdqPNhe'D g{oh soQK Gkosh ;h. fJj T[jBK B{z nkdoP rqfjDh, nkdoP wksktK, nkdoP nfXnkfgektK ns/ ;wki ;[Xkoe pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj BkohnK d/ bJh nfijh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B fe fi; d/ d[nkok nfijhnK Bkohnk dk fBowkD j't/ fijVhnK gftso j'D, fBoG?n j'D, rqfj;E Xow d/ fBotkj ftZu fBgz[B j'D, tho g[ZsoK B{z iBw d/D, nkdoP wksktK pDB ns/ ;wki B{z T[fus fdPk d/D.

3H ;fj f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih ;fj f;Zfynk d/ fto'Xh ;B. fJjBK dk gfjbk soe sK fJj ;h fe fJ;soh^g[oyK dh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ;wkB BjhA j[zdh fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z Bkb^Bkb fet/A gVQkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJjBK dk d{ik soe fJj ;h fe ;fj f;Zfynk nksw ;ziw ftZu o[ektN j[zdh j?. fJj e[VhnK d/ bJh nbZr s'A ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk eoB ns/ T[jBK ftZu e/tb fJ;soh nfXnkfgektK dh fB:[esh eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;B.

4H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih B/ nkgd/ d/P dh Bzr s;tho d/yh ;h ns/ Bkb jh gZSwh d/PK dk t?Gt d/fynk ;h. fJjBK B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe nkgD/ d/P dh fBoXBs d/ d' w[Zy ekoB jB^;XkoD f;Zfynk dh xkN ns/ ftfPPN ns/ eko'pkoe f;fynk dh xkN. fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ gfjbk Bkok iB f;Zfynk dk fdZsk ns/ d{ik Bkok ftfPPN ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dk fdZsk. eko'pkoe f;Zfynk s'A ;tkwh ih dk Gkt e/tb e[Nho T[d:'rK ns/ ;XkoD fPbgK dh f;Zfynk s'A BjhA ;h pbfe gZSwh d/PK dh ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk s'A th ;h, d/P d/ bJh fJzihBhno, vkeNo ns/ tehb nkfd fsnko eoB s'A th ;h ns/ gqPk;e ns/ ;zrmBeosk fsnko eoB s'A th ;h. fJ; soQK eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJjBK dk fdqPNhe'D nfs ftnkge ns/ eko'pkoe ;h.

5H Xow f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ gqpb ;woEe ;B. gozzs{ Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;tkwh ih d/ ftuko pj[s T[dko ;B. fJj Xow B{z fe;h ;zgqdkfJ dh ;hwk ftZu pzBD d/ gZy ftZu BjhA ;B fJj Xow B{z wB[Zyh ihtB d/ PkPts w{bK d/ T[dx'Pe d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B. fJj nkg nkgD/ r[o{d/t Pqh okwfeqPD gowjz; dh fJ; rZb

B'N



B'N dk gquko ns/ gq;ko eod/ ;B fe ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ Xow fJZe jB, ;ko/ fJZe jh T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ fGzB^fGzB wkor jB. Xow d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih dhnK d' rZbK j'o T[b/y:'r jB fijVhnK T[jBK B/ fPekr' ftPt Xow ;zw/bB ftZu ejhnK ;B. gfjbh fJj fe^„w?B{z rot j? fe w?A fjzd{ Xowktbzph jK fijVk ;fjP{Dsk ns/ ftPtGkJhuko/ dh f;Zfynk fdzdk j?‟l ns/ d{ih fJj fe^„b'eK dk fJj ;'uDk ftnoE j? fe ;z;ko ftZu edh e/tb fJZe jh Xow j't/rk.‟ fJjBK d/ fJBQK T[dx'PK s'A ;gPN j? fe fJj nfij/ Xow dh f;Zfynk d/ ;woEe BjhA ;B fijVk wB[ZyK B{z ;fjPD{sk ns/ ftPtGkJhuko/ dh f;Zfynk d/t/.

6H okPNoh f;Zfynk^T[AM ;tkwh ih B/ e'Jh okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk sK g/P BjhA ehsh gozs{ fJjBK B/ fJ; dh io{os s/ pj[s i'o fdZsk ;h. fJjBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe f;Zfynk ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo, ;kfonK d/ T[EkB d/ bJh w{bG{s io{os j? fJ; bJh fe;h th okPNo B{z nkgD/ BkrfoeK dh T[fus f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBh ukjhdh j?. nkgD/ Gkos okPNo dh f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJjBK d/ ftuko pj[s ;gPN ;B. fJjBK B/ T[dx'P ehsk fe fiZE'A i' nZSk ns/ T[Zsw fwb/ T[; B{z ;theko eo'. fJjBK B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe G"fse frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu gZSwh d/P nZr/ jB ns/ nfXnksfwe frnkB d/ y/so ftZu Gkos dk e'Jh ;kBh BjhA j?, fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ d/P d/ G"fse ftek; d/ bJh gZSwh d/PK d/ G"fse frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ e"PbK B{z f;ZyD ns/ nfXnksfwe ftke; d/ bJh Gkosh Xow^doPB B{z f;ZyD s/ i'o fdZsk. t/dKs B{z sK fJj ;otG"fwe Xow wzBd/ ;B fJ; bJh T[; dh f;Zfynk io{oh o{g s'A d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B.



3H t?fde Xow ns/ doPB fGzBsktK dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.,

(T) :'r (n) ft:'r (J) ftuko (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H Xow ns/ doPB d/ gqsh ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D ;h^

(T) ftfrnkBe (n) Xkofwe (J) nXkofwe (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H ;zB 1892 ftZu ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd B/ :ksok ehsh^

(T) oki;EkB dh (n) dZyD Gkos dh (J) wE{ok dh (;) nkrok dh.

6H nw/foek ftZu j'D tkbk ftPt Xow ;zw/bB j'fJnk ;h^

(T)f;szpo 1993 ftZu (n)f;szpo 1893 ftZu (J) f;szpo 1793 ftZu (;) f;szpo 1693 ftZu 14H4 ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Education Thought of Swami Vivekanand) fe;h t;s{, fefonk, iK ftuko dk w[bnzeD fe;h g{ot fBPfus wkBdzvK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fBowkD dh gqfefonk j?, T[; d/ frnkB ns/ ebkê"Pb ftZu tkXk eoB dh gqfefonk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuko, ftuko ns/ fttjko B{z T[fus fdPk gqdkB eoB dh gqfefonk j?. T[d'A fe;h ftfdne fuzsB iK ftt;Ek dk w[bnzeD fJ;h nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk d/ fBowkD ftZu fezBh ;jkfJe j'Jh j? iK j' ;edh j?.

;tkwh ftt/ekBzd :[rfdqPNk ns/ :[rf;qPNk ;. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fe fJjBK B/ nkgD/ ;w/A d/ nkgD/ d/P dh ;fEsh B{z d/fynk^;wfMnk ;hl ns/ :[rf;qPNk fJ; fdqPNh s'A fe fJjBK B/ BtGkos d/ fBowkD dh BhAj oZyh ;h. T[AM sK fJj Gkosh Xow^doPB dh ftnkfynk nkX[fBe



gfogq/y ftZu eoB, t/dKs B{z fttjkfoe o{g d/D ns/ T[; d/ gquko eoB ns/, ;wki ;/tk ns/ ;wki ;[Xko eoB d/ bJh finkdk gqf;ZX jB gozs{ fJ; ;G d/ bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ pj[s pb fdZsk ;h ns/ Bt/A Gkos d/ fBowkD d/ bJh ssekbhB f;Zfynk ftZu ;[Xko d/ bJh eJh ;[Xko fdZs/ ;B. fJjh ekoB j? fe f;Zfynk irs ftZu f;Zfynk Pk;soh d/ o{g ftZu ikD/^gfjukD/ iKd/ jB. fJZE/ fJjBK d/ ftfdnke ftukoK ns/ ekoiK dk eqwpZX ;wkb'uBkswe toDB g/P j?. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

;tkwh ih B/ f;Zfynk B{z fJZe nfij/ frnkB ns/ e"Pb d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j? fijVk wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; d/ bJh io{oh j?. wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ x'PDk ehsh fe „;kB{z nfijh f;Zfynk ukjhdh j? fi; d/ d[nkok ufoso dk rmB j't/, wB dk pb tX, p[ZXh dk ftek; j't/ ns/ wB[[Zy ;tktbzph pD/ ns/ T[; d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A x'PDk ehsh fe „f;Zfynk wB[Zy dh nzsofBfjs g{oDsk dh nGhftnesh j?.‟

i/eo ;wkth ih d[nkok f;Zfynk fJBQK d' gfoGkPktK B{z fXnkB Bkb d/fynk^;wfMnk ikt/ sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe ;tkwh ih f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; dk ;kXB wzBd/ ;B ns/ nfijh f;Zfynk B{z g{oD f;Zfynk wzBd/ ;B. gozs{ fJBQK gfoGkPktK Bkb f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g dk p'X BjhA j[zdk. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk B{ z ;gPN eoB d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; dh gfoGkPK ftZu f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g ns/ ekoiK d'jK B{z ;gPN ehsk ikt/. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

;tkwh ih wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; s/ ;wkB i'o fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk B{z fJj d'B'A ekoi eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; nXko s/ fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;Zs T[d/P fBPfus ehs/^Pohoe ftek;, wkBf;e ns/ p"fXe ftek;, ;wki ;/tk dh GktBk dk ftek;, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek;, eko'pkoe ftek;, okPNoh J/esk ns/ ftPtGkJhuko/ dk ftek; ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek;.

i/eo fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/^;wMhJ/ sK ;tkwh ih d[nkok fBPfus f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P nfs ftnkge jB, fJjBK ftZu nZi dh Gkosh f;Zfynk d/ brGr ;ko/ T[d/P^Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ ufosoe, eko'pkoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ T[d/P Pkfwb jB. gozs{ gsk BjhA Gkosh ;z;feqsh d/ g'Pe j[zd/ j'J/ th fJjBK B/ ;z;feqsh ftek; s/ i'o feT[A BjhA fdZsk. ;zGt s"o fJj Xow ns/ ;z;feqsh B{z nfGzB ;wMd/ ;B. T[; ;w/A nkgDk d/P goszso ;h ns/ Pk;Bszso ns/ Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk dk gqPB fJjBK d/ fdwkr ftZu fet/A nkT[Adk. nzsoôkPNohnsk th fJ; :[r dk Bkok j?, fJjBK d/ :[r ftZu fJj ftPtGkJhuko d/ o{g ftZu ikfDnk^;wfMnk iKdk ;h. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;tkwh ih dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ftnkge ;h. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu fJjBK B/ gfjbh rZb fJj ejh fe f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu T[j ;G ftP/ ns/ fefonktK Pkfwb ehshnK ikD fijVhnK wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh io{oh jB. d{ih rZb fJj ejh fe d/P^ftd/P, fiZE'A th i' uzrk fwb/ T[; B{z gkmuo:k ftZu ;EkB fdZsk ikt/. ns/ fsZih rZb fJj ejh fe wB[Zy, ;wki ns/ okPNo d/ G"fse ftek; d/ bJh gZSwh ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z w[Zy ;EkB fdZsk ikt/ ns/ T[jBK B{z ;wMD d/ bJh nzro/Ih GkPk B{z ;EkB fdZsk ikt/ ns/ wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh Gkosh Xow^doPB B{z gkmuo:k dk io{oh ftPk

B'N



B'N pDkfJnk ikt/. fJjBK B/ wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A gkmuo:k ftZu wksGkPk, gqd/fPe GkPk, ;z;feqs ns/ nzro/Ih GkPktK B{zl ebk, ;zrhs, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, okiBhshPk;so, noEPk;so, ftfrnkB, rqfj ftfrnkB, y/sh ftfrnkB, rfDs, seBheh ns/ T[d:'r f;Zfynk ftfPnK B{z ns/ y/vê[Zd, e;os, :'rk;B ns/ ;wki ;/tk fefonktK B{z ;EkB fdZsk ns/ T[;d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A ;kfjs, Xow doPB ns/ BhshPk;so ftfPnK B{z ns/ GiB, ehosB, ;s;zr ns/ fXnkB dhnK fefonktK B{z ;EkB d/D s/ i'o fdZsk. fJjBK B/ T[; ;w/A Gkos ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek s/ i'o fdZsk ns/ T[; dh gkmuo:k ftZu d/P^ftd/P d/ T[Zusw frnkB ns/ e"Pb ns/ ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z ;EkB d/D s/ i'o fdZsk.

i/eo ;tkwh ih d/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ;zpzXh ftukoK B{z fXnkB Bkb d/fynk^;wfMnk ikt/ sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k B{z nfs ft;Ekog{oD pDkT[D s/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJ; ftZu sK d' ws BjhA fe ;ko/ frnkB^ftfrnkB dh ihtB ftZu T[g:'rsk j? gozs{ jo/e nkdwh Bk sK ;G e[ZM f;Zy ;edk j? ns/ Bk jh T[; B{z ;G e[ZM f;ZyD dh io{os j?. ekP ;tkwh ih e[ZM fdB j'o ihAd/ sK fJj ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k dh o{go/yk fBPfus eod/. ;tkwh ih dh fJj rZb nZi b'eK d/ rb/ Gb/ jh Bk T[Zsodh j't/ fe t/dKs dh f;Zfynk ;G B{z io{oh o{g s'A fdZsh ikt/ gozs{ T[jBK B{z fJj sK wzBDk jh j't/rk fe i/eo d/P B{z GoPNkuko, x'NkfbnK, nokiesk ns/ nkszetkd s'A w[es eokT[Dk j? sK pZfunK B{z nozG s'A jh Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk io{oh o{g s'A d/Dh ukjhdh j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ y/so ftZu ;tkwh ih dh nkgDh e'Jh BthA d/D BjhA j?l fJjBK B/ e[ZM gqzgoktkdh f;ybkJh ftXhnK (nB[eoD, T[gd/P, ftnkfynkB, ;tkfXnkfJ, soe ns/ :'r) ns/ e[ZM nkX[fBe ftXhnK (fBod/PB, ;bkj ns/ gq:'r) dk ;woEB ehsk. fJjBK ;kfonK ftZu th fJjBK B/ :'r ftXh B{z ;otT[Zu ftXh dZf;nk j?.

fJ; ftZu e'Jh PZe BjhA fe ;tkwh ih B/ gqkuhB ns/ notkuhB f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh T[g:'rsk ;theko eoe/ nkgD/ d{odoPsk dk gfou? fdZsk j?. gozs{ fi; :'r ftXh dk ;tkwh ih B/ ;woEB ehsk j?, T[; B{z T[;h o{g ftZu nZi dhnK go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; y/so ftZu i/eo Pzeo d/ wB'ftfrnkB dh ftnkfynk nkX[fBe gfogq/y ftZu nkX[fBe GkPk ftZu eod sK Gkos B{z e[ZM j'o Btk d/ ;ed/ ;B. nB[Pk;B

;tkwh ih d/ nB[;ko nB[Pk;B dk noE j? nkswk d[nkok fBod/fPs j'Dk. ;tkwh ih B/ ;gPN ehsk fe wB[Zy iBw s'A gP{ ;wkB j[zdk j? fJ; bJh T[;d/ iBwiks Gkt gqfeofse fttjko B{z nB[Pk;B BjhA efj ;ed/, ;wki ftZu ofj e/ T[j ;wkfie nkuoD f;Zydk j? ns/ id'A fJj ;wkfie nkuoD nkswgq/fos j[zdk j? sK T[; B{z n;hA nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jB.

fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;kvh p/Bsh j? fe id'A sZe wB[Zy nkswst dh nB[G{sh BjhA eodk T[d'A sZe T[; d/ d[nkok fBod/fPs j'Dk dk gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk ns/ nkswst dh nB[G{sh eoB ftZu T[; B{z g{ok ihtB bZr ;edk j?. ;gPN j? fe ftfdnkfbnk nB[Pk;B dh rZb ;tkwh ih BjhA eo ;e/. ftfdnkfbnk nB[Pk;B dk ;kvh fdqPNh s'A fJj noE j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh B{z ;ko/ nkgD/ gqfeofse ;t s/ fB:zsoD eo ;eD ns/ ;wkfie fB:w ns/ nkdoPK d/ nB[e{b nkuoD d/ bJh nzdo s'A gq/fos j'D. nZi fJ; B{z ;t?nB[Pk;B efjzd/ jB.



nfXnkge

nfXnkgeK d/ ftP/ ftZu ;tkwh ih d/ ftuk gqzgoktkdh ;B. fJj nfXnkgeK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe T[j nkswfrnkBh j'D, ;dkukoh j'D ns/ u/fbnK d/ fdt ;o{g B{z gfukDB tkb/ j'D. fJj T[jBK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe T[j wB'ftfnkB dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;ZfynkoEhnK dh eowiBe fGzBsk B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK d/ bJh T[; d/ nB[e{b f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB ns/ ;dfrnkB dh ;jkfJsk Bkb T[jBK dh nfXnksfwe J/esk B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK B{z nkswst dk frnkB eokT[D.

nfXnkgeK s'A nkswfrnkBh j'D dh ng/fynk sK fJ; :[r ftZu BjhA ehsh ik ;edh gozs{ T[j nkgD/ ftP/ d/ gzfvs j'D fJj sK ;ko/ ukj[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ ;dkukoh j'D d/ ;zpzX ftZu th ;G fJews jB. i/eo nfXnkge fJwkBdkoh ns/ eosgkbe j' ikD sK f;Zfynk irs dhnK ;kohnK ;wZf;nktK n;kBh Bkb jZb ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. f;ZfynkoEh

f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;tkwh ih d/ ftuko gqzgoktkdh d/ Bkb^Bkb nkX[fBe th ;B. fJj f;ZfynkoEhnK s'A pqjwuo tos d/ gkbD dh ng/fynk eod/ ;B. fJjBK dk ;gPN ws ;h fe id'A sZe f;ZfynkoEh fJzdohrqj BjhA eod/, T[jBK ftZu f;ZyD d/ bJh gqpb fJZSk BjhA j[zdh ns/ T[j r[o{ ftZu PoXk BjhA oZyd/ T[d'A sZe T[jBK B{z G"fse frnkB fdZsk ik ;edk j? ns/ Bk nfXnksfwe.

nZi f;Zfynkftd ;tkwh ih d/ pqjwuo tos Ppd s'A Gb/ jh ;fjws Bk j'D gozs{ ;ko/ ;theko eod/ jB fe u/fbnK B{z ;ziwh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, frnkB fifrnk;{ j'Dk ukjhdk j?, nfXnB ftZu o{uh oZyDk tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fwjBsh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ns/ fJj ;G pqjwukoh d/ bZSD jB. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A GkoshnK B{z sK pqjwuo Ppd dk nkdo eoBk jh ukjhdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

ftfdnkfbnk

;tkwh ih B/ fJZe gk;/ r[o{e[b gqDkbh dk ;woEB ehsk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ iB f;Zfynk ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek d/ bJh ;EkB^;EkB s/ eqw nB[;ko ;XkoD ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJjBK B/ nkg iBikshnK dhnK p;shnK ftZu ftfdnkb/ ;Ekfgs ehs/ ;B. gozs{ ftfdnkb/ ehs/ th j'D ns/ fe;h th soQK d/ j'D, fJjBK d/ nB[;ko T[jBK dk gqfeofse tksktoD P[ZX j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ;wkfie tksktoD nkdoP j'Dk ukjhdk ns/ T[jBK ftZu nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh :'r ;kXBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

nZi ;tkwh ih dh gfjbhnK d' rZbK s'A sK ;ko/ ;fjws jB gozs{ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnksfwe ftek; ;zpzXh GiBêohsB ns/ :'r ;kXBk B{z ;EkB d/D ftZu ftdtkb fJews BjhA jB. T[jBK dk soe j? fe fJj ekoi gfotko ns/ Xkofwe ;z;EktK dk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^fiZE/ sZe iB f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk, eko'pkoe f;Zfynk, Xkofwe f;Zfynk ns/ okPNoh f;Zfynk dh rZb j?, fJjBK ;ko/ y/soK ftZu ;tkwh ih B/ ;kvk



B'N wkordoPB ehsk j?. iB f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJjBK dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ftnkge ;hl fJj d/P d/ ;ko/ pZfunK, B"itkBK, gq'VQK ns/ p[[fYnK B{z ;kyo d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[jBK B{z ;XkoD ihtB ihT[D :'r pDkTDk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh o'ihô'Nh ewkT[D ftZu wkfjo eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ fJBQK ftukoK B/ ;kB{z ;XkoD, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;fynk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk, d'jK dh ftt;Ek eoB dh gq/oDk fdZsh.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^fJ; ftZu d' ws BjhA fe ;tkwh ih B/ fJ;sohnK B{z wksPesh d/ o{g ftZu nkdo d/ e/ Gkosh ;z;feqsh ns/ T[; dh nf;wsk dh oZfynk ehsh j? ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh io{os s/ i'o d/ e/ ;kvk pj[s T[geko ehsk j? gozs{ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJBQK d/ fJj ftuko fe T[jBK B{z nkdoP rqfjDh, nkdoP wksktK ns/ nkdoP nfXnkfgektK jh pDkfJnk ikt/, ;zehoD jh ej/ ikDr/. ;fj f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJjBK dh n;thfeqsh th nZi nkb'uBk dk ftPk j?.

3H eko'pkoe f;Zfynk^d/P dh dfososk B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB ns/ T[; ftZu gZSwh ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh dh f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB d/D s/ i'o d/Dk, fJjBK d/ y[ZbQ/ fdwkr ns/ ftnkge fdqPNhe'D dk gqrNkn j?. nZi fJ;h f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok n;hA ftek; gE s/ nro;o jB.

4H Xkofwe f;Zfynk^;tkwh ih t/dKs B{z ;otG"fwe Xow wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[; dh f;Zfynk io{oh o{g s'A d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. nZi d/ :[r ftZu fe;h ftP/P Xow^doPB dh f;Zfynk d/ gZy sK b'e BjhA gozs{ ;otwkB Xkofwe B?fsesk dh f;Zfynk d/ gZy ftZu io{o jB.

5H okPNoh f;Zfynk^fiZE/ sZe okPNoh f;Zfynk dh rZb j? ;tkwh ih fJ; dh e'Jh o{go/yk sK fsnko BjhA eo ;e/ gozs{ fJjBK B/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o io{o fdZsk ;h fe fJj nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb okPNo G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK fdqPNhnK s'A nZr/ tX/, T[Zuk T[Zm/.

ftt/ekBzd dk gqGkt

ftt/ekBzd B/ wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK gZyK s/ pokpo i'o fdZsk ns/ t/dKs B{z ihtB ftZu ihT[D dk wkor dZf;nk. fJjBK B/ wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; d/ bJh d/P^ftd/P d/ frnkB ns/ e"Pb dk bkG T[mkT[D s/ i'o fdZsk ns/ T[; d/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh Xow^ doPB, ftP/P eoe/ t/dKs doPB d/ frnkB ns/ :'r dhnK fefonktK d/ gq:'r s/ i'o fdZsk. fJ; Bkb Xow gqXkB Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftZu G"fse ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs ;ZuK dk wjZst tfXnk, ;wki ftZu d/P^ftd/P d/ frnkB dk bkG T[mkT[Dh gqftoxh dk ftek; j'fJnk.

ftt/ekBzd B/ fJZe gk;/ d/Ptk;hnK B{z gZSwh frnkB^ftfrnkB dk bkG T[mkT[D d/ tZb tXkfJnk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ gZswh d/Ptk;hnK B{z Gkosh nfXnksfwe frnkB Bkb ikD{ eokfJnk, ftP/P eoe/ t/dKs doPB ns/ oki :'r s'A. nZi g{o/ G{wzvb ftZu Gkosh nfXnksfwe frnkB ns/ gZSwh ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh dk gq:'r j' fojk j?. nZi frnkB fe;h d/P dh pg"sh BjhA wzfBnk iKdk, nZi T[j g{o/ ;z;ko d/ bJh j[zdk j?.

ftt/ekBzd d/ ;w/A Gkos d/ y/so ftZu d' fto'Xh ftukoXkoktK uZb ojhnK ;B^fJZe gquktkdh ns/ d{ih gZSwhtkdh. ftt/ekBzd B/ fJBQK d'jK ftZu ;wBt? ehsk. fJjBK d/ gqGkt Bkb d/P ftZu Gkosh GkPk, ;kfjs, Xow, doPB ns/ frnkB d/ ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb gZSwh GkPk, ;kfjs, Xow^doPB, frnkB^ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j'D bZrh, d/P G"fse y/so ftZu th gqrsh eoB bZrk. nZi n;hA i' e[ZM th jK T[j fJ; ;wBfts ns/ ftnkge fdqPNhe'D d/ Bshi/ ti'A jh jK.





7H ;tkwh ih B/ frnkB B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^G"fse^frnkB ns/ nfXnksfwe^ frnkB.

8H ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd Pqh okwfeqPD gowjz; d/ r[o{ ;B.

9H ;tkwhih d/ ;w/A ;kvk d/P nzro/IK d/ nXhB ;h, n;hA goszso ;B.

10H ;tkwhih B/ x'PDk ehsk fe Bkoh dk nkdo eo', T[jBK B{z f;Zfyns eo' ns/ T[jBK B{z nZr/ tXD d/ w"e/ fdZU.


;tkwh ftt/ekBzd fJ; :[r d/ gfjb/ Gkosh jB fiBQK B/ ;kv/ d/P dh nfXnksfwe T[Zusk ns/ gZSwh d/PK dh G"fse T[Zusk s'A ikD{ eokfJnk ns/ ;kB{z nkgD/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;u/s ehsk. fJjBK B/ x'PDk ehsk fe Gkos d/ jo/e ftnesh B{z f;Zfyns eo' ns/ f;Zfynk d[nkok T[[; B{z ihtB d/ jo/e y/so ftZu e[Pbsk Bkb ekoi eoB d/ bJh ;woZE eo', T[; B{z ;tktbzph pDkU, nkswfBoGo pDkU, fBoG?n pDkU, ;tkGhwkBh pDkU ns/ fJjBK ;kfonK s'A T[Zs/ fJZe ;Zuk pDkU fijVk wB[Zyh ;/tk d[nkok fJPto dh gqkgsh ftZu ;cb j't/. fJjBK B/ nkgD/ dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne ftukoK B{z w{oso{g d/D d/ bJh okwfeqPD fwPB dh ;EkgBk ehsh, d/P^ftd/P ftZu T[;dhnK PkyktK y'bhnK ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok ;/tk ns/ iB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh. fJjBK B/ d/P d/ fBopb ns/ T[g/fyns ftneshnK s/ ftP/P o{g s'A fXnkB fdZsk. gozs{ okwfeqPD fwPB d[nkok ;Ekfgs ;z;EktK Bk d/ pokpo jB ns/ fijVhnK jB T[jBK ftZu j[D e'Jh BtKgD BjhA ofj frnk j?. fiBQK T[d/PK B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ T[jBK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ;h T[jBK d/ bJh ;ziwh ns/ fsnkrh nfXnkgeK dh io{os j?. ekP ;wkth ih e[ZM fdB j'o ihAd/. gozs{ e[ZbQ fwbk e/ ;tkwh ih d/ ftfdne ftuko Xow ns/ doPB s/ nXkfos jB ns/ Gkosh iB ihtB d/ nB[e{b jB. okPNoh f;Zfynk dh :'iBk pDkT[D tkfbnK B{z T[jBK dk gq:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;tkwh ih d/ pko/ ftZu gzH itkjobkb Bfjo{ d/ ftuko T[dkoe jB. fJZe ;EkB s/ T[jBK B/ fbfynk j?^„Gkos d/ nshs ftZu ;ob nk;Ek oZyd/ j'J/ ns/ Gkos dh ftok;s s/ rot eod/ j'J/ th ;tkwh ih dk ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D nkX[fBe ;h ns/ fJj Gkos d/ nshs ns/ toswkB d/ ftZu fJZe tZv/ ;zi'e ;B (Rooted in the

past and full of pride in India‟s heritage, Vivekanand was yet modern in his approach to life‟s

problems and was a kind of bridge between the past of India and her present.)

-Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru 14H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ftfdne (Educational) L f;Zfynk^;zpzXh

2H g{oD f;Zfynk (Complete Education) L g{oh f;Zfynk 14H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd dh ihtBîkDekoh fby'.

2H ;tkwh ftt/ekBd d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB dk toDB fdU.

B'N



B'N 3H „;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB‟ s/ fNZgD fby'.

4H ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H Bo/AdoBkE ds 2H pqjw 3H (T) 4H (T)

5H (n) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs


p[e;









fJekJh^15 Pqh noftzd ns/ okXkfeqPDB dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB

fJekJh^15L Pqh noftzd ns/ okXkfeqPDB dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB

(Philosophical and Educational Thoughts of

Shri Aurobindo and Radhakrishnan)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


15H1 Pqh noftzd dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Shri Aurobindo)

15H2 Pqh noftzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Shri Aurobindo)

15H3 Pqh noftzd dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Shri Aurobindo)

15H4 Pqh noftzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Educational Thought of Shri Aurobindo)

15H5 okXkfeqPDB d/ ftfdne ftuko (Educational Thoughts of Radhakrishnan)





T[d/P (Objectives)


Pqh noftzd dh ihtB ikDekoh ikDB ;zpzXh.

Pqh noftzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB ikDB ;zpzXh.

Pqh noftzd dk ftfdne fuzsB ikDB ;zpzXh.

okXkfeqPDB d/ ftfdnd ftuko ikDB ;zpzXh.


fJZe dkoPfBe d/ o{g ftZu noftzd B/ Gkosh doPB B{z ftfrnkB pDkT[Dk gfjukT[D dk :sB ehsk j? ns/ e[ZM b'e T[jBK d/ ftukoK s'A pj[s gqGkfts th j'J/ jB. fJj ;EkB, iksh, Xow, noE ns/ ozr nkfd fe;h th nXko s/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ ;B. fJj ftPtGkJhuko/ ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B. fJBQK d/ d[nkok ;Ekfgs gKfvu/oh nkPow ftZu d/P^ftd/P d/, ftfGzB ikshnK d/, ftfGzB XowK B{z wzBD tkb/ ns/ ftfGzB nkofEe ;so s'A nkJ/ b'e ofjzd/ jB, ;ko/ Pohoe fwjBs eod/ jB, ;ko/ nkgDh^nkgDh :'rsknB[;ko G"fse ihtB B{z ubkT[D d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB ekoi eod/ jB, T[sgkdB eod/ jB ns/ ;ko/ fJ; ;G d/ Bkb^Bkb fXnkB :'r eod/ jB, G"fse ihtB dh oZfynk eod/ j'J/ nfXnksfwesk d/ tZb tZXd/ jB. fJ; Bkb G"fsesk gqXkB ns/ XowgqXkB ;wki ns/ ;z;feqshnK dh d{oh xZN j' ojh j? ns/ ;wki s'A torG/d ysw j' fojk j?.



B'N 15H1 Pqh noftzd dh ihtB ikDekoh (Biographical Sketch of Shri Aurobindo) Pqh noftzd dk iBw 15 nr;s, 1872 B{z ebeZsk d/ fJZe ;zgzB gfotko ftZu j'fJnk ;h. fJBQK d/ fgsk Pqh feqPDxB x'P ebeZsk d/ gqf;ZX vkeNo ;B ns/ gZSwh ;z;feqsh d/ gqPz;e ;B. fJBQK d/ xo ftZu B"eo sZe nzro/Ih GkPk p'bd/ ;B. gozs{ vkeNo ;kfjp ;B pj[s fdnkb{ gqftosh d/. nfij/ gfotko ftZu Pqh noftzdo dk bkbB^gkbD j'fJnk.

Pqh noftzd dh f;Zfynk dk nozG 1877 ftZu dkoifbzr d/ „b'o/N' ekBt/AN ;e{bQ‟ s'A j'fJnk. fJj T[; ;w/A dk wzfBnk j'fJnk fJzrfbP ;e{bQ ;h. d' ;kb pknd 1879 ftZu fJjBK B{z, fJjBK d/ d'jK GkJhnK ns/ G?D d/ Bkb nZr/ dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh fJzrb?Av G/i fdZsk frnk. fJzrb?Av ftZu Pqh noftzd dh f;Zfynk dk Gko vfot/N dzgsh s/ SZfvnk frnk. fJBQK s'A noftzd B/ b?fNB GkPk f;Zyh. 1885 ftZu fJBQK B{z bzdB d/ „;?AN gkb ;e{bQ‟ ftZu Gosh eokfJnk frnk. fJZE/ fJjBK B/ rqhe GkPk dk nfXnB ehsk. 1889 ftZu fJjBK B/ e?Apfoi d/ „fezr; ekbi‟ ftZu dkfybk fbnk. fJ; ekbi ftZu fJjBK B/ co?Au, fJN/fbnB, ;g/fB; ns/ iowB GkPktK dk nfXnB ehsk. 1890 ftZu fJj nkgD/ fgsk dh nkfrnk Bkb T[; ;w/A dh fJzvhnB f;tb ;oft;; (ICS) dh gqhfynk ftZu p?m/ ns/ fJ; ftZu ;cbsk gqkgs ehsh. gozs{ nzro/iK dh dk;sk ftZu ezw eoBk fJjBK B{z uzrk BjhA bZrk ns/ fJj T[; dh x[V;tkoh dh gqhfynk ftZu BjhA p?m/. 1893 ftZu Pqh noftzd Gkos w[V nkJ/.

Gkos w'VB s/ Pqh noftzd B/ ;G s'A gfjbK ssekbhB pV"dk oki ftZu gqPk;fBe gd s/ ekoi ehsk. fJ; d/ pknd fJj pV"dk oki d/ jh „;N/N ekbi pV"dk‟ ftZu co?Au GkPk d/ nfXnkge fB:[es j'J/. e[ZM jh ;w/A pknd fJjBK B{z fJZE/ nzro/Ih GkPk dk nfXnkge pDk fdZsk frnk. nZr/ uZb e/ fJj fJ;h ekbi d/ w[Zy^nfXnkge pD/. pV"dk ftZu ofjzd/ j'J/ fJjBK B/ ;z;feqs, pzrkbh, wokvh ns/ r[ioksh GkPktK dk nfXnB ehsk ns/ fJBQK d/ ;kfjsK d/ nfXnB Bkb Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk frnkb gqkgs ehsk. 1901 ftZu fJBQK dk ftnkj j' frnk, gozs{ fJ; Bkb fJBQK d/ nfXnB, fuzsB ns/ wBB ftZu b/Pwkso nzso BjhA fgnk, fJj nfXnB, fuzsB ns/ wBB ftZu wrB ofjzd/ ;B. rhsk B/ fJBQK d/ ihtB B{z BtK w'V fdZsk. fJj fJZe gk;/ Gkos B{z nzro/iK dh dk;sk s'A w[es eokT[D ns/ d{i/ gk;/ fJPto doPB d/ bJh ftnke[b j' T[m/. 1906 ftZu fJjBK B/ nkgD/ gd s'A fsnkrgZso d/ fdZs/ ns/ okPNoh nzd'bB ftZu e[Zd gJ/.

;G s'A gfjbK fJjBK B/ 1906 ftZu ebeZsk d/ „okPNoh ftfdnkb/‟ (National College) d/ w[Zy^nfXnkge d/ gd dk ekoiGko ;zGkfbnk. fJj T[; ;w/A okPNoh nzd'bB dk e/Ado ;h. fJ;h d/ bkb fJjBK B/ T[; ;w/A d/ eqKshekoh ;wkuko^gZso „tzd/wksow‟ dk ;zgkdB ehsk. 1907 ftZu fJZe eqKshekoh ftZu fJjBK B{z pzp d[oxNBk d/ Bkb i'V e/ d[pkok i/bQ G/i fdZsk frnk. fJ; pko fJjBK B{z i/bQ d/ nzdo fJZe ndG[s nB[G{sh j'Jh. fJBQK B{z i/bQ dh jo t;s{ ftZu GrtkB Pqh feqPD fdykJh fdZs/ ns/ fJBQK d/ nzdo{BheoD ftZu d/P ns ;BksB Xow dh ofynk dk Gkt ikfrqs j'fJnk. fJ; pko i/bQ s'A pkjo nkT[D d/ pknd fJj j'o finkdk ;eoh j' rJ/. nzro/iK B/ fJBQK s/ eVh fBrokBh P[o{ eo fdZsh ns/ T[j fJBQK B{z gq/PkB eoB bZr/. nzro/iK s'A puD d/ bJh fJj 10 cotoh, 1910 B{z uzdo Bro ub/ rJ/. fJZE'A Pqh noftzd 4 cotoh, 1910 B{z gKfvu/oh gj[zu/. gKfvu/oh wdok; s'A dZyD fdPk ftZu 160 fewhH dh d{oh s/ ;fEs fJZe pzdorkjh Bro j?. fJj T[; ;w/A coKf;;h Pk;B ftZu ;h. Pqh noftzd d/ bk fJBQK d/ uko B"itkB ;kEh th ;B. fJZE/ fJj fJZe wekB feokJ/ s/ b? e/ T[; ftZu ofjD bZr/. fJZE/ fJj nzro/iK d/ G?n s'A w[es ;B. nfij/ G?nw[es tksktoD ftZu Pqh noftzd fXnkB :'r ;kXBk d/ tZb gqtfos j'J/. fJZE'A fJBQK d/ ihtB dk BtK nfXnkfJ P[o{ j[zdk j?.

id'A Pqh noftzd xzfNnK sZe fXnkB :'r ;kXBk ftZu wrB ofjD bZr/ ns/ T[jBK dk fJj wekB :'r dk e/Ado pD frnk. 29 wkou, 1914 B{z fJZe coKf;;h wfjbk whok ohuov B/ Pqh noftzd Bkb G/AN ehsh ns/ fJBQK dh :'r ;kXBk s'A pj[s gqGkfts j'Jh ns/ T[jBK B/ fJ; e/Ado d/ ftek; d/ bJh y[ZbQ/ jZEK s'A dkB d/Dk P[o{ ehsk. 15 nr;s, 1914 s'A Pqh noftzd B/ fJZE'A fJZe dkoPfBe gsfoek „nkfonk‟ dk gqekPB P[o{ ehsk ns/ fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgD/ dkoPfBe ftukoK B{z ;XkoD ftneshnK sZe gj[zukT[Dk P[o{ ehsk. fJ; Bkb Pqh noftzd dh


fJekJh^15 Pqh noftzd ns/ okXkfeqDB dk dkoPfBe ns/ ftfdne fuzsB

gqf;ZXh d{o^d{o sZe c?bD bZrh. 24 ngq?b, 1920 B{z fJj coKf;;h wfjbk foukov ;EkJh o{g s'A nkPow ftZu nk rJh ns/ nkPow d/ ekoiK d/ ;zgkdB ftZu ;fj:'r eoB bZrh. T[jBK d/ nkT[D Bkb fJZE/ u/fbnK dh ;zfynk tXD bZrh. T[d'A T[jBK d/ ofjD d/ bJh e[ZM j'o wekB b?D/ gJ/ ns/ Bkb jh T[jBK d/ ykD^ghD dh ftt;Ek eoBh gJh.

Pqh noftzd dk ;kXBk eqw ikoh fojk. ;kXBk d/ Bkb^Bkb fJj b/yB ekoi th eod/ oj/ ns/ T[gd/P th fdzd/ oj/. 1926 ftZu fJ; nkPow B/ ;zrfms o{g XkoD ehsk. T[;h ;w/A (1926) ftZu 26 Btzpo d/ fdB Pqh noftzd B{z nkgDh ;kXBk dk cb gqkgs j'fJnk, fJjBK B{z bZrk fe fJBQK dk nfXeko nBzs Pesh tkb/ wB s/ j? fijVk G{s, toswkB ns/ GftZy, ;G B{z d/y^;wM ;edk j?. fJ; d/ pknd Pqh noftzd g{oh soQK J/eKs ihtB pshs eoB bZr/ ns/ ;kb ftZu e/tb uko fdB iBsk d/ ftZu T[g;fEs j[zd/ ;B. T[; ;w/A fJj coKf;;h wfjbk whok foukov Pqh wK d/ o{g ftZu ;Ekfgs j' u[Zeh ;B. fJj jh Pqh noftzd d/ ;zd/P nkPowtk;hnK B{z ns/ iBîB sZe gj[zukT[Adh ;B. 2 fd;zpo, 1943 B{z Pqh noftzd nkPow ftZu nkPow ;e{bQ dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ns/ fJ; ftZu Pqh noftzd d/ ftfdne ftukoK B{z w{os o{g ftZu fdZsk frnk. 5 fd;zpo, 1950 B{z fJ; f;ZX g[oy B/ fJ; ;z;ko B{z fsnkr e/ fdt b'e B{z gq;EkB ehsk. gqsZydoPhnK dk efjDk j? fe g{o/ 111 xzfNnK sZe T[jBK d/ Poho s'A fdt i's fBebdh ojh ;h, ;ko/ nkPowtk;hnK ns/ T[g;fEs iB;w{j B/ T[; B{z nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb d/fynk ;h.

B'N

B'N; wB[Zy B{z th Pqh noftzd B/ ftef;s gqkDh d/ o{g ftZu fbnk j?.

15H2 Pqh noftzd dk dkoPfBe fuzsB (Philosophical Thought of Shri Aurobindo) Pqh noftzd rhsk d/ nBB: Grs ;B. fJjBK B/ rhsk d/ Xow :'r ns/ fXnkB :'r dh ftfrnkBe ftnkfynk ehsh j?. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy ns/ fdt Pesh dk ;zi'r jh :'r j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu :'r T[j ;kXB j? fi; Bkb wB[Zy fdt Pesh dh nB[G{sh eodk j?. Pqh noftzd B{z :'r d[nkok nkswst dh nB[G{sh eoe/ pqjw ftZu bhB j'D dk T[gd/P BjhA fdzd/ ;B, fJj sK fJ; d/ d[nkok ;zg{oD wB[Zuh iksh B{z nfrnkB, nzXeko ns/ w"s s'A frnkB, gqekP ns/ nzfwqs d/ tZb b? ikDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; bJh fJjBK dh ftuoXkok B{z ;otKr :'r doP fejk iKdk j?. Pqh noftzd d/ ;otKr :'r doPB B{z ;wMD d/ bJh T[; dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z ;wMDk io{oh j?, fJ; bJh g/P j?^ noftzd ;otKr :'r doPB dh sZs whwK;k

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJ; f;qNh dk eosk fJPto j?. j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe fJPto fJ; irs dk fBowkD fe; soQK eodk j?. fJ; dh ftnkfynk Pqh noftzd B/ ftek; f;XKs d/ nXko s/ ehsh j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko ftek; dhnK d' fdPktK jB^xNdkeqw ns/ tXdkeqw fJBQK dk ;gPNheoD j? fe pqjw xNdkeqw d[nkok t;s{ irs dk o{g XkoD eodk j?. fJ; xNdkeqw d/ fJBQK B/ ;Zs gd dZ;/ jB^;s fus nBzd nfswkB; wkB; gqkD dot. fJBQK dk soe j? fe dot o{g fJ; irs ftZu wB[Zy nkgD/ dot o{g s'A tXd/eqw d[nok ;s d/ tZb tXdk j?. fJ; d/ th fJjBK B/ ;Zs gd dZ;/ jB^;s fus nBzd nfswkB; wkB; gqkD dot. Pqjw B{z fJj ;Zs ns/ fJPto B{z ;s^fus^nBzd d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B. nkswk B{z noftzd B/ rhsk d/ g[oy d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk j?. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A nskwk ftZu gqwkswk d/ d' r[D jB^nBzd ns/ fus ns/ fJj ftfGzB :'BhnK s'A j[zdh j'Jh wB[Zy :'Bh ftZu dkfyb j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; Poho d/ wkfXnB Bkb ;s d/ tZb tXdh j?.

wB[Zy B{z th Pqh noftzd B/ ftef;s gqkDh d/ o{g ftZu fbnk j?. fJBQK fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy iBW s'A ftek; d/ d' gd gko eoe/ wkB; gd s/ g?dk j[zdk j?. iBw d/ pknd T[j nfswkB;, nfswkB;



B'N s'A nBzd, nBzd s'A fus ns/ fus s'A ;s d/ tZb tXdk j?. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P ;s O fus O nBzd Gkt fJPto dh gqkgsh jh j[zdh j?.

wB[Zy d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pqh noftzd dk ws j? fe T[; d/ G"fse ftek; d/ bJh dot frnkB io{oh j[zdk j? fijVk fJzdohnK d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[; d/ nksfwe ftek; d/ bJh nksw frnkB io{oh j[zdk j? fijVk :'r dh fefonk (:w, fB:w, nk;B, gqkDk:kw, gqfsnkjko, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX) d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. Pqh noftzd fJ; ;G d/ bJh T[; d/ nB[;ko T[fus f;Zfynk io{oh ;wMd/ ;B. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z f;Zfynk d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/ dot ns/ gqkD ;o{g dk frnkB eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; d/ pknd nkfswkB;, nBzd, fus ns/ ;s dk frnkB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ;G d/ bJh fJj f;jwzd Poho, fBowB wB ns/ ;ziwh ihtB io{oh ;wMd/ ;B. noftzd ;otKr :'r doPB dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK sZsK ftZu w{b sZs pqjw jh j?, fJ; bJh G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe sZsK d/ nG/d B{z ikDBk jh ;Zuk frnkB j?. gq:'r dh fdqPNh s'A fJjBK B/ frnkB B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^dotfrnkB ns/ nkswfrnkB. dotfrnkB (irs frnkB) B{z fJj ;XkoD wzBd/ ;B ns/ nkswfrnkB B{z T[Zu frnkB. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A t;s{ irs dk frnkB fJzdohnK d[nkok ns/ nkswsZs dk frnkB nzdo{BheoD d[nkok j[zdk j?. nkswsZs d/ frnkB d/ bJh fJj :'r dh fefonk (:w, fB:w, nk;B, gqkDk:kw, gqfsnkjko, XkoDk, fXnB ns/ ;wkfX) B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B. noftzd ;otKr :'r doPB dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

Pqh noftzd B/ tXd/eqw d/ 7 gd dZ;/ jB^dot gqkD wkB; nfswkB; nBzd fus ;s. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy iBw s'A jh dot, gqkD ns/ wkB; d/ gdK B{z gko eoe/ g{ok j[zdk j?, iBw d/ pknd T[; B{z nfswkB; dh ;fEsh B{z gqks eoe/ nBzd, fus ns/ ;s dh gqkgsh eoBh j[zdh j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P nBzd O fus O ;s dh gqksh j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJjBK B/ rhsk d/ eqw :'r ns/ fXnkB :'r B{z ;kXB dZf;nk j? fi; ftZu :'rh ;z;ko (eowy/so) s'A gbkfJD BjhA eodk pbfe ;s^fus^nBzd ftZu fXnkB brke/ fBPekw Gkt s'A nkgD/ eosZt dk gkbD eodk j?. nfij/ eow:'rh ns/ fXnkB:'rh d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; dk Poho f;jswzd j't/, wB ftek;ôfjs j't/ ns/ ihtB ;ziwh j't/. fJ;d/ bJh noftzd B/ :'rh dh fefonk (:w, fB:w, nk;B, gqDk:kw, gqfsnkjko, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX) d/ wjZst B{z ;theko ehsk j?. fJBQK d/ ws s'A fJj ;G e[ZM wB[Zy d/ nkuoD d/ nzr j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko, wB[Zyh ihtB dk nkyoh T[d/P fJPto dh gqkgsh j?.



1H Pqh noftzd B/ tXd/eqw d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dZ;/ jB. 2H Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJ; f;qPNh dk eosk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

15H3 Pqh noftzd dk ftfdne fuzsB (Educational Thought of Shri Aurobindo) Pqh noftzd fJZe dkoPfBe d/ o{g ftZu finkdk gqf;ZX jB, gozs{ nkgD/ dkoPfBe f;XKsK B{z



wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu T[skoB d/ bJh fJjBK B{z fJZe ftP/P soQK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os nB[Gt j'Jh. T[ZXo okPNo T[EkB d/ bJh th ssekbhB f;Zfynk T[fus BjhA ;h. fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh fJZe okPNoh :'iBk g/P ehsh. fJBQK d/ f;Zfynk ;zpzXh fJj ftuko w[Zy o{{g s'A fJBQK dhnK d' g[;seK^„B?PBb f;;Nw nkc n?i{e/PB‟ (National System of Education) ns/ „nkB n?i{e/PB‟ (On Education) ftZu gqrN j'J/ jB. fJZE/ T[jBK dk ;ko ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?^ f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

Pqh noftzd dk ftPtk; ;h fe wB[Zy dot ns/ gqkD dh nt;Ek B{z gko eoe/ wBk; dh ;fEsh ftZu j[zdk j?l iBw d/ pknd T[; B{z nfswkB; dh nt;Ek, T[; s'A nBzd, nBzd s'A fus ns/ fus dh nt;Ek s/ gj[zuDk j[zdk j?. j[D i/eo n;hA T[; B{z ftek; d/ tZb nro;o eoBk ukjhJ/ sK n;hA T[; B{z nfijh f;Zfynk d/Dh j't/rh fe T[j nkgD/ dot, gqkDh ns/ wkB; ;o{g B{z ikD/ ns/ T[; s'A nZr/ d/ ;o{g ns/ T[jBK d/ tZb tXD dhnK ftXhnK B{z ikD/. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJj ;G ekoi f;Zfynk d[nkok jh ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJZe nfijh f;Zfynk d[nkok fijVh wB[Zy dk G"fse, gqkfDe, wkBf;e, nzsonksfwe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; eo/. nfijh f;Zfynk B{z fJj ;zg{oD f;Zfynk (Integral Education) efjzd/ ;B. fJBQK d/ PpdK ftZu^„f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fdwkr ns/ nkswk dhnK PeshnK dk fBowkD eodh j? ns/ T[; ftZu frnkB, ufoso ns/ ;z;feqsh B{z ikfrqs eodh j?‟ (Education is the building of the power of the human mind and spirit. It is

the evoking of knowledge, character and culture.). f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ d' w[Zy ekoi jB^gfjbk ekoi j? wB[Zy B{z T[; d/ nkgD/ ftek; eqw (nfXnksfwe) dk ;gPN frnkB eokT[Dk ns/ d{ik ekoi T[; ftZu ;s sZe gj[zuD dh Pesh dk ftek; oeBk. Pqh noftzd B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z fJ;h ftek; eqw ftZu g/P ehsk j?.

1H G"fse ftek; dk T[d/P^fJ; irs ns/ wB[Zyh ftek; dk gfjbk gd dot (iV) j?. Pqh noftzd f;Zfynk d[no wB[Zy B{z ;G s'A gfjbK gzi wjkG{sK s'A pD/ fJ; t;s{ irs ns/ T[; d/ nkg d/ G"fse ;o{g d/ pko/ ftZu frnkB eok d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; B{z jh d{i/ PpdK ftZu Pohoe ftek; dk T[d/P efjzd/ jB. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko ;s^fus^nBzd dh gqgksh th f;jswzd Poho d[nkok jh j[zdh j? fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P Pohoe ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ dot ;o{g dh oZfynk d/ bJh o'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB dh io{os j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok T[;B{z fe;h eko'pko iK T[d:'r dh f;ybkJh th fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; B{z jh d{i/ PpdK ftZu eko'pkoe ftek; efjzd/ jB. Pqh noftzd fJj th wzBd/ ;B fe wB[Zy nkgD/ fJ; G"fse ihtB B{z ;wki ftZu ofj e/ ihT[Adk j?, fJ; bJh fJj T[; d/ ;wkfie ftek; s/ th i'o fdzd/ ;B ns/ fJjBK ;kfonK B{z G"fse ftek; d/ nzsors oZyd/ ;B.

2H gqkfDe ftek; dk T[d/P^wB[Zyh ftek; dk d{ik gd gqkD j?. gqkD dk noE T[; Pesh s'A j? fi; d/ ekoB irs ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk d{ik T[d/P gqkDh Pesh dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy dh gqkDh Pesh B{z jh ;jh fdPk ftZu brkT[D d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; dk B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[; dh fJZSk Pesh B{z wip{s ehsk ikt/. fJj ftek; sK jh ;zGt j? id'A fJzdohnK B{z n;s s'A ;s wkor d/ tZb brk fdZsk ikt/. fJ; bJh fJzdohnK dh f;ybkJH f;Zfynk dk d{ik T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh fJj ;Bk:{ P[ZXh, wkB; P[ZXh ns/ fus P[ZXh io{oh ;wMd/ ;B.

3H wkBf;e ftek; dk T[d/P^wkB; Gkt wB wB[Zy d/ ftek; eqw dk fsZik gd j?. wB ;kvh ;Zsk dk ;G s'A uzub Gkr j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy dk wkBf;e ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. Pqh noftzd dh u/bh ns/ T[ZsoknfXekoh Pqh wksk ih d/ nB[;ko wB dh f;Zfynk d/ gzi nzr jB^fJekrosk dh Pesh B{z ikfrqs eoBk, wB dh ftnkgesk ns/

B'N



B'N ;wfoXsk tXkT[Dk, T[Zusw Nhu/ d/ tZb ;ko/ ftukoK B{z ;zrms eoBk, ftukoK B{z ;zifws eoBk ns/ nfBPN ftukoK dk fsnkr eoBk ns/ wkBf;e ;fEsosk dk ftek; eoBk. fJ; ;G d/ bJh Pqh noftzd :'r dh fefonk d[nkok wB[Zy dh ebgBk, :kdPesh, fuzsB, soe ns/ fBoDk dhnK PeshnK B{z tXkT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B.

4H nzsonksfwe ftek; dk T[d/P^nfswkB; Gkt wB[Zy dk nzdo{BheoD wB[Zyh ftek; dk u"Ek gd j?. Pqh noftzd B/ fJ; nzdo{BheoD d/ uko ;so dZ;/ jB^fus, p[ZXh, wB ns nzsofrnkB. Pqh noftzd B/ nB[Gt ehsk fe fJ; ;so s/ gj[zu e/ wB[Zy fpBk frnkB fJzdohnK dk gq:'r ehs/ ;G e[ZM d/y^;wM b?Adk j?. ;s dk ;kePkseko sK jzdk jh fJ; nzdo{BheoD s'A j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d[nkok fJ; nzdo{BheoD dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftek; d/ bJh Pqh noftzd B/ :'r ftXh B{z io{oh wzfBnk j?.

5H nfXnksfwe ftek; dk T[d/P^wB[Zyh ftek; d/ nkyoh fszB gdK ftZu^nBzd, fus ns/ ;s. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko nBzd T[j ;fEsh j? fi; ftZu wB[Zy ;[y^d[y dh nB[G{sh BjhA eodk j?L fus T[j u/sBk Pesh j? fi; Bkb wB[Zy nkgD/, irs d/ ns/ ;s d/ ;o{g B{z ikDdk j? ns/ ;s P[ZX ti{d dk Bkw j?. ;s e/tb fJPto B{z gqkgs j? fJ; bJh ;s jh fJPto jh ;s j?. fJj fszB'A nfXnkfwe ;so jB. fJBQK ;soK s/ gj[zuD d/ bJh Pqh noftzd B/ eow ns/ fXnkB :'r B{z ;kXB dZf;nk j? ns/ fJBQK d'jK wkorK s/ uZbD d/ bJh wB[Zy d/ bJh :'r fefonk (:w, fB:w, nk;B, gqDk:kw, gqfsnkjko, XkoDk, fXnkB ns/ ;wkfX) B{z io{oh dZf;nk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko fJj f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

Pqh noftzd B/ f;Zfynk d/ gzi T[d/P^G"fse, gqkfDe, wkBf;e, nzso^nksfwe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dZ;/ jB. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A fJjBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ;wBfts o{g s'A :sB eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ bJh fJjBK B/ ft;Ekog{oD ns/ ;wBfts gkmuo:k g/P ehsh j?. G"fse ftek; d/ bJh fJj gZSwh ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe B{z io{oh ;wMd/ ;B fJ; bJh fJjBK B/ T[; B{z gkmuo:k ftZu ;EkB fdZsk j?, gozs{ fJjBk dk ;gPNheoD ;h fe T[; s'A th finkdk wjZst dh t;s{ j? ;kvh nkgDh ;z;feqsh fijVh :'r dh ;z;feqsh j?, T[; dh xkN ftZu n;hA gZSwh G"fse ftfrnkB dk d[oT[g:'r dh eo ;ed/ jK. fJjBK d[nkok g/P gkmuo:k B{ n;hA j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jB^

1H G"fse ftP/^wksGkPk ns/ okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh wjZst dhnK GkPktK, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, ;wkiPk;so, noEPk;so, rfDs, ftfrnkB, wB'ftfrnkB, f;js ftfrnkB, G{roG ftfrnkB, y/sh T[d:'r, tkfDi ns/ ebk.

2H G"fse fefonktK^y/vê[Zd, e;os, T[sgkdB ekoi, fPbg.

3H nfXnksfwe ftP/^t/d, T[gfBPd, rhsk, XowPk;so, BhshPk;so, ftfGzB d/PK d/ Xow ns/ doPB.

4H nfXnksfwe fefonktK^GiB, ehosB, fXnkB ns/ :'r.

gozs{ fJjBK ;kfonK ftfPnK dk nfXnB ns/ fefonktK dh f;ybkJh fJZe fdB ftZu BjhA ehsh ikJ/rh. Pqh noftzd nkPow ftZu T[; B{z j/m fby/ o{g ftZu oZfynk frnk j?^

1H gqkEfwe ;so^wksGkPk, nzro/Ih, co?Au, ;XkoD ftfrnkB, rfDs, ;wkfie nfXnB ns/ fusoebk ns/ y/vê[Zd, e;os, pkrpkBh, GiB ns/ ehosB.

2H wZXfwe ;so^wksGkPk, nzro/ih, co?Au, rfDs, G"fse ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB, izs{ ftfrnkB, tB;gsh ftfrnkB, f;js ftfrnkB, G{roG ftfrnkB, ;wkfie nfXnB ns/ fusoebk ns/ y/vê[Zd, e;os, pkrpkBh, y/sh, j'o fPbg, GiB, ehosB, fXnkB ns/ :'r.



3H T[Zu ;so^nzro/ih ;kfjs, co?Au ;kfjs, rfDs, G"fse ftfrnkB, o;kfJD ftfrnkB, iht ftfrnkB, ftfrnkB dk fJfsjk;, ;ZfGns dk fJfsjk;, ihtB dk ftfrnkB, ;wkiPk;so, wB'ftfrnkB, Gkosh ns/ gZswh doPB, nzsoôkPNoh ;zpzX ns/ ftPt J/eheoD ns/ y/sh, j'o fPbg, GiB, ehosB, fXnkB ns/ :'r.

f;ybkJh ftXhnK

Pqh noftzd ftek; f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ftek; d/ ;Zs gd j[zd/ jB^ dot gqkD wkB; nfswkB; nBzd fus ;s. wB[Zy fJjBK ftZu'A fsZi/ gd s/ j[zdk j?, T[; B{z nfs wkB; nBzd fus ns/ ;s gdK s/ uVQBk pkeh ofjzdk j?. fJBQK d/ bJh fJj f;js Poho, fBowb wB ns/ ;ziwh ihtB B{z io{oh wzBd/ ;B. fJ; fdPk ftZu tXD d/ bJh T[; B{z frnkB ns/ e"Pb dh io{os j[zdh j? T[; d/ bJh fjj fszB sZs io{oh j[zd/ jB ns/ ;XkoD frnkB ns/ e"Pb gqkgs eoB d/ bJh io{oh j[zd/ jB. gozs{ f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pqh noftzd d/ ftuko g{oD o{g s'A ;gPN BjhA j?. ehs/ sK T[j gqkuhB f;Zfynk gZXsh d/ nB[;ko eqfwe ftXh Gkt fJZe d' ftfPnK d/ nfXnB d/ pknd j'o fJZe d' ftfPnK dk nfXnB nozG eoB dh rZb eod/ jB ns/ ehs/ pZfunK d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh eJh ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk fJeZm/ eoB dh rZb eod/ jB. fJ;h soQK fJZe gk;/ sK fJj pZu/ dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB T[; dh G"fse ftfPnK d/ nXko s/ eoB dh rZb eod/ jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[; d/ bJh :'r fefonk d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eod/ jB. gozs{ fJj rZb io{o j? ns/ T[j fJj fe fJj gqkuhB ftXhnK B{z BtK o{g d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj T[gd/P, gqtuB, ftnkfynkB ns/ j'o w"fye ftXhnK d/ gq:'r dh ;thfeqsh sK fdzd/ ;B gozs{ fJ; Pos d/ Bkb fe fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu pZfunK B{z oNkfJnk BjhA ikJ/rk pbfe T[jBK B{z frnkB B{z nkgD/^nkg d/ :sBK d[nkok nksw;ks eokfJnk ikt/rk. fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A f;ybkJh o{uheo j't/. fJ; d/ bJh fJj gqkEfwe ;so s/ ejkDh ftXh dk gq:'r eoB dh rZB efjzd/ ;B. fJj gkm t;s{ gqDkbh d/ th ;woEe ;B gozs{ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJjBK dk fJj efjDk ;h fe gfjbK pZfunK B{z frnkB dh y'i d/ bJh fsnko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fco T[jBK B{z g[;seK gVQB d/ bJh efjDk ukjhdk j?. g[;seK s'A pZu/ oNDr/ BjhA pbfe T[jBK dk gq:'r ;jkfJe ns/ ;zdoG rqzE d/ o{g ftZu eoBr/. ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh B{z nkgBkT[Ad/ ;w/A th fJj fJ; rZb s/ fXnkB d/D d/ bJh efjzd/ ;B. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A :'r dh fefonk f;ZyD dh T[Zso ftXh j? gozs{ fJ; ftZu th T[j ;t?fefonk, fuzsB ns/ soe B{z nXko wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK dh f;ybkJh ;zpzXh ftukoK dk ftPb/PD eoB s/ n;hA j/m fby/ sZEK s'A ikD{ j[zd/ jK^

1H f;ybkJh eod/ ;w/A pZfunK dh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ;woZEk ns/ T[jBK dhnK o{uhnK dk fXnkB io{o oZyDk ukjhdk j?.

2H oNB d/ ;EkB s/ ;wMD s/ i'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H pZfunK B{z fefonk eoB d/ finkdk s'A finkdk w"e/ d/D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgD/^ nkg d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H pZfunK B{z fus ftoshnK d/ fBo'X, fuzsB ns/ wBB fefonk ftZu f;Zfyns eod/ uZbDk ukjhdk j?.

5H pZfunK d/ Bkb gq/w ns/ ;jkB{G{sh fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z nkgD/ ekoi eoB dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

6H f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw wksGkPk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

7H jo ;so s/ pZfunK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb nZr tXDk ukjhdk j?.

nB[Pk;B

Pqh noftzd dh fdqPNh s'A fJZSk Bkb eosZt gkbD eoBk jh nB[Pk;B j?. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th nB[Pk;B dk pj[s wjZst j[zdk j?. fJj nB[Pk;B fet//A gqkgs ehsk ikt/, fJ; ;zpzX ftZu Pqh noftzd d/ nkgD/ ftuko jB. nB[Pk;B dk ;zpzX fJj GktBk Bkb i'Vd/

B'N



B'N ;B ns/ fJ; GktBk dk ;zpzX B?fsesk. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko jo/e nfXnkge dk fJj T[ZsodkfJst j? fe T[j pZfunK d/ wB ftZu nfijh GktBk Go/ fe T[j uzfrnkJh d/ tZb nro;o j'D, B?fsesk dk gkbD eoB ns/ nkgD/ nfXnB ftZu fJekrosk Bkb bZrD. fJjBK d/ ftuko nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z pZfunK d/ Bkb gq/w ns/ ;jkB[G{sh fttuko eoBk ukjhdk j?, em'osk Bkb n;b nB[Pk;B dh gqkgs BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. dzv B{z fJj nwkBth efjzd/ ;B.

fJ; ;zdoG ftZu fJZe rZb j'o T[b/y:'r j? ns/ T[j fJj fe Pqh noftzd gqGktkswe nB[Pk;B ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko nfXnkgeK B{z pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ nkdoP nkuoD g/P eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; dk nB[eoD eoe/ pZu/ gfjbK s'A nkdoP nkuoD d/ tZb nro;o j'D ns/ fco T[;h soQK eoBk nkgDk eosZt ;wMD. fJjBK dh fdqPNh s'A n;b nB[Pk;B nzdo{Bh j[zdk j?.

nfXnkge

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu nfXnkge dk ;EkB pZu/ d/ gE^gqdoPe ns/ ;jkfJe d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge Bk sK pZfunK B{z frnkB fdzdk j? ns/ Bk jh T[jBK d/ nzdo d/ frnkB B{z ftef;s eodk j?, pbfe pZfunK dh fJ; rZb ftZu ;jkfJsk eodk j? fe T[j nkgD/^nkg frnkB B{z gqkgs eoB ns/ nkgD/ nzdo d/ frnkB B{z ftef;s eoB. fJj ekoi T[jh nfXnkge eo ;edk j? fi; B{z f;ZfynkoEh ns/ gkmuo:k, d'jK dk g{ok^g{ok frnkB j't/. f;ZfynkoEh dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[; B{z wB'ftfrnkB dk nfXnB eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ gkmuo:k dk frnkB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh T[; B{z T[;h ftfPnK dk nfXnB ns/ fefonktK ftZu f;ybkJh b?Dh ukjhdh j?. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko nfXnkge B{z ftnesh dh nkswk B{z nZr/ tXkT[D tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj ekoi T[jh ftnesh eo ;edk j? fi; B{z nfXnksw ftP/ dk ;gPN frnkB j't/ ns/ fijVk :'r dh fefonk ftZu f;Zfyns j't/. Pqh noftzd nfXnkge B{z fJ;h o{g ftZu d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj nkgD/^nkg pj[s tZv/ :'rh ;B fJ; bjh nfXnkge B{z th fJZe :'r pDk d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B.

f;ZfynkoEh

f;ZfynkoEh B{z Pqh noftzd f;Zfynk dk e/Ado wzBd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko jo/e pkbe e[ZM ;XkoD PeshnK ns/ e[ZM ftfPPN :'rsktK iK gqshGktK b? e/ iBw b?Adk j?. pZfunK dhnK fJjBK PeshnK ns/ :'rsktK ftZu pj[s fGzBsk j[zdh j?. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko pZfunK dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB T[jBK dhnK PeshnK d/ nXko s/ jh eoBk ukjhdk j?. efjD dk Gkt fJj j? fe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eod/ ;w/A pZfunK dh t:PNhrs o{uh, o{MkB ns/ :'rsktK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j?. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJj nkswk nkgD/ ftZu g{oD j[zdh j?, fJ; d/ ekoB jh ;ko/ frnkB nzsofBfjs j[zdk j?. fJ; g{oD frnkB dh nB[G{sh sK jh j' ;edh j? id'A ftnesh pqjwuo dk gkbD eo/ ns/ fJekro j' e/ fXnkB eo/. Pqh noftzd f;ZfynkoEh s'A fJjh ng/fynk eod/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko jo/e f;ZfynkoEh B{z pqjwuo dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;Zu frnkB dh y'i d/ bJh ;kXBk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb Pqh noftzd pkbe d/ tksktoD d/ gqGkt B{z th ;heko eod/ ;B. fJj ikDd/ ;B fe pkbe d/ ftek; ftZu T[; d/ tksktoD dk tZvk jZE ofjzdk j?. fJj pZfunK B{z T[Zu tksktoD ftZu oZyDk ukj[zd/ ;B fi; Bkb T[jBK dhnK frnkB fJzdohnK dk ftek; ns/ f;ybkJh j't/ ns/ T[j ;Zu dh y'i d/ bJh nro;o j'D.

ftfdnkfbnk

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko jo/e ftfdnkb/ B{z pZfunK d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; ftZu ;jkfJek j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; d/ bJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;z;ko dhnK ;kohnK T[Zu GkPktK, ;kfjs, ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh, rfDs ns/ ftfrnkB nkfd dh f;Zfynk dk gqpzX eoB ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh pZfunK B{z fwjBs eoB, eosZt gkbD eoB, wB[Zyh ;/tk eoB ns/ fXnkB eoB d/ w"e/ d/D s/ pb fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkb/ G"fse gqrsh ns/ :'r ;kXBk d/ e/Ado j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.



Pqh noftzd wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ ;B, fJj iksh, Xow, noE ns/ ozr fe;h th nXko s/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy d/ nzso B{z ;theko BjhA eod/ ;B. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;ko/ pZfunK B{z nkgDh :'rsk nB[;ko dkfyb/ d/ ;wkB w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh GkPk, Xow ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ nfXnB d/ bJh ;[thXktK gqdkB ehsh ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD ftPtGkJhuko/ dh GktBk s'A g{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK d/ d[nkok ;Ekfgs Pqh noftzd nkPow dk „Pqh noftzd nzsoôkPNoh f;Zfynk e/Ado‟ fJ;h soQK dk f;Zfynk e/Ado j?.

Pqh noftzd nzsoôkPNoh f;Zfynk e/Ado fJZe ntk;h ;fjf;Zfynk ;z;Ek j?. fJ; ftZu fPP{ f;Zfynk s'A b? e/ T[Zu f;Zfynk ns/ y'i sZe dh ftt;Ek j? gozs{ e[ZM nkgDh soQK dh. Gkt^

1H fPP{ ftjko (fezvo rkoNB, fPP{ ;so) T[wo 3 s'A 5 ;kb, gkmeqw s' ;kbk.

2H GftZy (nktBh, gqkEfwe ;so) T[wo 6 s'A 8 ;kb, gkmeqw 3 ;kbk.

3H gqrsh (gq'r/, T[Zu gqkEfwe ;so) T[wo 9 s'A 11 ;kb, gkmeqw 3 ;kbk.

4H g{oDsk d/ tZb (nBkpk p?o bk g?o c?ef;nkU, wZXfwe ;so) T[wo 12 s'A 17 ;kb, gkmeqw 6 ;kbk.

5H T[Zuo:k (jkfJo e'o;, T[Zu f;Zfynk ;so) T[wo 18 s'A 20 ;kb, 3 ;kbk.

ftP/P

1H fJZE/ f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P j?^fdt Poho dh gqkgsh. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ;ko/ ;soK s/ Pohoe f;Zfynk, e;os ns/ ftfGzB soQK d/ y/vê[Zd ftZu Gkr b?Dk io{oh j?, gozs{ ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK nkgDh ;woZEk ns/ g;zd dh y/vê[Zd u[BD d/ bJh ;[szso jB.

2H fJZE/ f;Zfynk dk nkyoh T[d/P j?^nBzs Pesh dh gqkgsh. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;soK dk fXnkB :'r io{oh j?.

3H fJZE gfjb/ fszB ;soK s/ f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw co?Au GkPk j? ns/ nkyoh d' ;soK s/ co?Au ns/ nzro/Ih d' GkPktK jB.

4H fJZE/ f;Zfynk dh w[esh gqDkbh j?. fJZE/ fe;h th ;so d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fe;h soQK d/ pzXB ftZu BjhA oZfynk iKdk, T[jBK B{z nfXnB ftfPnK ns/ y/vê[Zd nkfd fefonktK dh u'D ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh rsh Bkb f;ZyD ns/ eoB dh g{oh S{N j?. T[Zu f;Zfynk ;so s/ sK ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK fJZE/ T[gbpX nfXnB ;[thXktK ftZu'A fe;h fJZe iK fizB/ ukj[D T[B/ ftfPnK dk nfXnB eo ;ed/ jB ns/ nkgdh rsh Bkb eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; e/Ado ftZu ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK s/ pkjo s'A e[ZM BjhA bZfdnk iKdk, f;oc T[jBK B{z nfijk tksktoD fdZsk iKdk j? fe T[j nkgDh nzdo{Bh ;Zsk s'A gE^gqdoPB gkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; B{z jh f;Zfynk dh w[es gqDkbh fejk iKdk j?.

5H fJZE/ fe;h th ;so s/ fe;h soQK dhnK gqhfynktK BjhA j[zdhnK, nfXnkgeK dh ;z;s[sh s/ jh ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK B{z nZr/ d/ nfXnB ftZu dkfybk d/ fdZsk iKdk j?. fJZE/ e'Jh gkmeqw g{ok eoB d/ pknd fe;h soQK dk gqwkDgZso th BjhA fdZsk iKdk.

f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H B?fse ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk^Pqh noftzd ;kX{ ;B, ;zs ;B ns/ fJZe pj[s tZvh :'rh ;B. B?fsesk ns/ Xow ftZu fJjBK dh nk;Ek ;h, fJ; bJh fJj f;Zfynk B{z B?fsesk ns/ Xow s/ nXkfos eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. Pqh noftzd d/ ftuko Bkb Xow e'Jh th j't/ ns/ fe;h soQK dk th j't/ gozs{ T[j wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ bJh, d{finK d/ bJh ns/ fJPto d/ bJh fizBk f;ykT[Adk j?. fe;h Xow s'A fxoDk eoBk, fJj Xow dk bZSD BjhAl fJj sK Xkofwe ;zehoDsk dk gfoukfJe j?. ;zgqdkfJesk dk ftek; fJ;h ;zehoDsk d/ ekoB

B'N



B'N j[zdk j?. Pqh noftzd ;z;ko d/ ;G XowK B{z ;wkB fdqPNh s'A d/yd/ ;B ns/ fe;h d/P dh f;Zfynk B{z T[; d/ nkgD/ Xow s/ nXkfow eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK dk ;gPN ws ;h fe Xow dh xkN ftZu wB[Zy nkgD/ nfXnksfe ;o{g B{z BjhA gfjukD ;edk.

2H okPNoh f;Zfynk^Pqh noftzd nkgD/ d/P dh ;[szsosk s'A d[yh ;B ns/ T[; ;w/A dh f;Zfynk gZXsh s'A fJjBK B{z pj[s n;zs'P ;h. fJjBK B/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe d/P ;[szso j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; dh f;Zfynk B{z Gkosh o{g gqdkB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK B/ okPNoh f;Zfynk dh g{oh o{go/yk fsnko ehsh. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko okPNoh f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk j? fijVh okPNo d/ fB:zsoD ftZu okPNoh b'eK B{z okPNoh gZXsh d[nkok fdZsh iKdh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJj f;Zfynk B{z Gkosh GkPktK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B ns/ T[; B{ pqjwuo ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB s/ nXkfos eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjBK dk efjDk ;h fe wksGkPk B{z f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw pDkT[D Bkb jh T[; B{z iB ;XkoD d/ bJh ;[bG ehsk ik ;edk j?. pqjwuo ftt;Ek ns/ nfXnksfwe ihtB sK ;kvh ;z;feqsh dh nkswk j?, T[; B{z f;Zfynk dk nXko pDkT[D Bkb GkoshnK ftZu okPNo dh nkswk dk ;wkt/P j't/rk. fJZE/ ;kB{z fJj rZb ;wM b?Dh ukjhdh j? fe Pqh noftzd ;ze[fus okPNohnsk ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B. fJj wB[Zysktkdh ftnesh ;B, fJ; bJh fJjBK dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s ftnkge ;h. fJj nzsoôkPNohnsk d/ jkwh ;B. Pqh noftzd nkPow ftZu d/P^ftd/P dhnK GkPktK ns/ ;z;feqshnK B{z ;EkB d/Dk fJjBK dh fJ; Gktbk dk gqshe j?.



3H Pqh noftzd rhsk d/ ;B^

(T) nB:B Grs (n) fto'Xh

(J) frnksk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK sZsK ftZu w{b sZs j?^

(T) Poho (n) pqjw

(J) nkswk (;) gqfeosh

5H gq:r dh fdqPNh s'A Pqh noftzd B/ frnkB B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^

(T) dotwkB ns/ nkswfrnkB (n) nkswk s/ gqwkswk

(J) gqfeosh frnkb s/ nfXnksw frnkB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H Pqh noftzd finkdk gqf;ZX jB^

(T) nkswfrnkB d/ o{g ftZu (n) dkoPfBe d/ o{g ftZu

(J) ftfrnkBe d/ o{g ftZu (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 15H4 Pqh noftzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of Educational Thought of Shri Aurobindo) fe;h t;s{, fefonk iK ftuko dk w[bnzeD e[ZM fBPfus wkBdzvK d/ nXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ ftek; dh gqfefonk j?. fJj ftek; fe; soQK dk j't/, fJj ;wki iK okPNo dh ssekBhB go;fEshnK ns/ GftZy dhnK neKfynktK ns/ ;zGktBktK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[d'A fe;h ftfdne fuzsB iK ftt;Ek dk w[bnzeD fJ;h nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[go'es fdqPNh s'A T[fus f;Zfynk d/ fBowkD ftZu fezBh ;jkfJe j'Jh j? iK j' ;edh j?.



f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko ;zg{oD f;Zfynk T[j j? fijVh wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ dot (G"fse), gqkD (gqkfDe) ns/ wkB; (wkBf;e) ;o{g dk frnkB eokJ/ ns/ T[; s'A nZr/ d/ ;o{g nfswkB; (nzso^ nksfwe) ns/ nBzd, fus ns/ ;s (nfXnksfwe) B{z ;wMD ns/ gqkgs eoB ftu ;jkfJe j't/. T[jBK d/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^„f;Zfynk wB[Zy d/ fdwkr ns/ nkswk dhnK PeshnK dk fBowkD eodh j? ns/ T[; ftZu frnkB, ;z;feqsh ns/ ufoso B{ z ikfrqs eodh j?.‟ (Education is the

building of the power of the human mind and spirit. It is the evoking of knowledge, character

and culture.).

fJ; gfoGkPk ftZu d' d'P ;kc Bio nkT[Ad/ jB^fJZe sK fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ;o{g B{z ;gPN BjhA ehsk frnk j? ns/ d{ik fJj j? fe fJ; ftZu fJ; d/ ekoiK B{z th nkgD/ e[ZM ftfPPN o{g ftZu g/P ehsk frnk j? fijVk wB[Zy dh gj[zu d/ pkjo jB. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

Pqh noftzd B/ wB[Zy d/ ftek; d/ ;Zs gd dZ;/ jB^dot gqkD wkB; nfs wkB; nBzd fus ;s. Pqh noftzd B/ f;Zfynk d/ wjZst d/ T[d/P fJ;h eqw ftZu fBPfus ehs/ jB^G"fse ftek; dk T[d/P, gqkfDe ftek; T[d/P, wkBf;e ftek; dk T[d/P, nzso^nksfwe ftek; dk T[d/P ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; dk T[d/P.

T[AM Pqh noftzd d[nkok fBPfus G"fse ftek; d/ T[d/P ftZu Pohoe, ;wkfie ns/ eko'pkoe ftek; d/ T[d/P Pkfwb jB, gqkfDe ftek; d/ T[d/P ftZu B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; dk T[d/P Pkfwb j?, wkBf;e ftek; d/ T[d/P ftZu wkBf;e PeshnK d/ ftek; s/ i'o j?, nzso^nksfwe ftek; d/ T[d/P ftZu wB, p[ZXh, fus ns/ nzsofrnkB d/ ftek; s/ i'o j? ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ T[d/P ftZu :'r fefonk ftZu f;ybkJh s/ i'o j? ns/ fJ; soQK fJjBK T[d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ w{b T[d/P Pkfwb j?, gozs{ f;ZXh^;Zuh rZb B{z fJzB/ T[bM/ j'J/ o{g ftZu oZy e/ fJjBK B/ fJZe T[bMB jh g?dk ehsh j?. nZi dh GkPk ftZu ;kB{z f;ZX/ o{g ftZu efjDk ukjhdk j? fe f;Zfynk fJZe pj[T[d/Pe gqfefonk j?, fJ; d/ d[nkok wB[ZyK dk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns ufosoe, eko'pkoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

Pqh noftzd B/ f;Zfynk d/ fiBQK T[d/PK dk fBowkD ehsk j?, T[jBK dh gqkgsh dh bJh fJZe ft;Ekg{oD gkmuo:k th g/P ehsh j?. fJjBK B? G"fse ftfPnK ftZu^wksGkPk ns/ okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh wjZst dhnK GkPktK, fJfsjk;, G{r'b, ;wkiPk;so, noEPk;so, rfDs, ftfrnkB, wB'ftfrnkB, f;js ftfrnkB, G{roG ftfrnkB, y/sh, T[d:'r, tfDi ns/ ebk B{z, G"fse fefonktK ftZu y/vê[Zd, e;os, T[sgkdB ekoi ns/ fPbg B{zl nfXnksfwe ftfPnK ftZu t/d, T[gfBPd, rhs, noEPk;so, BhshPk;so, ftfGzB d/PK d/ Xow ns/ doPB B{z ns/ nfXnksfwe fefonktK ftZu^GiB, ehosB, fXnkB ns/ :'r B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. ns/ Bkb f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB ;soK d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB gkmuo:k g/P ehsh j?.

i/eo Pqh noftzd d[nkok g/P ehsh gkmuo:k B{z fXnkB Bkb d/fynk^;wfMnk ikt/ sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k B{z pj[s ft;Ekog{od o{g gqdkB ehsk j?, T[; ftZu gqkuhB ns/ notkuhB ns/ Gkosh ns/ gZSwh, ;ko/ T[g:'rh frnkB ns/ fefonktK B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. gozs{ nozG s'A jh pZfunK B{z wksGkPk d/ Bkb nzro/Ih ns/ co?Au GkPk B{z gVQB dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?. nzsoôkPNoh wjZst dk sK pj[s e[ZM j? gozs{ ;XkoD ftnesh B{z T[; ;G B{z ikDB dh eh io{oos! fco jo ;so s/ :'r dh fefonk B{z ;EkB d/Dk th toswkkB go;fEshnK ftZu ;zGt BjhA j?.

B'N



B'N f;ybkJh ftXhnK

f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pqh noftzd d/ ftuko g{oDo{g s'A ;gPn BjhA jB, ehs/ fJ gqkuhB ftXhnK dk ;woEB eod/ Bio nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ehs/ notkuhB ftXhnK d/ gq:'r s/ i'o fdzd/ jB gozs{ fJj oNB d/ eZNo fto'Xh ;B, fJjBK B/ oNB d/ ;EkB s/ ;wMD s/ i'o fdZsk j?. :'r dh ftXh B{z fJjBK B/ f;ZyD dh T[Zsw ftXh wzfBnk j?.

Pqh noftzd dh fJ; rZb s'A e"D n;fjws j't/rk fe pZfunK B{z oNB d/ ;EkB s/ ;wMD d/ tZb nro;o eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK dk fJj ftuko th nkgD/ ftZu ;jh j? fe :'r dh ftXh ;wMD dh T[Zsw ftXh j? gozs{ toswkB ftZu fJ; :[r B{z wB dh fJekrosk d/ o{g ftZu jh fbnk ik ;edk j?, eqw :'r iK fXnkB :'r d/ o{g ftZu BjhA. nB[Pk;B

Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJZSk Bkb eosZt gkbD eoBk jh ;Zuk nB[Pk;B j?. fJ; nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh Pqh noftzd B/ d' rZbK s/ i'o fdZsk j?^fJZe fJj fe nfXnkgeK B{z pZfunK d/ ;kjwD/ nkdoP nkuoD g/P eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ d{ik fJj fe i/eo pZu/ fco th T[; s'A T[bNk nkuoD eoB sK T[jBK B{z gq/w Bkb ;wMkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK dk ;gPN ws ;h fe em'osk Bkb n;b nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. dzv B{z fJj nwkBth wzBd/ ;B.

fJ; ftZu d' ws BjhA fe n;t nB[Pk;B dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ftfdnkb/ dh T[Zu gfogkNh ns/ nfXnkgeK dk nkdoP nkuoD io{oh j[zdk j? gozs{ i/eo fco th pZu/ nB[Pk;BjhDsk eoB sK e/tb gq/w Bkb ezw BjhA uZbdk, edhêdh e[ZM dzv th d/Dk io{oh j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJj dzv ;hfws ns/ gq/w s/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nfXnkge

Pqh noftzd nfXnkge B{z BK sK pZfunK B{z frnkB d/D tkbk wzBd/ ;B ns/ Bk T[jBK ftZu frnkB dk ftek; eoBk tkbk wzBd/ ;B, fJj sK nfXnkge B{z pZfunK d/ ;[szso ftek; ftZu gE^gqdoPe d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ ;B. fJj nfXnkgeK s'A fJj T[whd eod/ ;B fe fJj pZfunK B{z G"fse frnkB dh gqkgsh ftZu ;jkfJsk eoB d/ Bkb^Bkb T[jBK dh nkswk dk th ftek; eoB. Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko fJj ekoi eqw:'rh ns/ fXnkB:'rh nfXnkge jh eo ;ed/ jB.

pZfunK d/ ;[szso ftek; dh rZb ;[BD^;wMD ftZu pj[s uzrh bZrdh j? gozs{ n;b ftZu fJ; o{g ftZu n"gukfoe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. nfXnkgeK s'A :'rh j'Dh dh ng/fynk fJ; :[r ftZu ;zGt BjhA. T[j nkgD/ eosZt dk fBPmk Bkb gkbD eoB ns/ pZfunK B{z ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoB, fJjh pj[s j?.

Nk;e Pqh noftzd d/ dkoPfBe fuzsB s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

f;ZfynkoEh

Pqh noftzd pkbe d/ tPfNsst dk nkdo eod/ ;B. fJjBK dk ;gPNheoD ;h fe G"fse fdqPNh s'A pZfunK ftZu n;wkBsk j[zdh j? ns/ nfXnksfwe (nkswk dh) fdqPNh s'A T[jBK ftZu ;wkBsk j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh nfXnkgeK B{z pZfunK dk G"fse ftek; T[jBK dhnK ;woZEktK d/ nXko s/ eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK dk nfXnksfwe ftek; T[jBK dh nkswk dh g{oDsk d/ nXko s/ eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJjBK d'jK soQK d/ bJh fJj pZfunK s'A pqjwuo d/ gkbD ns/ ;Zu/ frnkB dh y'i d/ bJh ;kXBk dh ng/fynk eod/ ;B.



fiZE/ sZe f;ZfynkoEhnK B{z pqjwuo gkbD d/ T[gd/P dh rZb j?, fJj nkgD/ ftZu fJedw T[fus j? gozs{ pZfunK B{z nozG s'A jh n;b ;Zu dh y'i d/ bJh :'r ;kXBk dh rZb nZi d/ :[r ftZu fttjkfoe BjhA j?. ftfdnkfbnk

Pqh noftzd wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu iksh, Xow, noE nkfd fe;h th nXko s/ G/d BjhA eod/ ;B. fJjBK B/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;ko/ pZfunK B{z nkgDh :'rsk nB[;ko dkfyb/ dk nfXeko d/D s/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJjBK fdqPNh s'A ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pZfunK d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK soQK d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;[thXktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB, gozs{ T[jK s/ fe;h soQK dk pzXB BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. T[jBK B{z ftfPnK d/ u'D dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?, y/vê[ZD ns/ e;os fefonktK d/ u'D dh S{N j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ nkgDk ekoi nkgDh rsh Bkb g{ok eoB dh S{N j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; B{z fJj f;Zfynk dh w[es gqDkbh efjzd/ ;B.

Pqh noftzd dh fJj rZb Gkt/A jh ;kfonK B{z ;theko Bk j't/ fe ftfdnkb/ :'r ;kXBk d/ e/Ado j'd/ ukjhd/ jB, gozs{ nkgDk ws sK fJj j? fe id'A sZe wB[Zy d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; ftZu ;zs[bB BjhA ehsk iKdk T[d'A sZe T[j n;b ;[y ns/ PKsh dh gqkgsh BjhA eo ;edk. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nozG s'A jh pZfunK d/ G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh :sB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H Xkofwe f;Zfynk^Pqh noftzd f;Zfynk B{z Xow s/ nXkfos eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. Pqh noftzd dk soe ;h fe ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ Xow wB[Zy B{z nkgD bJh, d{finK d/ bJh ns/ fJPto d/ bJh ihDk f;ykT[Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh fe;h th d/P dh f;Zfynk T[; d/ Xow s/ nXkfos j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gozs{ toskwB b'eszsoh XowfBog/y Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk B{z Xow ftP/P iK fJZE/ gquZbs ;ko/ XowK s/ nXksofe eoBk ;zGt BjhA j?. toswkB dh wzr sK ;otXow ;wGkt Gkt Xkofwe ;fjPD{sk d/ ftek; dh j?. i/eo n;hA pZfunK ftZu ;otXow ;wzs B?fse fB:wK dk ftek; eo ;eD sK fJj ;kvh pj[s tZvh ;cbsk j't/rjh.

2H okPNoh f;Zfynk^Pqh noftzd d/ nB[;ko okPNoh f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk j? fijVh okPNo d/ fB:zsoD ftZu, okPNo d/ ;ko/ b'eK B{z, okPNoh gZXsh Bkb fdZsh iKdh j?. fJjBK B/ fJ; nXko s/ okPNoh f;Zfynk dh g{oh :'iBk th fsnko ehsh ;h. gozs{ fJjBK B/ nkgD/ gKfvu/oh nkPow ftZu fi; f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ;h T[j :'r ;kXBk dh fdqPNh s'A sK Gkosh ;h gozs{ nkgDh gkmuo:k dh fdqPNh s'A nzsoôkPNoh ;h, T[; ftZu d/P^ftd/P dhnK eJh GkPKtK ns/ frnkB^ftfrnkB dhnk ftfGzB PkyktK d/ nfXnB dh ftt;Ek nZi th j?. i/eo n;hA gKfvu/oh d/ Pqh noftzd nzsoôkPNoh f;Zfynk e/Ado dh f;Zfynk B{z fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/^;wMhJ/ sK ;gPN j[zdk j? fe T[j ;ze[fus okPNohnsk d/ dkfJo/ s'A pkjo dh f;Zfynk j?, T[j nzsoôkPNoh ;so dh f;Zfynk j?, gozs{ T[; dh nkswk :'r f;Zfynk jh j?.

Pqh noftzd dk gqGkt

fJZe dkoPfBe d/ o{g ftZu Pqh noftzd B/ Gkosh doPB B{z ftfrnkBe pkDk gfjBkT[D dk :sB ehsk j? ns/ e[ZM b'e T[jBK d/ ftukoK s'A pj[s gqGkth th j'J/ jB. fJj ;EkB, iksh, Xow, noE ns/ ozr nkfd fe;h th nXko s/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu G/d BjhA eod/ ;B. fJj ftPtGkJhuko/ ftZu ftPtk; eod/ ;B. fJjBK d/ d[nkok gKfvu/oh nkPow ftZu d/P^ftd/P d/, ftfGzB ikshnK d/, ftfGzB XowK B{z wzBD tkb/ ns/ ftfGzB nkofEe ;so s'A nkJ/ b'e ofjzd/ jB, ;ko/ Pohoe fwjBs eod/jB, ;ko/ nkgDh^nkgDh :'rsknB[;ko G"fse ihtB B{z ubkT[D d/ bJh fGzB^fGzB ekoi eod/ jB, T[sgkdB eod/ jB ns/ ;ko/ fJ; ;G d/ Bkb^Bkb fXnkB :'r eod/ jB, G"fse ihtB dh ofynk eod/ j'J/ nfXnksfwesk d/ tZb tXd/ jB. fJ; Bkb G"fsesk gqXkB ns/ XowgqXkB ns/ ;z;feqshnK dh d{oh xZN j' ojh j? ns/ ;wki s'A torG/d ysw j' fojk j?.

B'N



B'N Pqh noftzd dk fJj doPB e/tb Gkosh ;hwk sZe ;hfws BjhA j?. gzKfvu/oh nkPow dhnK PkyktK d/P^ftd/P ftZu ;Ekfgs jB, fijVhnK g{o/ ;z;ko ftZu G"fse ns/ nfXnkfwe ihtB d/ ftZu ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eoB d/ tZb :sBPhb jB, :'r j[D G{wzvbh ftPk j' frnk j?.

jK, f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu th noftzd dk e'Jh ftP/P gqGkt BjhA fgnk. nozG ftZu okPNoh f;Zfynk nzd'bB ftZu Gkr fbnk fi;dk gqGkt e[[ZM jh ;kbK sZe fojk. T[; d/ pknd fJj :'r ;kXBk d/ tZb tX rJ/ ns/ e[ZM ;kb d/ pknd fJjBK B/ nkgD/ nkPow ftZu fJZe f;Zfynk ;z;Ek ;Ekfgs ehsh. fJj ;z;Ek j[D „Pqh noftzd nzsoôkPNoh f;Zfynk e/Ado‟ d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j? gozs{ fJ; ftZu f;Zfynk dh fijVh w[es gqDkbh j? T[; B{z ;ot;XkoD dh f;Zfynk ftZu bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

j/m fby/ eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H fJ; irs ns/ wB[Zyh ftek; dk gfjbk gd dot (iV) j?.

8H wB[Zyh ftek; dk d{ik gd j? gqkD.

9H wkB; iK wB wB[Zy d/ ftek; dk fsZik gd j?.

10H Pqh noftzd ftek; f;XKs ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B. 15H5 okXkfeqPDB d/ ftfdne ftuko (Educational Thoughts of Radha Krishnan) ;otgZbh okXkfeqPDB (1888^1975) fJZe nkfsP ftfynks Gkosh ;B. T[j fJZe T[Zue'fN d/ dkoPfBe, tesk ns/ Xow ns/ Xowftfdnk d/ d/ nukfonk ;B. T[j nKXo ns/ pBko; ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ e[bgsh oj/. pknd ftZu T[jBK B/ Gkos d/ okPNohgsh gd s/ ekoi ehsk ns/ nzs ftZu Gkosh rDszso d/ okPNogsh gd B{z ;[P'fGs ehsk. Gkos d/ p[XhihthnK ftZu okXkfeqPDB dk gqw[Zy ;EkB j?. T[j P[ZX Pk;soh noE ftZu ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse f;Xkseko BjhA jB. T[j T[Zue'fN d/ dkoPfBe jB fiBQK B/ ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftfPnK ftZu th nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. T[jBK d/ ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftuko „fobhiB n?Av ;';kfJNh‟ (Xow ns/ ;wki), „n?i{e/PB g'fbfNe; n?Av tko‟, (f;Zfynk, okiBhsh ns/ :[ZX), „e[beh n?Av d fcT{uo nkc f;ftbkJhi/PB‟ (ebeh ns/ ;ZfGnsk dk GftZy), „fJzvhnk n?Av ukJhBk,‟ (Gkos ns/ uhB), „fJi fd; gh;<‟ (eh fJj PKsh j?<) Bkw rqzEk ftZu ns/ „fJ;NoB fobhiz; n?Av t/;NoB E"N‟ (gotsh Xow ns/ gZSwh fu zsB) d/ nkyoh nfXnkJ/ ftZu fwbd/ jB.

okXkfeqPDB dk ftnefsst fBog/y nfXnksfwe nkdoPtkd dhnK gqzgoktK s'A n'sgq's j?. T[jBK B{z T[gfBPdK, Pzeo, okwkB[i (1055^1137), N?r'o, rKXh gb/N', gb"NhB;, por;K ns/ po/vb/ s'A gq/oDk fwbh j?. Pzeo dk T[jBK s/ pj[s finkdk v[zxk gqGkt j?. 2H okXkfeqPD d/ fuzsB dk sZsPk;soh nXko

(T) fjzd{ ihtB doPBôkXkfeqPDB B/ B?fse ihtB d/ ti{d dh fjzd[st d/ nB[;ko ftnkfynk eoB dk ;gPN ;zebg eoe/ nkgDk p"fXe ihtB nozG ehsk ;h. T[jBK B/ fJ; nko'g dk yzvB ehsk j? fe fjzd[st ;ZsPk;soh ;so s/ nzsofto'XK s'A n"sgq's j?. Bkb jh Bkb T[jBK B/ fJj th fdykT[D dk :sB ehsk j? fe fjzd[st dh ojZ;tkdh nB[G{shnK ns/ ebgBktK fBPfus o{g s'A ftPt ns/ ihtB dk fBP/X eoB tkbhnK BjhA jB. fjzd[st d/ ;z;Ekswe o{gK B/ okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie T[skoûVQk d/ ftZu ndG[s ihtB^Pesh dk ns/ nkgDk ekfJnkebg eoB dh wjkB ;woZEk dk gfou? fdZsk j?. fjzd[st B/ fJZe



T[Zu ihtB doPB dk fBowkD ehsk j?. fi; fuzsBXkok B/ p[ZX, Pzeo ns/ okwkB[i fij/ gokeqwh ewo:'rhnK ns/ fJ; :[r ftZu rKXh fij/ f;oiBkswe gqshGk B{z T[gszb ehsk j? T[; d/ fto[ZX fB;s/isk dk nko'g brkT[Dk T[gjk;tkd j?. fjzd[st B/ Po/: ns/ gq/: d'jK B{z jh wjZst fdZsk j?. fco th T[; B/ ;theko ehsk j? fe G"fse irs dhnK io{osK B{z jh gftZso wzB b??Dk ihtB dk nkyoh Nhuk BjhA j?, pbfe fJ; Xowh s/ nkswk d/ nfXnksfwe oki dh ;EkgBk eoBk n;b T[d/P j?. fgZSVhnK j'JhnK iBikshnK B{z nksw;ks eoB ns/ T[jBK B{z T[mkT[D dh ftnkge ;woZEk fjzd{ ;ZfGnsk dh fJZe ftP/Psk j?. fjzd{st B/ ftd/Ph ns/ n;zrs sZsK dk BkP eoB dh nkfrnk ehs/ th BjhA fdZsh j?. T[; B/ jw/PK nkuoD dh P[ZXsk ns/ ;kX[sk dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. T[; B/ edh th fJ; rZb s/ i'o BjhA fdZsk fe b'e e[ZM nkdoPe XowPk;soh wstkdK B{z nBB: Gkt s'A nzrheko eo b?D. okXkfeqPDB B{z fjzd{ ihtB doPB ftZu ftPtk; j?, i' wB[Zy B{z nkgd/ T[Zuso ftnefsst dk ;kePkseko eoB dh gq/oDk fdzdk j?. fJZe fJfsjkf;e Xow d/ o{g ftZu fjzd{st dk nkyoh ns/ fBog/y BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. T[j sK fJZe ftek;Phb gqzgok j?. okXkfe qPDB fbyd/ jB L “fjzd{st rsh j?, Bk fe ;fEshl gqfefonk j?, Bk fe Bshikl fJZe ftek;Phb gqzgok j?, Bk fe fBPfus fJPtoh frnkB. T[; dk rs fJfsjk; ;kB{z fJj ftPtk; eoB d/ bJh T[s;kfjs eodk j? fe GftZy ftZu fuzsB iK fJfsjk; d/ y/so ftZu id'A edh th e'Jh ;zeN dh xVh nkJ/rh T[d'A T[j T[; dk ;kjwDk eoB ftZu ;woZE j't/rk.” fjzd{st B/ fBPeks ;zfBnk; dk fijVk nkdoP g/P ehsk j?, T[[; Bkb okXkfeqPDB pj[s gqGkfts j'J/ jB. T[jBK B/ fjzd{st ftZu Pkfwb Gkos d/ nfXnksfwe nkdoPK ns/ neKfynktK dk Ui/;th PpdK ftZu toDB ehsk j?. pj[sbsk ns/ tZyo/gD d/ ftZu J/esk dk gkm f;ykT[Dk fjzd{st dh w[Zy ftPk t;s{ j?. T[;dk ;o{g ftnkge j?, feT[Afe T[j fJj wzB e/ uZbdk j? fe ;s dhnK tZy^tZy ftnkfynktK ;zGt jB ns/ T[j jo soQK dh ;zgqdkfJe d[oGktBktK ns/ eZNogzEh n;fjPD{sk dk fto'X eodk j?. Xkofwe doPB ftZu fjzd{st dk fdqPNhe'D b'eszsfoe j?. fjzd{st d/ nXkoG{s sZsK dh gqfeosh nfXnksfwe j?. fJj pj[s finkdk noErofGs jB ns/ Gkosh iBsk B{z Pesh ns/ ihtB gqdkB eoB ftZu T[jBK dk ;EkJh wjZst j?. gozs{ okXkfeqPDB ;zehoD ;zgqdkfJtkdh BjhA jB. T[jBK dk wkB; pj[s jh T[dko ns/ ;fjPD{ j?. T[jBK B/ fjzd{st ns/ ;z;ko d/ XowK d/ ftZu nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse f;XKsK dh fJeo{gsk bZGh j?.

(n) gopqjw ns/ fJPtoôkXkfeqPD fJZe nkfd nfXnksfwe PkPts ns/ g{oD ;s dh ;Zsk B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[j fJPto ns/ pqjw d/ gqfsnkswe G/d B{z th wzBd/ jB. fBor[D ns/ ;r[D fJPto dk G/d gqkuhB t/dKs B/ ;theko ehsk j? ns/ T[; dk phi ;kB{z T[gfBPdK ftZu th fwbdk j?. gozs{ nfXnksfwe y/so ftZu „T[Zu‟ ns/ „fBwB‟ d/ ;XkoD G/d dh ebgBk eoBk fJ; rZB dk ;{ue j? fe wB[Zy dh p[ZXh nB[Gktkshs ;Zsk d/ ;zpzX ftZu th ;kwzsh ns/ fBoze[Ptkdh ;wki dhnK XkoDktK dk gq:'r eoB dk d?nBh :sB eo ojh j?. fJj efjDk T[gjk;k;gd j't/rk fe fJPto fBwBe'fJN dk ns/ pqjw T[Zue'fN dk j?. Gkt/A fe okXkfeqPDB dk fJj ws finkdk :[esh;zrs bZrdk j? fe “ftPt d/ w{bK d/ ;zdoG ftZu pqjw dk o{g fBPfus eoBk jh fJPto j?”, gozs{ nk;fse b'eK B{z fJj fdqPNhe'D th p{ok bZr/rk. gos ;s go w{b th j?. okXkfeqPDB B{z nfXnksfwe nB[G{shnK dh n;bhns ns/ gqwkfDesk ftZu th ftPtk; j?. T[jBK B{z nfXnksfwe nB[G{shnK dh n;bhns dk gqwkD T[dkbe, p[ZX, Pzeo, ;[eoks, gb/N', w[jzwd, ;zsgkb, gb"NhB;, g"ochoh, nr;NhB, dKs/, J/ejkoN, eb/noc"e; d/ pzs poBkov, ;zs i'B, ;gkfJB'ik, pb/e, o{Jh;po'e ns/ j'o Pq/DhnK ns/ ;zsK d/ ihtB ftZu fwbdk j?. fJj wjKg[oy fGzB^fGzB d/PK ns/ ekbK ftZu T[sgzB j'J/ ;B, fco th T[jBK ;kfonK B/ fJZe ;to Bkb gqwkfDs ehsk j? fe nfXnksfwe nB[G{sh fijh t;s{ j[zdh j? ns/ T[; nB[G{sh ftZu fdb B{z gqdhgs eoB ns/ ufso B{z o{gKsfos eoB dh ndG[s Pesh Pkfwb ofjzdh j?. fJBQK wjkg[oyK dk fJj ;keP/ fJzBk ftPkb j? fe fJ; dh ng/fynk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, pbfe fJ; s'A gqshB j[zdk j? fe nfXnksfwe nB[G{sh fJZe t;s{rs sZE j?.

(J) ftPt dk xNBkuZeoôkXkfeqPDB dk ftPtk; j? fe feT[Afe fJj ftPt gopqjw dh PkPts f;oiBPhbsk ftZu Pkfwb nrfDs ;zGtkBktK ftZu'A fJZe ;kePkseoD j?, fJ; bJh T[;

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B'N ftZu i' e[ZM th j' fojk j? T[; d/ w{b ftZu fJZe d/dhgwkB nfXnksfwe gq:'iB Pkfwb j?. ftPt pqjw dh ;[szso ;zebgPesh dh nGhftnesh j?. ftPt d/ xNBkuZeo ftZu fBozso tkXkwkB g{oDsk d/ tZb tXD dh gqftoxh ;gPN o{g s'A fdqPNhr'uo j[zdh j?. ftPt B{z n;hA fJZe Gow^T[dgkde wforwohfuek iK ftnkw'j efj e/ BjhA Nkb ;e/d ns/ Bk T[; B{z nBzs iho' jh wzB e/ ;zs'P eo ;ed/ jB. t;s{ o{g ftZu ftPt d/ w{b ftZu ns/ T[; dh gqfefonk ftZu fJPto dh ;Zsk Pkfwb j?. ftPt ftZu ihtB, wB, u/sBk ns/ w{b^whwK;k dh ;woZEk i' T[Zso'so ftek; j'fJnk j?, T[; s'A ;gPN j? fe ftPt dh :zsoe ftnkfynk ;theko BjhA j' ;edh. ftPt dh gqfefonk d/ d[nkok ;otftnkgh nfXnksfwe gq:'iB dk fBozso ;ekPkseko j' fojk j?. G"fsetkdh ns/ iVsZstkdh fdqPNhe'D ftPt dh n;b gqfeosh dk T[dxkNB BjhA eo ;edk. nkX[fBe G"fse ftfrnkB d/ dkoPfBe J/fvzrNB, ihA;, nkJhA;NkJhB nkfd th j[D em'o, xBstg{oD ns/ ifNb sZsK dh XkoDk ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/. t"bs/no ns/ eKN B/ fJPtotkd d/ gZy ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ sZsPk;soh ns/ gq:'iBtkdh soeKdk fijVk wy"b T[vkfJnk j?, T[; d/ pkti{d ftPt dh gqfefonk ftZu nzdo{Bh ;zpzX, gq:'iB :'iBk ns/ fJZE'A sZe fe B?fse gqfeosh th d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. tjkJhNj?v d[nkok fBo{fgs f;oiBPhbsk, PkPts sZsK ns/ nt:th dh XkoDktK B/ ns/ Ji/eiKvo ns/ bkfJv w"orB d/ fBors ftek; d/ f;XKs B/ G"fseh pqfjwzv ftfdnk dhnK ewhnK B{z ;gPN eo fdZsk j?. N"w;B, n"bhto b"i ns/ ;wN; th :zsose G"fseh dhnK ewhnK dk T[dxkNB eod/ jB. okXkfeqPDB nfXnksfwe XkoDktkdh j[zd/ j'J/ th ftPt dh n;bhns s'A fJzeko BjhA eod/. T[j ftPt B{z fJPto dk fBtk;^;EkB wzBd/ jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A tZy^tZy soQK dhnK ;kohnK t;s{nK ns/ gqkDh T[;h w{b nkswk dh nGhftnesh jB. ftPt d/ ;ko/ gdkoE T[;h fJZe u/sBk d/ tZy^tZy o{g jB. fJ; gfotosBwkB irs s'A go/ i' nfXnksfwe irs j?, T[;h s'A fJfsjkf;e gqfefeonk ;koEe j[zdh j?. ftPt Bk sK t;s{nK dk g[zi wkso j? ns/ Bk e'Jh wkfJikb j?. T[j fJZe rshPhb ;gzdB:[es nfXnksfwe gqtkj j?. nfXnksfwe irs jh wB[Zy d/ B?fse :sBK ns/ nkdoPtkdh :'iBktK dh ;cbsk dh rozNh j?. fJ; bJh okXkfeqPDB d/ nB[;ko pqfjwzv d/ xNBkuZeo dh ;Kr'gKr ftnkfynk eoB d/ bJh fJZe nB[Gt Pesh dh n;bhns B{z ;theko eoBk io{oh j?. T[;h d/ ;zdoG ftZu fJ; pqfjwzv B{z ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

okXkfeqPDB wjk:kB ;zgqdkfJ d/ ;otw[esh (;w{fje fBotkoD) d/ nkdoP B{z ;theko eod/ jB. id'A ;zg{oD ftPt dh gkg ns/ wkfJnk s'A w[esh j' iKdh j? sK T[; ;w/A gqgzu irs, T[; dh ;zg{oD rshPhbsk fto'Xh sZs ns/ ;G soQK d/ nzsofto'X nkgD/^nkg ysw j' iKd/ jB. pqjw dh ;Zsk dh g{oD nGhftnesh dk noE jzdk j? ;wro fJfsjkf;e gqfefonk dk nzs j' ikDk. id'A pqfjwzv dk uZeo ;otG"w w[esh d/ d[nkok nkgDh uow ;fEsh s/ gj[zu ikJ/rk sK ;zGt j? fe T[; ;w/A gopqjw nkgD/ B{z fe;h j'o o{g ftZu ftnes eoB dh fJZSk eo/. fJ; soQK pqjw dh nBzs f;oiBPesh ;otw[esh d/ pknd th PkPts xNBkuZeo B{z d[pkok T[sgzB eo ;edh j?. ;kotG"w w[esh d/ f;XKs d/ phi ftZu n;hA ;zs gkb d/ ftukoK ns/ fjzd{ g{okDK ftZu th fwbd/ jB. fJ; Bkb okXkfeqPDB d/ doPB ftZu gqzgoktkdh ns/ g{BoT[EkBtkdh sZsK dh ftfdnkwkBsk fBofttkd o{g s'A f;ZX j' iKdh j?. fJj f;XKs t;s{ o{g s'A ftfrnkB ns/ soep[ZXh dh gfoXh s'A go/ jB ns/ ;s:[r ns/ gob"fee j's:sk dh T[; XkoDk dk d[pkok fBowkD j? fijVk ;kB{z gqkuhB fjzd{nK ns/ :j{dhnK d/ fuzsB ftZu ns/ o{;hnK d/ ftPtdoPB ftZu d/yD B{z fwbdh j?.

(;) nzsgqfrnk ns/ p[ZXh^gb"NhB; ns/ por;K dh soQK okXkfeqPDB th nzso^gqfrnk B{z p[ZXh s'A T[Zuh Pesh wzBd/ jB. nzso^gqfrnk n;bhns B{z gqrN eoB dk wkfXnw j?. T[j ;zg{oD nfXnksfwe sZsPk;so ns/ wB'ftfrnkB dk nXko j?. dkoPfBe, ebkeko, ojZ;tkdh ns/ fJZE/ sZe fe ftfrnkBe th nkgDhnK^nkgDhnK gfoebgBktK dh y'i eod/ ;w/A fJ; dk ;jkok b?Ad/ jB, Gkt/A T[j T[; B{z ;gPN PpdK ftZu ;theko Gb/ jh Bk



eoB. nzso^gqfrnk dh fefonk gqsZy ns/ ssekfbe j[zdh j?. T[j fe;h t;s{ s/ pkjo s'A jwbk eoB dh ng/fynk T[; d/ nzdo fit/A ;jkB[G{shg{oD dkfyb eo iKdh j?. nzso^gqfrnk ;zg{oD gqkDPesh B{z dhoxekb sZe fe;h t;s{ s/ e/Adfos eoB s'A T[sgzB j[zdh j?. gozs{ T[j p[ZXh dk fto'X BjhA eodh. pbfe fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe nzso^ gqfrnk p[XhjhDsk BjhA pbfe p[ZXh dh uow nt;Ek j?. fJjh BjhA, nzso^gqfrnk d/ ;keP/ s/ nXkfoe BshfinK dh p"fXE soeK d[nkok g[PNh ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA fJj BjhA efj ;ed/ fe nzso^gqfrnk dk gqdoPB BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. gozs{ np"fXe Bk j'D s/ th T[j ngqfsnkswe io{o j?. T[j fuzsB dh gqfeosh ftZu jh Pkfwb j?, pbfe T[; dk nXko ns/ g{ot nB[wkB j?. gozs{ p[ZXh ftPb/PDkswe ns/ pj[w[Zyh j[zdh j?, T[; d/ T[bN nzso^gqfrnk ;zPb/PDkswe ns/ nftGkie j'fJnk eodh j?. gozs{ nzso^gqfrnk Bk sK GktBkswe T[do/e j? ns/ Bk ;zt/rkswe nzso^fdqPNh. ns/ Bk T[; B{z ;fjitfofsnkswe (w{bgqtfofsnkswe) gqsZy frnkB jh fejk ik ;edk j?. T[j n;b ftZu p[ZXh dh g{oDsk j?. okXkfeqPDB B/ T[; B{z gquZbs fdqPNhe'D dk yzvB eoB dk g{ok :sB ehsk j? fi; d/ nB[;ko nzso^gqfr4nk ns/ p[ZXh B{z go;go fto'Xh wzfBnk frnk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh ftZu nzso^gqfrnk dk p[ZXh Bkb T[jh ;zpzX j? fijVh nzPh ns/ nzP d/ ftZu j'fJnk eodk j?. T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe nzso^gqfrnk dk fuzsB d/ Bkb rshPhb ns/ nfGzB ;zpzX j?. T[jBK dk fJj eEB j? fe nzso^gqfrnk ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ ftPb/PD dh bzph ns/ nftPoKs gqfefonk dk Bshik j[zdh j?. gozs{ w?B{z fJ; ftZu Pze gqshs j[zdk j? fe epho, whokpkJh, N/o/;k nkfd T[jBK ;zsK B/ fiBQK B{z nzso^gqfrnk dh f;ZXh gqkgs ;h, edh ;tkfXnkfJ ns/ ftPb/PD dh dhoxekbhB ;kXBk ehsh ;h. w/oh ;wM ftZu Xkofwe sZsPk;so dh fdqPNh s'A nzso^gqfrnk d/ d' gqekoK ftZu G/d eoBk bkGdkfJe j't/rk. G"fse PeshnK dh gq'VQsk nzso^gqfrnk dk fJZe gqeko j? ns/ gow ;s dk ;kePkseko eoB dh Pesh d{ik. fJj d'B'A fJZe jh t;s{ BjhA jB. okXkfeqPDB dh XkoDk j? fe „wB dh ;wrosk (nyzvsk)‟ jh nskwk j? ns/ wB dh fefonk wB[Zy B{z nzso^gqfrnk d/ ;Zu sZe gj[zuk ;edh j? ns/ T[; Pesh B{z p[ZXh dh GkPk ftZu ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?. w?B{z fJ; rZb ftZu PZe j? fe okXkfeqPD dhnK fJj XkoDktK wB[Zy d/ nfXnksfwe g{BoikroD d/ T[; T[d/P dh g{osh ftZu ;jkfJe j' ;edhnK jB fi; dk T[j ;woEB eod/ jB.

3H okXkfeqPDB dk ;ZfGnsk ;zpzXh doPB

oftzdoBkE dh soQK okXkfeqPDB dk th ftPtk; j? fe ;ZfGnsk dh oZfynk d/ bJh B?fse Pesh dh io{os j?. fGnzeo u{D"shnK nkX[fBe ;ZfGnsk d/ Yku/ B{z jkBh gj[zuk ojhnKjB, fJZe nfXnksfwe wB[Zysktkdh B?fsesk jh T[; B{z ;otBkP s'A puk ;edh j?. T[j fbyd/ jB L „ftPt B/ eJh nfijhnK ;ZfGnsktK B{z d/fynk j? fe fiBQK s/ :[rK dh X{V uw u[Zeh j?. n;hA wzB fbnk ;h fe fe;h th soQK gfotosB ns/ ftek; feT[A Bk j'D, gZSwh ;ZfGnsk dk m'; Ykuk nkgD/^nkg ftZu fNekT{ ns/ ;EkJh j?, gozs{ j[D n;hA d/y oj/ jK fe fezB/ voktD/ o{g ftZu oktKeoB j?. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nB?fse j'Dk fBokgd BjhA j?. p{oh nt;EktK nkgD/ b'G ns/ njzeko d/ ekoB nkgDk ftBkP eo b?AdhnK jB. fijV/ i/s{ ns/ P'Pe B?fse fB:s dh uZNkB Bkb NeokT[Ad/ jB, T[j nzs ftZu nkgD/ jh ftBkP d/ yZv ftZu ik frod/ jB. j[D id'A sZe ;wK j?^ T[AM j[D finkdk ;wK BjhA ofj frnk j?^;kB{z ukjhdk j? fe wB[Zy B{z, i' n;jkfJ dh soQK nkgD/ ;otBkP d/ tZb d"fVnk ik fojk j?, o'eD dk :sB eohJ/.” fJ; ;w/A id'A Xow dk ;{oi n;skub d/ tZb ik fojk j? ns/ B?fse w{b ;zeN ftZu jB, fJj fBsKs io{oh j? fe nkX[fBe ;ZfGnsk B{z Bt/A f;o/ s'A nfXnksfwe T[d/P ns/ B?fse fB:wK s'A nB[gqkfDs eoBk j?.

okXkfeqPDB dk ;[gBk j? fe GftZy ftZu fJZE nfijh wB[Zyh ;ZfGnsk dk iBw j't/rk fijVh ;otnkswGkt dh gqftosh s/ nXkfos j't/rh. nkX[fBe irs ftZu T[d:'freh ns/ nkofEe y/soK ftZu fBoGosk fJzBh tX rJh j? ns/ g{oD ftBkP d/ ;kXB fJzBh finkdk xkse j' rJ/ jB fe j[D y/soh ;ZfGnsK dk r[DrkB eoBk nkswxksh j't/rk. ikshtkd (B;btkd) njzeko, gsB d/ tZb b? ikD tkbk nfXBkfJe dk f;XKs, ;?fBe Pesh dh poposkg{oD nokXBk ns/ g{zih dk ;zu/ nkfd ;zehoD Grsh d/ jh eb[fPs Bshi/ jB. fi; soQK nkX[fBe :[r ftZu nozG ftZu N"bwh

B'N



B'N d/ G{e/Adfoe f;XKs B{z fsnkr e/ e'goBhe; d/ ;{oie/Adfoe f;XKs B{z nzrheko ehsk frnk T[;h soQK jh nZi ;ZfGnsk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ikshe/Adfoe d/PGrsh d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z fsnkr e/ ;otG"w fdqPNhe'D B{z ngBkT[Dk j't/rk. ;otG"wtkd GftZy dh nkdoP ;ZfGnsk dk nXko j't/rk. gozs{ ;otG"fwetkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ ftek; d/ bJh e'ok p"fXe wkor ekch BjhA j?. fJ; soQK GftZy dh fJ; ;ZfGnsk dk fBowkD fBog/y p"fXe T[dkosk iK ;ko;zrqfjtkd ns/ T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBK d/ nfGBtheoD d/ nXko s/ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. T[;d/ bJh io{oh j? fe n;hA nkgDh ;ZfGnsk dhnK ;hwktK B{z ;wMhJ/ ns/ gokJh ;ZfGnsK d/ w{bK ns/ r[DK B{z finkdk ;u/s o{g ftZu ;theko eohJ/. nkgDh ;ZfGnsk d/ wkgdzvK B{z d{finK s/ bZdD d/ bJh ;zxoP eoBk ck;htkdh wB'ftosh dk ;{ue j? ns/ T[; dh ftcbsk fBPfus j?. io{os fJ; rZb dh j? fe n;hA g{ot ns/ gZSw d/ nXkoG{s nfXnksfwe ns/ B?fse w{bK B{z finkdk rfjokJh d/ Bkb ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/. wB[Zyhîksh x'o ePN ftZu j?. fJfsjk; ;zeN ftZu j' e/ r[io fojk j?. ;ZfGnsk B/ fiBQK w[Pfeb ;wZf;nktK B{z iBW fdZsk j?, T[jBK dk fJZewkso jZb fJj j? fe „ftPt dh niBwh nkswk‟ c[ZN e/ ;gPN B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe u/sBk B{z gqkgs eo bJ/. okXkfeqPDB dk eEB j? fe Grdrhsk th wB[Zyh^GkJhuko/ s/ i'o fdzdh j?. T[jBK B/ rhsk dh b'e;zfrqj dh XkoDk dk noE ftPt dh J/esk brkfJnk j?. 4H okXkfeqPDB dk okiBhfse doPB

r'gkb feqPB r'yB/ dk nkdoP „okiBhsh dk nfXnksfweoD‟ eoBk ;h. wjkswk rKXh B/, i' r'yb/ B{z nkgDk r[o{ wzBd/ ;B, okiBhsh ftZu B?fse Xow d/ w{bK B{z ;wkT[D dk :sB ehsk. okXkfeqPDB B/ okiBhfse ftukoK s/ rKXhtkd dk pj[s finkdk gqGkt fgnk j? ns/ ihtB d/ gqsh T[jBK dk fdqPNhe'D th Xkofwe j?. fJ; bJh T[j fbyd/ jB L “okiBhsh e/tb fttjkfoe Xow j?.” nkX[fBe ihtB ifNb ns/ ;zeNg{oD go;fEshnK ftZu T[bfMnk j'fJnk j?. wB[Zy tZy^tZy soQK dh wkBf;e fuzsktK, dtzdK, wB;skgK ns/ fGnzeo noZfynk dhnK go;fEshnK dk fPeko j?. Xow fteP{pX ihtB ftZu d[pkok ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB dk ;G s'A tZvk PeshPkbh ;kXB j?. Xow dk noE j? ;Zu dh y'i eoBk ns/ ;kohnK gqkgs t;s{nK ftZu J/esk dk doPB eoBk. T[j :zsoe g{ikgkm, eoweKvh gqzgoktkd ns/ fseVwpki g[o'fjs tor s'A fJZedw d{o j?. okXkfeqPDB dk p/Bsh j? fe wB[Zy B{z XowPk;sohnK d/ ekbgfBe soe^ftsoe ns/ eZNoskg{oD Xkofwe pohehnK B{z SZv e/ nkgD/ ftZu Xow gok:Dsk ns/ fBofts dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?. ihtB d/ ;ko/ y/soK ftZu ;fjPD{sk dh Xkofwe GktBk, gq/w ns/ T[dkosk dk uoD eoBk pj[s io{oh j?. Xow dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe g[oksB ;wkfie o{VQhnK ns/ w{oyskg{oD ;wkfie nZfsnkukoK B{z ekfJw oZfynk ikt/, fit/A fe Gkosh ;wki d/ eJh y/soK ftZu wzB fbnk frnk j?. okXkfeqPDB dh fdqPNh ftZu Xow fJZe pj[s rzGho ns/ ftneshrs t;s{ j?. Xkofwe nB[G{sh ;zGt s"o s/ ;wBftnkswe j[zdh j?. T[j fJZe soQK dk nfXnksfwe gqekP j? fijVk dhoxekbhB dh J/eKs ;kXBk ns/ fuzsB s'A T[gbpX j[zdk j?. ;zsK ns/ wjkB nukfonK d/ o{gKsfos gftso ihtB s'A T[; dh gqwkfDesk f;ZX j[zdh j?. T[; Bkb ;zg{oD nkswk fJ; soQK gqekfPs j' T[Zmdh j? fe u/sB ns/ nu/sB dk ;XkoD G/d jh ysw j' iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu Xkofwe nB[G{sh ;zt/dBPhb nkswk dh T[; ;wro n;bhns d/ gqsh gqshfefonk j? fi; dh nGhftnesh ;Zu, gftZsosk ns/ ;"do: ftZu j[zdh j?. Xow fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdzdk j? fe pkjoh gqfeosh ns/ B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK dh d[BhnK d/ ftZu gko;gfoe ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk ikt/. T[d'A wB[Zy GbhGKs ;wM bJ/rk fe wB[Zy u/sBk nfXnksfwe ;Zsk d/ Bkb nt:th o{g ftZu bVhpZX j?l ns/ fco T[j J/ekehgD, fBokPk ns/ ftcbsk dh GktBk s'A w[esh gqkgs eo bJ/rk. goT[gekow{be ;/tk s'A th Xkofwe u/sBk dk tkXk j[zdk j?. okXkfeqPDB dk efjDk j? L “Xow e'oh ;Be BjhA j?, ns/ Bk T[j e'Jh fJfsjkf;e d?t:'r, wB'ftfnrkBe :[esh iK gbkfJD dh fefonkftXh j?. T[j wB[Zyh ;zpzXK B{z ;zfdrX eoB dk e'Jh nfijk nkofEe ;kXB th BjhA j? fi; B{z T[dk;hB d[BhnK s'A T[sgzB eo fdZsk j't/. T[j wB[Zy gqftosh dk nfGzB nzr j?, wB[Zy dh j'st:sk dk ;zd/P j?, ftnesh d/ w{b dk gqsZy frnkB j? ns/ fJ; rZb dh u/sBsk j? fe ftPt d/ GftZy d/ bJh wB[Zy dk fBoDk pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. T[j wB[Zy dh nkswk dk gfowkoiB j?, ftPt d/ ojZ; d/ ftP/ ftZu ;zt/dBPhbsk j?, nkgD/ ;kEh wB[ZyK ns/ fBwBe'fn d/ gqkDhnK d/ gqsh gq/w



ns/ eo{Dk dh GktBk j?. fi; ;wki d/ xNe Xkofwe ftnesh j[zd/ jB T[; d/ ihtB ftZu Gkoh nzso nk iKdk j?.” Xow w{bK dk ;wBt? ns/ nB[G{shnK dk ;zxNB j?. T[; dk T[d/P wB[Zy d/ ;zg{oD ftnefsst B{z gqdhgs eoBk j?. iVtkdh Bk;fsesk ns/ p"fXe :[eshtkd wB[Zy dh wB dh ;skg ns/ wkBf;e ftxNB s'A oZfynk BjhA eo ;edk. fJ; d/ bJh ;wBt? ns/ J/eheoD dh Xkofwe GktBk dh io{os j?. Xow “;wro wB[Zy dh ;wo n;bhns d/ gqsh gqshfefonk j?.” gozs{ okXkfeqPDb B/ fJj bjhA ;wMkfJnk fe wB[Zy dhnK ;woZEktK ns/ PeshnK d/ ;wro o{g ftZu fefonkPhb j'D dh gqfefonk ns/ fefonkftXh eh j?< T[jBK d/ fuzsB d/ eZNogzEh sZsK dk T[dxkNB T[jBK d/ fJ; eEB s'A j[zdk j? fe Xkofwe nB[G{sh ;t?^;Ekfgs, ;t?f;ZX ns/ ;t?^gqekPtkB j?. i/eo T[jBK d/ nfsP:'eshg{oD eEB ;Zu wzB bJh ikD sK fJj rZb pj[s j?okBh dh bZrdh j? fe ;ko/ d/PK ns/ ;ZfGnsktK ftZu eo'VK b'e fJ; ;t?f;ZX nB[G{sh dk o;ktdkB ehs/ fpBK jh, fJ; ihtB s'A ftdk j' rJ/. okXkfeqPDB d/ Xkofwe wB[Zysktkd d/ gZyg'PD ftZu w[Pfeb fJj j? fe T[; d[nkok PoXkb{ ftnesh dk sK T[s;kjtoXB j[zdk j?, gozs{ p[ZXhtkdh T[jBK d/ soeK s'A ;fjs BjhA j' gkT[Adk. ;wro wB[Zy d/ fefonkPhb j'D dk fJ; d/ fJbktk j'o e[ZM noE ;wM ftZu BjhA nkT[Adk fe wB[Zu ftnefsst d/ Pohoe, p"fXe, ;zt/rkswe, ;"Ado:kswe ns/ B?fse sZs fJeZm/ ;eoh j'D.

okXkfeqPDB Xkofwe wB[Zysktkd d/ fBowksk jB. gZSw ftZu wB[Zysktkd dk iBw ftfrnkB gqfeoshtkd ns/ d/tPk;soh Xkofwesktkd d/ fto[ZX gqshfefonk d/ o{g ftZu j'fJnk. T[; B/ ;wkfie ns/ B?fse w{bK B{z gqfsPmk gqdkB ehsh ns/ wB[Zyh J/esk dk ;woEB ehsk. fJ; bJh T[; dk nkdoPtkd Pbk:'r j?. gozs{ okXkfeqPDB B/ wB[Zysktkd d/ gZSwh ;zgqdkfJnK ftZu d' nXkoG{s ewhnK dZ;hnK jB. gfjbh, T[j fJj wzB e/ uZbdk j? fe wB[Zy d/ ihtB ns/ ;[Gkn ftZu B?fse ns/ gqfeosh sZs jB T[jBK d/ ftZu go;go s/i fto'X j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb B?fse ;kwzi; dh ;w:e nkukoBhsh n;zGt j' iKdh j?. B?fse ihtB dk ;ko fJ; ftZu j? fe go;go ;zxoPos ;[Gkfte gqftoshnK B{z B?fse Pk;B d/ nXhB oZfynk ikt/. wB[Zysktkd dh d{ih xkN fJj j? fe T[; B/ nfXnksfwe nkyoh ;Zu dh T[g/fynk ehsh j?. wB[Zysktkdh nkukoBhsh dhnK d' ;zeohD ftnkfynktK ftfrnkBe G"fsetkd ns/ ojZ;tkd okPNotkd jB. fJ; soQK gZSwh wB[Zysktkd ;/tk ns/ nkswfrnks d/ fi; nkdoP dk T[s;kj d/ Bkb ;woEB eodk j? T[; d/ bJh T[j nfXnksfwe nXko gqdkB BjhA eodk. T[; d/ nzsors ihtB nshs ns/ ihtB B{z o{gKsfos eoB tkbh Xkofwesk d/ bJh ;EkB BjhA j?. fJ;d/ T[bN okXkfeqPDB B?fse w{bK B{z nfXnksfwe nXkoK s/ ;Ekfgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK p?fpN ns/ Nkw; w'o d/ wB[Zysktkd d/ w[ekpb/ ftZu okXkfeqPDB nfXnksfwe fdqPNhd'D dh d[[pkok ;EkgBk eoB dk ;woEB eod/ jB. T[jBK dk ftPtk; j? fe g{ot d/ ojZ;kswe XowK B/ fiBQK fBoftshtkdh r[DK s/ i'o fdZsk j? T[jBK s'A ;wkfie ;fEosk B{z i'o fwbdk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK dk efjDk j? fe :{o'g d/ wB[Zysktkdh fuzsB ns/ J/Phnk d/ Xkofwe ftPt^doPB d/ ftZu ;wBt? ;Ekfgs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A w{bftjhB nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ Xow, ftfrnkB ns/ wB[Zysktkd d/ ;wBt? dh io{os j?. T[; d[nkok T[; B{z fdbk;k fwb ;edk j? ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ T[j fBod/P ;wkfie ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk eo ;edk j?.

okXkfeqPDB s/ rKXhih d/ nfjz;k ns/ ;Zfsnkrqfj d/ doPB dk v[zxk gqGkt fgnk j?. T[jBK B{z Pesh, jwb/ ns/ ;wokitkd d/ dkBth f;XksK s'A fxoDk j?, fJ; bJh T[j Xow B{z okiBhsh dk nXko pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. fJZe n;b ns/ p[ZXhwskg{oD ;wkfie ftt;Ek ;Zu, fBnk ns/ ;wkB ;[szsosk d/ nXko s/ jh ekfJw ehsh ik ;edh j?. fjz;k d[PwDK B{z iBw fdzdh j? ns/ fxoDk jwb/ B{z. rKXhih d/ u/b/ j'D d/ Bksk okXkfeqPDB B{z ftPtk; j? fe ;w{je ns/ okPNoh sBktK B{z ysw eoB dk fJZewkso T[gkn gq/w dh gqfefonk B{z Pesh gqdkB eoBk j?. fJ; dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe wB[Zy ;[Gkn dhnK fteoshnK ns/ gEGoPNsk B{z o'eD d/ bJh B?fse gqfrnk ns/ ;wkfie gq/w d/ ;kXBK dk gq:'r eoBk io{oh j?. rKXhtkd dh P[ZX GktBk d/ nB[o{g okXkfeqPDB B{z gZek ftPtk; j? fe nzs ftZu Pesh, nZfsnkuko ns/ jwb/ dhnK gqftoshnK s/ nkswk dh fiZs io{oh j?.

okXkfeqPDB B/ ;[szsosk d/ fJZe ftnkge f;Xks dk fBowkD ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ;[szsosk wB[Zy dh f;oiBPeshd/ ftek; dh e[zih j?.wB[Zy fJPtoh nkswk j? fJ; bJh io{oh j? fe Poho,

B'N



B'N wB ns/ nkswk dhnK PeshnK ns/ r[DK dk ftek; ehsk ikt/ fi; Bkb nfXnksfwe ftnefsst dk ;kePkseko ehsk ik ;e/. wB[Zy d/ nBzs ekoiebkg d/ o{g ftZu ftnes j'D tkbh nfXnksfwe f;oiBPhbsk jh ;z;feqfse wjkBsk dk nXko j?.

;[szsosk d/ ;zpzX ftZu d' w[Zy fdqPNhe'D jB. ftneshtkdhnK ns/ T[dkotkdhnK d/ nB[;ko fB:zsoD s'A w[esh jh ;[szsosk j?. j'p; B/ nkgDh g[;se „fbtkfJEB‟ ftZu fejk j? fe rsh d/ wkor ftZu o[ektN dk Bk j'Dk jh ;[szsosk j?. gozs{ iowB XkoDktkdhnK B/ ;[szsosk dh finkdk ftnkge gfoGkPk fdZsh j?. j/r/b d/ nB[;ko ftPtnkswk (pqjw iK fJPto) jh ;[szsosk dk g{oD o{g j?. okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie ;so s/ ;wkfie ftek; d/ bJh T[g:'rh fB:wK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ ihtB B{z Ykb ;eD dh ;woZEk jh ;[szsosk j?. feT[Afe okXkfeqPDB dk p"fXe ftek; g{oD o{g s'A XkoDktkdh gqzgoktK d/ nzsors j'fJnk ;h, fJ; bJh ;[szsosk d/ ;zpzX ftZu j/r/b dh XkoDk B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[j fbyd/ jB L “fi; ;[szsosk dh ekwBk wB[Zy eod/ jBl T[j e/tb fB:zsoD dk nGkt BjhA j?, fJ; soQK dh ;[szsosk sK n;b ns/ fBP/Xkswe j[zdh j?. nkgDhnK iBwiks Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e PeshnK dk g{oD o{g s'A gq:'r eoBk jh n;b ns/ Gktkswe ;[szsosk j?.” feT[Afe okXkfeqPDB b'eszso d/ ;woEB jB, fJ; bJh fJj nB[wkB brkT[Dk jo soc'A T[fus ;h fe ;[szsosk dh ftneshtkdh ftnkfynk B{z ;theko eoKr/. gozs{ T[jBK B/ j/r/b ns/ rqhB dh soQK ;[szsosk dh Gktkswe XkoDktkdh XkoDk B{z nzrheko ehsk j?. J/PhnkJh d/PK ftZu ;w{fje efbnkD B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh fB:'iB dh fdPk ftZu fijVh gqrsh j' ojh j? T[; d/ bJh ;zdoG ftZu ;w/A dhnK io{osK ns/ wzrK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ okXkfeqPDB dh ;[szsosk ;zpzXh Gktkswe XkoDk jh finkdk ;whuhB gqshs j[zdh j?. gozs{ okXkfeqPDB g{oD j/r/btkdh BjhA jB. T[jBK B{z eKN ns/ ;g/A;o dh fJ; XkoDk ftZu th ftPtk; j? fe e'Jh ftnesh nkgDh ;[szsosk dk T[gG'r T[; ;w/A sZe jh eo ;edk j? id'A sZe T[j d{finK dh ;wkB ;[szsosk dk nfseqwD BjhA eodk. T[jBK B/ fbfynk j? L “;[szsosk ;wki T[j j? fi; ftZu jo/e ftnesh nkgDh fJZSknB[;ko ihtB phskT[D d/ bJh ;[szso j?, T[; dh ;[szsosk s/ e/tb fJzBk jh gqshfpzp j' ;edk j? fe T[j d{finK dh ;wkB ;[szsosk dk nfseqwD Bk eo/.”

b'eszso okiBhfse ;[szsosk dk doPB ns/ ekoigqDkbh j?. T[; dk Nhuk nfijhnK ;z;EktK dk fBowkD eoBk j? fiBQK d/ nzsors wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk B{z g{ok ehsk ik ;e/. gozs{ okiBhfse b'eszso sK jh ;cb j' ;edk j? id'A wB[Zy ftZu e[ZM ftP/P soQK dhnK gqftoshnK dk ftek; j't/. b'eszso p[fBnkdh s"o s/ fJZe fustfos j?, ns/ wB[Zyh rfowk ns/ nfXekoK dh ;thfeqsh s/ nXkfos j?. b'eszso dh ;cbsk d/ bJh ;fjPD{sk dh GktBk, ftBwosk ns/ ihtB ftZu nkgD/^nkg B{z d{finK dh s[bBk ftZu fgSbk ;EkB d/D dh fJZSk pj[s io{oh j?. b'egqG[st d/ nkdoP dk ;kePkseko eoe/ b'eszso ftnesh dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;XkoD efbnkD d/ nkodoP d/ ftZu ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eoB dk :sB eodk j?. okXkfeqPDB B{z b'eszso d/ w{bK ftZu ftPtk; j? ns/ T[jBK dh fJj s/i fJZSk j? fe T[jBK w{bK B{z g{ok ehsk ikt/. T[j fbyd/ jB L “;jh noE ftZu b'eszso ;wki dk ;t?Pk;B j?. ;G s'A xZN Pkf;s j'Dk nZS/ Yzr Bkb Pkf;s j'Dk j?. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHjo Pk;B ;t?Pk;B dk ;kXB j?. b'eszso d/ nzsors ;XkoD fJZSk gqG{ j[zdh j?, gozs{ ;XkoD fJZSk seBheh ftfPnK dk fBoDk BjhA eo ;edh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh P[be^gZXsh ftZu ;Xko ns/ Gkosh ;zftXkB dhnK ;wZf;nktK. eJh d/PK ftZu b'eszso fJ; bJh n;cb j' fojk j? fe T[j ;Zuk b'eszso BjhA j?. j[D sZe T[j e/tb fJZe nkdoP j?. id'A n;hA b'eszso B{z fJZe fttjkfoe f;XKs wzB b?Ad/ jB, sK ;kvk Gkt fJj j[zdk j? fe jo/e wB[Zy d/ e[ZM nbzxBh nfXeko jB, fiBQK dk ;kB{z ;ko/ ftneshnK d/ Bkb fttjko eod/ ;w/A nkdo eoBk ukjhdk j?, Gkt/A T[j ftnesh fe;h th fbzr iK T[fdnw d/ j'D. ftnefsst gftso j?l fJ; bJh ftnesh B{z nkgDh gqfeosh dk g{oD ftek; eo dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.HHHHHHHHHHHHHHb'eszso dk noE fJj BjhA fe n;hA ;ko/ ;wkB jB. wB[Zy Pohoe ns/ p"fXe fdqPNh s'A n;wkB j[zd/ jB. jo ekb ftZu wB[Zy n;wkB ofjDr/.HHHHHHHHHfJj th ;Zu j? fe e'Jh th ;wkfie ftt;Ek g{oD ;wkBsk gqdkB BjhA eo ;edh. P[ZGw"e/ s'A bkG T[mkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo j[zdk j? fe e'Jh wB[Zy feBQK ;wkfie go;fEshnK ftZu ofj fojk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ gqsh T[; dh eh gqshfefonk j?. fco th



w"e/ dh n;wkBsk fJZe uzrk ;wkfie nkdoP j?.HHHHHHHHHHHHb'eszso e'Jh ;[Gkfte ;fEsh BjhA j?, T[j fJZe nkdoP j? fi; B{z fwjBs ns/ f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?.HHHHHHHHHHHHHi/eo wsdksktK dh p[ZXh ftef;s j't/ ns/ B/skrD fJwkBdko j'D sK b'eszso finkdk ;cb j' ;edk j?. b'eszso g{oD nkdoPB dh s[bBk ftZu fezBk jh xNhnk feT[A Bk j't/, fco th T[j T[dko fBoze[Ptgkd d/ e[ZM T[dkjoDK B{z SZv e/ nshs dhnK ;kohnK Pk;B gqDkbhnK s'A uzrk j?.” b'eszso fttkd, p"fXe soe^ftsoe ns/ ;wM"s/ d/ d[nkok gqGktekoh ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ gqPk;eh gfotosB fbnkT[D dh fJZe ekoiftXh j?. T[j eo{o Yzr Bkb ftukoK B{z E'gB dh ;Zsktkdh gqDkbh d/ fto[ZX j?. b'eszsoh fto'XhnK dk ftBkP eoB dh th nkfrnk BjhA d/ ;edk. oki dh t?X fjz;k d/ fJbktk j'o jo soQK d/ pb^gq:'r dk gfofsnkr jh b'eszso dk nXko j?. fjz;kswe ekoigqDkbh dk b'eszsoe fustofs d/ Bkb w/b BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; soQK okXkfeqPDB T[jBK b'eszsoe d/PK dh ekoigqDkbh d/ fto[ZX j? fiZE/ fuzsB ns/ eow dh P?bh B{z :zsoe Yzr Bkb fJZe jh ;Ku/ ftZu YkbD dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?. okiBhfse ;wkBsk nkofEe ;[thXktK dh nXkoG{s ;wkBsk d/ fpBK fBooEe j?. nkofEe fBnk jh okiBhfse ;[szsosk ns/ ftfXe ;wkBsk B{z ;koEesk gqdkB eo ;edk j?. fJ; soQK Xkofwe wB[Zysktkdh j'D d/ Bks/ okXkfeqPDB B/ nfijh ;wki^ftt;Ek dh io{os s/ i'o fdZsk j? fi; d/ nzsors ;kfonK B{z „nXkoG{s nkofEe fBnk‟ T[gbpX j' ;e/. T[j ;wkfie b'eszsop d/ nkdoP B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[jBK B/ fbyfnk j? L “w?A ;wkBsktkdh ;wki dk g{oh soQK ;woEB eodk jK. w/ok ftPtk; j? fe fJ; soQK dh ftt;Ek dk T[Zusw Xow d/ Bkb e'Jh fto'X BjhA j?, n;b ftZu Xow dh wzr j? fe fJ; soQK dh ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk ehsk ikt/. ;wkfie b'eszso dh ;EkgBk d/ ;ko/ :sB ns/ ;zgsh ns/ ;[thXktK dh finkdk ;wkB tzv dh ;kohnK :'iBktK Xkofwe GktBk dh n;b nGhftnesh j?.” fJ; bJh ;wkitkdh Bk j[zd/ j'J/ th okXkfeqPDB ; zgsh s/ b'eszsoe gZXsh Bkb ;wkfie gqXkBrh ;Ekfgs eoB d/ nkdoPB B{z ;theko eod/ jB. N'Bh ns/ bk;eh dh soQK T[j th wzBd/ jB fe fe;h ftnesh dk ;zgsh s/ nfXeko T[; d/ ekoi d/ w{b d/ nXko s/ jh T[fus mfjokfJnk ik ;edk j?. T[j fbyd/ jB L “;zgsh ns/ Pesh d/ tZv/ ;kXBK d/ ;wkfie gqXkBrh s/ nXkfos noEftt;Ek B?fse ihtB d/ bJh xZN xkse j't/rh ns/ T[; Bkb ;wkfie GkJhuko/ d/ ftek; ftZu finkdk ;jkfJsk fwb/rh. nkofEe g[o;eko ;wkfie ;/tk s'A gqEe BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. XzB gqkgs eoB dk nfXeko ;wkfie dkfJstK d/ fBotjB s/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. e[ZM ftP/P ;kXBK s'A j'D tkbk ns/ fBPfus wksok s'A tZX bkG t?X x'fPs eo fdZsk ikt/. Gkoh nkwdB B{z eoK d// d[nkok ;hfws ehsk ik ;edk j?. eo'okgD b'eszsoe j?, gozs{ ;zgsh dk ips eoBk nZfsnkukog{oD j?.” okXkfeqPDB XzB dh pj[sks ftPwsk d/ T[Bw {bB d/ gZy ftZu jB, gozs{ T[j fBZih ;zgsh d/ ssekfbe ;wkfieoD dh nkfrnk BjhA d/ ;ed/. fco th T[jBK dk g{BoT[EkBtkdh j'Dk T[jBK d/ fJ; eEB s'A gqwkfEs j[zdk j? fe gqkuhB Gkosh ;wki ftZu nB[gksh fBnk dk f;XKs gquZbs ;h. T[j fbyd/ jB L “gqkuhB Gkos ftZu nB[gksh fBnk dk fijVk nkdoP gquZbs ;h T[; d/ nB[;ko wid{oK ns/ fe;kBK B{z jh BjhA pbfe BkJhnK, X'phnK, ;ckJh eowukohnK ns/ gfjo/dkoK B{z th y/s dh T[gi dk Gkr T[gbpX j[zdk ;h. T[; nkdoP d/ ;XkoD f;XKsK ftZu toswkB go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko ;zP'XB ehsk ik ;edk j?.

feT[Afe okXkfeqPDB nfXnksfwe wB[Zysktkdh jB, fJ; bJh wkoe;tkd dh ;wki B{z gqXkBsk d/D tkbh gqftosh s'A fxoDk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe T[j wkoe;tkd d/ dkoPfBe nkb'ue jB. sBkn ns/ ;zxoP d/ f;XKs d/ T[gN d/ nfXnksfwe ;wzi; d/ w/b eokT[D tkb/ nkdoP dk ;woEB eod/ jB. dtzdkswe G"fsetkd G"fse PeshnK d/ noE ns/ ti{d d/ ftPb/PD s/ io{oh i'o fdzdk j?. finkdk s'A finkdk T[j G"fse gqfefonk dk nfGeEB j?, T[j T[; dh ftnkfynk BjhA eodk. fJ;d/ fJbktk o{;h p'bP/ftetkd gqzgokrs XowK dk fto'Xh j[zd/ j'J/ th fttjko ftZu fJZe ojZ;kswe Xow ns/ gzE pD frnk j? ns/ T[j th gquko dh gqzgokrs gqDkbh dk gq:'r eodk j?.

iksh ;wZf;nk nkX[fBe Gkosh ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftukoK d/ bJh ;G s'A tZX T[bMB ns/ xpokjN T[sgzB eoB tkbh j?. fJ; ftP/ ftZu okXkfeqPDB g[oksBtkdh jB, gozs{ gqfeoshtkdh edh th BjhA j?. T[j tod^ftt;Ek B{z wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ;wkiPk;soh nXkoK ns/ wkBsktK B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[[jBK dk efjDk j? fe feT[Afe toD^ftt;Ek wB[ZyK dh nfXnksfwe ;wkBsk B{z ;theko eodh j?, fJ; bJh T[j b'eszsoe j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk T[jBK dk fJj th ws j? fe

B'N



B'N feT[Afe T[; d/ nzsors ftnesh fJZSk Bkb nkgD/ dkfJstK B{z ;theko eodk j?, fJ; bJh T[; s'A ftnefsst dk gfotoXB j[zdk j?. toD^ftt;Ek ;wki dh gqfeosh dh gqwkDfte XkoDk d/ fto[ZX ns/ nt:th XkoDk B{z ;theko eodh j?. T[j frnkB, gqPk;eh ;kj;, T[sgkdB^;woZEk ns/ ;wkfie ;/tk d/ p[ZXh;zrs ;kwzi; dk ;woEB eodh j?. okXkfeqPDB dk efjDk j? fe ;wkiPk;so jo ezw B{z ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[g:'rh wzBdk j? ns/ P[G w"fenK dh ftt;Ek B{z jh ;wkfie fBnk ;wMdk j?. w?B{z fJ; PZe j? fe okXkfeqPDB toD^ftt;Ek d/ ;fjekoh o{g dh fJ; j/r/btkdh ftnkfynk B{z j[D th ;theko eod/ jB. j[D toD^ftt;Ek B{z b'eszsoe f;XKsK d/ nXko s/ ;woEB eoBk g{BoT[EkBtkdh okiBhfse doPB dk fJZe pj[s o'ue o{g j?. gozs{ okXkfeqPdB iksh^ftt;Ek dh T[; ftxNBekoh gqftosh d/ nkb'ue jB fijVh ;kB{z nZi Gkosh ;wki ftZu d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. nZi T[j c[N ns/ ebj B{z gq's;kjB fdzdh j? ns/ p[ZXhjhD nZfsnkukoK B{z pDkJ/ oZyD ftZu ;jkfJe j?. T[; Bkb ;wkfie ;fjisk d/ wkor ftZu o[ektN g?Adh j?. fco th T[j ;wki^ftt;Ek ftZu ekoiw{be ;w[dkfJnK dh T[gkd:sk B{z ;theko eod/ jB. ;wkfie T[d/P nrfDs sohfenK s'A f;ZX j[zdk j?, fJ; soQK jo ftnesh ;wkfie ftek; ftZu ftfPPN :'r d/ ;edk j?.

nfXnksfwe wB[Zysktkd dk doPB ftPt^;wki d/ nkdoP B{z iBw fdzdk j?. nkswk d/ Xow ns/ okPNo^g{ik d/ nkdoPK d/ ftZu go;go T[ro fto'X j?. GftZy ftZu T[sgzB j'D tkbk wB[Zyh ;wki ftPtôki s/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. sbtko d/ fBnk d/ ;EkB s/ ftt/e, fBnk ns/ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh ;EkgBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. iksh (B;bh) GkJhuko/ dh T[gbpXh ns/ ftPt ;z;feqsh ns/ ftPt nzsoêoD dk ftek; pj[s io{oh j?. okPNoK dk gko;gfoe fttjko nzsoôkPNoh ftXh s/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. gqG{ Pesh B{z ;hfws eoBk j't/rk. okXkfeqPDB nzsoôkPNotkdh jB. T[j ;z:[es okPNo ;zx d/ nkdoPK d/ ;woEB jB. nkgDh g[;se „fJi fd; gh;<‟ ftZu T[jBK B/ fJZe soQK dh ftPt ;oeko dk ;woEB ehsk j?. T[j ukj[zd/ ;B fe fJZe ;zx ;oeko dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikJ/ fijVh ;[oZfynk ns/ gqshoZfynk d/ bJh fizw/dko j't/. gozs{ okiBhfse nzsoôkPNotkd dh ;cbsk d/ bJh io{oh j? fe Xkofwe w{bK dk th ftek; j't/. T[jBK dk ftuko j? fe Xkofwe nkdoPtkd jh n;b GkJhuko ns/ ;fjekfosk d/ bJh nXko fsnko eo ;edk j?. T[j fbyd/ jB L ftPt d/ fJfsjk; ftZu Xkofwe nkdoPtkd jh PKsh dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh ns/ nkPkg{oD ;kXB f;ZX j'fJnk j?. id'A sZe n;hA nfXekoK ns/ eosZtK B{z nXko wzB e/ uZbd/ ojKr/ T[d'A sZe n;hA wB[Zy d/ go;go fto'Xh ;tkoEK ns/ nkPktK ftZu ;wzi; ;Ekfgs BjhA eo ;eKr/. ;zXhnK ns/ okiBhfse ;wM"s/ ;kv/ nkt/PK s/ nze[P brk ;ed/ jB, gozs{ T[j ;kv/ G?n B{z d{o BjhA eo ;ed/. ftPt ftZu wB[Zysktkdh d/ bJh gq/w dk ;zuko eoBk j?. ;kB{z nfij/ Xkofwe thoK dh io{os j? fijV/ ;zg{oD ftPt d/ o{gKso dh fJzsiko BjhA eoBr/, pbfe i' io{os g?D s/ nkgDk ihtB d/ e/ th „fJZe Xosh dk gfotko‟ d/ nkdoP B{z f;ZX eo d/Dr/.

okXkfeqPDB B/ n;b ftPt^PKsh dh ;EkgBk d/ fszB T[gkn dZ;/ jBL

(1) ;wkfie b'eszso dh ;EkgBkl (2) ;wokitkdh nfXgs ns/ T[gfBt/Ptkd dk T[Bw{bBl ns/ (3) okPNoh okiK d/ gqG{st s/ nzsoôkPNoh fB:zsoD.

nkgDh „fJzvhnk n?Av ukJhBk‟ g[;se ftZu T[jBK B/ fBnkg{oD ftPt^PKsh d/ fszB nXkoG{s f;XKs fBoXkfos ehs/ jB^(1) ikshrs ;wkBs, (2) ftPt okPNowzvb ns/ (3) nzso^ okPNoh g[fb;.

rKXh ns/ noftzd dh soQK okXkfeqPDB th wB[Zy d/ fdb ns/ wB ftZu gfotosB d/ f;XKs dk fBowkD eod/ jB. o'r rzGho j?. wB[Zyh ;z;feqsh b'G, bzgNsk ns/ ftnkge ;tkoEgosk s'A T[sgzB t/dBkg{oD fBokPk ns/ wkBf;e fteko d/ d"o s'A r[io ojh j?. ;zeN ns/ ;zskg d/ fJ; :[r ftZu :[ZX ;[Gkfte xNBk pD rJ/ jB. fJZe^d{i/ dh d/ykd/yh fBih tk;BktK dh tZX^s'A^ tZX sfogsh eoBk jh Nhuk pD frnk j? ns/ fJjh ;wZf;nk dh iVQ j?. fJ; dk nzs wB[Zy dh u/sBk ftZu gfotosB eoe/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. wB[Zyh nkswk dh ;[Gkfte rzGhosk B{z ;theko eoBk io{oh j?, feT[Afe nkswk dh Pesh ns/ ihtBpb dh y'i eoe/ jh ;wZf;nk dk



jZb eZfYnk ik ;edk j?l toswkB ;zP:tkdh gqftosh ns/ ssekfbe ezwubkT{ T[gkfJnK dh NN'b Bkb ezw BjhA uZb ;edk. fJ; d/ bJh io{oh j? fe nfXnksfwe ;[szssok d/ ;kePkseko d/ bJh ;w{fus f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/. g[oyK ns/ fJ;sohnK d/ ihtB dk o{gKso j't/ ns/ T[jBK B{z gkg, Gow ns/ nfrnkB s'A w[esh fwb/. fJjh wB[Zyh iksh dh j's:sk j?. 5H f;ZNk

okXkfeqPDB T[Zu e'fN d/ XowPk;soh ns/ Gkosh doPB d/ gqf;ZX u'Deosk jB. gozs{ T[jBK B{z w"fbe e'fN dk ouBkswe sZsPk;soh BjhA fejk ik ;edk. T[jBK B/ fJZe ftt;fEs pqfjwzvftfdnk dh ftPd ouBk BjhA ehsh j?, T[jBK dh Pesh T[jBK d/ ftnkge ns/ rzGho dkoPfBe gzfvs ftZu Pkfwb j?. T[jBK B{z T[Zue'fN dk ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse dkoPfBe th BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJZe f;Xkseko d/ o{g ftZu T[jBK dk w[Zy gq:'iB Xow d/ XkoDktkdh doPB dk fBo{gD eoBk fojk j?. T[jBK dhnK ouBktK d[nkok fJ; rZb dk ;ZukJh BjhA fwbdh fe T[jBK dk nkX[fBe okiBhshPk;so, ;wkiPk;so ns/ wBZ[yhPk;so d/ w[Zy ;w[dkfJnK s'A ikD{ j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ e'b T[jBK f;XKse T[geoDK dk ewh j? fiBQK d/ d[nkok T[Bs ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fuzsB dh ftt;Ek dh ouBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. fco th T[j fJ; rZB d/ nfXekoh jB fe nkX[fBe Gkosh fuzsB ftZu T[jBK dh rDBk ehsh ikt/, feT[Afe T[jBK B/ b'eszso, ;wkfie fBnk ns/ ftPt^PKsh d/ ;woEB ftZu Xkofwe nkdoPtkd d/ f;XKs s/ finkdk i'o fdZsk j?.

okXkfeqPDB gZSw d/ bJh Gkosh doPB d/ gqf;ZX ftnkfynkeko jB. Gkt/A fe T[jBK dhnK dkoPfB eouBktK ftt/ekBzd ns/ okwshoE dhnK ouBktK ns/ T[gd/PK dh soQK T[sgq/fos ns/ tkeus[o s'A g{oD BjhA jB. gozs{ T[jBK ftZu gzfvsh finkdk d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. T[jBK B/ Gkos dh pj[w{b dkoPfBe ftok;s B{z gZSw dh nzro/ih ikDB tkbh iBsk d/ bJh T[gbpX eok fdZsk j?. nkgDhnK ouBktK ftZu T[jBK B/ eJh ;EbK s/ Gkosh ns/ gZSwh ftukoeK d/ ftZu s[bBk ehsh j?, fJ; Bkb Gkosh dkoPfBeK dk s[ebBkswe doPB d/ y/so ftZu :'rdkB ;gPN j' iKdk j?. T[gfBPdK dh ftnkfynk ftZu T[jBK B/ po?vb/ d/ ;Zskêqwtkd d/ f;XKs dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. rhsk ns/ Xwgd d/ ihtB^doPB dh ftt/uBk ;zP/rq;s p[ZXhihthnK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ ehsh rJh j?. nfXnksfwe fdqPNhe'D d/ g'PD ftZu tjk:sj/v, ;wN; n/s nb/ri/Avo dhnK :[eshnK dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. Pzeo d/d sZsfrnkB dk gowT[seoP dZ;d/ j'J/ okXkfeqPDB B/ ;gk:'iBk ns/ eKN Bkb T[jBK dh B/V/sk wzBh j?.

okXkfeqPDB dhnK ftfGzB ouBktK fijVhnK 1908 d/ T[gozs nZXh ;dh s'A tZX dh dhoxekbhB p"fXe f;oBPhbsk dh T[gi j?, gZSw ns/ g{ot d/ ftZu dkoPfBe ;/s{ dk ezw eodhnK jB. T[jBK B/ gZSwh fuzsB dh ojZ;kswe, Xkofwe ns/ nkdoPtkdh XkoDktK B{z finkdk wjZst fdZsk j?. ojZ;tkd ns/ nfXnksfwe fuzsB s/ g{ot dk J/ekfXeko BjhA j?. g{ot ns/ gZSw d/ fuzsB ftZu Xkofwe nkdoPtkd dhnK fijVhnK ;wkB gqftoshnK d/yD B{z fwbdhnK jB, T[j wB[Zyh iksh dhnK d' XkoDktK d/ ftZu fBozso tkXk ;wzi; dh ;zGktBk dhnK ;{ue jB.

okiBhfse fuzsB ftZu okXkfeqPDB dk :'rdkB fJj j? fe fJjBK B/ wB[Zy dhnK ;wZf;nktk B{z ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh Xkofwe wkor dk ;woEB ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ fJZe Bt/A wB[Zysktkd dk T[gd/P fdZsk j?. T[; dk nXko fJj wzBdk j? fe ihtB ftZu Xkofwe w{bK B{z gfjb fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. gozs{ okXkfeqPDB ;zehoD ;zgqdkfJtkdh BjhA jB. Xow s'A T[jBK dk Gkt j? GkJhuko/, ;fjuko, ;wtkfJ, T[dkosk ns/ ;fjPD{sk dh GktBk ns/ fJ; rZb dh nkfrnk fe wB[Zy ftZu fJPtoh i'sh Pfwb j? ns/ T[jh T[; dh nzdo{Bh gqfeosh j?. okXkfeqPDB T[jBK b'eK ftZu'A jB fiBQK B/ Xkofwe u/sBk dh d[pkok ;EkgBk eoB dk pj[s finkdk n"i;th Yzr Bkb ;woEB ehsk j?.

okXkfeqPDB d/ okiBhfse fuzsB d/ ftP/ ftZu fejk ik ;edk j? fe T[; B/ „ftneshtkdh XkoDktkd‟ dh ftukoXkok B{z gZek ehsk j?. T[j wB[Zy d/ bJh B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK d/ g{BoT[EkB d/ bJh jw/PK :sBPhb jB, fJ; fdqPNh s'A T[j ftneshtkdh jB. T[j fJ; noE ftZu th ftneshtkdh jB fe T[jBK B/ wB[Zy dh nfXnksfwe ;wkBsk s/ i'o fdZsk j? ns/ p/Bsh

B'N



B'N Bkb fejk j? fe wB[Zy B{z p"fXe f;Zfynk dh gqDkbh d/ d[nkok fJzBk T[Zuk T[mkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe T[j ;[szsosk, p[ZXh, gqrsh ns/ GkJhuko/ d/ w{b B{z T[Zso'so ;theko eodk ikt/. T[jBK dk ftPtk; j? fe f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;w{j d/ nkuoD ftZu th ftt/e ns/ T[dkosk dk tkXk ehsk ik ;edk j?. okXkfeqPDB p[ZXh, f;Zfynk ns/ ftfrnkBe gqkgsh d/ bJh T[s;[e jB. fJ; fdqPNh s'A T[jBK ftZu ns/ dkoPfBe T[rotkdhnK ftZu pj[s e[ZM ;wkBsk ns/ ;fjfdqP jB. gozs{ okXkfeqPDB s/ j/r/b, eKN ns/ po?vb/ d/ XkoDktkd dk th v[zxk gqGkt j?. T[j ;wkfie dkfJstK dh gfjb B{z ;theko eod/ jB. T[jBK B/ ;wki d/ ;zpzX ftZu nt:th XkoDk B{z th ;theko ehsk j?. fJZe no;s{tkdh dh soQK T[jBK dk th eEB j? fe oki dk ezw wB[Zyh ihtB B{z T[Zuso pDkT[Dk j?. fJ; soQK okXkfeqPDB ftneshtkdh XkoDktkd d/ ;zgqdkfJ d/ nB[:k:h jB. nkswk d/ w{bK dh y'i eoBk jh T[jBK d/ fuzsB dk ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD sZs j?. T[j tko^tko fJjh efjzd/ jB fe d?nBh ns/ fBo^nkPfos wB[Zyh nkswk dk fJZewkso ntbzp nfXnkfwesk jh j?. 15H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJZe dkoPfBe d/ o{{g ftZu Pqh noftzd B/ Gkos dh dkoPfBe iBwG{wh s/ fi; ;otKr :'r doPB dk ftek; ehsk j? T[j sK e[ZM b'eK B{z pj[s g;zd j? gozs{ wB[Zyh ftek; d/ eqw B{z xNd/eqw ns/ tXd/eqw d/ o{g ftZu g/P eoe/ T[jBK B/ fJZe T[bMB Go g?dk ehsh j?. ns/ f;ZfynkPk;soh d/ o{g ftZu fJjBK B/ f;Zfynk dh fi; w[es gqDkbh dk PqhrD/P ehsk ;h, T[j sK nkgD/ ftZu ;theko eoB :'r BjhA j?. T[AM gKfvu/oh ;fEs „Pqh noftzd nzsoôkPNoh f;Zfynk e/Ado‟ ftZu nZi th f;Zfynk dh w[es gqDkbh uZb ojh j?^T[ZE/ fe;h th ;so d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fe;h soQK d/ pzXB ftZu BjhA oZfynk iKdk, T[jBK B{z nfXnB ftfPnK ns/ y/ve[Zd nkfd fefonktK dh u'D dh g{oh S{N j?, ns/ Bkb jh nkgDk nfXnB ekoi nkgDh rsh Bkb g{ok eoBh dh S{N j? gozs{ fJ; B{z ;otftnkge sK BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk. n"gukfoe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek sK T[;h fdPk ftZu ehsh ik ;edh j? id'A T[; d/ T[d/P, gkmuo:k, f;ybkJh ftXhnK, gVQB^gVQkT[D dk ;wK nkfd ;G e[ZM fBPfus j'D. fJ; ;G dh xkN ftZu fe;h th ;wki ftZu f;Zfynk B{z ftt;fEs o{g s'A BjhA ubkfJnk ik ;edk. ;kc ikfjo j? fe f;Zfynk dh w[es gqDkbh B{z iB f;Zfynk dk nXko BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk. 15H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H wB[Zyh fdwkr (Human Mind) L wB[Zy dk fdwkr

2H nksw^Pesh (Power of Spirit) L nkswk dh Pesh 15H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H Pqh noftzd dh ihtB ikDekoh fby'.

2H Pqh noftzd d/ dkoPfBE ftukoK dk toDB eo'.

3H Pqh noftzd d/ ftfdne fuzsB s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

4H okXkfeqPDB d/ ftfdne ftukoK dk ;zy/g ftZu T[b/y eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H ;Zs gd 2H fJPto 3H (T) 4H (n)



5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh


p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^16L f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko (Sociological Basis of Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


16H1 f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko dk noE (Meaning of Sociological Basis of Education)

16H2 ;wkiPk;so dk fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D (Historical Aspect of Sociology)

16H3 ;wkiPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Sociology)

16H4 ;wkiPk;so dh ftPk^t;s{ (Subject Matter of Sociology)

16H5 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Educational Sociology)

16H6 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ T[d/P (Aims of Educational Sociology)

16H7 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk y/so (Scope of Educational Sociology)

16H8 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ekoi (Functions of Educational Sociology)

16H9 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ nfXnB dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of the Study of Educational Sociology)

16H10 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt (Impact of Educational Sociology on Education)

16H11 f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;so (Sociology of Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wkiPkso dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ T[d/P ikDB ;zpzXh.

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ekoi ikDB ;zpzXh.

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;so ikDB ;zpzXh.


f;Zfynk ns/ ihtB nB:'B:kPfos j?. f;Zfynk ihtB j? ns/ ihtB f;Zfynk j?. f;Zfynk B{z ihtB s'A nbZr BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ihtB dhnK io{osK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?,


fJekJh^16 f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko

fJZe ftneshrs ns/ d{ih ;wkfie. ftneshrs io{osK ftZu Pohoe, wkBf;e, Gktkswe, ufosoe, nfXnksfwe ns/ ;z;feqafse ns/ ;wkfie io{osK ftZu gfotkoe, ;wkfie, okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh io{osK Pkfwb jB. f;Zfynk ftnesh dhnK fJBQK ;kohnK io{osK B{z g{oh eodh j?. fJ; soQK ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk wjZstg{oD j?. f;Zfynk B{z fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk fejk frnk j?. ;wki d/ ti{d s/ jh f;Zfynk dk ti{d fBoGo eodk j?. f;Zfynk dk ;o{g, f;Zfynk dh gqfeosh, f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ;wki d/ ;o{g, ;wki dh gqfeosh ns/ ;wki d/ T[d/PK s/ fBoGo eodh j? ns/ fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki B{z fJZe^ d{i/ s'A nbZr BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. wkorq/N whv B/ fejk j? fe f;Zfynk T[j ;z;feqfse gqfefonk j? fi; d[nkok jo/e BtfPP{ wB[Zyh ;wki dk g{oD w?Apo pDdk j?.

B'N

B'N; gb/N' B/ fejk ;h fe ftnesh mhe T[;h soQK Bkb fttjko eodk j? fi; soQK Bkb

;wki T[; B{z fttjko eoBk f;ykT[Adk j?.

16H1 f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko dk noE (Meaning of Sociological Basis of Education) f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko dk noE fJj j? fe f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ;wki dhnK io{osK, neKfynktK ns/ nkdoPK d/ nXko s/ ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pkbeK ftZu nfij/ ;wkfie r[DK dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ eosZtK dk gkbD eo ;eD, nfXekoK dk T[g:'r eo ;eD ns/ ;wki ns/ d/P d/ :'r, e[Pb, ikro[e ns/ ;wofgs Bkrfoe pD ;eD. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok T[jBK ftZu ;wki d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoB dh ;woZEk ftef;s eoBh ukjhdh j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK d/ fBoXkoD dk nXko T[; ;wki dk ihtB doPB, ;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ T[; dh Xkofwe, okiBhfse, ;z;feqfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; soQK gkmeqw ftZu T[jBK jh ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK B{z Pkfwb eoBk ukjhdk j?, fijVhnK ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[g:'rh j'D, fijVhnK pkbeK ftZu ;wkfiesk dh GktBk ns/ ;wkfie r[DK dk ftek; eoB ns/ fijVh ftnesh dhnK ;wkfie io{osK B{z g{ok eoB. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie nXko fJ; rZb s/ pb fdzdk j? fe f;Zfynk dk nXko ;wki j't/. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pkbe dk ;otgZyh ftek; j't/, fi; Bkb ;wki dk th T[Zso'so ftek; j' ;e/.

f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ fszB'A nzr^f;ZfynkoEh, nfXnkge ns/ gkmeqw^;wki d/ nzr jB, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z ;wkfie gqfefonk wzfBnk iKdk j?, fi; dk noE j?^

1H f;Zfynk gqfefonk d/ ftfGzB nzr jw/PK jh ;wki d/ ;o{g s'A gqGkfts j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. 2H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ;wki dhnK io{osK d/ nB[;ko fBoXkfoe ehs/ iKd/ jB. 3H f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw ftZu Bt/A^Bt/A ftfPnK dk ;wkt/P ;wki dh toswkB ns/ Gkth

io{osK d/ nB[;ko ehsk iKdk j?. 4H f;Zfynk dh f;ybkJh ftXhnK ;wki d/ ;o{g s/ fBoGo eodhnK jB. 5H nB[Pk;B ftZu ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D B{z finkdk wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?. 6H f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d[nkok fB:zsfos j[zdh j?. 7H f;Zfynk s/ yos j'D tkbk you ;wki s'A jh nkT[Adk j?. 8H ftfdnkb/ B{z ;wki dk n;b o{g wzfBnk iKdk j?.

okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh 1986 ftZu fejk frnk j? fe^

“;kvk d/P nkofEe ns/ seBheh fdqPNh s'A T[; w[ekw s/ gj[zu frnk j?, fiZE'A n;hA j[D sZe d/ f;zfus ;kXBK dk fJ;s/wkB eod/ j'J/ ;wki d/ jo tor B{z ckfJdk gj[zukT[Dk dk gqpb :sB eohJ/. f;Zfynk T[; Nhu/ sZe gj[zuD dk gqpB ;kXB j?.” ^nB[S/d 1H2



B'N “BthnK u{D"shnK ns/ ;wkfie io{osK dk sekik j? fe ;oeko fJZe Bth A Bhsh fsnko eo/ ns/ T[; B{z fefonkPhb eo/. fJ; d/ f;tk ftebg BjhA j?.” ^nB[S/d 1H15

T[go'es eEB fJj ;gPN eod/ jB fe f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dk gko;gfoe ;zpzX pj[s jh v[zxk j?. t;s{ o{g s'A fe;h th ;wki dh ;zouBk, io{osK ns/ T[; ftZu T[gbpX nbZr^nbZr soQK d/ ;o's jh T[; ;wki dh f;Zfynk dh Bhsh dh nXkoG{wh fBoXkfos eod/ jB. fejk th iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk dk ;o{g T[;h soQK j[zdk j? fit/A ;kvk ;wki j? ns/ fit/A dk ;wki n;hA pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. fit/A e'mkoh nk:'r (1964^66) B/ Gkosh ;wki dhnK go;fEshnK ns/ io{osK dk pj[s v[zxkJh d/ Bkb nfXnB eoe/ T[; ;w/A Gkosh f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys T[d/P fBoXkfos ehs/ ;B^

1H T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk,

2H ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/esk dk ftek;,

3H Gqikszso B{z wip{s eoBk,

4H ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK dk ftek;,

5H okPNo dk nkX[fBeheoD eoBk.

fJ;h soQK 1986 ftZu ;wki dhnK pdbhnK j'JhnK go;fEshnK ftZu i' okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh pDkJh rJh, T[; d/ e[ZM gqw[Zy Nhu/ ;B^

1H ;wkBsk d/ bJh f;Zfynk,

2H ;G d/ bJh f;Zfynk,

3H f;Zfynk dk gqGkth gqpzX,

4H f;Zfynk ftt;Ek B{z ekoro pDkT[Dk.

fJ; d/ pknd 1990 ftZu fJ;h okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh dh ;whfynk d/ bJh nukfonk okww{osh ;fwsh rfms ehsh rJh. fJ; ;fwsh d/ gqsht/dB dk Bkw jh “fJZe gqp[ZX ns/ wkB[Zyh ;wki d/ tZb” ;h. fJ; dk gqw[Zy Nhuk th ;kfonK B{z f;Zfynk d/Dk ;h.

fJ; soQK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wki dh toswkB ns/ Gkth io{osK ns/ go;fEshnK f;Zfynk gqfefonk B{z brksko gqGkfts eodhnK ofjzdhnK jB. f;Zfynk B{z nkgDk BtK o{g ;wki s'A jh fwbdk j?. ;wki dh gfotosBPhb gqftosh d/ ekoB jh f;Zfynk dk o{g th pdbdk ofjzdk j?. fJjh f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie nXko j?.

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk toDB eoB s'A gfjbK ;wkiPk;so d/ fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D, T[; d/ noE, gfoGkPk ns/ ftPk^t;s{ d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoBk io{oh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H f;Zfynk ns/ ihtB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

2H ftfdnkfbnk B{z ;wki dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH o{g wzfBnk iKdk j?. 16H2 ;wkiPk;so dk fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhe'D (Historical Aspect of Sociology)

wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. ftnesh ns/ ;wki fJZe^d{i/ Bkb xD/ o{g s'A ;zpzXs jB. fJZe d/ fpBK d{i/ dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?. ftneshnK dh xkN ftZu ;wki dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA j? ns/ ;wki dh xkN ftZu ftnesh fizdk BjhA ofj ;edk, nkgDk ftek; BjhA eo ;edk. ;wki fJZe w{os ;zebgBk j? fi; dk GtB ftnesh dh BhAj s/ fBofws j[zdk j?. gqkuhB ekb s'A jh



ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ ;zpzXK s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk fojk j?. gb/N' (Plato) B/ fejk ;h fe ftnesh mhe T[;h soQK Bkb fttjko eodk j?, fi; soQK Bkb ;wki T; B{z fttjko eoBk f;ykT[Adk j?. ftnesh dk fttjko T[; ;wki dh T[gi j?, fi; ftZu T[j iBw b?Adk j? ns/ gbdk j?. no;s{ (Aristotle) B/ fejk ;h fe e'Jh th ftnesh ;zg{oD ;z;ko B{z nkgDk efjD s'A fJzeko eo dJ/rk, i/eo T[; B{z fJj gsk uZb ikt/ fe T[; B{z ;z;ko ftZu fJeZbk ofjDk gJ/rk. ftnesh d/ ;wkfie iK ;w[dkfJe ihtB d/ wjZst s/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ T[; B/ th fejk j? fe ftnesh i' fJZe ;XkoD ihtB pshs eoB ftZu n;woE j?, Gkt i' d{finK d/ Bkb fwbî[b e/ BjhA ofj ;edk, T[j iK sK wB[Zysk d/ fBwB ;so s/ j? iK T[Zu ;so s/ Gkt iK sK T[j gP{ j? iK GrtkB. b[eq'fNn; (Lucretius), f;;o' (Cicero), wkoe; nko/fbn; (Marcus Aurelius), ;/AN nr;NkJhB (St.

Augustine), Ekw; J/feT{B; (Thomas Acquinas), dKs/ (Dante), E'w; j'p; (Thomas

Hobbes), i'B b'e (John Lock), o{;' (Rousseau), wKN/;e:{ (Montesquieu) nfkd ftukoeK B/ th ;wki ns/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ ftP/ ftZu nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/. fJ; soQK nfs gqkuh ekb s'A jh ftukoeK dk fXnkB Pesh, ;wki, ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ ;zpzXK, ;wkfie xNBktK ns/ ;wkfie ;wZf;nktK d/ tZb nkeofPs j[zdk fojk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftuko th ehsk ik fojk j? feT[Afe e'Jh th ;wK fojk j't/, Gkt/A T[j gqkuhB j't/ iK nkX[fBe, wb[Zyh ;wki ;wkfie ;wZf;nktK s'A Bk w[es fojk j? ns/ Bk j?. fJ; bJh ;wki Pk;so dk ti{d Gkt/A T[j fbfys j't/ iK nfbfys, ;gPN j't/ iK n;gPN, ftfrnkBe j't/ iK nftfrnkBe, jw/PK jh fojk j?. fiZE/ o'poN ;NhN (Robert Bier Stedt) dk fJj efjDk ;Zu j? fe, “;wkiPk;so dk nshs ekch gqkuhB iK bzpk j?.” T[ZE/ jh fr;poN (Gisbert) dk fJj eEB th :EkoE j? fe, “i/eo ftnesh ;[Gkn s'A fJZe dkoPfBe j? sK T[j ;zGt o{g s'A jh fJZe ;wkiPk;soh th j?.”

fJ; soQK ;wkiPk;so dk nshs sK bzpk j? gozs{ fJfsjk; pj[s jh ;zy/g j?. coKf;;h dkoPfBe nkr;s ekwN/ (August Comte) T[j gfjb/ ftukoe jB fiBQK B/ fJZe BthB ;wki ftfrnkB dh ebgBk ehsh ns/ T[; B{z ;wkfie G"fse (Social Physics) dk Bkw fdZsk, fi; B{z pdb e/ 1938 ftZu T[jBK B/ T[; dk Bkw ;wkiPk;so (Sociology) oZfynk. feT[Afe ekwN/ B/ ;wki d/ ftfrnkBe nfXnB dh ;G s'A gfjbK ebgBk ehsh fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z ;wkiPk;so dk iBwdksk wzfBnk iKdk j?. T[jBK B/ fejk fe ;wkiPk;so dk T[g:'r ;wki d/ g{BofBowkD ftZu j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ekwN/ d/ pknd ;wkiPk;so d/ iBwdksk i'B ;N{noN fwb (John Stuart Mill) ns/ jopoN ;g/A;o (Herbert Spencer) j'J/. fJj d'B'A nzro/i ;B ns/ fJjBK B/ ;wkiPk;so B{z fJZe ftt;fEs ;o{g gqdkB eoe/ T[; B{z g{oD Pk;so dk BKt gqdkB ehsk. ;wkiPk;so dh ;G s'A tZX gqrsh ;z:[es oki nw/foek ftZu j'Jh. b/;No tkov (Lester Ward) B/ ;wkiPk;so B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^P[ZX ;wkiPk;so ns/ fttjkfoe ;wkiPk;so. P[ZX ;wkiPk;so ftZu ;wkfie sZEK Gkt fijVhnK uhiK fi; soQK jB, toswkB ftZu T[jBK dk nfXnB j[zdk j? ns/ fttjkfoe ;wkiPk;so d/ nzsors fJ; rZb dk nfXnB j[zdk j? fe nZi i' ;fEsh j? T[; ftZu ;[Xko fe; soQK j't/. coK; ftZu dkoPfBe d[oyhw (Durkheim) B/ th ;wkiPk;so d/ ft;sko ftZu pj[s :'rdkB fdZsk. T[jBK B/ fejk fe ;wkiPk;so d/ nzsors jo uhi dk nfXnB ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D s'A j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;wkiPk;so d/ ftek; ftZu fiBQK j'o dkoPfBeK B/ ;fj:'r fdZsk, T[; ftZu wKN/B (Montaign), w'; (Mauss), peb (Buckle), okpoN;B (Robertson), N'fBi (Tonnies), o?ib (Ratzel), w/ekJhpo (Maciver), ;'o'feB (Sorokin), gko;z; (Parsons), pkoB; (Barns), ek;o (Coser), gkoe (Park), por/; (Burgess), nkfd gqwZy jB.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?.



B'N 16H3 ;wkiPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Sociology) gzikph dk ;wkiPk;so Ppd nzro/ih d/ „;'fP:'b'ih‟ Ppd dk o{gKso j?. nzro/ih dk ;'fP:'b'ih Ppd d' PpdK „;'fP:'‟ (Socio) ns/ b'ih (logy) B{z fwbk e/ pfDnk j?. ;'fP:' dk noE j? ;wki Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ b'ih dk noE j? frnkB iK ftfrnkB. fJ; soQK ;'fP:'b'ih dk Pkpfde noE j? ;wki Bkb ;zpzXs ftfrnkB, fijVk ;wki d/ ftP/ ftZu nfXnB eodk j?. ;wki dk noE fJZE/ wB[Zyh ;wki s'A j?. fJ; soQK ;wkiPk;so e/tb wB[Zyh ;wki dk jh nfXnB eodk j?. ;wkiPk;so d/ ;o{g s'A g{oh soQK ikD{ j'D d/ bJh ftfGzB ftukoeK d[nkok fdZshnK rJhnK gfoGkPktK dk nfXnB eoBk io{oh j?. efsg GkPktK j/m nB[;ko jB^

nkr;s ekwN/^“;wkiPk;so ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ ;wkfie gqrsh dk ftfrnkB j?.”

frfvzr;^“;wkiPk;so ;wro o{g s'A ;wki dk ftt;fEs toDB ns/ ekoe j?.”

w'fo; frz;por^“;wkiPk;so wB[ZyK dhnK nzso^fefonktK ns/ nzso^;zpzXK, T[jBK dhnK dPktK ns/ BshfinK dk nfXnB j?”

fJwkfJb d[oyhw^“;wkiPk;so ;w{fje gqfsfBfXst dk ftfrnkB j?.”

frfbB ns/ frfbB^“ftnkge noEK ftZu ;wkiPk;so T[j ftfrnkB j?, fijVk wB[Zyh ;w{j d/ ;zi'r s'A T[sgzB j'D tkbhnK nzsofefonktK dk nfXnB eodk j?.”

w/ekJhto ns/ g/i^“;wkiPk;so ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ftt;fEs nfXnB j?. ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ikb B{z n;hA ;wki efjzd/ jB.”

;'o'feB^“;wkiPk;so ;wkfie^;z;feqfse xNBktK d/ ;XkoDk ;o{gK, gqko{gK ns/ eJh soQK d/ nzso^;zpzXK dk ;XkoD ftfrnkB j?.”

e:{po^“;wkiPk;so B{z wB[Zyh ;zpzXK d/ ftfrnkBe frnkB dh Pkyk fejk ik ;edk j?.”

w?e; t?po^“;wkiPk;so T[j ftfrnkB j? fijVk ;wkfie fefonktK dk ftPb/PDkswe p'X eokT[Adk j?.”

T[go'es gfoGkPktK dk ftPb/PD eoB s/ fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe ;wkiPk;so ns/ ;wki d/ ftneshrs, ;wkfie, ;z;feqafse ns/ okPNo jo soQK d/ ;zpzXK dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ns/ T[jBK dhnK gko;gfoe gqshfefonktK dk nfXnB ns/ ftPb/PD eodk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors T[jBK ;ko/ ;w{jK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?, fiBQK dk gqGkt ftnesh ns/ T[; d/ fttjko s/ io{o g?Adk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors gqzgoktK, ohsh^fotkiK, b'e eEktK, b'e fttjko, Xkofwe, ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ ;z;EktK, ikshnK, noEftt;Ek, nkofEe, okiBhfse, ngokX nkfd s'A ;wZf;nktK dk nfXnB j[zdk j?. fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;wkiPk;so ;wki d/ ihtB ns/ ekoi^ ebkgK dk ftfrnkBe nfXnB j?, fi; ftZu G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe d'jK soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK dk ;zpzX G{s, GftZy ns/ toswkB fszBK d/ ihtB Bkb j[zdk j?. 16H4 ;wkiPk;so dh ftPk^t;s{ (Subject Matter of Sociology)

;wkiPk;so dh ftPk^t;s{ d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftfGzB ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. efsg ;wkiPksohnK d/ ftuko fJ; soQK jB^

d[oyhw (Durkheim) B/ ;wkiPk;so dh nfXnB t;s{ B{z fszB GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^

1H ;wkfie ;o{gPk;so (Social Morphology) 2H ;wkfie ;ohoPk;so (Social Physiology) 3H ;XkoD ;wkiPkso (General Sociology)

fiz;por (Ginsberg) B/ fJ; B{z uko GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^

1H ;wkfie ;o{gPk;so (Social Morphology) 268 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


2H ;wkfie fB:zsoD (Social Control)

3H ;wkfie gqfefonktK (Social Processes)

4H ;wkfie fBdkB^Pk;so (Social Pathology)

w'NtkBh (Motwani) d/ nB[;ko ;wkiPk;so dh nfXnB t;s{ fBwB fbys j?^

1H ;wkiPkso T[jBK f;XKsK dh y'i eodk j?, fiBQK d/ ekoB ;wkfie ihtB d/ nXkoG{s sZsK ftzu ;wzi; ;Ekfgs j[zdk j?.

2H ;wkiPk;so ;wkfie ;z;EktK d/ ftek;, gqrsh, ekoiK ns/ nzso^;zpzXK dh ftnkfynk eodk j?.

3H ;wkiPk;so ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ T[jBK sZsK d/ tZb ;ze/s eodk j?, fijVk ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdPk fBoXkfos eodk j?.

4H ;wkiPk;so ;wkfie fBdkB^Pk;so ns/ nftt;Ek B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh fttjkfoe T[gkn g/P eodk j?.

5H ;wkiPk;so T[jBK ;wkfie PeshnK ns/ ekoeK d/ ;wBt? s/ i'o fdzdk j?, fijVk ftnesh ns/ ;w{j dh gqrsh ftZu ;jkfJe f;zX j[zd/ jB.



3H ;wki d/ ti{d s/ jh f;Zfynk dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fBoGo eodk j?.

(T) ti{d (n) Gkr

(J) ;so (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dk gko;gfoe ;zpzX j?^

(T) ewi'o (n) pj[s v[zxk

(J) go;fEshiBe (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H ;wkiPk;so ;w{fje gqshfBfXst dk j?^

(T) ftfrnkB (n) Pk;so

(J) gqfsfBfX (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H d[oyhw B/ fejk ;h fe w{b o{g s'A nkgD/ ;o{g, T[dGt ns/ gqekoi dh fdqPNh s'A j?^

(T) fJZe ;wkfie fefonk (n) fJZe ;wkfie fefonk

(J) fJZe ;XkoD fefonk (;) fJZe n;XkoD fefonk 16H5 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Educational Sociology) f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki d/ xD/ ;zpzXK B/ ftfdne ;wkiPk;so B{z iBw fdZsk j?. d[oyhw B/ fejk ;h fe f;Zfynk w{b o{g s'A nkgd/ ;o{g, T[dGt ns/ gqeko dh fdqPNh s'A fJZe ;wkfie fefonk j?. cb;o{g f;Zfynk dk f;XKs fe;h j'o ftfrnkB dh ng/fynk ;wkiPk;so s'A ;gPN o{g s'A ;zpzXs j[zdk j?. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ T[jBK ;ko/ f;XKsK B{z ngDkfJnk iKdk j? fijV/ f;Zfynk d/ f;XKse ns/ fttjkfoe d'jK gZyK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so s/ ftt;fEs o{g s'A ekoi eoB dk ;fjok fBT{:koe ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ f;Zfynk ftGkr w[Zyh JhH

B'N



B'N ikoi g/Bh (E-George Payne) B{z j?. 1923 JhH ftZu T[jBK B/ nw/foek ftZu „B?PBb ;';kfJNh cko fd ;Nvh nkc ;'f;:'b'ih‟ dh ;EkgBk ehsh, fi; B/ ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ftek; ftZu pj[s :'rdkB fdZsk. ;zB 1928 ftZu ikoi g/Bh dh gqf;ZX g[;se „fgqzf;gb; nkc n?i{e/PBb ;'f;:'b'ih‟ (Principles of Educational Sociology) gqekfPs j''Jh, fi; ftZu T[jBK B/ fJj fJZe BthB ftfrnkB j?, fijVk ;wkiPk;so s/ f;Zfynk B{z i'Vdk j?. T[jBK B/ ftfdne gqfefonk dh ftnkfynk ;wkiPk;so d/ f;XKsK d/ nXko s/ ehsh. nkgDh fJ; ftnkfynk ftZu T[jBK B/ dZf;nk fe fe; soQK ;w{fje ihtB s/ f;Zfunk ns/ ;wki dk gqGkt g?Adk j?. f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j? ns/ fJ; o{g ftZu T[j ;wki d/ T[EkB ns/ g{BofBowkD dk wjkB ekoi eodh j?. f;szpo, 1928 s'A jh iBoe nkc n?i{e/PBb ;'f;:'b'ih (Journal of

Educational Sociology) gqekfPs j'Dk nozG j'fJnk, fi; B/ ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD ekoi ehsk.

gqf;ZX dkoPfBe v:{th B/ th f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkfie gqftoshnK B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdZsk. T[jBK B/ nkgDh gqf;ZX g[;seK „d ;e{bQ n?Av ;';kfJNh‟ (The School and Society) ns/ „v/w'eo/;h n?Av n?i?e{PB‟ (Democracy and Education) ftZu th f;Zfynk B{z fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk wzfBnk, fijVh ftnesh d/ d[nkok iksh dh ;wkfie u/sBk ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb ftef;s j[zdh j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A T[fus f;Zfynk d/ ftXkB d/ bJh ;wkfie u/sBk dk nfXnB eoBk io{oh j?. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ftek; ftZu fiBQK ftukoeK B/ ;fj:'r fdZsk, T[jBK ftZu co/vfoe bhgb/ (Fredric Leaplay), w{o (Moore), w?fob (Merril), w/ekJhto (Maclver), e'b (Cole), vzeB (Duncon), pokT{B (Brown), v/ft; (Davis), v'bkov (Dollard), ebkoe (Clark), n'Nkt/ (Ottaway) nkfd gqw[Zy jB. fJBQK ftukoeK B/ fejk fe ;wkiPk;so rshPhb ;wki ftZu fJZSs NhfunK B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu ftfdne gqfefonk d/ fBod/PB ftZu ;jkfJe f;ZX j' ;edk j?. fJ; soQK ftfdne ;wkiPk;so f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkiPk;so nkfd dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j? ns/ d/fynk iKdk j? fe fJjBK dk ftnesh d/ ftek; s/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ fJ; nXko s/ f;Zfynk dk ;o{g fBPfus ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ nzsors T[jBK ;ko/ f;XKsK B{{z ngDkfJnk iKdk j? fijV/ f;Zfynk d/ f;XKse ns/ fttjkfoe d'jK gZyK B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB nzrK^T[d/P, gkmeqw, f;ybkJh ftXh, nB[Pk;B, nfXnkge, ftfdnkfbnk, gqPk;B nkfd d/ ;o{g B{z ;wki dhnK io{osK ns/ go;fEshnK d/ nB[o{g ftfdne ;wkiPk;so jh fBoXkfos eodk j?.

ftfdne ;kwiPk;so dhnK gfoGkPktK eJh ftukoeK B/ fdZshnK jB. e[ZM gqw[Zy gfoGkPktK nZr/ nB[;ko jB^

ikoi g?Bh^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so s'A ;kvk Gkt T[; ftfrnkB s'A j?, fijVk ;z;EktK, ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ;wkfie fefonktK Gkt T[jBK ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk, fiBQK ftZu iK fiBQK d/ d[nkok ftnesh nkgD/ nB[GtK B{z gqkgs ns/ ;zrms eodk j?, dk toDB ns/ ftnkfynk eodk j?.”

pokT{B^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ftnesh ns/ T[; d/ ;z;feqfse tksktoD d/ ftZu j'D tkbh nzso^fefonk dk nfXnB j?.”

o';/e^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ;wkiPk;so dk T[j gZy j?, fijVk nXkoG{s ftfdne ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eodk j?.”

n'Nt/^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so T[j ftfrnkB j?, fijVk f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki d/ ;zpzXK dk nfXnB eodk j?. fJj f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK, ftXhnK, ;z;EktK, gqPk;B ns/ gkmeqw B{z T[; ;wki dh nkofEe, okiBhfse, Xkofwe, ;wkfie s/ ;z;feqfse PeshnK d[nkok fBoXkfos eodk j?, fi; ftZu T[; B{z fefonkPhb ehsk iKdk j?. ftnesh dh f;Zfynk s/ ns/ T[; d/ ftnefsst d/ ftek; s/ ;wkfie ihtB s/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk gqGkt g?Adk j?.”

r[v^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so fJ; rZb dk ftfrnkBe nfXnB eodk j? fe ftnesh ;wkfie ;w{jK ftZu fe; soQK ofjzd/ jB, T[j fej' fijh f;Zfynk gqgks eod/ jB ns/ fJBQK ;wkfie ;w{jK ftZu e[Pbskg{oD Yzr Bkb ofjDk d/ bJh T[jBK B{z fe; soQK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os j?.”



ekoNo^“ftfdne ;wkiPk;so, ;wkiPk;so d/ T[jBK sZsK dk nfXnB eodk j?, fiBQK dk ftfdne gqfefonk ftZu wjZst j? ns/ ftP/P o{g s'A T[jBK dk nfXnB eodk j?, i' f;ZyD dh wjZstg{oD :'iBk ns/ f;ZyD dh gqfefonk d/ fB:zsoD d/ tZb ;ze/s eod/ jB.” 16H6 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ T[d/P (Aims of Educational Sociology)

j/fozrNB (Harington) B/ ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ fBwB fbys T[d/P dZ;/ jB^

1H ftfdnkb/ B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ;wkfie ekoeK dk nfXnB eoBk.

2H ;wkfie ekoeK dk nfXnB eod/ j'J/, ftnesh s/ g?D tkb/ gqGktK B{z ;wMDk.

3H ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse gqftoshnK B{z ;wMd/ j'J/ f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw dk ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A fB:'iB eoBk.

4H ;wki d/ ;zdoG ftZu nfXnkge d/ ekoi dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk ns/ ;wkfie gqrsh dh fdqPNh s'A ftfdnkb/ d/ ekoi dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk.

5H b'eszsoe f;XKsK B{z ;wMDk.

6H fJBQK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh y'i dhnK ftXhnK dk T[g:'r eoBk ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki d/ xD/ ;zpzXK B/ ftfdne ;wkiPk;so B{z iBw fdZsk.

8H f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe d/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk j?.

9H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;Zfynk dh ntXkoDk B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfJsk BjhA fwbdh.

10H f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d[nkok fB:zsos j[zdh j?. 16H7 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk y/so (Scope of Educational Sociology)

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dhnK gfoGkPktK ns/ T[d/PK dk nfXnB eoB s/ fJj Bhsik fBebdk j? fe ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk y/so pj[s finkd ftnkge j?. fJ; d/ nzsors fiBQK ftfPnK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?, T[jBK ftZu gqw[Zy ftP/ j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H ;wki dhnK io{osK, go;fEshnK, ;wZf;nktK ns/ wzrK dk nfXnB eoBk.

2H ;z;feqse tksktoD d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftnesh ns/ ;wki dk nfXnB eoBk.

3H ftfGzB ;wkfie ;z;EktK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK dk nfXnB eoBk.

4H ftnesh ns/ ftfdnkb/ s/ ;wki d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk.

5H ;wki ftZu nfXnkge d/ ;EkB ns/ wjZst dk nfXnB eoBk.

6H nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK ns/ T[jBK B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ekoeK dk nfXnB eoBk.

7H ftfdnkb/ ns/ ;EkBh ;wkfie ;z;EektK d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK dk nfXnB eoBk.

8H ;wki s/ f;Zfynk d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk.

9H ftfdnkb/ ftZu b'eszsoe GktBk dk ftek; eoBk.

10H ftnesh ns/ ;wki dh gqrsh d/ bJh gkmeqw ftZu io{oh gfotosB eoBk.

B'N



B'N 11H ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ bJh f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD eoBk.

12H ;wkfie fB:zsoD, ;wkfie gfotosB, ;wkfie ;zrmB, ;wkfie gqfefonk ns/ gqrsh nkfd s/ f;Zfynk d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk.

13H ;wkfie ihtB ftZu ;wkuko^gZso, o/vhU, Nhth, f;B/wk, g[;sekfbnk nkfd d/ ;EkB ns/ gqGkt dk nfXnB eoBk.

14H ftnesh s/ ;z;feqsh d/ ;wro gqGktK dk nfXnB eoBk.

wkoftB po/;bo (Marvin Bressler) d/ nB[;ko ftfdne ;wkiPk;so fBwB fbys ftfPnK dk nfXnB eodk j?^

1H f;Zfynk dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk s/ pkjoh ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB.

2H ftnkge ftt;Ek d/ o{g ftZu ftfdnkb/ dk ftt;fEs ftPb/PD eoBk.

3H f;ybkJh ewo/ d/ nzdo j'D tkbh ;wkfie nzso^fefonktK dk ;wkfie f;XksK ns/ ftXhnK d/ ;zdoG ftZu nfXnB eoBk.

4H ftfdnkb/ ns/ j'o nzdo{Bh ;zrmBK dk ;wki d/ j'o ;kXBK d/ Bkb ;zpzXK dk nfXnB eoBk.

ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ftP/ y/so dh ;whfynk eod/ j'J/ v?BL vpfbT{ v'v;B B/ fbfynk j? fe, “ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh o{uh ;koh ;z;feqsh ;wro j?, fi; ftZu ns/ fi; d/ d[nkok, ftnesh nB[GtK B{z nofis ns/ ;zrfms eodk j?. ftfPPN o{g s'A ftfdne ;wkiPk;so fJ; ftP/ ftZu o{uh oZydk j? fe ;[ftnefsst ftek; d/ bJh ftfdne gqfefonktK dk ;zukbB fe; soQK ehsk ikt/.” 16H8 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ekoi (Functions of Educational Sociology)

1H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ w?ApoK d/ B?fse, ufosoe, nfXnkfwe, dkoPfBe ns/ ;wkfie T[EkB ftZu ;fj:'r fdzdk j?.

2H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ftneshnK d/ ftukoK, w{bK ns/ fttjkoK B{z gfotofss eoe/ ;wki B{z gqrsh d/ tZb nro;o eodk j?.

3H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ;wki d/ T[g:'rh ohshôhtkiK, gqzgoktK, XkoDktK ns/ w{bK dh oZfynk eodk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z ;EkJh pDkT[Adk j? ns/ d'Pg{oD e[gqEktK ns/ fttjkoK ftZu ;zP'XB eodk j?.

4H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ;wki B{z rshPhbsk gqdkB eodk j?.

5H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ;wki d/ w?ApoK dk ;wki d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eoB ns/ ;wki d/ nkdoPK ns/ wkBsktK d/ o{g ftZu ihtB pshs eoB dh f;ybkJh gqdkB eodk j?.

6H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so pkbeK ftZu ;wki ftZu ofjD dh ;woZEk dk ftek; eodk j? ns/ T[jBK dk ;wkiheoD eodk j?.

7H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ftneshnK B{z ;w{jK B{z ;wMD, T[jBK d/ fBowkD dh fefonk B{z ;wMD, ;w{fje ihtB B{z ;wMD dh :'rsk dk ftek; eodk j?.

8H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d/ oZfynk ns/ ftek; ftZu g{oD ;fj:'r gqdkB eodk j?.

Nk;e ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ekoiK s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



16H9 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ nfXnB dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of the Study of Educational Sociology) f;Zfynk dk ekoi pkbe d/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk j?. fJj ftek; iho' ftZu BjhA j' ;edk. ftek; jw/PK ;wkfie ;zpzXK s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j?. pkbe d/ ftek; s/ T[; d/ gfotko, ftfdnkb/, ;w[dkfJ, ;z;feqsh nkfd dk gqGkt g?Adk j?. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ftZu fJjBK ;kfonK dk nfXnB j[zdk j?. ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh io{os ns/ wjZst B{z fBwB fbys fpzd{nK ftZu ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j?^

1H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;wki ns/ T[; d/ ftfGzB ;o{gK dh gqfeosh ns/ f;Zfynk s/ T[jBK d/ gqGktK dk frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?.

2H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;Zfynk dh ntXkoDk B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.

3H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ nfXnB Bkb ;wki dhnK io{osK ns/ ;wZf;nktK d/ nB[o{g f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z fBoXkfos eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk gqkgs j[zdh j?.

4H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so ftZu ;wkfie fefonktK d/ ekoBk ns/ BshfinK dk ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?, T[jBK d/ frnkB Bkb f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw dk fBowkD ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK ftfdne ;wkiPk;so f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?.

5H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ fBowkD ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. Gkt/A f;ybkJh ftXhnK d/ fBowkD dk gqw[Zy nXko f;Zfynk wB'ftfrnkB j[zdk j? sK th wB[Zy ns/ ;wki d/ gko;gfoe ;zpzXK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ th f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?.

6H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so nB[Pk;B dh ;wZf;nk B{z B?fse ngokX dh iBw^G{wh ftZu Bk d/ye/ pkbe d/ ;wkfie tksktoD dh iBw^G{wh ftZu d/ydk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A nB[Pk;B dh ntXkoDk d/ ;gPNheod d/ bJh ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ nfXnB dh io{os j?.

7H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;o{g ns/ T[jBK d/ ekoiK dk frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?.

8H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ d[nkok nfXnkge d/ ftefsst s/ th ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A ft;sko ehsk iKdk j?. fj; soQK f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge d/ wjZst ns/ :'rdkB B{z ikDB d/ bJh fJ; Pk;so dk nfXnB io{oh j?.

9H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb fgZSV/ j'J/ pkbeK ns/ ngokXh pkbeK dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z T[jBK dh ;wkfie iBw^G{wh d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;wMD dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?.

10H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;Zfynk dhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK dk jZb y'iD ftZu ;jkfJsk gqkgs j[zdh j?.

16H10 ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk f;Zfyn s/ gqGkt (Impact of Educational Sociology on Education) ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ gqGkt d/ cb;o{g f;Zfynk ftZu eJh gfotosB j'J/ jB^

1H iBszsoe ns/ b'eêZfbnkDekoh f;Zfynk d/ bJh nzd'bB nozG ehsk frnk.

2H pkbeK B{z io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB d/ bJh :sB ehs/ rJ/.

3H gq'VQ f;Zfynk d/ bJh :sB nozG ehs/ rJ/.

4H ;oeko B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[ZsodkfJst B{z ;theko eoe/ eJh wjZstg{oD ns/ T[g:'rh edw T[mkJ/.

B'N



B'N 5H ftebKr ns/ wzd p[ZXh pkbeK dh f;Zfynk dk T[ZsodkfJst th ;oeko B/ rqfjD ehsk.

6H nfXnkgeK dh f;ybkJh d/ bJh f;ybkJh ;z;EkBK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh.

7H fPP{ f;Zfynk ns/ pkb wB'ftfrnkB s/ i'o fdZsk frnk.

8H nfXnkgeK dh xkN ftZu u/bknfXnkge (w'BhNo) gqDkbh B{z nozG ehsk frnk.

9H fPP{ ;/tk nzd'bB nozG j'fJnk, fi; Bkb pkbeK B{z ekoykfBnK nkfd ftZu ekoi eoB s'A o'fenk ikD bZrk.

10H okiK d[nkok eko'pkoe, seBheh ns/ y/sh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh.

11H f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ nzrK^f;Zfynk dk ekoi, f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P, f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw, f;ybkJh ftXh, nB[Pk;B nkfd ftZu Gkoh gfotosB j'J/.

16H11 f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;so (Sociology of Education)

f;Zfynk fJZe nfijk ;Pes wkfXnw j? fi; d/ d[nkok wB[Zy d/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; ;zGt j?. f;Zfynk ;kvh ;z;feqs dh Xo'jo j?. ;dhnK s'A ihts gqke fpqfNP Gkos ftZu th ftfrnkBe ;z;feqsh Pkfwb ;h. fJ; dk ti{d y/sh ns/ j;sfPbg s/ fBoGo ;h, fiBQK d/ bJh yr'bPk;so, y/sh ftfrnkB, rfDs ns/ wPhB ftfrnkB dh ikDekoh io{oh ;h. gqke fpqfNP Gkos dk nkgDk n"PXh ftfrnkB th ;h. nzro/iK d/ nkrwB s'A gfjbK Gkos dk nkofEe ns/ ftfrnkBe ftek; pj[s xZN j'fJnk ;h. ftPt d/ pj[s ;ko/ okPNo j[D id'A ;ZfGn iht d/ gE s/ nro;o j'J/ T[; d/ ;dhnK gfjbK GkoshnK B/ rfDs, o;kfJD ns/ n"PXh ftfrnkB ftZu gEgqdoPe dk ezw ehsk. gozs{ ;zGt s"o s/ fJ; bJh ;wki brGr T[;h g[okD/ nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse ;so s/ pj[s fdBK sZe ;fEo fojk ns/ Gkosh iBihtB dk ;w{fus ftek; BjhA j' ;fenk. GkoshnK B/ fJ; bzph ntfX ftZu T[gfBPd d/ nkdoPtkdh doPB d/ eJh GkP: g/P ehs/. gozs{ gqfeosh ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh d/ y/so ftZu fJ; dh d/D e[ZM ftP/P BjhA ojh. nkX[fBe f;Zfynk dk nozG eoe/ nzro/i ftfrnkBe ns/ ;wkiPk;soh frnkB d/ y/so ftZu Gkos B{z nkX[fBe gZSwh T[gbpXhnK d/ ;zgoe ftZu fbnkJ/.

f;Zfynk dk Ppde'P noE j? “ufoso ns/ wkBf;e PeshnK d/ ftek; d/ bJh :'iBkpZX f;ybkJh.”

;ko/ wB[Zyh^;wkiK ftZu f;Zfynk fJZe nXkow{be rfsftXh j?. f;Zfynk fi; B{z nzro/Ih GkPk ftZu „n?i{e/PB‟ fejk iKdk j?, b?fNB Ppd „n?i{e/no‟ s'A pfDnk j? fi; dk noE j? „gkbD^ g'PD eoBk.‟ f;Zfynk dk T[d/P n'S/ frnkB s'A BjhA pbfe fJ; B{z ;wkfie fB:zsoD dk n"gukfoe ;wkXkB wzfBnk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk ;wkfieeoB dh fJZe gqfefeonk j?. fJj pZu/ B{z ;wkfie ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?. fJj pZfunK d[nkok rbs Yzr s'A g{ot fBofws ftukoK B{z ;[Xkodh j? ns/ g{otrqkjK B{z d{o eodh j?. f;Zfynk b'eK B{z nB[Pk;B, ;wkfie T[d:'r, ;fjDPhbsk ns/ fsnkr d/ ;wkfie w{bK dh f;ybkJh fdzdh j? ns/ ;jh ;wkfie wB'ftoshnK dk ftek; eodh j? sK T[j GftZy dk uzrh soQK ;kjwDk eo ;eD. gb/N' dk ftuko ;h fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P Poho ns/ nkswk ftZu ;koh g{oDsk ns/ ;"Ado: dk ftek; eoBk j?, fi; d/ T[j :'r jB. no;s{ d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk dk noE j?, “wB[Zy dhnK ;woZEktK, ftP/P o{g s'A T[; dhnK wkBf;e PeshnK dk ftek; eoBk, sK fe T[j ;otT[Zu ;Zu, ;"Ado: ns/ T[Zusk dh nB[G{sh dk nBzd gqkgs eo ;e/.” ;wBo d/ nB[;ko, “f;Zfynk fPP{ ftZu ;w{j d/ b'eukoK B{z j;sKsfos eoB dk :sB j?, sK fe T[j f;Zy ;e/ fe “eh nkuoD ;thfeqs j? iK eh tofisl T[; B[z fe; soQK ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?, T[; d/ ftPtk; eh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ eh BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/.” pokT{B ns/ o{;/e d/ nB[;ko, “f;Zfynk nB[Gt dh T[j ;zg{oDsk j? fijVh feP'o ns/ ftn;e d'jK dhnK nGhftoshnK B{z gqwkfDs eodh j? ns/ eJh fttjkoK dk fBoXkoD th eodh j?.” J/Avo;B d/ nB[;ko, “f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok ftnesh nfijhnK rZbK f;Zydk



j? fijVhnK T[; B{z ;wki d/ ihtB d/ gqgsh nkgD/^nkg B{z ;wk:'fis eoB d/ :'r pDkT[AdhnK jB.” d[oyhw B/ f;Zfynk B{z „feP'o ghVQh dk ;wkfieeoB‟ dZf;nk j?. T[; B/ fbfynk j?, “fJj n;b ftZu fPP{ d/ T[Zgo ;'uD, nB[Gt eoB, ekoi eoB d/ YzrK B{z nko'fgs eoB dk fBozso :sB j? fi; B{z T[j ;fji o{g ftZu BjhA f;Zy ;edk ;h.”

nkgD/ ftnkge noE ftZu f;Zfynk B{z fJZe gqfefonk d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j? fi; d/ d[nkok fe;h ;w{j dh ;wkfie ftok;s fJZe ghVQ s'A d{ih ghVQh B{z j;sKsfos ehsh iKdh j? ns/ fPP{ ;wkfie fttjko d/ fB:wK B{z f;Zydk j?. fJj ftn;e G{fwektK B{z pknd ftZu nkgBkT[D bJh feP'o dh ;u/sB f;ybkJh j?. fJj ;wkfieoB dk ;wkBkoEe j?. fJj Gkth ghVQh d/ ftek; B{z ihtB d/ ;wkfie nkdoPK ftZu nB[o{g pDkT[Adk j?. rKXh ih d/ PpdK ftZu, “f;Zfynk s'A Gkt j? pkbe iK wB[Zy ftZu i' e[ZM T[Zusw j?, T[; dk ;zg{oD ftek; eoBk, Gkt Poho, p[ZXh ns/ nkswk fszBK dk ;zg{oD ftek;.”

„f;Zfynk‟ Ppd dk ;hfws iK ft;Ekog{oD d'jK nooEK ftZu fJ;s/wkB ehsk ik ;edk j?. ft;Ekog{oD noE ftZu f;Zfynk s'A Gkt fJZe gqfefonk s'A j? fijVh ihtB Go uZbdh ofjzdh j? ns/ fijVh ihtB d/ fe;h th nB[Gt s'A nZr/ tZX ;edh j?. fJ; noE ftZu f;ybkJh^;wroh ihtB d/ jo/e y/so ftZu fwbdh j?. nB[Gt dh e'Jh th uhi SZvh BjhA ik ;edh. fJ; ftnkfynk nB[;ko ihtB ihT[D dk wsbp f;ZyDk j?. i/eo n;hA nkgD/ G{sekb dh y'iphB eohJ/ sK d/yKrK fe ihtB dk ;G s'A tZvk nB[Gt n;hA ngqfsnkPh irQK ftZu'A gkfJnk j?. Gkt fJj j? fe n;hA nfijh f;Zfynk gkT[D bJh e'Jh :sB BjhA ehsk. “fJj ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktK s'A, fiBQK Bkb n;hA i{Md/ jK, gqfeosh d/ gqGktK s/ ;[MktK s'A, nkgD/ b'eK Bkb fwbD s'A ns/ brGr nkgDhnK n;cbsktK ns/ d[yK s'A ;kv/ e'b nkT[Adh j?.”

f;Zfynk fJZe fJj ntXkoDk w[Zy o{g s'A T[; gqfefonk s/ i'o fdzdh j? fiBQK Bkb ftnefsst ftef;s j[zdk j? ns/ fiBQK s'A n;hA wB[Zy ns/ wB[Zy d/ ftZu d/ ;zpzXK B{z ns/ nkdwh ns/ pqjwzv d/ ;zpzXK B{z gfjukDd/ jK.

;zeohD noE ftZu „f;Zfynk‟ dk wsbp ;u/sB o{g s'A fBod/fPs fefonk ebkg j? fi; Bkb n;hA nkgDhnK PeshnK B{z “ftef;s eod/ jK.” i' f;Zfynk n;hA ;e{bQ ns/ ekbi ftZu gkT[Ad/ jK T[j fJ; d/ nzsors nkT[Adh j?. nfXnkge nkgD/ u/fbnK d/ ;kjwD/ ftukoK ns/ fpzpK B{z oZydk j? sKfe fJZe yk; fdPk ftZu T[jBK dk wkBf;e ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe ftek; j't/. ftfdnkoEh f;ybkJh ;z;EktK ftZu f;Zfynk gkT[D d/ bJh gqftPN j[zd/ jB. gq'c/;o v/th B/ nkgDh g[;se „v/w'eo/;h n?Av n?i{e/PB‟ ftZu „Gkt‟ dk fieo fJ; nzso B{z dz;D d/ bJh ehsk j? fe f;Zfynk ;u/sB o{g s'A nkT[Adh j? iK fJ; dk e'Jh fBPfus T[d/P j[zdk j?.

n;hA ;XkoD o{g s'A f;Zfynk Ppd dk fJ;s/wkB fJ;h ;zehoD noE ftZu eod/ jK. Gkt fJj j? “fJj fJZe nfijh gqfefonk j? fijVh oki iK gfotko iK ;Zsk d/ fe;h j'o o{g d[nkok ;irsk g{oD Yzr s'A fB:'fis^fBPgkfds j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; dk gq:'iB B"itkBK B{z wjZstg{oD ;wMD ikD tkb/ fe;h Nhu/ d/ tZb nro;o eoBk j?. fJj fJZe nfijk Nhuk iK ;kX j? fi; d/ nzsors ftnefsst d/ ;XkoD ftek; dk sZs Pkfwb j' ;edk j? ns/ BjhA th j' ;edk j?.”

g{ot;kyo ;wkiK ftZu f;Zfynk brGr nDn"ukfoe soQK dh ;h ns/ ftn;e^;zpzXh io{oh ;wM/ ikD tkb/ ;wkfie w{bK d/ j;sKsoD ftZu Gkr b?Ad/ ;B. got/yD ns/ gqsZy ;zgoe d[nkok pkbe b'eôhshnK ns/ b'ekukoK d/ frnkB ns/ fttjkfoe gqftXhnK ns/ e{PbsktK dh f;ybkJh nofis eo b?Adk ;h. Gkt/A fJj pj[s E'Vh nDn"gukfoe j[zdh ;h, sK th fJj n"gukfoe sZsK ftZu g{oDsk ofjs BjhA ;h. f;ybkJh d/ n"gukfoe gqeko ftZu dhePk^;z;eko Pkfwb ;B. dhePk^;z;eko brGr ftP[ZX j[zd/ ;B fiBQK ftZu f;ybkJh, fdt f;Zfynk ns/ f;ybkJh ekoi Pkfwb j[zdk ;h. wkoro/N w"v d/ nB[;ko, e[ZM nkdwh ;wkiK, iK wkUoh ftZu g[o'fjsK d/ n"gukfoe f;ybkJh^;zpzXh Xkofwe ftfdnkb/ j[zd/ ;B. T[jBK ftZu Poheo dzv dk fBsKs xkN ;h, sK th nB[Pk;B nB[eoDh j[zdk ;h. T[j nkfrnkekoh j[zd/ ;B ns/ pkjoh nB[Pk;B dh e'Jh io{os BjhA ;h. GktA/ n"gukfoe gqeko dh f;Zfynk dk gqrks?fsjkf;e ;wkiK ftZu g{oh soQK xkN BjhA fwbdh, sK th nkX[fBe f;Zfynk^gqDkbh dh soQK ftPkb f;ybkJhêwo/, ftPkb nfXnkge^

B'N



B'N tor, gqhfynk^gqDkbh, gqwkD^gZso nkfd dh ftt;Ek BjhA j[zdh ;h. nkX[fBe f;Zfynk d/ T[bN, T[; ;w/A f;Zfynk dk Gkt ;h fe fJZe ;zsfs dk Gkth ;zsfs d/ Bkb ;zgoe ;Ekfgs oZfynk ikt/. fe;kB d/ pkbe B{z fiwhAdko iK fiwhAdko d/ pkbe B{z tehb BjhA pDk fdZsk iKdk ;h.

wZX :[r^;ZfGn ;wkiK ftZu f;Zfynk B/ ;z;Ek tkbk o{g XkoD ehsk. n"gukfoesk dh wksok, ftPk^t;s{ ns/ T[d/P ;ZfGnsk ftZu gqeko d/ nB[;k ftfGzB ;B. :{BkB ftZu, gkmeqw ;kfjs, ;zrhs ns/ e;os s/ nXkfos ;h fi; ftZu rfDs ns/ fJfsjk; d/ ftP/ B{z i'V fdZs/ rJ/. o'w ftZu ftnkeoD, ;kfjs ns/ nbzekoPk;so dk nfXnB T[Zu f;Zfynk dk nzr ;h. wZX :[r ftZu ;Zs T[dko ebktK^ftnkeoD, nbzekPk;so, Pk;soh ftPk rfDs, o/ykrfDs, ;zrhs ns/ i'fsP dh f;Zfynk wmK, fJ;kJh nkPowK ns/ froikxoK d/ ;e{bK ftZu fdZsh iKdh ;h. ;'bthA ;dh ftZu fJ;kJh ;wki d/ w?ApoK B/ gkmeqwK ftZu fJfsjk;, G{r'b, g[oksBPk;so, g{okt/P ftfdnk B{z i'V fdZsk. doPBPk;so ns/ XowPk;so T[Zuso nfXnB dh nkyoh nt;Ek ftZu Pkfwb ;B. Gkos ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fiBQK ftfPnK dh f;ybkJh fdZsh iKdh ;h, T[jBK ftZu SKd'r T[gfBPd d/ nB[;ko, ;kfjs, fJfsjk;, doPBPk;so, Xow, rfDs ns/ i'fsP d/ ftP/ Pkfwb ;B. sePPhbk d/ ftfynks ftPtftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfrnkB, ebk ns/ fszBK t/dK ns/ nmkoK ebktK dh f;Zfynk dk ;zg{oD gkmeqw gquZbs ;h.

gkmeqw dk nzso ftfGzB b'eK dh ;XkoD ;z;feqafse ;wkfeqsh ftZu ftfGzBsktK d/ ekoB ;h. f;Zfynk nfs nbg;zfyne tor sZe ;hfws ;h. finkdkso b'eK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB dk e'Jh w"ek gqkgs BjhA ;h. ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk gqw[Zysk Xkofwe ;zgqdkfJnK d[nkok ehsk iKdh ;h.

Xow^fBog/y, f;Zfynk^ftfrnkB, tkfDi ns/ T[d:'r d/ ftek; ns/ g{BoikroD ns/ gq'N/;N?AN ;[Xko nzd'bB d/ Bkb^Bkb f;Zfynk dk b"feeheoD nozG j'fJnk. gozs{ fJ; soQK dh Xow^fBog/y f;Zfynk B{z T[BthA ;dh ftZu jh ;theko ehsk frnk. Xow^fBog/y d/ Bkb^Bkb f;Zfynk b'efgq: th j'Jh. fJj j[D e/tb e[ZM^fJZe b'eK sZe jh ;hfws BjhA ojh. T[BthA ;dh ftZu f;Zfynk d/ b"feeheoD ns/ b'efgq: pDB d/ d' ekoB ;B^wip{s okPNoh okiK dk ftek; ns/ gqikszso dk gq;kob. gqikszso B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z ftnkge pDkfJnk. gqikszso d/ ti{d d/ bJh ;otb"fee f;Zfynk B{z io{oh ;wfMnk frnk. gqikszso dk f;Zfynk s/ fJZe gqGkt fJ; B{z iBô{g gqdkB eoBk ;h. b'e iBf;Zfynk d/ wjZst s'A ikD{ j'J/, fi; B/ pknd ftZu io{oh fBP[be f;Zfynk d/ ftuko B{z iBw fdZsk. f;Zfynk^gqDkbh B{z pdbD ftZu gqikszso dh ftP/P G{fwek ojh j?. fJ; Bkb jh T[d:'freh d/ ftek; B/ th gkmeqw ftZu eJh gfotosBK B{z io{oh pDk fdZsk. g{zihtkd ns/ T[; dh T[d:'freh B/ tZy^tZy soQK d/ e"PbK ns/ nB[e{bBK dh io{os B{z T[sgzB ehsk fi; d/ bJh G{sekbhB ftt;Ek ftZu e'Jh wkordoPB T[gbpX BjhA ;h. j[D f;Zfynk ftfPPN f;ybkJh pD rJh j? fi; ftZu T[dko f;Zfynk d/ ;EkB s/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk s/ finkdk pb fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; B{z ftek;Phb ns/ gqzgok^Xtz;e noE^ftt;Ek dhnK BthnK wzrK B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh nB[e{fbs ehsk ik fojk j?. ;kv/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu eko'pkoe nfXnkge j[zd/ jB, T[jBK ftZu ekch XzB bZfrnk j'fJnk j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk ftPkb ;w{b j[zdk j?. T[jBK dk T[d/P e/tb toswkB frnkB B{z ;zufos eoBk jh BjhA j?, pbfe Bt/A frnkB dh y'i eoBk th j?. f;Zfynk dk ;wkfie gZy

f;Zfynk dk gfjbk ekoi pZu/ B{z nkgDk ti{d ftef;s eoB ns/ nkgD/ nzdo uzrhnK nkdsK gkT[D d/ tZb tXkT[Dk j? ns/ T[; B{z tZv/ ;w[dkfJ d/ ihtB ftZu dkfybk fdbkT[Dk j?. fJ; bJh jo/e ;wki ftZu pZu/ B{z ;G s'A gfjbK fJj f;ykfJnk iKdk j? fe ;wki ftZu fejVh uhi ;G s'A ;ob ns/ ;G s'A uzrh j?. fJ; T[d/P B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ jh no;s{ B/ pZu/ dh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ftZu ;zrhs ns/ gfonK dhnK ejkDhnK d/ fJ;s/wkB s/ i'o fdZsk. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko uzrk ;zrhs d[BhnK dh uzfrnkJh B{z gqfsfpzps eodk j?. fJ;h Bkb ;zrhs ;[DB tkb/ B{z d[BhnK d/ T[d/PK Bkb i[Vkn j' iKdk j?. ;kohnK uzrhnK ebktK ftZu ;zrhs ;G s'A gqGktPkbh



;kXB j? fi; ftZu r[DK dh ;kc s;tho Mbedh j?. nkX[fBe ;w/A ftZu fezvorkoNB ftfdnkfbnK ns/ Bo;oh ;e{bQK ftZu ;zrhs f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d/ o{g ftZu fJ;s/wkB j[zdk j?. nozGe f;Zfynk ftZu d{i/ gqGktPkbh wkfXnw gqrhs, eftsk ns/ pZfunK dhnK ejkDhnK j?.” “;wkfie doPB dh o{go/yk ftZu i/He/H w?efoi B/ fbfynk j? fe e'Jh T[seqPN ftuko iK v[zx/ nB[Gt Bkb Goh e'Jh ejkDh iK fco fe;h nwo w[jkto/ ftZu gqkgs e'Jh rZb n;kBh Bkb fdb ftZu ;wk iKdh j?, d/o sZe :kd ofjzdh j?, ;dk d/ bJh y[Ph d/ o{g ftZu fdb d/ fe;h e'B/ ftZu p?m/ iKdh j? ns/ g{oh fizdrh Go fJZe gq/oDk;o's pDh ofjzdh j?.” fJ; nkb'e ftZu ;zrhs, eftsk ns/ gfonK dhnK ejkDhnK ekB{zB B{z bkr{ eoB dk nXko gqdkB eodhnK jB. ekB{zB iBs dh tXhnk gqzgoktK B{z fBPfussk ns/ ;EkfJst fdzdk j? gozs{ fJjBK dh ;woZEk fJ; rZb s/ nXkfos j[zdh j? fe fe; jZd sZe iBs dh gqzgok b'eK d/ fdb'^fdwkr ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh j?.

pZfunK dh nozGe f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ftPk T[jBK d/ b'eK dh GkPk j?, “fiBQK ftZu frnkB, nzso^fdqPNh, T[d/P ns/ nkdoP, njzeko ns/ ;hwktk nkfd ;G e[ZM Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB.” fJ; d/ Bkb jh gqfeosh dk nfXnB th wjZstg{oD j? fijVk pZu/ dk T[; d/ tksktoD d/ Bkb foPs/ dk nfXnB j?. N?r'o B/ nfijh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk feT[Afe T[jBK d/ nB[;ko fJj fdwkr y'bD dk ;G s'A uzrk ns/ gqGktPkbh sohek j?. fJj d/yD s'A P[o{ j[zdk j?, gozs{ ibdh jh wBB^fuzsB fJ; dk j? ns/ nzs ftZu fJj wB[Zyh ihtB dk xNe j' iKdk j?.”

id'A pZuk ekch tZvk j' iKdk j?, T[d'A T[; ftZu toDB^Pesh nk iKdh j?. fco T[j ftnkeoD, nzerfDs, o/ykrfDs ns/ B?fsessk dh ;XkoD XkoDktK ns/ Xow dhnK wkBsktK ;zpzXh nzso^ fdqPNh, fiBQK d/ iohJ/ nkdwh pqfjwzv ns/ fJ; Bkb nkgD/ ;zpzX dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzXs ihtB^woD d/ nkyoh gqPBK B{z f;ZyD d/ bJh nGhgq/fos j' iKdk j?.

fJ; bJh ftfdnkb/ dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ekoi BthA ghVQh B{z ;wkfie pDkT[Dk j?, T[jBK B{z w{bK ns/ nkdoPK s'A b?; eoBk ns/ ;w[dkfJ dhnK gqzgoktK s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk j?. gozs{ ;wkiheoD dh fJj gqfefonk fJZe ;wkB „g?NoB‟ s/ BjhA uZbdh. fJj ftfGzB ;wkiK ftZu ftfGzB o{g XkoB eodh j?. fJ; soQK gqkuhB Gkos ftZu n"gukfoe f;Zfynk pqkjwDK d[nkok fdZsh iKdh ;h. “T[j frnkB d/ Gzvko ns/ fjzd{ ihtB d/ fBod/Pe ;B.” gqkuhB Gkosh gqzgoktK d/ nB[;ko fJZe pZuk gzi ;kb dh T[wo ftZu toDwkbk f;ZyD s'A nkgDh gVQkJh P[o{ eodk ;h. f;Zfynk gZXsh dk i'o ihtB s/ finkdk ns/ f;ybkJh s/ xZN ;h. fJ; nozGe P[o{nks d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh B{z Pohoe ns/ nfXnksfwe nB[Pk;B s'A r[ioBk j[zdk ;h. N'b, ftfdnkfbnk ns/ us[;gEh nZr/ nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK B{z Xkofwe s/ ;z;feqfse gzzqzgoktK dh f;Zfynk d/D d/ bJh J/iz;h d/ o{g ftZu ezw eod/ ;B. ;ko/ ;wkiK ftZu pZu/ dh nozGe f;Zfynk dh ;wkB ftt;Ek ;h. fGzBsk fJzBh ;h fe gZSwh, fJ;bkwh ;wkiK iK uhB dh ng/fynk gkos ftZu Xkofwe f;Zfynk finkdk gqGktPkbh ;h. Gkt/A fe ;XkoD ;wkiK ftZu f;Zfynk nbZr fefonkebkg d/ o{g ftZu ;zrfms BjhA ;h. fJj gfotko ns/ d{i/ gqkEfwe ;w{jK d[nkok gqdkB ehsh iKdh ;h ns/ iK fco g{o/ ;wki d[nkok “ihtB d/ jo/e fdB d/ fBs^B/w” ftZu Gkr b?D s'A fwbdh ;h.

f;Zfynk pZu/ B{z uzr/ Bkrfoe dk dkfJst f;ykT[Adh j?. i' b'e ftfdne ns/ wkBf;e o{g s'A p[fBnkdh f;Zfynk s'A nZr/ frnkB ftZu tkX/ d/ bJh Gkt frnkB B{z ;jh ;wZf;nktK ftZu tosD d/ bjh, fit/A ekB{zB, dtkJh, nfG:zsfoeh nkfd dh fdqPNh s'A gVQBk ukj[zd/ jB T[jBK B{z fJj ;G e[ZM ekbiK s/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu fwbDr/. wjkftfdnkfbnk ftfdkoEh B{z d/D d/ bJh g/P ofjzdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nZr/ tXD dk ok;sk fsnko eodk j?. ekb/i dk w[Zy ezw T[Zu ;so dh T[dko f;Zfyn d/Dk j? fijVh ;e{bQ s'A BjhA fwbdh. Gkt/A fe ekbi dh gVQkJh ;e{bQ dh gVQkJh s'A finkdk ftfPPN j[zdh j?, gozs{ fco th fJj nfXnB ;XkoD frnkB tXkt[D B{z finkdk gqtfos jB Bk fe frnkB ns/ e[Pbsk tXkT[D d/ bJh. d{i/ gk;/ ftPtftfdnkb/ ftZu ftPtftfdnkb/ ftZu nfXnB p/PZe ftfPPN j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; o{g ftZu j[zdk j? fe ftfdnkoEh T[jBK ftfPnK dk ftP/P nfXnB eoB fiBQK d/ gqsh T[; dh o{uh fdykJh fdzdh j?. ftPtftfdnkb/ ftP/P ftGkrK ftZu P'X B{z th T[s;kfjs eodk j?. ekbiK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ fJbktk seBheh ;z;EkB jB, fijV/ finkdk seBheh Yzr dh f;ybkJh fdzd/ jB, ns/ fJZe ftfdnkoEh B{z ftfPPN f;Zfynk fdzd/ jB fi; d/ bJh T[j gqfeosh ns/ nkgDh :'rsk d/ fbjki s'A T[fus j?.

B'N



B'N gqkuhB ;wki ftZu, id'A nkX[fBe ftfrnkB dk iBw BjhA j'fJnk ;h, seBheh f;Zfynk brGr gfotko ns/ g/P/to ;w{jK d[nkok nDn"gukfoe ns/ gq:'fre Yzr d[nkok fdZsh iKdh ;h. T[; ;w/A nZi dh soQK f;Zfynk d/D d/ bJh ftP/P ;z;EkB BjhA ;B. T[dkjoD d/ bJh pVQJh iK b'jko d/ xo ftZu izfwnk fJZe pZuk nkgD/ g/P/ dh :'rsk nkgD/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK s'A nDn"gukfoe o{g s'A f;Zydk ;h. yk; eoe/ g/Av{ Gkos ftZu nZi th seBheh f;Zfynk dk fJjh jkb j?. g{o/ ;wki d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ gqeko

J/fwb d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gqw[Zy ekoi ;wki d/ fB:wK s/ w{bK B{z gfotosB eoBk j?. “;wki e/tb sK jh fizdk ofj ;edk j? i/eo fJ; dh w?ApoK d/ ftZu ;jh wksok ftZu J/esk j't/. f;Zfynk fJ; J/esk B{z g?dk eodh j? ns/ fco fJ; B{z ;Ekfgs eodh j?. fJj pZfunK ftZu P[o{ s'A io{o ;wkBsktK s?n eodh j? fijVh ;w{fje ihtB dh wzr j?.” jo ;wki dh gqwZy fizw/dkoh j? fe ;ko/ ftneshnK B{z ;w{fje o{g s'A J/eskpZX eohJ/. ftneshnK ftZu ;wki d/ gqsh ngB/gD dh GktBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. d[oyhw efjzd/ jB fe f;Zfynk ftnesh ns/ ;wki B{z w{bK ns/ nkdoPK, ;w[dkfJ dh gqzgok ns/ fuzsB d/ pko/ ftZu dZ; e/ T[jBK B{z f;XKs Bkb b?; eodh j? ns/ ftnesh ns/ ;wki d/ ftZu io{oh J/esk gqdkB eodh j?.

d{i/, d[oyhw soe fdzd/ jB fe ftfdnkfbnK d[nkok i' n"gukfoe f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j? T[j gfotko iK fe;h ;zBwkBs ;w{j d[nkok BjhA fdZsh ik ;edh. gfotko tzPrs b'eK dk ;w{j j?, fijV/ nkg; ftZu y{B d/ foPs/ Bkb pzBQ/ j[zd/ jB. gfotkoe foPs/ fJ;h bJh gq/w ns/ nkswhnsk, GktBktK ns/ nB[;{uhnK d/ ozr j[zd/ jB. fJZe ftnesh t;s{nK dh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ gfotko s'A nZr/ BjhA d/ydk ns/ tZv/ ;wki ftZu ofjzd/ j'J/ th fJ; d/ nkPtk;BK ns/ fJ;dhnK ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ j[zdk j?. uzr/ Gb/ b'e nkgDh g;zd d/ j[zd/ jB. ;zGt o{g s'A ;zBwkBs ;w{j dh w?Apoh fe;h ftensh B{z tZv/ ;wki d/ bJh fsnko BjhA eodh. d{i/ gk;/ ftfdnkb/ ftt;Ek em'o ftt;Ek j? fi; ftZu fJZe ftfdnkoEh nkgD/ ;e{bQ d/ d{i/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Bkb e[ZM fBPfus fB:wK d/ nB[;ko fwbd/î[bd/ j?. d[oyhw d/ PpdK ftZu^ “ftfdnkb/ d/ fB:wK dk nkdo eoB Bkb jh pZuk ;XkoD fB:wK dk nkdo eoBk f;Zydk j?. T[j nksw fB:zsoD ns/ nksw;ziw dh nkds ftef;s eodk j?. eosZt gkbD d/ bJh fJj gfjb j? fijVh dZ;dh j? fe rzGho ithB j[D P[o{ j' frnk j?.” Nkbe'N gko;z; d/ PpdK ftZu^ fJZe gfotko iK ;zBwkBs ;w{j ftP/P eoe/ fB:wK B{z wzBd/ jB id'A fe ftfdnkb/ ftPtftnkgh fB:wK dk gkbD eod/ jB. fJ; soQK ftfdnkb/ B{z T[jBK dh gq'VQ G{fwek d/ bJh fsnko eodk j?.

fsi/, d[oyhw soe fdzd/ jB fe n"gukfoe f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ;XkoD w{bK B{z f;ykT[D d/ fJbktk i' ;wkfie T[Zsoihftsk d/ bJh io{oh fJZeo{gsk ftfPPN e"PbK dk gq;ko th eodh j? i' „;wkfie ;fj:'r d/ bJh io{oh tZyokgD‟ gqdkB eodhnK jB. g{ot T[d:'fre ;wkiK ftZu seBheh e[Pbsk w[Zy o{g s'A gfotko ns/ g/P/to ;w{j d[nkok nDn"gukfoe ns/ fttjkfoe o{g s'A f;ykJh iKdh ;h. fJ; soQK fJZe pZuk, fijVk b'jko d/ xo g?dk j[zdk ;h, nkgD/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK d[nkok nDn"gukfoe o{g s'A f;Zfyns ehsk iKdk ;h. T[d:'freh ;wki pj[s jh ftfPPN ns/ ifNb j' frnk j?, fijVk T[Zu e'fN dh e[Pbsk dh wzr eodk j?. fwjBs dh ifNb tzv, i' T[d:'freh ;wki dh fJZe gfoGkfPe ftP/Psk j?, ;wkfie J/ekswk B{z fBozso wip{s eoB dh gqftosh iskT[Adk j?. fJ; B{z T[j ;kt:th J/es efjzd/ jB. T[d:'fre ;wki fJ; soQK w{b ;fjwfs ns/ fwjBs tzv d/ ftPPheoD d/ nXko s/ ;z;essk s/ J/ehGtB jkf;b eodk j?. fJj nkg;h fBoGosk B{z ihtB dh fJZe Pow wzBdk j?.

u"E/, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P, fit/A fe d[oyhw efjzd/ jB, “pZfunK ftZu T[jBK Pohoe, p"fXe ns/ B?fse ;soK B{z ikfrqs eoBk j? fijV/ T[; dh sedho d/ nB[;ko ftek; d/ bJh ftP/P o{g s'A io{oh jB.” d[oyhw d/ fJ; eEB B{z ftnkge pDkT[D d/ bJh p'Nw'o efjzd/ jB^“f;Zfynk dk ekoi pZu/ B{z ftP/P r[DK d/ nXko s/ ftP/P o{g s'A f;Zfyns eoBk j?. fJ; dk gqzgokrs noE



j?^;wkfie ;z;soD ftZu T[; B{z ftP/P ;w{j dh w?Apoh d/ bJh fsnko eoBk.” brGr ;ko/ ;wkiK ftZu ;wkfie tzv dk ti{d j?. fiZE/ ehs/ th ;wkfie torheod dh ftt;Ek j? T[ZE/ f;Zfynk gZXsh ftZu th T[;h gqeko B{z fGzBsk j?. tor ftGkiB f;Zfynk gZXsh ftZu gqfsfpzps j[zdk j? ;Zu sK fJj j? fe f;Zfynk torh ftP/PnfXekoK ns/ ;tkoEK B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh nfGeqsk d/ o{g ftZu fJ;s/wkB j[zdh j?. fJ; Bkb tor^G/d pD/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK gqkuhB Gkos ftZu T[Zu ikshnK d/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk, pj[s;zfyne pZfunK dh f;Zfynk s'A ekch fGzB ;h. gfjb/ tor dh f;Zfynk g[Ps?Bh gzfvsK d[nkok j[zdh ;h, fi; ftZu pj[s jZd sZe XowfBog/y w{b T[g;fEs j[zd/ ;B ns/ fJj w{b o{g s'A Xkofwe ns/ t?fde g[;seK d/ nfXnB Bkb ;zpzXs ;h. Gkos ftZu nzro/ih oki dh ;EkgBk d/ Bkb g[okDh f;Zfynk^ftt;Ek dk gsB j' frnk. gozs{ nzro/ih f;Zfynk B{z bkr{ eoB/ d/ fBoD/ B/ nzro/ih f;Zfynk gkT[D tkfbnK B{z g{o/ ;wki s'A nbZr eo fdZsk. Gkos dh niksh d/ S/ djkfenK d/ pknd th ftfGzB ;wkfie ;w{jK d/ ftfGzB soQK d/ ;e{bQK d/ ekoB tor^tzv j?. fJ; soQK d/ ftfdne G/d ;ko/ nkX[fBe ;wkiK ftZu jB Gkt/A T[j nkX[fBe f;XKsK d/ gqsh fezB/ th gqshpzX feT[A Bk j'D.

gzithA f;Zfynk dk wjZst ;wkfie fB:zsoD dh fJZe J/iz;h d/ o{g ftZu j? fJ; rZb s'A fJzeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko fJ; dk T[d/P pi[or ghVQh d[nkok ;wki d/ wkBdzvK ns/ w{bK dk T[jBK b'eK d/ ftZu ;EkBKsoD eoBk j? i' ;wkfie ihtB d/ bJh fsnko BjhA j?. fJZe tko e'Jh pZuk p"fXe fttfosh iK nzsofdqPNh gk b?Adk j? sK T[; d/ fefonkebkg ns/ nkuko^fttjko th p"fXe j' iKd/ jB. ;wkfie fB:wK ns/ w{bK d/ gqsh fJZeo{gsk n;kB ns/ ;t?;c[os j' iKdh j?. fJZe gk;/ ;wki ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ftnesh d/ ftZu wip{sh ;Ekfgs j' iKdh j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu d/yD s/ f;Zfynk ;wkfie fB:zsoD dk pj[s jh gqGktPkbh ns/ PeshPkbh J/iz;h bZrdh j?. ;wkfie fB:w bkr{ eoB dk gqPB sK jh T[Zmdk j? id'A b'e ;wkfie o{g s'A ftgErkwh j'D iK wkBdzvK s'A ftubB bkr{ eoB dk gqPB sK jh T[Zmdk j? id'A b'e ;wkfie o{g s'A ftgErkwh j'D iK wkBdzvK s'A ftfbB dh gqftosh oZyd/ j'D. ;wkfie fBP/XK B{z bkr{ eoBk T[; jkb ftZu nDio{oh j? id'A f;ybkJh J/iz;hnK gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb ;wkfie fB:wK ns/ w{bK B{z ftneshnK ftZu ihtB d/ f;ZyD tkb/ ;w/A ftZu ;EkBKsfos eoB.

nkX[fBe ;w/A ftZu e[ZM fJZe PowK dh tiQk Bkb f;Zfynk ;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu xZN gqGktPkbh j' rJh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, nozGt ;wki ftZu ;kyosk dk fJzBk wjZst ;h fe T[j Pesh ns/ nkdo dk nXko ;h. nfXnkge th gqfsPmk ns/ nkdo Bkb ;[Gkfte o{g s'A y[P ;B. fJ; bJh nfXnkgeK d/ bJh ;wkfie gqzgoktK ns/ w{bK d/ nB[;ko pZfunK d/ nkuoD B{z YkbD ns/ gVQkT[D ftZu w[Pfeb BjhA ;h. T[d'fre ;zpzXh ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk d/ Bkb w{bK d/ gqshwkB pdb rJ/ jB. f;Zfynk BjhA pbfe XzB nkX[fBe T[d:'freh ;wki ftZu nkdo dk nXko j' frnk j?. fJ; B/ nfXnkgeK d/ nkdo B{z e[ZM jZd sZe xZN eo fdZsk j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk, nkX[fBe d[BhnK ftZu iB^;kyosk d/ gquko d/ ekoB nfXnkgeK d/ nkdo ftZu ewh j'Jh j? feT[Afe “j[D T[j f;Zfyns ftnesh d/ o{g ftZu nbrkfJnk BjhA iKdk.” fJ;h T[d/P B{z g{ok eoB tkbk fJZe j'o sZE j?. nZieZbQ nfXnkgeK d[nkok f;ykJ/ ikD tkb/ w{b nfXekfos BjhA jB. T[jBK dk gfotkfoe, Xkofwe ;w{j ns/ ;zuko wkfXnwK d[nkok gqukfos w{bp'X Bkb gqsh:'rsk eoBh j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK nkX[fBe ;wki ftZu ftfGzB soQK d/ nkuoD ns/ ftfGZb J/iz;hnK d/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD d/ ftZu MrV/ dh ;zGktBk tZX iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Gkos Xow^fBogZysk d/ nkdoPK dk gkbD eodk j?. fJ; bJh Gkosh ftfdnkb/ e'Jh Xkofwe f;Zfynk BjhA fdzd/. fJ; go;fEsh ftZu fJZe wzvk iK e[Vh fijVh pj[s jh nB[dko gfotko s'A nkT[Adk$ nkT[Adh jB, fi; dh nkgDh Xkofwe gqzgok j?, oki f;Zfynk d/ Xow^fBogZy ufoso ns/ gfotko d/ Xkofwe w{bK d/ nzsofto'X d/ dtzd ftZu g? iKdh j?. f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkBsk

fJ; :[r ftZu id'A n;hA gqikszso d/ Bkw s/ e;wK yKd/ jK, ;G B{z fJZe ;wkB f;Zfynk d/D dk nkdoP gqikszsoe gqfefonk d/ fJZe xNe d/ o{g ftZu ;thekfonk iKdk j?. ;ko/ ;wkiK ftZu f;Zfynk dh n;wkBsk B{z j'bh^j'bh xZN ehsk ik fojk j?. gozs{ nB[Gt dZ;dk j? fe cb dh

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B'N ;wkBsk f;ybkJh ;zpzXh w"e/ dh ;wkBsk Bkb skbw/b ;Ekfgs BjhA eo gkJh j?. izB;zfynk d/ fJZe fjZ;/ dh ;z;feqsh tzuBk iK ftjhBsk ;wkB cb dh gqkgsh d/ ok;s/ ftZu eJh o[ektNK ftZu'A fJZe j?. n;hA Gkos d/ fgSV/ tor, nB[;{fus iksh ns/ nB[;{fus iBiksh d/ pZfunK d/ pko/ ftZu ftuko eohJ/. fJ; soQK d/ j'o th pj[s ;ko/ ;w{j j' ;ed/ jB, fiBQK B{z fJ; tor ftZu oZfynk ik ;edk j?. ;z;feaqfse o{g s'A tzfus ftfdnkoEh dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[; dk gfot/P nkofEe noE ftZu rohph Bkb Gfonk j[zdk j? ns/ Bkb jh ;z;feqfse noE ftZu th fBoXB j[zdk j?. “T[j nkgDh wK dh gqzgokrs b'o ;D/ fpBK, Bo;oh gqrhsK d/ frnkB d/ fpBK, ns/ nkgD/ d/P dhnK b'e rEktK d/ frnkB d/ fpBK ;e{bQ ftZu gjzfunk j' ;edk j?.” d {i/ PpdK ftZu ;z;feqfse o{g s'A tzfus fJZe pZuk p"fXe ;o'sK d/ y[Zb/gD s'A gqc[Zbs j' e/ nkgD/ xo ns/ gfot/P s'A ;e{bQ BjhA nkT[Adk fi; B{z T[j mhe Yzr Bkb itk; d/ ;e/.

;z;feqfse o{g s'A tzfus pZfunK d/ wkwb/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkBsk d/ iBtkdh nkdoP d/ ;kjwD/ T[sgzB eod/ jB. ftfdne ;wkBsk d/ nkdoP d/ bJh nzsofBfjs f;XKs fJj j? fe ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;wkB f;Zfynk d/ w"e/ d/D Bkb jo/e ftfdnkoEh B{z nkgDh :'rsk dk T[g:'r eoB dk g{ok w"ek fwb/rk. gozs{ fJj eqw nB[;ko ;gPN j' frnk j? fe “fJZe ;wkB oki f;Zfynk ftt;Ek jo/e B{z ;wkB w"ek BjhA dJ/rh, feT[Afe T[j ;ko/ b'e fJ; ftt;Ek d/ rb/ ftZu ;z;feqafse ftjhBsk dh uZeh bNek e/ :ksok eoBr/.”

fJ; ;wMdkoh B/ ftfdne ;wkBsk d/ w"e/ d/ f;XKs B{z pdb fdZsk j?. gfjbK fJj ;wfMnk iKdk ;h fe f;Zfynk dh ;wkBsk dh io{os B{z n;hA g{ok eo b?Ad/ jB id'A f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu dkfybk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB Yzr s'A ;[bG j' iKdh j?. j[D fJj soe fdZsk iKdk j? fe ftfdne ;wkBsk d/ w"e/ sK jh ofj ;ed/ jB id'A ;ko/ ;wkfie ;w{jK d[nkok rqfjD eoB dk ;so ;wkB j[zdk j?. Gkt fJj j? fe j[D ;G e[ZM w"e/ dh ;wkBsk s'A jN e/ gqhfynkcb dh ;wkBsk s/ nk frnk j?.

nrbk ;tkb j? fe gqhfynkcb dh ;wkBsk B{z fBPfus fet/A ehsk ikJ/< fJj ;[Mkn fdZsk frnk j? fe nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse o{g s'A fgZSfVnK B{z e[ZM jkBhg{osh fdZsh ikt/. fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe fJ; soQK jkBhg{osh d/ T[gkn ;z;feqfse o{g s'A tzfusK B{z w[es o{g s'A ;ko/ ;[bG w"fenK d[nkok bkG T[mkT[D dk w"ek d/Dr/ Gkt fijV/ b'e fgSV/ oj/ jB T[jBK B{z ;jkfJsk d/Dr/ fi; Bkb T[j b'e fijV/ T[Bh xkN ftZu BjhA jB T[jBK dh gqsh:'rsk ;wkiB o{g s'A eo ;eD. ;z;feqfse o{g s'A tzfus pZfunK d/ fto[ZX G/dGkt posD d/ f;XKs d/ fgZS/ fJjh ftukoXkok ezw eo ojh j?. fJ; dk wsbp j? fe ;z;feqse o{g s'A tzfus pZfunK d/ bJh tkX{ ftfdne ftt;Ek j'dh ukjhdh j?.

g{od f;Zfynk gkmeqw okPNogsh i'B;B d/ rohph d/ fybkc :[ZX d/ fjZ;/ d/ o{g ftZu nw/foek ftZu pj[s i'o^P'o Bkb ubkfJnk frnk. nopK vkbo “nkgo/PB j/v ;NkoN” ftZu M'Ae fdZs/ rJ/. ;zg{oD d/P d/ fBwB nkwdB tkb/ y/soK ftZu ftfdnkb/ g{ot dh f;ybkJh ekoieqw tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ ubkJ/ rJ/. fJ; ekoieqw dk T[d/P ;z;feqfse o{g s'A tzfus pZfunK B{z ftfdne tksktoD gqdkB eoBk ns/ T[jBK B{z f;Zfynk dh ;wkBsk d/ w"fenK dk g{ok bkG T[mkT[D d/ bJh gq/fos eoBk ;h. fJj fog'oN nkJh fe Bshik T[s;kjiBe BjhA fojk. fJzrb?Av ftZu e[ZM u[fBzdk fJbkfenK ftZu fiBQK B{z ftfdne gfjb y/so efjzd/ jB, g{oe f;Zfynk 1960 d/ nzs ftZu P[o{ j'Jh. g{oe f;Zfynk d/ ekoieqw fJBQK fJbkfenK ftZu bkr{ ehs/ rJ/ jokbKp'; efjzd/ jB^“BshfinK dk w[bnzeD Gkt/A w[Pfeb j?, fco th gfjb tkb/ y/soK s'A fog'oN fBokPkiBe j?.” nw/foek ns/ fJzrb?Av ftZu g{oe f;Zfynk ekoieqw dh n;cbsk d/ ekoB jB< fJj PZe j? fe Gkos ftZu th oZfynkswe G/dGkt T[gkn B/ do;kJ/ Bshi/ fdZs/ jB. fJ; B{z fet/A ;wfMnk ikt/<

fJj soe fdZsk iKdk j? fe ftfdne ;z;EkBK ftZu pZfunK dk f;oc fXnkB d/D d/ pikfJ dkfyb/ B{z ;[XkoB dh fdPk ftZu :sB j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb ;zg{oD ;w[dkfJ ns/ gfotko v[zx/ o{g gqGkfts j'D. “s[;hA ftfdnkb/ ftZu fezBk ezw eod/ j' fJj wjZstg{oD BjhA j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe xo dh nDn"gukfoe ;jkfJsk d/ pr?o s[;hA e'Jh th gqGkt BjhA gk ;ed/.” fJj ;[Mkn fdZsk frnk fe fJZe ;w[dkfJe ftfdnkb/, fijVk ;e{bQ ns/ ;w[dkfJ Bkb i[fVnk



j't/ ;Ekfgs ehsk ikt/. nZr/ fJj ;[Mkn fdZsk frnk fe wksk^fgsk B{z pZfunK dh wdd d/ bJh f;Zfyns ehsk ikt/. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe okPNoh ;yosk ekoieqw i' gkos ;oeko d[nkok 1978 s'A ubkfJnk ik fojk j?, dk T[d/P ;w[dkfJ d/ 15 s'A 35 ;kb dh T[wo d/ gq'VQ b'eK B{z f;Zfyns eoBk j?, fi; Bkb T[j B"itkBK B{z T[gbpX f;Zfynk d/ w"fenK dk ;G s'A uzrk fJ;s/wkB eoB d/ bJh T[sgq/oe f;ZX j' ;eD.

Gkt/A fe g{oe f;Zfynk d/ ftuko d/ eJh ;woEe jB, s/ fJ; B{z nb'uBkse th jB fijV/ fJ; ftuko ns/ fJ; d/ f;XKse nXko dh nb'uBk eod/ jB. nb'ue soe fdzd/ jB fe ;z;feqfse tzuBk dk fdyktk j? i' ftfdne tzuBk B{z fSgkT[D d/ bJh g/P j[zdh j?. fJj fejk iKdk j? fe ;wZf;nk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe j? ns/ fJ; B{z fJ;h o{g ftZu jZb ehsk ik ;edk j?. g{oe f;Zfynk fJ; w{b ;wZf;nk dk e'Jh ;wkXkB g/P BjhA eodk. nb'ue fJZE'A sZe efjzd/ jB fe^ “g{oe f;Zfynk fJZe ;Zuh fttjkfoe Bhsh s'A ftubB j?” ns/ fJj edh th ;cb BjhA j' ;edh id'A sZe fe ;wikfie n;wkBsk ns/ nkofEe tzuBk iK ftjhBsk ftnkge ofjzdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu S'N/^w'N/ gj[zu B{z ;zg{oD gj[zu ftZu pdb e/ fJ; B{z ;wkfie ihtB d/ fGzB^fGzB gfjb{nK B{z ;w/ND tkbk pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

f;Zfynk dk ngko ;wkfie wjZst j?. nozGe ekb s'A dkoPfBeK B/ fJ; d/ ;o{g ns/ T[d/PK B{z gfoGkfPs eoB ftZu io{oh ;'u^ftuko ehsk j?. nkX[fBe ;w/A ftZu th ftfynks f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK ns/ nfXnkgeK B/ f;Zfynk B{z nkgDhnK efoshnK ftZu wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdZsk j?.

;skoQthA ;dh d/ u/e;b'tkfenk d/ f;Zfynk^ftPkod i'jkB nkw'; ekwfB:; B{z nkX[fBe ;w/A dk gfjbk wjkB f;Zfynk Pk;soh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. T[; B/ soe ftfdnk ns/ Pk;soh ftXktK s/ gquZbs pb dh nkb'uBk ehsh ns/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe f;Zfynk dh ftXh pkbe d/ wkBf;e ftek; d/ nB[o{g ns/ ftPk^t;s{ T[; dh o{uh d/ nB[;ko j'Dh ukjhdh j?. nzro/i dkoPfBe, ikB bke B/ fbfynk j? fe „f;Zfynk dk gq:'iB wkBf;e nB[Pk;B ftek; eoBk‟ j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ „fJj Xkofwe Bk j' e/ Xow^fBogZy j't/.‟ o{;' d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbe dh gqfeofse gqftoshnK B{z T[; B{z T[fus o{g s'A f;Zfyns eoB ;zpzXh p[Xhwskg{oD Yzr Bkb fBod/fPs eoBk j?. o{;h B/ iB^f;Zfynk dk th ;woEB ehsk. c'op/b i' fezvorkoNB gqDkbh dk fBowksk ;h, dk ftPtk; ;h fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P „g{oDihtB‟ j?. g/;Nkb'ih d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ;kohnK ;woZEktK B{z ;zs[fbs ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; dk nkyoh T[d/P iBsk dh dPk ftZu T[Bsh eoBk j?. ikB vhth i' gqrshPhb f;Zfynk d/ nzd'bB dk fgsk ;h, dk ftuko ;h fe f;Zfynk ihtB dh fsnkoh BjhA, pbfe ihtB dk ihT[Dk j?. nk;N ekwN/, ;wkiPk;so d/ fgsk, dk ftuko j? fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nkgD/ ;kEhnK d/ gqsh ;dGktBk ns/ ;jkB[G{sh T[sgzB eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. jopoN ;g/A;o dk ftuko ;h fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftneshnK B{z ;wki ftZu ;w{fus ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ;h. ;wBo dk ftuko ;h fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh ftZu uzrk ftef;s ;wkb'uBkswe ;woZek dk ftek; eoBk j? i' T[; B{z e/tb ;[Mkn iK GktBk d/ nXko s/ ekoi eoB ns/ gqzgokrs ohshnK dk nzBQk^nB[eoD eoB s'A o'e/rh ns/ T[; B{z soe ns/ ftt/e s'A fBoDk b?D d/ :'r pDkJ/rh. gozs{ T[j f;Zfynk B{z okwpkD n"PXh BjhA ;wMdk ;h. frfvzp; dk ftuko ;h fe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ftnesh ftZu “nkswk^ftPtk; ns/ nksw^fB:zsoD T[sgzB eoBk, T[jBK B{z nzXftPtk;K ns/ nfrnkBsk s'A S[Nekok fdbkT[Dk, T[jBK ftZu frnkB gqdkB eoBk, T[jBK B{z n;bhnsg{oD ftukoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dk ns/ gqpZX Bkrfoe pDB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk” j'Dk ukjhdk j?. d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P feP'o ghVQh dk ;wkfieoD j?.

fJ; soQK b/yeK B/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk T[b/y ftfGzB soQK Bkb ehsk j?. nkoBkbv d/ nB[;ko, n;hA fJBQK T[d/PK B{z fBwB fbys Yzr s'A toDs eo ;ed/ jB^

(1) ;wkfieoD^gqfefonk dh g{osh eoBk^f;Zfynk dk ;otgqw[Zy ns/ gfjbk T[d/P ;wkfieoD^gqfefonk dh g{osh eoBk j?. Gkt/A gfotko ;wkfieoD dk wjkB ;o's j?, sK

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B'N th nkX[fBe :[r ftZu fJj fJ; eosZt B{z uzrh soQK BjhA fBGk gk fojk j?. gfotko pZfuNk ftZu T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB ftZu n;cb fojk j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJZe ;wkiPk;soh B/ fBwB fbys PpdK ftZu ftnes ehsk j?^

“fJ; ;fEsh dk nzPe ekoB fJj j? fe n;hA Broh ihtB d/ tZb M[e rJ/ jK fi; B{z ;wkiPk;soh ;wki dk r"D ;w{j^;zrmB efjzd/ jB, Gkt nfijk ;wki fijVk xo ns/ T[fdnkB d/ b'g, eko'pkoe ftfPPNsk d/ gqG[st, fwsoK, Xkofwe ns/ ftB'd d/ gqekoK dh u'D ftZu ftneshtkdskl ;XkoD soQK d/ n"gukfoe ;zpzX nftneshrs soQK d/ ;wkfie ;zgoe s'A fuzBQfjs j?. BroK dk ihtB, e[ZM ;dhnK gfjbK d/ g/Av{ ihtB dh s[bBk ftZu efosfos fijk brdk j?.”

ftfdnkb/ B/ ykbh ;EkB ftZu dkfybk ehsk j?. j[D fJj nB[Gt ehsk iKdk j? fe fJj ftfdnkb/ dk dkfJst j? fe T[j pkbe ftZu fJwkBdkoh, fBnk, ;jkB[G{sh, ;jh ns/ rbs dh GktBk d/ ftukoK dk ftek; eohJ/. wksk^fgsk fiBQK dk nkgD/ feP'o pkbeK s/ fB:zsoD ysw j' frnk j?, j[D ftfdnkb/ s'A ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j fPPNkuko ns/ B?fsesk B{z f;ykT[D ftZu gfotko dhnK ng{oDsktK B{z g{ok eo/. j[D ftfdnkb/ s/ ;wkfieoD eoB d/ bJh fijVk fe;h ;w/A gfotko dk ekoi ;h, pj[s finkd dpkn gkfJnk ik fojk j?. Bt^B"itkB d/ ;wkfieoD d/ fJbktk, ftfdnkb/ ;fj:'r, T[Zu Bkrfoesk ns/ eosZt^gkbD d/ ftfPnK s/ th io{oh ;wK ns/ Pesh bZrdh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu d/P^Grsh d/ r[DK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?.

(2) ;z;feqfse ftok;s dk ;zuoD^d{ik, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ;z;feqfse ftok;s dk ;zouB eoBk j?. ;z;feqfse ftok;s s'A Gkt j? G{sekb, fJ; dhnK ebktK, fJ; d/ ;kfjs, doPB, Xow ns/ ;zrhs dk frnkB. fJfsjk; dh gkm g[;seK ns/ d/P^Grsh Bkb ;zpzXs ;wko'jK d[nkok ngqsZy o{g s'A pkbe B{z T[; dh ;z;feqfse pg"sh s'A ikD{ efonk iKdk j?. gozs{ fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ :sB f;Zfynk d/ T[Zuso ;soK s/ jh j[zd/ jB.

(3) wB'ftoshnK dk ;[Xko^fsZik, f;Zfynk dk T[d/P fJj th j? fe T[j pkbe ftZu g{otfBofws rbs gqftoshnK dk ;[Xko eo/. gfotko ftZu pkbe eJh soQK dh wB'ftoshnK, ftPtk;K, GrshnK ns/ g{otrqjK B{z rqfjD eo b?Adk j?. fJBQK ftPtk;K ns/ g{otrqjK B{z ;[XkoBk f;Zfynk dk ekoi j?. Gkt/A ftfdnkb/ fJ; fdPk ftZu findk BjhA eo ;edk, feT[Afe ftfdnkb/ ftZu pkbe dh T[g;fEsh nfB:fws j[zdh j?, sK th T[; dh wB'ftosh d/ ;[Xko d/ tZb ftfdnkb/ B{z brksko :sB eod/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.

(4) eko'pkoe ;EkgB^f;Zfyn dk T[g:'rsktkdh T[d/P th j?. fJ; Bt^B"itkB B{z ihtB^ pshs d/ bJh nofis eoB :'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk s'A e'Jh T[sgkde ekoi eoB d/ ;woZE pDkJ/ fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/^nkg ns/ nkgD/ gfotko d/ bJh io{oh XzB nofis eo ;e/. B"itkB B{z ;wki ftZu T[sgkdBe G{fwek fBGkT[D :'r j' ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(5) gqsh:'rsk dh GktBk T[sgzB eoBk^ftfdnkb/ dk gqw[Zy i'o ftneshrs gqsh:'rsk s/ j[zdk j?. jo/e ftP/ d/ nfXnB ftZu pkbe dh T[; ftZu ;fjgkmhnK d/ Bkb gqkgs nzeK d/ nXko s/ sbBk ehsh iKdh j?. nfXnkge uzr/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh gqPz;k ns/ jhB ftfdnkoEhnK dh fBzdk eodk j?. ftfdnkbk Bk e/tb nkgD/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z T[jBK dhnK T[gbpXhnK d/ nB[;ko bVhpZX eodk j?, pbfe p[ZXh ns/ nfXnt;kfJ d/ nXko s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh SKNh th, e[ZM B{z T[sohD eoe/ ns/ j'oK B{z nD^T[sohB eoe/, nbZr eo fdzdk j?.

;zGt o{g s'A f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK dk ;ot T[Zu toDB ekovhBb fBT{w?B B/ fdZsk j?. :{Bhtof;Nh f;Zfynk d/ pko/ ftZu T[jBK B/ fejk j?^

„:{Bhtof;Nh f;Zfynk fJZe wjkB gozs{ ;XkoD Nhu/ dh gqkgsh dk fJZe wjkB gozs{ ;XkoD ;kXB j?. fJ; dk T[d/P j? ;wki d/ p"fXe ;so B{z T[Bs eoBk, b'eu/sBk dh f;qPNh eoBk,



okPNoh nGho{uhnK B{z gfoPfeqs eoBk b'e^T[s;kj d/ bJh ;jh f;XKsK ns/ b'e^neKfynktK d/ bJh fBPfus Nhuk g/P eoBk, :[rhB ftukoK B{z n"do: ns/ rzGhosk gqdkB eoBk, okiBhfse Pesh B{z ;[bG pDkT[Dk ns/ ftneshrs ihtB d/ ;wkrs B{z tXhnk ;z;feqs eoBk.”

Gkos ftZu :{Bhtof;Nh d/ pko/ ftZu okXkfeqPDB fog'oN ftZu fbys ftuko fJ; soQK jB^

“;koh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P, fi; B{z g{ot ns/ gZSw d/ ftukoK B/ ftuko ehsk j?, ftPt dk ;wBfts ufos ns/ ihtB dh ;w/fes P?bh dk T[gpzX eoBk j?.”

n;b ftZu, i/eo f;Zfynk fJ; T[d/P dh f;ZXh eo bJ/ sK ftfdne ;z;EktK dk e'Jh th ftfdnkoEh ihtB ftZu nkgDh G{fwek B{z uzrh soQK fBGk ;e/rk ns/ T[Zu ;z;ko d/ fBowkD ftZu th ;jkfJsk d/ ;e/rk. f;Zfynk B{z u{D"shnK

;kvh ;ZfGnsk d/ ;zdoG ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;kjwD/ eJh u{D"shnK jB^

(1) gfjbh, fJ;d/ ;kjwD/ gkmeqw ns/ fJ; dh fefonkPhbsk dh ;wZf;nk j? fe ;e{bQ ns/ wjKftfdnkb/ d/ ;so s/ eh ftP/ gVQkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB< ftfdnkoEh B{z fezB/ ns/ fejV/ ftP/ b?D/ j'Dr/< jo/e ftP/ dh eh ftPk^;{uh j't/rh< n;hA ftPtftfdnkbK ns/ p'ovK B{z brGr gkmeqw pdbd/ j'J/ d/yd/ jB fi; B/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu Gow T[sgzB eo fdZsk j?.

(2) d{ik f;Zfynk dk T[d/P eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?< fit/A fe ;gPN j? fe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/PK B{z ftfGzB soQK s'A toDs ehsk frnk j?. toswkB f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEh dh e/tb :kd^Pesh B{z s/i eodh j?. fJj T[; dh Pohoe ns/ nfXnksfwe ;woZEktK dk ftek; BjhA eodh. f;Zfynk sK jh noEg{oD j't/rh id'A fJj Poho, wB ns/ fdb dk ;otgZyh ftek; eo/.

(3) fsZik, f;Zfynk^ftPkodK B{z j/m fby/ fttkdK dk th ;kXB y'iDk j't/rk^

(i) n"gukfoe f;Zfynk ;wkfie f;Zfynk nzd'bB dh nrtkJh dk fe; ;hwk sZe nB[;oD eo//rh fi; d/ nzsors nkdoP fB:wK dk f;XKs^p'XB ns/ gquko d/ wkfXnw d[nkok f;ZykT[D dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) eh n"gukfoe f;Zfynk ftZu ;fjgkmB iK tkX{ gkmB rshftXhnK Pkfwb jB<

(iii) eh n"gukfoe f;Zfynk s'A B?fse f;Zfynk B{z eZfYnk ik ;edk j?<

(iv) eh ;'ftns o{g ftZu f;Zfynk^gqDkbh B/ wB, Poho ns/ fdb s'A ;w{fus ftek; dk ;{so y'i fbnk j?<

(4) u"Ek, e[ZM fJZe ftfPnK dk frnkB pkbe B{z fpbe[b BjhA eokfJnk iKdk, feT[Afe nfij/ ftfPnK B{z T[;dh rqfjD^Pesh s'A pkjo dZ;/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK tofis ftfPnK B{z wZXfwe iK wjKftfdnkfbnk ;so s/ gVQkfJnk iKdk j?. i' pkbe wjKftfdnkfbnk ftZu dkfybk BjhA b?Adk, T[; d/ GftZy dk eh j't/rk< eh ;e{bQ d/ gkmeqw d[nkok e[ZM ftfPnK dk fBek; pkbe d/ g{oD wB[Zy d/ o{g ftZu ftek; B{z nto'X BjhA eodk<

(5) gzitK, ;kvh f;Zfynk^gqDkbh ftZu eko'pkoe f;Zfynk dk eh ;EkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?< eh f;Zfynk dk T[d/P e[Pb ekohroK dk T[sgkdB eoBk j? iK ufoso d/ ftek; s/ pb d/Dk j?<

(6) nkyoh, f;Zfynk ;kvh ;z;feqsh dk oZfynk, Bkb jh Bt/A w{bK dh y'i ftZu b'eK B{z fi; soQK f;Zfyns eo ;edh j?<

(7) fJZe j'o gqPB ;wkfie rshPhbsk Bkb ;zpzXs j?. nkX[fBe f;Zfynk^gqkgs Bt^B"itkB d/jksK B{z SZv e/ BroK ftZu dkfyb j' oj/ jB fi; Bkb d/jksK d/ ftek; wkor ftZu

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B'N o[ektN T[sgzB j'Jh j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g eh j'Dk ukjhdk j? sK fe f;Zfyns BtB"itkB BroK d/ tZb nkeofPs Bk j'D ns/ d'jksK ftZu ofj e/ jh d/jks dh nkofEe T[Bsh ftZu :'rdkB d/D.

edhêdh f;Zfynk B{z f;XKs p'XB ;zpzXh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQ, ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;kwtkd dh n/s w[;fwb d/PK ftZu fJ;bkw eZNotkfdsk dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?. Gkos ftZu Gkt/A ;wkfie ;z;sheoD fJZe noE ftZu ysw j' frnk j? gozs{ fJj fJZe j'o o{g ftZu iBw b? fojk j?. fco th „gpfbe ;e{bQ gqDkbh‟ B/ fJZe Bt/A tor^T[Zu torh pZfunK B{z iBw fdZsk j? fijV/ fBwB tor d/ pZfunK d/ Bkb y/vDk iK ;zgoe oZyDk g;zd BjhA eod/. ;wki ftZu pZfunK d/ „nfGiB‟ tor, fi; dh ihtB^P?bh gZSwh ozr ftZU ozrh j?, dk iBw j' frnk j?. go Gkosh f;Zfynk d/ ;kjwD/ fJj th gqPB j? fe „eh gpfbe ;e{bQ gqDkbh‟ B{z ysw ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?< ;wkfie fB:zsoD ftZu f;Zfynk fJZe nfGeoD d/ o{g ftZu

f;Zfynk, Gkt/A T[j n"gukfoe j't/ iK nDn"gukfoe, ;wkfie fB:zsoD dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?. fJ; bJh, fJ; gqeko dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j? fijVh ftnesh B{z ;wkfie nkdoPK d/ nB[e{b pDkJ/. f;Zfynk fJZe soQK dk ;wkfieoD j? ns/ fJ;h gqfefonk ftZu nkgDk fB:zsoe ekoi th eodh j?. ;jh soQK dk ;wkfieoD j'D Bkb w?Apo ;wkfie fB:wK ns/ w{bK d/ nB[o{g fttjko eod/ jB ns/ ftubBekoh fttjko BjhA eod/.

f;Zfynk ftt;Ek B?fse ftukoK B{z ;gPN eoe/ ns/ ftnesh dk p"fXe ftek; eoe/ ;wkfie fB:wB ftZu :'rdkB fdzdh j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ fB:zsoe ekoiK B{z n;hA fBwB fbys o{g s'A oZy ;ed/ jK.

(1) f;Zfynk ftnesh B{z nkswftPb/PD dh ;woZEk fdzdh j?. fJ; ;woZek d/ ekoB nkgD/^nkg jh ;wkfie fB:wK dk gkbD eod/ jB ns/ fJ; ftZu fe;h pkjoh dpkn dh io{os BjhA j[zdh.

(2) f;Zfynk ;kv/ ihtB ftZu nkswfrnkB dk ;zuko eodh j?, fi; d[nkok n;hA nDT[fus ns/ T[fus fttjko d/ nzsoK B{z ;wMD bZrd/ jK. id'A n;hA T[fus B{z nDT[fus s'A nbZr eo b?Ad/ jK T[d'A ;[Gkfte o{g s'A n;hA T[fus fttjko B{z u[Dd/ jK. fJ; soQK, n;hA frnkB d/ ftek; d/ Bkb T[fus fttjko B{z ;wMd/ jB ns/ T[; dk gkbD eod/ jB. fJ; Bkb ;wkfie fB:zsoD nkgD/^nkg jh pfDnk ofjzdk j?.

(3) f;Zfynk ftZu ;z;feqsh B{z j;sKsfos eoB dh ;woZEk j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok ;kB{z nkgDhnK gqzgoktK ns/ g[okDh ;z;feqsh dk frnkB j[zdk j?. fJZe ghVQh ;koh ;z;feqsh dk fBowkD BjhA eodh. fJ; soQK, f;Zfynk d/ ;zuko d[nkok jh BthA ghVQh B{z g[okDh ghVQh d[nkok wkBsk gqkgs ftXhnK dk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ T[; dk nB[;oD eodh j?. fJ; d/ ekoB ;wki fB:zsoD ftZu pfDnk ofjzdk j?.

(4) f;Zfynk d[nkok gfotosBPhb ;wkiK ftZu ;soheoD dh BthA ftnkfynk ns/ Bt/A wkgdzv gqkgs j[zd/ jB. g/Av{ iK nkfdtk;h ;wkiK ftZu ftnesh dh gq;fEsh iBw nXkoK s/ fBoXkfos j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ T[bN rshPhb ;wkiK ftZu, fiZE/ Bt/A w{bK dk iBw j' fojk j?, f;Zfynk gq;fEsh fBoXkoD dk fJZe wjZstg{oD nXko j?. fJ; soQK, f;Zfynk g[okD/ gq;fEsh^fBoXkoD d/ ysw j[zd/ j'J/ nXkoK d/ ftebg d/ o{g ftZu Bt/A nXko g/P eo ojh j?. iBw nXkfos nXkoK d/ ysw j'D Bkb fijV/ ;zeqwD dh ;fEsh T[sgzB j' ojh ;h T[; dk jb d/ e/ f;Zfynk B/ ;wkfieoD dh fJZe ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB eo fdZsk.

(5) fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe f;Zfynk B?fse ;z;feqsh ftZu nkT[D tkb/ sBktK dk jZb y'idh j?. n;hA gfjbK jh dZ; u[Ze/ jK fe nG"fse ;z;feqsh ;wki d/ T[jBK sZsK s'A ;zpX j? fiBQK B{z n;hA Bk ;goP eo ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk d/y ;ed/. fit/AîBohshnK,



frnkB, gqzgoktK nkfd nG"fse ;z;feqsh nkgD/ ti{d B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh jw/PK Bt/A ftukoK s'A fJZe BthA soQK dk ;zxoP eodhnK jB. nfijh go;fEsh ftZu f;Zfynk ;kB{z soe ns/ ftt/e fdzdh j? ns/ fJ; d/ nXko s/ n;hA gqzgoktK ns/ iBohshnK d/ T[g:'rh gZy B{z u[D b?Ad/ jB. fJ; soQK, f;Zfynk gqzgoktK d/ T[g:'rh gZy ns/ nkX[fBe ftukoK d/ ftZu fJZe ;zs[bB g?dk eo e/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek B{z pDkJ/ oZyD ftZu wdd eodh j?.

(6) f;Zfynk ftneshnK ftZu nfG:'iB g?dk eodh j?. fJZe f;Zfyns ftnesh nkgD/ fttjko ftZu nkws"o s/ eZNo BjhA j[zdk. Gkt, pdbdh go;fEshnK d/ nB[o{g fJZe f;Zfyns ftnesh nkgD/ fttjkoK ftZu eZNo Bk j' e/, gfotosB fbnkT[Adk j? ns/ fJj T[; d/ nfG:'iB ftZu ;jkfJsk eodk j?. fJ;h nfG:'iB d/ cb;o{g ;wki ftZu nB[e{bB g?dk j[zdk j?. fJ;h nB[e{bB dh nDT[g;fEsh ftZu ;wkfie sBkn g?dk j[zdk j?, i' ;wkfie fB:zsoD dh ;G s'A tZvh ;wZf;nk j?. wid{o^gqpzXe d/ ftZu, ftfdnkoEh^ nfXnkge d/ ftZu iK fgsk^g[Zso d/ ftZu nZi nB[e{bB dh ;wZf;nk T[Zm yVh j'Jh j?. f;Zfynk y/so ftZu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB fdzdh j?.

nzs ftZu, fJZe rZb ;gPN eo d/Dk io{oh j?. fB:zsoD d/ ;ko/ nfGeoD ;kohnK ;fEshnK ftZu gqGktekoh j'D, fJj io{oh BjhA j?. PfjoK ftZu iK Pjoh w{bK s'A gqGkfts ;wkiK ftZu Xow iK gqEktK fB:zsoD ftZu pj[s finkdk T[g:'rh BjhA j[zdh. fJ; d/ T[bN, gqzgokrs ;wkiK fit/A g/Av{, nkfdtk;h nkfd nkfd ftZu oki d[nkok d[nkok gkfos ekB{zBK dh ng/fynk Xow ns/ gqEktK iK gqubB finkdk gqGktekoh j[zd/ jB. ;ko nzP fJj j? fe fB:zsoD d/ ftfGzB nfGeoD ftfGzB soQK dh ;wkfie ftt;E Bkb i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB

fJj nB[Gt ehsk frnk fe fjz;e eqKsh d/ ftnkge ;so s/ r[Dkswe gfotosBK B{z nofis eoBk j? sK T[j e/tb f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok j' ;edk j?. f;Zfynk iB;XkoD sZe gj[zu ;edh j?. fJj th nB[Gt ehsk frnk fe f;Zfynk B{z iB;XkoD sZe gjz[ukT[Dk ;ob BjhA j? feT[Afe fJ; d/ bJh em'o fJZSk ns/ gqfspZX ekoiK dh io{os j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk fJ; d/ pkti{d ftPt d/ ftfGzB d/PK ftZu ;wkfie ftek; ;zpzXh gofynk j'fJnk T[geoD j?. Gkos ftZu th fJj soe ;Zu j? gozs{ fJ; d/ bJh fJZe tXhnk fBoXkfos :'iBk dk j'Dk io{oh j?.

i/eo Bkrfoe gq/oDk ns/ T[d/P, e[Pbsk ns/ ;zebg B{z ftnes eod/ jB T[d'A T[j okPNoh ftek; ;zpzXh ;zxoP ftZu ;fjGkrsk eo ;ed/ jB. gq/oDk ns/ ;zebg ;wki d/ ftfPPN w?ApoK dh nzdo{B ftPPsktK jB. oki ns/ j'o ;kohnK T[gftt;EktK fijVhnK nfXeko ns/ fB:zsoD Bkb ;zpX jB, T[jBK ;fEshnK B{z T[sgzB eodhnK jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok f;Zfynk ftt;Ek ;zebg ns/ e[Pbsk B{z T[sgzB s/ ftef;s eodh j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ftt;Ek okPNoh ftek; d/ bJh fJZe T[g:'rh sZs pD iKdh j?. f;Zfynk T[g^ftt;Ek Bkb ;zpX wB[ZyK dk fiZE/ sZe ;zpzX j? T[jBK ftZu Bhsh^fBoXkoe, f;Zfynk fB:'ie ns/ gqPk;B Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh n;hA T[jBK nfXekohnK dh th uouk eo ;ed/ jB i' fe ;z;kXBK B{z tzvd/ jB. fJ;d/ fJbktk ftP/ ;zouBk B{z ;o{g d/D tkb/ fB:'ie, ;zpX gqPk;e, ;zpX ftP/ dh g[;se d/ b/ye, ;z;Ek d/ gqpzXe ns/ nfXnkgeK B{z th Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;ko/ ftneshnK ftZu ;zebg ns/ e[Pbsk dk j'Dk io{oh j?. T[jBK B{z ekoi d/ gqsh ;wofgs ns/ fe;h th soQK d/ pfbdkB ;zpzXh fsnko j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

f;Zfynk fJZe nfijk wkfXnw j? fi; d/ d[nkok ghVQh do ghVQh ;wkfie tor Bkb ;zpX gd B{z ;fEsosk$fBozsosk gqdkB ehsh ik ;edh j?. f;Zfynk ;zpzXh T[gbpXhnK ns/ eko'pkoe T[gbpXhnK d/ ftZu jw/Pk ;zpzX d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. Gkosh ;fEsh ftZu iksh nXkfos n;wkBsk ftfGzB torK s/ th nkgDk gqGkt gkT[Adh j?. j[D e[ZM ;kbK gfjbK sZe pqkjwD iksh dk f;Zfynk d/ w"fenK s/ brGr J/ekfXeko ;h. Gkt/A toswkB ;dh ftZu pqjkwDK dk fJj J/ekfXeko ekch xZN j'fJnk j?. j[D ;wZf;nk fJj j? fe fe;h th iksh d/ w?Apo B{z gpfbe ;e{bQ ftZu dkfybk b?D s'A BjhA o'fenk ik ;edk gozs{ ftZsh ;wZf;nktK$o[ektNK ns/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ T[gbpX Bk j'D d/ ekoB T[j ;e{bQ ftZu dkfyb/ s'A tzfus j' iKd/ jB.

B'N



B'N fJj gfotosB w[Zy o{g s'A T[d:'freoD d/ Bshi/ ti'A ti{d ftZu nkJ/ jB. fJ; bJh nkX[fBE ;w/A ftZu f;Zfynk B/ eko'pkoe rshPhbsk dh do ftZu fJS[Ze tkXk ehsk j?. f;Zfynk B{z ;G s'A T[Zu gfjb fdZsh rJh j?. feT[Afe fJj nkX[fBe ;wki dh pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD ftP/Psk j? ns/ „T[Zu;soh rshPbsk‟ ftZu Gkt ftek; d/ w"fenK dh gqkgs ftZu ;jkfJek j?. fJ; bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe eko'pkoe T[gbpXhnK ns/ w"fenK d/ Bkb f;Zfynk dk T[Zu ;fj ;zpzX j?. nkX[fBeheoD ns/ f;Zfynk

T[go'es gfotosB ns/ fttkd nkX[fBe f;ybkJh ;z;EktK d/ ftP/ ftZu gfotosB d/ ekoB j' oj/ jB. nkX[fBE ftfdnkb/, ekbi ns/ ftPtftfdnkb/ ihtB dh f;Zfynk d/D ftZu finkdk ftPtk; BjhA oZyd/ fit/A fe gfjbK dh f;Zfynk d[nkok j[zdk ;h. fJj fJ; soQK s'A ;h fe gqzgoe f;Zfynk fJe ;fEo ns/ ngfotosBPhb ;wki d/ bJh ;h. fJj fJZe nfijk ;wki ;h fijVk T[d:'freheoD d[nkok s/i gfotosB dk ;fjGkrh BjhA ;h. d{i/ gk;/ nkX[fBe ;wki pj[s s/i ns/ ft;Eko g{oD gfotosBK Bkb Gfonk j?. fJ; soQK d/ gfotosBPhb ;wki ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P T[d:'freheoD ftfrnkB ns/ fJ; soQK d/ d{i/ ftP/P frnkB B{z nkX[fBe Yzr s'A ;zukfos^;zgq/fPs eoBk j? d{i/ PpdK ftZu gfotosBPhb ;wki dhnK wzrK B{z d/yd/ j'J/ f;Zfynk dh nzsot;s{ ftZu T[; d/ nB[o{g gfotosB io{oh j?.

f;Zfynk d/ ftP/ ns/ fJ; dh gZXsh ftZu gfotosB d/ d[orkwh Bshi/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB. nkX[fBe ftfrnkB d[nkok gqds ftg[b nfXnB ;wZroh B/ fJ; rZb B{z ;G s'A gfjbK io{oh pDk fdZsk j? fe Pk;soh GkPktK ns/ ;kfjs dk nfXnB pj[s ;zy/g eo fdZsk ikt/ iK ysw jh eo fdZsk ikt/. fJ; dk wsbp ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;w[dkfJ dk gqzgok ns/ ;z;feqfse ftok;s s'A nbZr j'Dk j?. fJj soe fdZsk iKdk j? fe nfijh go;fEsh ftZu ftnesh nkgDhnK iVK s'A eZN ikJ/rk ns/ T[; dh f;oBkswe ;woZEk ns/ yk;s"o s/ T[; dh GktBkswe ns/ nfXnksfwe shePDsk g'PD dh xkN ftZu wo ikt/rh. fJj nkX[fBe wB[Zy d/ bJh fJZe gj/bh j?. GoD^g'PD d/ bJh ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe B{z io{oh wzBdk j?. gozs{ seBheh f;Zfynk gqkgsh B{z wjZst d/D Bkb T[j G{sekb dh ;wfoX gqzgok d/ Gzvko s'A tzfus ofj ikJ/rk. fJj n;kB BjhA j? fe fJ; gj/bh dk jZb eZfYnk ikt/. d{i/, nkX[fBE ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh dh xkN ftZu G{sekB d/ pj[s ;ko/ fJZSs w{b nkgDk g{ottosh wjZst y' u[Ze jB. b'e fpBK ;tkb T[mkJ/ fJBQK B{z wzBD B{z fsnko BjhA jB. d[oGkr Bkb e'Jh BtK w{b^p'X g[okD/ dk ;EkB BjhA b? gkfJnk j?. fJj d' soQK d/ ysfonK B{z iBw fdzdk j? fiBQK ftZu'A fJZe ftnesh d/ gqsh ns/ d{i/ ;wki d/ gqsh j?. eh ;jh j? ns/ eh rbs j?, eh T[fus j? ns/ eh nDT[fus j? ns/ eh io{o j? ns/ eh io{oh BjhA j? fij/ w{bG{s ;tkbK s'A ;wki yso/ ftZu g? iKdk j?. ftnesh d/ gqsh ysok nfijk ;Zu fBebdk j? fe “ifNb ns/ uswekoh :zsoK Bkb fxfonk ofjD s/ th wB[Zy fJZe eo{o ns/ ubke pzdo s'A E'Vk jh uzrk eh j?.” fsZik, fJj ;kB{z ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe d/ fJZe gfjb{ d/ eohp fbnkT[Adk j?, fi; B{z n;hA nkgD/^nkg d/ yso/ s'A nDd/yk eo ;ed/ jB. ;koh T[BthA ;dh ftZu wB[Zy gqfeqfse ftfrnkB ftZu y'iK s'A Goh ;h. pzeB B/ pj[s ;ko/ b'eK d/ ftukoK B{z gqfsXtfBs ehsk, id'A T[; B/ fejk^“frnkB jh Pesh j?.” gozs{ nZi pj[s ;ko/ wPj{o ftfrnkBe j'o wB;e Yzr s'A fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zu/ jB fe “frnkB dh d[[okr Bkb Pesh j?.” ftfrnkB d/ fJ; gfjb{ s/ okpoN ize B/ nkgDh gqf;ZX g[;se „pokJhNo d?B J/ EkT{i?Av ;z;‟ ftZu fBwB fbys fNZgDh ehsh j?^“fi; :[r dk nzs ;otPeshPkbh Pk;soK d/ ftek; ftZu j'fJnk j? T[;B{z ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe d/ ;ot;ws ftek; d/ Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?.” gozs{ nZi ;otwkB G"fsePk;soh j/;/Bpor efjzd/ jB^ “fi; nekP ftZu wB[Zyh p"fXe gqkDh d/ o{g ftef;s j'fJnk j? T[; ftZu fJZe nk:kw tkbh ;dhnK uZbh nk ojh fdPk s'A finkdk nk:kw jB. fJj BthA T[dkosk fijVh nwkBth iK gqwkBth Pk;soK fijhnK jB, gqwkDfte P'X s'A T[gihnK jB. gowkD{ pzp dh Pesh nkX[fBe wB[Zy ftZu T[dkosk d/ Bt/A doPB dh ;wkB iVQK s'A nkT[Adh j? ns/ BkGeh P'X d/ nB[GtK s'A nGhgq/fos jB. fJj f;Zfynk dh :'iBk pDkT[D d/ bJh g{BofuzsB ns/ g{Bow[bnzeD dh wzr eodh j? fijVh nkX[fBeheoD dk fjZ;k j?.




ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ ftP/ y/so dh ;whfynk eod/ j'J/ v?BL vpfb:{ v'v;B B/ fbfynk j? fe, “ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dh o{uh ;koh ;z;feqafse ;wro j?, fi; ftZu ns/ fi; d/ d[nkok, ftnesh nB[GtK B{z nofis ns/ ;zrfms eodk j?. ftfPPN o{g s'A ftfdne ;wkiPk;so fJ; ftP/ ftZu o{uh oZydk j? fe tXhnk ftnefsst ftek; d/ bJh ftfdne gqfefonktK dk ;zukbB fe; soQK ehsk ikt/.” 16H13 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H b'eszso (Democracy) ^ iBszso

2H nktP:esk (Need) ^ io{os 16H14 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie nXko dk noE dZ;'.

2H ;wkiPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk fby'.

3H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so d/ T[d/P fby'.

4H ftfdne ;wkiPk;so dk f;Zfynk s/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j?.

5H „f;Zfynk dk ;wkiPk;so‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H nB:'B:kPfos 2H n;b 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh


p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^17L ;wkfie^nkofEe ekoe ns/ f;Zfynk s/ T[jBK dk gqGkt (Socio-Economic Factors and Their Impact on Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


17H1 ;wki dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Society)

17H2 ;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX (Relation between Society and Education)

17H3 f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Economics of Education)

17H4 f;fynk fJZe ftfB:'r d/ o{g ftZu (Education as an Investment)

17H5 f;Zfynk wB[Zyh w{bXB d/ o{g ftZu (Education as Human Capital)

17H6 f;Zfynk ns/ okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; (Education and Economic Development of a Nation)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wki dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk ikDB ;zzpzXh

;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk ns/ okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; d/ pko/ ftZu ikDB ;zpzXh.


jo/e ;wki nkgDhnK wkBsktK ns/ io{osK d/ nB[e{b jh nkgDh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. ns/ ;wki dhnK wkBsktK ns/ io{osK T[; dh G{r'fbe, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh s/ fBGo eodh j?. ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB th T[; dh ;o{g ns/ io{osK B{z pdbd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[;ko T[; dh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g th pdbdk ofjzdk j?. 17H1 ;wki dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Society)

;XkoD o{g s'A ftneshnK d/ ;w{j B{z ;wki efjzd/ jB. ftneshnK d/ fJBQK ;w{j ftP/PK dk nfXnB ;ko/ ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. wB[ZyhPk;so ftZu wB[ZyK d/ fe;h th


fJekJh^17 ;wkfie^nkofEe ekoe ns/ f;Zfynk s/ T[jBK dk gqGkt

;w{j B{z ;wki dk BKt fdZsk iKdk j?, fJZE/ sZe fe nkfdw ;w[dkfJ B{z th ;wki fejk iKdk j?. G{r'b ftZu y/so ftP/P d/ ;wkB ;ZfGnsk tkb/ b'eK d/ ;w[dkfJ B{z ;wki efjzd/ jBl fit/A^Gkosh ;wki, :{oth ;wki. XowPk;so ftZu Xow ftP/P B{z wzBD tkfbnK d/ ;w[dkfJ B{z ;wki efjzd/ jBl fit/A fjzd{ ;wki, fJ;kJh ;wki ns/ w[;bwkB ;wki. okiBhshPks;o ftZu oki ftP/P d/ b'eK d/ ;w{j B{z ;wki efjzd/ jBl fit/A Gkosh ;wki, fpqfNP ;wki ns/ nw/foeh ;wki. gozs{ ;wkiPk;so ftZu ;wki dk noE fJBQK ;G s'A fGzB o{g ftZu fbnk iKdk j?.

B'N

B'N; ;wkiPk;soh noE ftZu ftneshnK d/ ;w{j B{z ;wki BjhA efjzd/ pbfe ;w{j d/

ftneshnK ftZu gkJ/ ikD tkb/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh ftt;Ek iK ikb B{z ;wki efjzd/ jB.

j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe ;wkfie ;zpzX eh jB. id'A d' iK d' s'A tZX ftnesh fJZe^d{i/ d/ gqsh ;u/s j[zd/ jB ns/ fJZe^d{i/ d/ gqsh e[ZM ekoi eod/ jB sK n;hA efjzd/ jB fe T[jBK d/ ftZu ;wkfie ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' rJ/ jB. fJj io{oh BjhA fe fJj ;zpzX wX[o ns/ ;fj:'rkswe jh j'D, fJj eN[ ns/ ;zxoPkswe th j' ;ed/ jB. ;wkiPk;so ftZu fJBQK d'jK soQK d/ ;zpzXK dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?.

;ko/ ;wkiPk;soh ;wki B{z nw{os wzBd/ jB gozs{ T[; dh gfoGkPk T[jBK B/ fGzB^fGzB o{g ftZu ehsh j?. e[ZM w[Zy gfoGkPktK g/P jB. Nkbe'N gko;z; d/ PpdK ftZu^

;wki B{z T[jBK B{z wB[Zyh ;zzpzXK dh g{oD ifNbsk d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j? i' ;kXB ns/ ;kX d/ ;zpzX d[nkok fefonk eoB d[nkok T[sgzB j'J/ jB, T[j Gkt/A n;b j'D iK gqshekswe.

w?ekJhto ns/ g/i B/ ;wki B{z E'V/ finkdk ;gPN o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko^

;wki ohshnK ns/ ekoi gqDkbhnK dh, nfXeko ns/ gko;gfoe ;fj:'r dh, eJh ;w{jK ns/ ftGkrK dh, wB[Zyh fttjko d/ fB:zsoDK ns/ ;[szsosktK dh fJZe ftt;Ek j?. fJ; ;ss gfotosBPhb ftt;Ek B{z n;hA ;wki efjzd/ jB. 17H2 ;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX (Relation between Society and Education)

;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu nB:'B:kPfos ;zpzX j? gozs{ fJ; s'A gfjbK fe n;hA ;wki ns f;Zfynk d/ fJ; nkg;h ;zpzX d/ ftP/ ftZu ftuko eohJ/, fJj io{oh j? fe n;hA f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;wki d/ n;b noE s'A ikD{ j'JhJ/. ;wkiPk;soh GkPk ftZu ;wki fJZe nw{os XkoDk j?, ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ikb j?, gozs{ ;XkoD gq:'r ftZu ;wkfie ;zpzXK d[nkok pD/ ;wki ftP/P B{z ;wki efjzd/ jB. ;wkiPk;soh GkPk ftZu fJ; B{z fJZe ;wki efjzd/ jB. nZi ;z;ko d/ brGr ;ko/ okPNoK ftZu f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk oki dk T[ZsodkfJst wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ fJ; fdqPNh s'A oki ftP/P dh ;zg{oD iBsk jh T[; oki dk ;wki j[zdh j?. nZi id'A n;hA f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu ;wki dh rZb eod/ jB sK ;kvk Gkt oki iK okPNo ftP/P dh ;zg{oD iBsk s'A jh j[zdk j?. id'A n;hA fJ; soQK d/ fe;h ;wki dk nfXnB eod/ jK sK T[; d/ nzsors T[; d/ xNe ftnesh^ftnesh, ftnesh^;w{j ns/ ;w{j^;w{j d/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK iK ;wkfie nzso^fefonktK dk jh nfXnB eod/ jB. sZe fJj j? fe fit/A dk ;wki j[zdk j? T[;h soQK dh f;Zfynk j[zdh j? ns/ fi; soQK fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk j[zdh j? T[;h soQK dk jh T[j ;wki pD iKdk j?. ;gPNheod g/P j?^



B'N ;wki dk f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt

jo/e ;wki nkgDhnK wkBsktK ns/ io{osK d/ nB[e{b jh nkgDh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. ns/ ;wki dhnK wkBsktK ns/ io{osK T[; dh G{r'fbe, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh s/ fBoGo eodh j?. ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB th T[; d/ ;o{g ns/ io{osK B{z pdbd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[;ko T[; dh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g th pdbdk ofjzdk j?. fJZE/ fJ; ;G dk toDB ;zy/g ftZu g/P j?.

1H ;wki dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh ns/ f;Zfynk^fe;h th ;wki dk ihtB T[; dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j?. T[d'A T[; dh f;Zfynk th T[; s'A gqGkfts j'Dh ;[Gkfte j?. fiBQK ;wkiK dh G"fse ;fEsh nfijh j[zdh j? fe T[jBK ftZu wB[Zy B{z ihtB oZfynk d/ bJh eVk ;zxoP eoBk g?Adk j? T[jBK ftZu finkdkso ftneshnK d/ e'b f;Zfynk d/ bJh Bk ;wK j[zdk j? ns/ Bk XzB, Bshi/ ti'A T[jBK ftZu iB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek BjhA j[zdh ns/ f;Zfynk dk y/so th ;hfws j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN fiBQK ;wkiK dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh wB[Zy d/ nB[e{b j[zdh j? ns/ gqfeosh ;z;kXB Gog{o j[zd/ jB T[jBK ftZu ftneshnK d/ e'b f;Zfynk d/ bJh ;wK ns/ XzB d'B'A j[zd/ jB, Bshi/ ti'A T[jBK ftZu f;Zfynk dh T[fus ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. fJj sZE th ;otftfds j? fe fi; d/P ftZu fit/A d/ gqfeqfse ;z;kX j[zd/ jB T[jBK ftZu T[;h soQK jh T[d:'r Xzd/ gBgd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ jh nB[e{b T[ZE/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j?. y/shgqXkB d/PK ftZu y/sh f;Zfynk ns/ T[d:'rgqXkB d/PK ftZu T[d:'fre f;Zfynk s/ i'o ofjzdk j?.

2H ;wki dh ;zouBk ns/ f;Zfynk^fGzB^fGzB ;wkiK d/ ;o{g fGzB^fGzB j[zd/ jB. e[ZM ;wkiK ftZu ikshnK j[zdhnK ns/ iksh^G/d th, e[ZM ftZu ikshnK j[zdhnK gozzs{ iksh^G/d BjhA j[zdk ns/ e[ZM ftZu ikshnK BjhA j[zdhnK. fJ;h soQK e[ZM ;wkiK ftZu e[bhB ns/ fBwB tor G/d j[zdk j? ns/ e[ZM ;wkiK ftZu BjhA j[zdhnK. ;wki ftP/P d/ fJ; ;o{g dk T[; dh f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?. nkgDh Gkosh ;wki B{z jh b? fbUl id'A fJ; ftZu em'o toD ftt;Ek ;h T[d'A P{doK B{z T[Zu f;Zfynk s'A tzfus oZfynk iKdk ;h ns/ nZi j[D toD G/d ftZu ftPtk; BjhA ehsk iKdk sK ;wki d/ jo/e tor d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ;wkB ;[thXktK T[gbpX eokT[D dk Bkok p[bzd j?.

3H ;wki dh ;z;feqash ns/ f;Zfynk^fGzB^fGzB nB[Pk;BK ftZu ;z;feqsh B{z fGzB^fGzB noE ftZu d/fynk^;wfMnk frnk j? gozs{ nkX[fBe gfogq/y ftZu fe;h ;wki dh ;z;feqsh s'A Gkt T[; d/ ofjD^;fjD ns/ ykD^gkB dh ftXhnK, fttjko gqshwkBK, nkuko^ftuko, ohsh^fotki, ebkê"Pb, ;zrhs^Bku, GkPk^;kfjs, Xow^doPB, nkdoP^ftPtk; ns/ w{bK d/ T[; ftfPPN o{g s'A j[zdk j? fijV/ T[; dh nkgDh gfjukD j[zd/ jB. fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk s/ ;G s'A tZX gqGkt T[; dh ;z;feqsh dk jh j[zdk j?. fe;h th ;wki dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P T[; d/ Xow^doPB, nkdoP^ftPtk; ns/ T[; dhnK neKfynktK d/ nXko s/ jh fBPfus ehs/ iKd/ jB, T[; dh f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k ftZu ;G s'A tZX wjZst T[; d/ GkPk^;kfjs ns/ Xow^doPB B{z fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZu T[;h soQK fttjko gqshwkBK B{z ngDkfJnk iKdk j?.

4H ;wki dh Xkofwe ;fEsh ns/ f;Zfynk^T[AM Xow ;z;feqsh dk nzr j[zdk j? gozs{ fJZE/ fJ; B{z nbZr s'A fJ; bJJh fbnk frnk j? fe nozG s'A f;Zfynk s/ Xow dk ;G s'A finkdk gqGkt fojk j?. d{ih rZb fJj j? fe Xow d/ ftP/ ftZu ftdtkBK d/ fGzB^fGzB ws jB, e[ZM T[; B{z f;Zfynk dk nXko wzBD d/ gZy ftZu jB ns/ e[ZM f;Zfynk B{z Xow s'A d{o oZyD d/ gZy ftZu jB. Xow dh fdqPNh s'A ;wkiK B{z d' torK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?^fJZe T[j fiBQK ftZu Xow ftP/P B{z wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ d{i/ T[j fiBQK ftZu eJh XowK dk gqubB j[zdk j?. fJjBK ;wkiK dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek fGzB^fGzB j[zdh j?. Xow ftP/P B{z wzBD tkb/ ;wkiK dh f;Zfynk ftZu T[jBK d/ nkgD/ Xow dh f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?l fit/A^w[;fbw okPNoK ftZu. d{i/ gqeko d/ ;wkiK ftZu fe;h Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk d/Dk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk, T[jBK ftZu T[dko fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk iKdk j?l fit/A ngD/ d/P Gkos ftZu. e[ZM ;wkiK ftZu Xow f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB BjhA fdZsk iKdkl fit/Aô{; ftZu.



5H ;wki dh okiBhfse ;fEsh ns/ f;Zfynk^;wki dh okiBhfse ;fEsh th T[; dh f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, J/eKso Pk;B gqDkbh tkb/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nzBQ/ okPNoGrs fsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB id'A b'eszso Pk;B gqDkbh tkb/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh B{z ;[szso fuzsB ns/ ;[szso nGhftnesh d/ bJh fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe rZb j'o j? ns/ T[j fJj fe i' ;wki okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ;[oZfyns j[zdk j? T[; dh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ftnkge j[zd/ jB ns/ fi; ;wki ftZu okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A n;[oZfynk j[zdh j? T[j e/tb ;?fBe Pesh ns/ T[sgkdB tXkT[D s/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

6H ;wki dh nkofEs ;fEsh ns/ f;Zfynk^;wki dh nkofEe ;fEsh th T[; dh f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ;zgzB ;wkiK dh f;Zfynk pj[T[d/Ph j[zdh j?. T[j nkgD/ jo/e w?Apo d/ bJh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB, iB f;Zfynk dk gq;ko eod/ jB ns/ fJ; ;G d/ bJh eJh ;kXB i[NkT[Ad/ jBl fit/A^nw/foek. gqrshPhb ;wki iB f;Zfynk ns/ eko'pkoe f;Zfynk s/ finkdk i'o fdzd/ jBl fit/A^Gkos. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A fgSV/ ;wki Bk io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh rZb ;'ud/ jB, Bk iB f;Zfynk dh ns/ Bk eko'pkoe f;Zfynkl fit/A^pzrbk d/P. ;wki dk noEszso th T[; dh f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. y/shgqXkB noEszso ftZu f;Zfynk dhnK ;zGktBktK xZN j[zdhnK jB, tfDigqXkB ftZu ng/fynk Bkb T[; s'A tZX ns/ T[d:'rgqXkB ftZu ;G s'A tZX.

7H ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ f;Zfynk^n;hA ikDd/ jK fe ;wki gfotosBPhb j?. ;z;ko dk fJfsjk; fJ; rZb dk rtkj j? fe ;wki d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g th pdbdk j?. nkgD/ Gkosh ;wki B{z b? fbU. gqkuhB ekb ftZu fJ; dh G"fse io{osK xZN ;B ns/ nfXnksfwe gZy gqpb ;h fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu Xow ns/ BhshPk;so dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk ;h gozs{ nZi T[; dhnK G"fse io{osK tZX rJhnK jB ns/ nfXksfwe gZy fBopb g? frnk j? fJ; bJh f;Zfynk ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z finkdk wjZst fdZsk ikD bZrk j?. eZbQ sZe BkohnK e/tb rqfjDh d/ o{g ftZu jh ofjzdhnK ;B fJ; bJh T[jBK B{z e/tb gVQB^fbyD ns/ xo/b{ ekoiK dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh ;h, nZi T[j g[oy d/ Bkb w'Yk fwbk e/ jo y/so ftZu ekoi eodhnK jB fJ; soQK T[jBK d/ bJh g[oyK dh soQK jo soQK dh f;Zfynk ;[bG j?. id'A edh ;wkfie eqKsh jz[dh j? sK f;Zfynk ftZu nkw[bu[b gfotosB eo fdzdh j?.

f;Zfynk dk ;wki s/ gqGkt

fJZe gk;/ i/eo fJj rZb ;Zu j? fe ;wki f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eodk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ fJj rZb th ;Zu j? fe f;Zfynk d/ ;wki d/ ;o{g B{z fBPfus eodh j? ns/ T[; dh ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. f;Zfynk wB[Zyh ;wki dh nXkoPhb j?. T[j ;wki dk fBowkD eodh j?, T[; ftZu gfotosB eodh j? ns/ T[; dk ftek; eodh j?.

1H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh dk fB:zsoD^fJZe :[r ;h id'A wB[Zy B{z G{r'fbe go;fEshnK dk dk; fejk iKdk ;h gozs{ nZi wB[Zyh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nkgDh G{r'fbe go;fEshnK s/ fB:zsoD eoB ftZu ;cb j' frnk j?. T[j fdB rJ/ id'A Bdh ns/ gjkV ;kv/ wkor ftZu j[zd/ ;B. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jktkJh ijkiK dk fBowkD ;zGt j'fJnk ns/ jktkJh ijkiK s'A T[Zv e/ n;hA Bdh ns/ gjkV jh gko BjhA eod/ pbfe pj[s xZN ;w/A ftZu finkdk d{oh s?n eod/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok n;hA jo G[r'fbe go;fEsh s/ fB:zsoD eoB ftZu ;cb j[zd/ ik oj/ jK.

2H f;Zfynk n/s ;wki dk ;o{g^f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh wB[Zy nkgD/, ;wki d/, ;z;ko d/ ns/ fJ; ;zg{oD pqfjwzv d/ pko/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; frnkB d/ nXko s/ jh T[j nkgD/ ihtB d/ T[d/P fBPfus eodk j? ns/ fJBQK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh T[j fGzB^ fGzB ;wkiK dk fBowkD eodk j?. ;Zuk t/dKsh wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu sK eh, ;z;ko dh fe;/ th d' t;s{nK ftZu th G/d BjhA eodk, T[j ;G B{z pqjw d/ydk j?. gozs{ fJPto ftw[y

B'N



B'N ftnesh G"fse g?wkB s/ jh ;G e[ZM e;dk j? ns/ wB[Zy^wB[Zy ftZu eJh soQK d/ G/d eodk j?. fJ; soQK fGzB^fGzB ftukoXkoK d/ ftneshnK d/ ;wki dk ;o{g fGzB^fGzB j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk fJZe gk;/ ;wki d/ ;o{g dh oZfynk eodh j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[; ftZu io{oh gofotsB eodh j?.

3H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dh ;z;feqsh^jo/e ;wki nkgD/ w?ApoK ftZu nkgDh ;z;feqash dk ;zeqwD f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh eodk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk fe;h ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dk oZfynk eodh j?. id'A wB[Zy f;Zfyns j' iKdk j? sK T[j nkgD/ nB[GtK d/ nXko s/ nkgDh ;z;feqsh ftZu gfotosB eodk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ;wki dh ;z;feqsh ftZu ftek; eodh j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu ;z;feqash d/ ftek; dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

4H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dh Xkofwe ;fEsh^n;hA fJj d/y oj/ jK fe e'Jh ;wki nkgDh f;Zfynk ftZu Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eodk j?, e'Jh fJ; y/so ftZu T[dko fdqPNhe'D ngBkT[Adk j? ns/ ;z;ko d/ fGzB^fGzB XowK dh f;Zfynk dk ftXkB eodk j? ns/ e'Jh ;wki nkgDh f;Zfynk ftZu Xow B{z ;EkB jh BjhA fdzdk. Bshi/ ti'A gfjbh soQK d/ ;wkiK ftZu Xkofwe eZNosk gkJh iKdh j?, d{ih soQK d/ ;wkiK ftZu Xkofwe T[dkosk gkJh iKdh j? ns/ fsZih soQK d/ ;wkiK ftZu j[D fJZe j'o G"fse ftfrnkBK dh f;Zfynk s'A Xkofwe e[gwzv[esk ns/ nzXftPtk;K dk nzs j'D bZrk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ tXdh j'Jh ;wkfie nokiesk s'A wB[Zy nkgDh f;Zfynk B{ n;b Xow s/ nXkfos eoB d/ tZb tXD bZrk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu b'e Xow d/ n;b ;o{g B{z ;wM Bjh ;ed/.

5H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dh okiBhfse ;fEsh^f;Zfynk s'A wB[Zy d/ frnkB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ T[; d/ nkuoD B{z fBPfus fdPk fdZsh iKdh j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ftuko eoB ns/ ;Zu^M{m ftZu G/d eoB dh Pesh dk ftek; j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;wki ftZu okiBhfse ikro[esk nkT[Adh j?, ftnesh nkgDh nfXeko ns/ eosZtK s'A ikD{ j[zdk j?. fJ;h d/ d[nkok T[; ftZu okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. fpBK T[fus f;Zfynk d/ ftXkB d/ ftnesh e/tb okPNo dk nzBQk Grs pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?, ikro[e Bkrfoe BjhA.

6H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wki dh nkofEe ;fEsh^fJZe :[r ;h id'A f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[Zy ftZu e/tb wB[Zyh r[DK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk ;h, gozs{ o'NhêZgV/^wekB dh ;wZf;nk B{z ;[bMkT[D tkbh f;Zfynk T[; ;w/A BjA fdZsh iKdh ;h, nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJj sK j' ;edk j/ fe T[; ;w/A fJ; d/ bJh T[fus ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk Bk ehsh rJh j't/ gozs{ gfotko ns/ ;w[dkfJnK ftZu fJj f;Zfynk pokpo uZbdh ojh j't/rh BjhA sK fJ; y/so ftZu ftek; fet/A j[zdk! nZi sK f;Zfynk ;wki dh nkofEe ;fEsh dk w{bnXko j?. nZi ;ko/ ;wki f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh B{z fe;h ftt;Ek iK T[sgkdB ekoi ftZu fBg[zB eoB dk :sB eod/ jB. d/fynk fJj ik fojk j? fe fi; ;wki ftZu fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk dk fizBk uzrk gqpzX j? T[j nkofEe y/so ftZu T[Bh jh s/ih Bkb tZX fojk j?. fpBK f;Zfynk d/ n;hA nkofEe y/so ftZu ftek; BjhA eo ;ed/.

7H f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie goftosB^fJZe gk;/ i/eo fJj rZb ;Zu j? fe ;wki f;Zfynk ftZu gfotosB eodk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ fJj rZb th ;Zu j? fe f;Zfynk d[nkok ;wkfie gfotosB j[zd/ jB. f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy nkgDh iksh dh GkPk, ofjD^;fjD, ykB^ gkB d/ sohe/ ns/ ohsh^fotki f;Zydk j? ns/ T[; d/ w{b ns/ wkBsktK s'A ikD{ j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb T[; dk wkBf;e ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ T[j nkgD, ;wki d/ ns/ fJ; pqfjwzv d/ pko/ ftZu jw/PK ;'udk ofjzdk j?. ;wki ftZu ofj e/ T[j Bt/A^Bt/A nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ ;wki dhnK io{osK ns/ ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ j[zdk j?. fJBQK io{osK dh g{osh ns/ ;wZf;nktK d/ jZb d/ bJh T[j ftuko eodk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ jZb y'idk j? ns/ fJ; Bkb ;wki B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. edhêdh fJZe ftnesh g{o/ ;wki B{z pdb fdzdk j?. f;Zfynk dh xkN ftZu fJj ;G ;zGt BjhA. ;wkfie eqKsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk w{bG{s io{os j[zdh j?.



T[go'es toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe ;wki ns/ f;Zfynk nB:'B:kPfos j[zd/ jB, fit/A fe;h ;wki d/ G{r'fbe, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh j[zdh j? T[;h soQK jh T[; dh f;Zfynk j[zdh j?. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe fe;h ;wki ftZu ;wkfie gfotosBK d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; dh f;Zfynk ftZu th gfotosB j[zd/ uZbd/ jB. ns/ fi; ;wki ftZu fit/A dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j? T[;h soQK jh T[; ;wki dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh s/ geV, ns/ T[;d/ ;o{g ns/ T[; dh ;z;feqfse, Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh ftZu gfotosB j'D bZrdk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu f;Zfynk nXkoG{s G{fwek ndk eodh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ;XkoD o{g s'A ftneshnK d/ ;w{j B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH efjzd/ jB.

2H ;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;zpzX j?.

3H nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ;zgzB ;wkiK dh f;Zfynk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdh j?.

4H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;wki dh nkofEe ;fEsh dk w{bnXko j?.

5H ;ko/ ;wkiPk;soh ;wki B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH wzBd/ jB. 17H3 f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Economics of Education) f;Zfynk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ w[Zy sZsK ftZu fJZe sZs ;wki dh nkofEe ;fEsh th j?. fJj d/fynk frnk j? fe fijVk ;wki nkofEe fdqPNh s'A fizBQk finkdk ;zgzB j[zdk j? T[j nkgD/ pZfunK d/ bJh T[Bh jh uzrh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eo gkT[Adk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN fJj th d/fynk frnk j? fe ;wki ftZu f;Zfynk s/ fizBk tZX XzB ns/ ;wK yos ehsk iKdk j? T[j ;kwi nkofEe fdqPNh s'A T[Bk jh finkdk ;zgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; ;keP/ B/ f;Zfynk Pk;sohnK B{z ;wki d/ nkofEe ;o'sK ns/ ;kXBK dk nfXnB eoB ns/ xZN s'A xZN you Bkb tZX s'A tZX uzrh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dh y'i d/ tZb tXkfJnk j?. d{i/ ftPt:[ZX d/ pknd eJh d/P ;[szso j'J/ sK T[jBK B/ nkgD/ pj[w[Zyh ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ftek; eoBk nozG ehsk.

f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk w[Zy T[d/P ;wki B{z T[; d/ ;hfws ;kXBK d/ ;w{fus gq:'r eoB ns/ nfijh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek B{z :'r pDkT[Dk j? fi; d[nkok okPNo dk T[sgkdB tX/. fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh ;zpzXh f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK ;wki dhnK nkofEe ftt;EktK ns/ nkofEe ;o'sK dk nfXnB eoBk g?Adk j?. fi; ;wki ftZu fit/A dh nkofEe ftt;Ek j[zdh j? T[; ftZu f;Zfynk dk ;o{g jh brGr T[;h soQK dk jh j[zdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ fJj rZb th ;Zu j? fe fijVk ;wki nkgDh f;Zfynk s/ ;w{fus Yzr s'A fizBk finkdk you eodk j? T[; B{z T[Bk jh tZX gqshcb gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so ftZu fe;h ;wki dh f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ ikD tkb/ you ns/ T[; dh gqshcb dk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. you d/ nzsors f;Zfynk s/ ftnesh, ;wki ns/ okPNo d[nkok ehs/ ikD tkb/ ;ko/ yos Pkfwb j[zd/ jB ns/ gqshcb ftZu f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z j'D tkb/ ssekbhB bkG ns/ GftZy ftZu j'D tkb/ bkG Pkfwb j[zd/ jB. bkG th d' soQK d/ j[zd/ jB^fJZe gqsZyl fit/A^Pohoe ns/ eko'pkoe ftek; ns/ d{ik ngqsZyl fit/A^wkBf;e, ufosoe ns/ B?fse ftek;. ns/ feT[Afe f;Zfynk noEPk;so dk w[Zy T[d/P okPNo d/ ;hfws nkofEe ;kXBK dk tXhnk sohe/ Bkb gq:'r eoe/ T[sgkdBgqXkB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoBk j[zdk j? fJ; bJh T[j d' sZEK dk nfXnB j'o eodk j?^gfjbk fJj fe ;wki ftZu fe; soQK dh f;Zfynk dh wzr j? ns/ d{ik oki d/ d[nkok f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ ikD tkb/ you ns/ T[; dh sohe ehêh jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu T[j oki nB[dkB gqDkbh dk ft;Eko Bkb nfXnB eodk j? ns/ T[; ftZu ;Xko d/ ;[Mkn fdzdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[j ;wki d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk ;o{g

B'N



B'N fBPfus eodk j? ns/ fJ; fdPk dh ftt;Ek d/ bJh oki dh nkwdB d/ ;o'sK ns/ you d/ y/so fBPfus eodk j?. fJ; soQK nZi f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk ftPk y/so pj[s ftnkge j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


6H ;wki ngfotosBPhb j?.

7H f;Zfynk s/ you eoB Bkb okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?.

8H f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftuko eoB ns/ ;Zu^M{m ftZu G/d eoB dh Pesh dk ftek; j[zdk j't/.

9H f;Zfynk B{z ibd ysw j'D tkbk XzB fejk iKdk j?.

10H f;Zfynk s/ ehsk ikD tkbk you nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?. 17H4 f;Zfynk fJZe ftfB:'r d/ o{g ftZu (Education as an Investment)

id'A XzB B{z fe;h ezw ftZu fJ; T[d/P s'A brkfJnk iKdk j? fe GftZy ftZu T[; s'A j'o finkdk XzB gqkgs j't/ sK T[; B{z fBt/P iK ftfB:'r efjzd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftnesh dh XzB T[sgkdB dh ;woZEk ftZu ftek; j[zdk j? fi; dk gq:'r T[j nkgD/ Gkth ihtB ftZu eodk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk s/ ehsk frnk you nkgD/ ftZu fJZe ftfB:'r j?.

T[AM sK wB[Zy dh f;Zfynk ihtB Go uZbdh ofjzdh j? gozs{ fJZE/ f;Zfynk s'A ;kvk Gkt e/tb T[; n"gukfoe f;Zfynk s'A j? fi; dk fB:'iB oki nkgD/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh bJh eod/ jB. fJ; ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A ;XkoD f;Zfynk, ftfPPN f;Zfynk ns/ ;ss f;Zfynk nkT[Adh j?. ns/ ;kv/ d/P Gkos ftZu 14 ;kb dh T[wo sZe d/ pZfunK d/ bJh io{oh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB dk :sB j?. ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ pknd ftPtftfdnkbh, gq'c/PBb ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk dk ftek; eoBk j[zdk j? fJ; ;G dh ftt;Ek ftZu oki g{oD iK nzP o{g ftZu you eod/ jB. iB ;fj:'r d[nkok th nkofEe ;jkfJsk gqkgs j[zdh j? ns/ f;Zfykn gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftneshnK B{z e[ZM you eoBk g?Adk j?. fJBQK fszBK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ eZbQ you B{z f;Zfynk s/ you wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ pko/ ftZu fJBQK fszBK B{z j'D tkb/ bkG B{z gqshcb wzfBnk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk s/ you ns/ T[; d/ gqshcb s/ eJh nfXnB ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK nfXnBK d[nkok f;Zfynk noEPk;sohnK B/ fBwB fbys sZEK dh y'i ehsh j?.

(1) f;Zfynk s/ i' e[ZM you j[zdk j? T[; s'A pkbeK dhnK ssekbhB io{osK dh g{osh dh g{osh j[zdh j?l fit/A^fJZe d{i/ Bkb fwbD d/ w"e/ gqkgs j'Dk, y/v d/ bJh w"ek gqkgs j'Dk, ;XkoD fttjko eoB d/ w"e/ gqkgs j'dk nkfd. fJj f;Zfynk you dk T[g:'rh sZs ejkT[Adk j?. fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ rJ/ you dk s[ozs gqshcB fwbdk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?.

(2) fe;h th eko'pko ftZu finkdk gfVQnk^fbfyn ftnesh xZN gVQ/^fby/ ftnesh dh s[bBk ftZu finkdk e[Pbsk s'A ezw eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b finkdk XzB T[sgkdB eodk j?. fJ; soQK ftnesh dh f;Zfynk s/ i' e[ZM th you j[zdk j? T[; dk T[; B{z gqshcb gqkgs j[zdk j?, fijVk you dh ng/fynk finkdk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh ftnesh dh f;Zfynk s/ ehsk frnk you nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j[zdk j?.

(3) T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs ftnesh Bt/A ftukoK ns/ ;kXBK B{z rqfjD eoB d/ bJh fsnko ofjdk j?. T[; ftZu Bt/A ftukoK ns/ ;kXBK B{z rqfjD eoB dh Pesh gh ng/fynk ti'A finkdk j[dh j?. Bshi/ ti'A T[j fBozso nkofEe gqkgsh eoB ftZu ;woZE j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A th f;Zfynk nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?.



(4) fJ; ;dh ftZu frnkB^frnkB d/ y/so ftZu pj[s gqrsh j'Jh j?. noE T[sgkdB d/ fe;h th y/so ftZu fJ; frnkB dk f;ZX ;zpzX j?. y/so Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB gqkgs ftnesh T[; fe;kB dh ng/fynk pj[s finkdk T[sgkdB eodk j? fi; B/ fJ; nkX[fBe y/sh ;zpzXh frnkB B{z gqkgs BjhA ehsk j?. fJ;h soQK tfDi dh T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs ftnesh nZi d/ tfDi y/so ftZu ng/fynk ti'A finkdk ;cb j' fojk j?. T[d:'r d/ y/so ftZu ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk dk T[sgkdB do Bkb f;ZXk ;zpzX j[zdk j?. T[d:'rK dh ;cbsk f;Zfyns eowekoK, T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs fJzihBhnoK ns/ T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs gq'vePB w?B/ioK ns/ ;?b; w?B/ioK nkfd s/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; soQK eowekoK ns fJzihBhnoK nkfd dh f;Zfynk s/ you nkgD/ ftZu fBt/P j?.

(5) ftnesh dh f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ ikD tkb/ you s'A ftnesh dh nkgD/^nkg dh nkwdB gqgkfts j[zdh j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe T[d:'rK ftZu ;XkoD f;ybkJh gqkgs ftnesh B{z xZN t/sB fwbdk j?, fvgb'wk gqkgs ftneshnK B{z T[jBK s'A tZX ns/ tZX ;w/A sZe tZX XzB you eoe/ fJzihBhfozr dh fvroh gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftneshnK B{z T[jBK s'A th tZX t/sB fwbdk j?. fJ; y/so ftZu ehsh rJhnK P'XK s'A gsk bZrdk j? fe f;Zfynk s/ ehsk ikD tkbk you nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' f;Zfynk s/ you eoB Bkb okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?.

(6) f;Zfynk s/ you eoB Bkb okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?. fijVk okPNo ;XkoD, gq'c/PBb ns/ ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh dh f;Zfynk s/ fizBk finkdk you eodk j? T[; dh okPNoh nkwdB T[Bh jh j[zdh j?. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe f;Zfynk s/ ehsk ikD tkbk you ftfB:'r j?.

(7) fJ; y/so ftZu P'XK d/ BshfinK s'A fJj th f;ZNk fBebdk j? fe fiBQK okPNoK ftZu f;Zfynk dk fB:'iB eod/ ;w/A ;ki dh wzr ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b f;Zfynk ftt;Ek eoB dk fizBk finkdk :sB ehsk iKdk j? T[jBK ftZu jh finkdk gqshcb gqkgs j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu th fJjh ;gPN j[zdk j? fe f;Zfynk nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?.

17H5 f;Zfynk wB[Zyh w{bXB d/ o{g ftZu (Education as Human Capital)

pj[s g[okD ejkts j?ôkik d/P ftZu jh g{fink iKdk j?, ftdtkB dh g{ik ;ko/ ;z;ko ftZu j[zdh j?. fJj th XkoDk j? fe gfVQnk^fbfynk ftnesh edh G[Zyk BjhA wodk. f;Zfynk B{z edh ysw Bk j'D tkbk XzB fejk iKdk j?.

nzro/ih Ppd e?ghNb dk noE j[zdk j?^w[Zy. ;XkoD s"o s/ fJ; Ppdk gq:'r fe;h d/P d/ tZv/ BroK d/ bJh iK T[jBK dhnK okiXkBhnK d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. noEPk;so ftZu fJ; dk noE w{bXB j[zdk j?. noEPk;so ftZu w{bXB T[; XzB B{z efjzd/ jB fi; d/ ftfB:'r Bkb e'Jh wB[Zy j'o finkdk XzB nofis eodk j?. ;XkoD s"o s/ e'Jh wB[Zy fe;h T[d:'r iK eko'pkoe ftZu fizBk finkdk w{bXb brkT[Adk j? T[; B{z T[Bk jh tZX nkofEe bkG j[zdk j?. w{bXB dh T[g:'rsk T[; dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ T[fus ftfB:'r ftZu Pkfwb j[zdh j?. pZ; fJjh rZb f;Zfynk d/ Bkb j?. fijVk wB[Zy fizBk finkdk tZX f;Zfyns j[zdk j?, T[; d/ e'b fizBh finkdk ftfdne T[gkXhnK j[zdhnK jB, fizBh finkdk T[; ftZu :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk j[zdh j? ns/ T[j nkgDh fJBQK ftfdne T[gkXhnK ns/ nkgDh :'rsk dk fizBk finkdk gq:'r eodk j? T[; B{z T[Bk jh finkdk nkofEe bkG j[zdk j?. ns/ fi; soQK w{bXB dh T[g:'rsk T[; dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ ftfB:'r ftZu Pkfwb j[zdh j? mhe T[;h soQK f;Zfynk dh T[g:'rsk th T[; dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ T[fus gq:'r ftZu Pkfwb j[zdh j?. fJjBK d'jK ftZu nzso e/tb fJzBk j[zdk j/ fe XB pkjoh t;s{ j[zdk j? ns/ f;Zfynk wB[Zy dk nkgDk r[D. fJ;h nXko s/ ftfdne noEPk;so ftZu f;Zfynk B{z wB[Zyh w{bXB fejk iKdk j?.



B'N f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy B{z ;XkoD o{g s'A fszB soQK d/ bkG j[zd/ jB^gfjbk fJj fe T[; s'A T[; B{z wkBf;e ;zs'P fwbdk j?, d{ik fJj fe T[; s'A T[; B{z nkdo fwbdk j? ns/ fsZik fJj fe T[; s'A T[; B{z nkofEe bkG j[zdk j?. e[ZM f;Zfynk nfijh j[zdh j? fi; Bkb wB[Zy B{z e/tb gfjbk bkG fwbdk j?l fit/A^nfXnksfwe frnkB. e[ZM f;Zfynk gqkgs eoBk, ftfPPN frnkB gqkgs eoBk. ns/ e[ZM f;Zfynk nfijh j[zdh j? fi; Bbk wB[Zy B{z fszB'A soQK d/ bkG j[zd/ jBl fit/A^ jkJh ;e{bQ, fJzNo nkfd f;Zfynk d/ gqwkDgZso, ;Bkswe, gok;Bkse ns/ vkeNo/N dhnK T[gkXhnK ns/ fBnk, nfXnkgB, fJzihBhnfozr, w?vheb ns/ gqPk;B ;zpzXh T[gkXhnK. fJ; f;Zfynk d[nkok T[jBK B{z wkBf;e ;zs'P fwbdk j?, ;wki ftZu nkdo fwbdk j? ns/ nkofEe bkG fwbdk j?. ftfdne noEPk;so ftZu fJj fsZi/ soQK dh f;Zfynk B{z jh wB[Zyh w{bXB fejk iKdk j?. d/fynk frnk j? fe fi; okPNo d/ BkrfoeK d/ e'b fizBk finkdk fJJj wB[Zyh w{bXB jz[zdk j? T[j okPNo T[Bk jh finkdk nkofEe ftek; eodk j?. sK jh nZi d/ G"fsetkdh :[r ftZu ;G s'A tZX i'o T[sgkdB ns/ T[d:'r ;zpzXh f;Zfynk s/ fdZsk iKdk j?.

Nk;e ;wki ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

17H6 f;Zfynk ns/ okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; (Education and Economic Development of a Nation) okPNo d/ nkofEe ftek; s'A Gkt ;XkoD o{g s'A nkwdB dh T[so'so tkX/ s'A fbnk iKdk j?. okPNoh nkwdB ;XkoD o{g s'A ;eb okPNoh T[sgkd (ihH n?BH ghH) d[nkok wkgh iKdh j?. ;eb okPNoh T[sgkd d[nkok wPhB nkfd dh fx;ktN xNkT[D Bkb ftP[ZX okPNoh T[sgkd (n?BH n?BH ghH) dk gsk uZbdk j?. ;XkoD ftnesh ftP[ZX okPNoh T[sgkd B{z jh okPNoh nksdB wzBd/ jB. gozs{ nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh sK nkofEe ftek; ehsk BjhA iKdk, T[; Bkb ftneshnK d/ ihtB ;so ftZu r[Dkswe tkXk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj j' ;edk j? fe okPNoh nkwdB tXD s/ th okPNo d/ BkrfoeK dk ihtB ;so Bk T[m/, T[; ftZu froktN th nk ;edh j?. fJj T[d'A j[zdk j? id'A izB;zfynk ftZu tkX/ dh do okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkX/ dh do s'A finkdk j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh j[D okPNoh d/ nkofEe ftek; B{z okPNoh nkwdB d/ ;EkB s/ okPNo dh gqsh ftnesh nkwdB d/ o{g ftZu wkfgnk iKdk j?. okPNoh nkwdB B{z okPNo dh e[ZbQ izB;zfynk Bkb tzvD s/ okPNo dh gqsh ftnesh nkwdB gqkgs j[zdh j?. gozs{ fJj th ;zGt j? fe okPNo ftZu gqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j'D s/ th BkrfoeK dk ihtB ;so Bk T[m/. nfijk T[d'A j[zdk j? id'A w[dok dk ntw[Zb j' iKdk j?, wfjzrkJh tZX iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJj io{oh j? fe gqsh ftnesh nkwdB d/ Bkb^BkB w[dok d/ ssekfbe w{b B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZfynk ikt/. fJ; soQK i/eo fe;h okPNo ftZu gqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftZu fBozso tkXk j[zdk j?, fJzBh tkX/ dh w[dok Bkb ntw[ZbB d/ pknd th T[; d/ BkrfoeK d/ ihtB ;so ftZu r[Dkswe ftek; j[zdk j? sK T[; B{z n;hA okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; ejKr/.

fe;h okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; w{b o{g s'A T[sgkdB ns/ tzv s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJjBK ftZu'A T[sgkdB fBoGo eodk j? gqfeofse ;z;kXBK (G{wh, eZuk wkb, yfDi gdkoE nkfd) ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK (g{zih, :zso, fwjBs, ;zrmB, gqPk;B ns/ nB[;zXkB nkfd) s/. ns/ tzv fBoGo eodh j? e/tb wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK s/. fJ; y/so ftZu ehs/ rJ/ nfXnBK s'A fJj f;ZNk fBebdk j? fe fe;h okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; gqfeofse ;z;kXBK dh ng/fynk wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK s/ finkdk fBoGo eodk j?. ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK dk ftek; f;Zfynk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[; ;w/A efjDk BjhA j't/rk fe fe;h okPNo d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh nfjw G{fwek j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok fe;h okPNo d/ BkrfoeK dh ;woZEk, :'rsk ns/ fBg[zBsk ftZu fizBk finkdk ftek; ehsk ikJ/rk, T[jBK B{z T[sgkdB d/ gqsh fizBk finkdk ;u/s ehsk ikJ/rk ns/ T[sgkdB d/ eo^fteo ftZu fizBk finkdk us[o ehsk ikJ/rk T[Bk jh finkdk okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; j't/rk.



j[D gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh fe; soQK dh f;Zfynk io{oh j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A b'e fJj ;'ud/ jB fe nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh e/tb eko'pkoe, seBheh ns/ gqpzX f;Zfynk jh io{oh j? gozs{ n;bhns sK fJj j? fe nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ;XkoD ns/ ftfPPN d'jK soQK dh f;Zfynk io{oh j[zdh j?.

;XkoD f;Zfynk dh G{fwek^;XkoD f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk j? fi; dh ftt;Ek e'Jh d/P, oko iK okPNo io{oh ns/ fBP[be o{g s'A eodk j?. T[; dk T[d/P pZfunKdk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie ns/ B?fse ftek; eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu GkPk frnkB, nGhftnesh e"Pb, ;wk:'iB ns/ gfotosBPhbsk s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; y/so ftZu ehs/ rJ/ nfXnBK s'A gsk uZbdk j? fe fJjBK r[DK ns/ ;woZEktK dk T[sgkdB ns/ tzv e[Pbsk s/ brGr T[Bk jh gqGkt g?Adk j? fizBk T[sgkdB ns/ tzv ;zpzXh sZEK d/ frnkB n/s e"Pb dk g?Adk j?. fJ; soQK ftfPPN seBheh ns/ e"PbK dh f;ybkJh d[nkok gfjbK wB[Zy d/ bJh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh io{os j[zdh j?. ;kv/ d/P Gkos ftZu 14 ;kb sZe pZfunK d/ bJh ;XkoD, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j?. fJ; T[wo sZe pZu/ iwks 8 jh gk; eo gkT[Ad/ jB. ;kvh fdqPNh s'A ;XkoD, io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek pZfunK dh T[wo BjhA, f;Zfynk ;so j'Dk ukjhdk j? n/s fJj f;Zfynk ;so 10 O 2 O 3 dh okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk d/ iwks 10 sZe j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[d'A ;XkoD f;Zfynk d[nkok pZfunK ftZu fJZe gk;/ GkPk frnkB, ;wk:'iB ;woZEk ns/ gfotosBPhbsk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;e/rk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ fJ; s'A j/mb/ tor d/ eowukohl fit/A u"ehdko ns/ dcsoh nkfd ns/ wZXw tor d/ eowukohl fit/A^;N'o ehgo ns/ eboe nkfd fsnko ehs/ ik ;eDr/. ihtB d/ ;XkoD ekoiKl fit/A^g';N nkfc;, p?Ae ns/ ihtB phwk ;zpzXh ekoiK B{z th fJj e[Pbsk Bkb ;zgkdfgs eo ;eDr/. Gkos fij/ b'eszsoe d/P d/ Bkrfoe xZN s'A xZN fJzB/ f;Zfyns sK j'D/ jh ukjhd/ jB.

ftfPPN f;Zfynk dh G{fwek^ftfPPN f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk j? fijVh wB[ZyK B{z ftfPPN y/soK ftZu ekoi eoB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?l fit/A^y/sh, e[Nho T[d:'r, Gkoh T[d:'r, f;Zfynk, fBnk, f;js ns/ fBowkD nkfd. fJ; dk T[d/P fJBQK Gkosh y/soK d/ bJh e[Pb eoweko, fJzihBhno, seBh;hnB, ftt;Ekge ns/ gqPk;e nkfd dk fBowkD eoBk j[ zdk j?. ;kvh okPNoh f;Zfynk :'iBk 10 O 2 O 3 ftZu fJj ekoi O 2 ns/ O 3 s/ ehsk iKdk j?. O2 s/ ftfGzB e[Nho T[d:'rK B{z ubkT[D dh f;ybkJh d/D ns/ Gkoh T[d:'rK d/ bJh e[Pb eoweko fsnko eoB dk ;[Mkn j?. O3 ;so s/ fJzihBhnoK, vkeNoK, tehbK, gqPk;eK nkfd f;Zfynk d/ bJh gfjbK s'A jh ftt;Ek j?. fJzihBhnfozr ekbiK, w?vheb ekbiK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfGzB y/soK ftZu ekoi dh ftt;Ek th j?. fJ; f;Zfynk d[nkok y/sh ns/ T[d:'r y/so ftZu T[sgkdB tZX fojk j?, tzv dhnK dPktK ftZu ;[Xko j' fojk j? ns/ okPNoh nkwdB tZX ojh j?. Bshi/ ti'A okPNo dk nkofEe ftek; j' fojk j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe f;Zfynk fe;h okPNo d/ nkofEe ftek; dk w{b ;kXB j?. 17H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

nzro/ih Ppd e?ghNb dk noE j[zdk j?^w[Zy. ;XkoD s"o s/ fJ; Ppd dk gq:'r fe;h d/P d/ tZv/ BroK d/ bJh iK T[jBK dhnK okiXkBhnK d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. noEPk;so ftZu fJ; dk noE w{bXB j[zdk j?. noEPk;so ftZu w{bXB T[; XzB B{z efjzd/ jB fi; d/ ftfB:'r d[nkok e'Jh wB[Zy j'o finkdk XzB nofis eodk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A e'Jh wB[Zy fe;h T[d:'r iK eko'pko ftZu fizBk finkdk w{bXB brkT[Adk j? T[; B{z T[Bk jh finkdk nkofEe bkG j[zdk j?. w{bXB dh T[g:'rsk T[; dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[; d/ T[fus ftfB:'r ftZu Pkfwb j[zdh j?. pZ; fJjh rZb f;Zfynk d/ Bkb j?. 17H8 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ftfB:'r (Investment) g{ihfBt/P 2H w{bXB (Capital) g{zih, tgko P[o{ eoB d/ bJh io{oh XzB dh wksok

B'N



B'N 17H9 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H „;kwi‟ s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ; d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk fby'.

2H „;wki n/s f;Zfynk ftZu ;zpzX‟ dk toDB eo'.

3H f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk dk T[b/y eo'.

4H „f;Zfynk ns/ okPNo dk nkofEe ftek;‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H ;wki 2H nB:'B:kPkfos 3H pj[T[d/Ph 4H f;Zfynk 5H nw{os

6H rbs 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H rbs 10H ;jh. 17H10 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;







fJekJh^18 pkbe dk ;wkiheoD

fJekJh^18L pkbe dk ;wkiheoD (Socialization of the Child)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


18H1 ;wkiheoB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Socialization)

18H2 ;wkiheoD dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Socialization)

18H3 ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk (Process of Socialization)

18H4 pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZs iK ekoe (Factors Leading to the Socialization of the Child)

18H5 pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXe sZs (Factors Resisting Socialization of the Child)

18H6 ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge dk T[ZsodkfJst (Role of Teacher in the Process of Socialization)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wkiheoD dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh. ;wkiheoD dhnK ftP/PsktK ikDB ;zpzXh. pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXB sZsK B{z ikDB ;zpzXh.


pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu gV'; ns/ ;zrh ;kEh th ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. gfotko s'A fBeb e/ T[j nkgD/ gV'; ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK ns/ nkgD/ ;wftn;e pkbeK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[Adk j?. T[jBK d/ Bkb T[Zmdk^p?mdk j?, y/vdk j?, rZbK eodk j?, edh bVdk^MrVdk j? ns/ edh fgnko eodk j?. gV'; jh T[; B{z uzrh iK p{oh ;zrs gqdkB eodk j?. uzrh ;zrs ftZu T[; dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ p{oh ;zrs ftZu T[j fprV th ;edk j?. gV'; ns/ ;zrh^;kEh uzrh, ;ZfGn ns/ tXhnk ;z;feqs jB sK pkbe dk ;wkiheoD T[fus o{g ftZu ns/ s/ih rsh Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ i/eo gV'; ns/ ;zrh^;kEh uzr/ BjhA jB sK T[; dk ;wkiheoD T[fus fdPk ftZu BjhA j[zdk.

18H1 ;wkiheoD dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Socialization) nkgD/ iBw d/ ;w/A pkbe fJZe wB'Pohoe gqkDh (Psychophysical Animal) j[zdk j?. T[j Bk sK ;wkfie j[zdk j? ns/ Bk n;wkfie. gozs{ j'bh^j'bh T[j ;wkfie tksktoD s'A gqGkfts j'D bZrdk j?. T[; ftZu ;wkfie u/sBk ns/ ;wkfie T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk ftef;s j'Dh nozG j'



B'N iKdh j?. T[j ;wki ftZu gquZbsk gqzgoktK, wkBsktK, neKfynktK, w{bK, nkdoPK n/s ;z;feqsh dk nB[gkbD eoB bZrdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ gqGkt ftZu nk e/ T[jBK d/ jh nB[;ko fttjko eoB bZrdk j?. fJjh ;wkiheoD ejkT[Adk j?. fJ; soQK ;wkiheoD T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok ftnesh ;wki ftZu ofj e/ T[; d/ w{bK, nkdoPK, ftPtk;K ns/ ihtB P?bh B{z f;Zydk j? ns/ T[; B{z nkgD/ ftnefsst dk nzr pDkT[Adk j?.

;wkiheoD d/ noE B{z ;gPN eoB d/ bJh ftfGzb ftdtkBK d[nkok fdZshnK rJhnK e[ZM gfoGkPktK j/m fbyhnK jB^

fezpb :zr d/ nB[;ko, “;wkiheoD dk noE fJj j? fe ftnesh iBohshnK, o{VQhnK, ekB{zBK, nkgDh ;z;feqsh d/ j'o bZSDK, e[PbsktK ns/ j'o io{oh nkdsK B{z f;Zydk j?, i' ;wki dk fefonkPhb w?Apo pDB ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzdhnK jB. T[j nkgD/ nkg B{z, nkgD/ gfotko, gV'; ns/ tor d/ nB[e{b pDkT[Dk f;Zydk j?. ;ko nzP o{g s'A ;wkiheoD dh ;zg{oD gqfefonk nzso^fefonk iK ;wkihe ekoi d/ nzsors nkT[Adh j?.”

p'rkov; d/ PpdK ftZu, “fJeZm/ fwb e/ ekoi eoB, ;w{fje T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk ftef;s eoB, j'o ftneshnK dh efbnkD ;zpzXh io{osK B{z ;kjwD/ oZy e/ ekoi eoB dh gqfefonk B{z ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk efjzd/ jB.”

j?ftxo;N ns/ fBT{rkoNB d/ PpdK ftZu, “;wkiheoD T[j gqfefonk j?, fi; d/ wkfXnw Bkb pkbe nkgD/ ;wki d/ ;thfeqs YzrK B{z f;Zyd/ jB ns/ fJBQK YzrK B{z nkgD/ ftnefsst dk fJZe nzr pDk b?Ad/ jB.”

frfbB ns/ frfbB d/ nB[;ko, “;wkiheoD s'A ;kvk Gkt T[; gqfefonk s'A j? fi; d/ d[nkok ftnesh ;w{j dk fJZe fefonkswe w?Apo pDdk j? ns/ T[;h d/ ;so d/ nB[;ko ekoi eodk j?. T[; d/ b'ekuko, gqzgok ns/ ;wkfie go;fEshnK d/ Bkb nkgDk ;wBt? ;Ekfgs eodk j?.”

rqhB d/ nB[;ko, “;wkiheoD T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok pkbe ;z;feqse ftP/PsktK, nksw ns/ ftnefsst B{z gqkgs eodk j?.”

B'N; pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu g[o;eko ns/ dzv th pj[s ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB.

18H2 ;wkiheoD dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Socialization)

pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dhnK fBwB fbys ftP/PsktK jB^

1H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk fszB wjZstg{oD gZyKîht ouBk, ftnesh ns/ ;wki s/ nXkfos j?.

2H ;wkiheoD f;ZyD dh fJZe gqfefonk j?. ;wkfie w{bK, nkdoPK ns/ gqshwkBK B{z f;ZyDk jh ;wkiheoD j?.

3H ;wkiheoD d/ d[nkok fJZe ftnesh ;wkfie gqkDh pD iKdk j?. 4H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk iBw s'A b? e/ w"s sZe uZbD tkbh gqfefonk j?. 5H ;wkiheoD gqfefonk d/ d[nkok pkbe ;wki dk ekoikswe w?Apo pD iKdk j?. 6H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftnesh d/ „nksw‟ d/ ftek; (Development of self) eoB

ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. 7H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk d/ d[nkok ftnesh w{bK, wkBeK ns/ ;wki d[nkok ;thfeqs

fttjkoK B{z f;Zydk j? ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ G"fse ns/ nG"fse nB[GtK B{z nkgD/ ftZu ;wkT[Adk j?.



8H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk nB[e{bB eoBk f;ykT[Adh j?. 9H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk d/ d[nkok ;z;feqsh ihfts ofjzdh j? ns/ ;wki nkgDh fBozsosk

pDkJ/ oZydk j?. ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk jh ;z;feqsh B{z fJZe ghVQh s'A d{ih ghVQh B{z j;sKsfos eodh ofjzdh j?.

10H ;wkiheoD gqfefonk d/ d[nkok ftnesh ;wki d/ ftfGzB ;w{jK dk w?A;o pD iKdk j?. 11H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk pj[s finkdk ftnkge j[zdh j?. 12H ;wkiheoD ;g/fyne fefonk j?. ;w/A ns/ ;EkB d/ nB[;ko fJ; dk ;o{g pdfbnk

j'fJnk j' ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment) ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk HHHHHHHHHHHHHH uZbD tkbh gqfefonk j?. 2H ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu HHHHHHHHHHH dk ftP/P wjZst j?.

18H3 ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk (Process of Socialization)

;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk dh ftnkfynk d' fdqPNhe'DK s'A ehsh ik ;edh j?^ 1H ftneshrs fdqPNh s'A. 2H t;s{fBPm fdqPNh s'A. ftneshrs fdqPNh s'A ;wkiheoD T[j gqfefonk j?, fijVh ;wki d/ w?ApoK ftZu nzdo{Bh o{g s'A T[; ;w/A sZe uZbdh ofjzdh j? id'A sZe fe T[j nkgD/ tksktoD d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eoB ftZu ;woZE BjhA j' iKd/. fJ; fdqPNh s'A ftnesh T[; ;wki d/ fB:wK, gqzgoktK ns/ w{bK B{z nkgBk b?Adk j?, fi; ftZu T[j ofjzdk j?. ;wkiheoD dh fJj gqfefonk ihtB Go uZbdh ofjzdh j?. t;s{fBPm fdqPNh s'A ;wkiheoD T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok ;wki nkgDh ;z;feqsh B{z fJZe ghVQh s'A d{ih ghVQh B{z j;sKsfos eodk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A fJj gqfefonk ;wki d/ w?ApoK B{z T[jBK ;wkfie ekoiK dh f;Zfynk gqdkB eodh j?, fiBQK B{z T[jBK B{z eoBk ukjhdk j?.

;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk d/ wjZstg{oD ekoe jB^ 1H gkbD^g'PD (Child Rearing)^;wkiheoD d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe pkbe dk gkbD^g'PD

;w{fus Yzr s'A ehsk ikt/. nfijk j'D s/ jh T[j ;wki d/ w{bK ns/ nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko nkuoB eoBk f;Zydk j?.

2H nB[;oD (Imitation)^pkbe e/tb nkgD/ wksk^fgsk dk jh nB[;oD BjhA eodk pbfe nkgD/ GkJh^G?DK, gfotkoK d/ j'o w?ApoK, gV';hnK ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ j'o w?ApoK B{z th nB[;oD eodk j?. pkbe nkgD/ s'A tZfvnK d/ ekoiK B{z d/y e/ ;wki dhnK gqzgoktK ns/ nkdoPK B{z ngBkT[Adk j?. fJ; soQK nB[;oD ;wkiheoD dk nXkoG{s sZs j?.

3H fBod/P (Suggestion)^fBod/PK iK ;[MkntK dk pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?. pkbe T[jh ekoi eodk j? fi; B{z eoB d/ bJh d{i/ ftneshnK d[nkok T[; B{z fejk iKdk j? iK T[; B{z fBod/P fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK fBod/P ;wkfie fttjko dh fdPk B{z fBoXkfos eod/ jB.

4H ;jkB[G{sh (Sympathy)^;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu ;jkB[G{sh dk th ftP/P wjZst j?. pkbe B{z nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;jkB[G{sh dh pj[s finkdk io{os j[zdh j?. ;jkB[G{sh d/ d[nkok pkbe ftZu nkgD/gB dh GktBk dk ftek; j[zdk j?. pkbe T[jBK b'eK d/ Bkb ftP/P brkt oZydk j?, T[jBK Bkb finkdk gq/w eodk j?, T[jBK dhnK rZbK B{z ;fji ftZu jh ;theko eo b?Adk j?, i' T[; Bkb ;jkB[G{sh oZyd/ jB.

5H ;fj:'r (Co-operation)^;wki jh pkbe B{z ;wkiheoD gqkDh pDkT[Adk j?. ;wkfie r[DK dk gqkd[oGkt T[; ftZu ;wki d/ d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. fit/A^fit/A pkbe ;wki d/ j'o ftnshnK s'A ;fj:'r gqkgs eodk j?l T[;h soQK T[j T[jBK B{z nkgDk ;fj:'r d/Dk th nozG eo fdzdk j?. fJ; Bkb T[; dh ;wkfie gqftoshnK ;zrfms j[zdhnK jB.

B'N



B'N 6H nkswhnsk (Identification)^nkswhnsk gko;gfoe ftPtk; ns/ nkdo dk ftneshrs ;zpzX j?. gfotko, gV'; ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ gq/wg{oD fttjko ns/ ;jkB[G{sh ftZu nkswhnsk dh Gktbk g?dk j[zdh j?, fijV/ ftnesh pkbe Bkb fgnko eod/ jB, T[; d/ Bkb ;fj:'r ns/ ;jkB[G{sh dk fttjko eod/ jB, pkbe th T[jBK B{z nkgDk ;wMD bZrdk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ fttjko, nkuoD ns/ ofjD^;fjD, GkPk, nkdoPK nkfd B{z ngBkT[D dk :sB eodk j?.

7H g[o;eko ns/ dzv (Reward and Punishment)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheod ftZu g[o;eko ns/ dzv th pj[s ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. id'A pkbe uzr/ ekoi eodk j?, ;wki d/ nkdoPK, w{bK ns/ wkBsktK d/ nB[;ko fttjko eodk j?, sK T[; B{z gqPz;k fwbdh j? iK g[o;eko fwbdk j?. gozs{ id'A pkbe ;wki d/ nkdoPK, w{bK ns/ wkBsktK d/ T[bN ekoi eodk j? iK n;wkfie ekoi eodk j? sK T[; B{z dzv fwbdk j?. fJ; Bkb pkbe d/ ;wkihfeqs j'D ftZu pj[s ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;wkiheod dh gqfefonk iBw s'A b? e/ w"s sZe uZbD tkbh gqfefonk j?.



3H ;wki jh pkbe B{z pDkT[Adk j?^

(T) ;wkfie gqkDh (n) n;wkfie gqkDh (J) g{ot g[oy (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H ;wkfie r[DK dk gqd[oGkt j[zdk j?^

(T) ftnesh d[nkok (n) ;wki d/ d[nkok (J) pkbe d/ d[nkok (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H Pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dk ;G s'A gqw[Zyu ns/ ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ekoi j?^

(T) gfotko (n) ;wki (J) d/P (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H Pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dk fJZe gqw[Zy ;kXB j?^

(T) wksk^fgsk (n) iksh (J) d/P (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

18H4 pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZs iK ekoe (Factors Leading to the Socialization of the Child) ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ihtB Go uZbD tkbh gqfefonk j?. fJ; soQK fJ; ftZu ;wki dhnK eJh ;z;EktK dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?. pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoB tkb/ gqw[Zy sZs j//m fby/ nB[;ko jB^

1H gfotko (Family)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dk ;G s'A gqw[Zy ns/ ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ekoi gfotko j?. fezpkb :zr d/ PpdK ftZu^“;wki d/ nzdo ;wkiheoD d/ ftfGzB ;kXBK ftZu gfotko ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD j?.” pkbe dk iBw gfotko ftZu j[zdk j? n/s T[E/ jh T[;dk ftek; j[zdk j?. gfotko ftZu jh T[j ykDk^ghDk, T[ZmDk^p?mDk, uZbDk^ fcoB, t;so gkT[Dk, g{ikgkm eoBk nkfd ekoiK B{z eoBk f;Zydk j?. gfotko ftZu



jh T[j ;wki d/ fB:wK dk nozGe ns/ fttjkfoe frnkB gqkgs eodk j?. gfotko ftZu jh T[j gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekfosk, ;jkB[G{sh, fdnk, w[nkch, fsnkr, ;dGkt, ;fjDPhbsk ns/ eosZt fBPmk nkfd ;wkfie r[DK B{z f;Zydk j?. ftnesh ihtB Go gfotko ftZu ofjzdk j?. fJ; soQK gfotko ;wkiheoD dk ;G s'A tZX ;EkJh ;kXB j?. wksk^fgsk, GkJh^G?D, dkdk^dkdh, ukukûkjh, skfJnk^skJh nkfd gfotko d/ ;ko/ w?Apo pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;eoh ofjzd/ jB. gfotko d/ w?Apo jh pkbe B{z uzrk^p{ok, T[fus^nDT[fus, ;jh^rbs, fJZSs^nDfJZSs, fBnk;zrs^nfBnk;zrs nkfd dk frnkB eokT[Ad/ jB. gfotko d/ ;fj:'rh ns/ Gktkswe tksktoD dk pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD s/ nB[e{b gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ ngokXh ftefos, ftxfNs gfotkoK B{z pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD s/ T[bN gqGkt g?Adk j?.

2H ftfdnkfbnk (School)^pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZsK ftZu gfotko d/ pknd ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD sZs ftfdnkfbnk j?. ftfdnkfbnk pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dk n"gukfoe ;kXB j?. ftfdnkb/ ftZu pkbe B{z T[;h ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh s'A ikD{ eokfJnk iKdk j?, T[; B{z ;wki d/ w{b ns/ wkBsktK d/ ftZP/ ftZu ikDekoh fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ T[[; B{z T[jBK d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoB d/ bJh gq/fos ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkb/ ftZu pkbe dk ;w{fus ;wkiheoD eoB d/ bJh j/m fby/ T[gkn ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB^

1H ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;w{fje ekoiKl fit/A^tkd^fttkd, gZso^gkmB, BkNe, go:NB nkfd dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

2H ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;wkfie sZsK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 3H ftfdnkb/ ftZu y/vê[Zd, ;kfjfse ;z;feaqfse nkfd gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK

dh ftnkge ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. 4H ftfdnkb/ ftZu pkbeK B{z ;w{fje nzso^fefonk d/ tZX^s'A^tZX w"e/ gqdkB ehs/

ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. 5H ;wkfie nB[GtK ns/ ;wkfie e"PbK fit/A^gZso^b/y, ;fjG'i, d{oGkP dk gq:'r

nkfd dh f;Zfynk gqdkB ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. 6H ftfdnkb/ dk tksktoD gq/w, ;fj:'r ns/ ;dGkt Bkb g{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. 7H ftfdnkb/ dk ihtB nB[Pk;Bg{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j? pkbeK ftZu nkswknB[Pk;B dh

GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 8H ;wkfie ohshnK, gqzgoktK ns/ e[gqEktK d/ fBokeoD d/ ftP/ ftZu pkbeK B{z

dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 9H pkbeK ftZu g[oeko ns/ dzv d/ o{g ftZu ;wkfie gqfsPmk ns/ fso;eko dh

f;jswzd GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 10H ftfdnkb/ B{z bx{ ;w[dkfJ dk o{g fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H gV'; ns/ ;zrh ;kEh (Neighbourhood and Peer-Group)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu gV'; ns/ ;zrh ;kEh th ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. gfotko ftZu'A fBeb e/ T[j nkgD/ gV'; ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK ns/ nkgD/ ;wftn;e pkbeK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[Adk j?. T[jBK d/ Bkb T[Zmdk^p?mdk j?, y/vdk j?, rZbk eodk j?, edh bVdk^MrVdk j? ns/ edh fgnko eodk j?. gV'; jh T[; B{z uzrh iK p{oh ;zrs gqdkB eodk j?. uzrh ;zrs ftZu T[; dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ p{oh ;zrs ftZu T[j fprV th ;edk j?. gV'; ns/ ;zrh^;kEh uzrh, ;ZfGn ns/ tXhnk ;z;feqs jB sK pkbe dk ;wkiheoD T[fus o{g ftZu ns/ s/i rsh Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ i/eo gV'; ns/ ;zrh^;kEh uzrh BjhA jB sK T[; dk ;wkiheoD T[fus fdPk ftZu BjhA j[zdk.

4H iksh (Caste)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dk fJZe gqw[Zy ;kXB iksh j?. jo/e iksh dhnK nkgDhnK ohshnK, gqzgoktK, w{b ns/ nkdoP j[zd/ jB ns/ pkbe nkgDh iksh dhnK fJjBK jh ohshnK, gqzgoktK, w{bK ns/ nkdoPK B{z ngBkT[Adk j?. fJ;h ekoB jo/e iksh d/ pkbeK dk ;wkiheoD th nbZr^nbZr j[zdk j?.Gkt/A ;kv/ d/P ftZu ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko

B'N



B'N e'Jh tor G/d BjhA j?, e'Jh S'Nk^tZvk iK T[Zuk^BhtK BjhA j? gozs{ fttjkefoe o{g s'A e[ZM ikshnK^pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P nkfd nkgD/^nkg B{z T[Zuk ns/ ;o/Pm ;wMdhnK jB fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A fJBQK ikshnK d/ pkbeK d/ nzdo nfjw ns/ nfGwkb dh GktBk g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ d{ihnK ikshnK d/ pkbe jhBsk d/ fPeko ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK rZbK dk f;ZXk gqGkt T[; d/ ;wkiheod s/ g?Adk j?.

5H ;w[dkfJ (Community)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;w[dkfJ dk ftP/P :'rdkB j?. ;w[dkfJ nkgDh ;z;feqsh, ebk, ;kfjs, fJfsjk;, gqEktK, gqzgoktK, g{ot XkoDktK, wB'oziB d/ ;kXBK, f;Zfynk d/ nfGeoDK, ;[ftXktK, ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe sZsK ns/ fsUjkoK d/ d[nkok pkbe d/ ;wkiheod B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. ;w[dkfJ dhnK ;w{fje fefonktK ftZu Grk b?D Bkb th pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. ;w[dkfJ dk ;zrmB ns/ T[; dh ;wikfie, nkofEE ns/ okiBhfse ;fEsh th pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD B{z gqGkfts eodh j?.

6H Xkofwe, nkofEe, ;z;feqfse ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK (Religious, Economic, Cultural

and Political Institutions)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD s/ ;wki dh Xkofwe, nkofEe, ;z;feqfse ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK dk th v[zxk gqGkt g?Adk j?. ;wki Xkofwe o{g s'A eZNo j? iK T[dko, nkofEE o{g s'A g{zihtkd j? iK ;wkitkdh, okiBhfwe o{g s'A okiszsotkdh j?, gqikszsotkdh j? iK nfXnBkfJetkdh j?, nkfd rZbK pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD s/ gqGkt gkT[AdhnK jB. ;wki dh ;z;feqfse ;z;EktK pkbe B{z ;wki d/ ohshôhtkiK, gqzgoktK ns/ ;z;feqfse rshftXhnK s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j?. fGzB^fGzB ;z;EktK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[D tkb/ pkbeK d/ ;wkiheod ftZu nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?.

7H y/vê[Zd (Games and Sports)^y/ve[Zd pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pj[s :'rdkB fdzd/ jB. pkbe dh o{uh y/ve[Zd ftZu finkdk j[zdh j?. T[j y/vd/ ;w/A iksh, Xow, toD, ;zgqdkfJ, T{u^Bhu ns/ j'o ;ko/ soQK d/ G/dGktK s'A T[Zm e/ d{i/ pkbeK d/ Bkb nBzdd gqkgs eodk j?. y/vê[Zd ftZu pkbe dh ;wkfie nzso^fefonk dk ;otT[Zu gqdoPB j[zdk j?. y/vê[Zd ftZu pkbe ftZu gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjDPhbs, tckdkoh, ;jkB[G{sh, fB:w^gkbD ns/ Nhw GktBk nkfd eJh r[DK dk ftek; ;fji jh j' iKdk j?.

8H ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvzr (Scouting and Girl Guiding)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD eob tkb/ sZsK ftZu ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvr dk th ftP/P ;EkB j?. ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvzr iksh, Xow, toD, ;zgqdkfJ, T{u^Bhu, tZv/^S'N/, XzBtkB^fBoXB d/ G/d dk ;ze{fus okPNohnsk dh GktBk B{z ysw eodh j?. T[j ;wZf;nktK pkbe d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z ftnkge pDkT[AdhnK jB, T[jBK B{z ;w{fje ekoi eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB eodhnK jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu fB;tkoE Gkt s'A ;tk eoB dh GktBk dk ftek; eodh j?. fJBQK ;z;EktK dhnK rshftXhnK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb pkbe ftZu gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekohsk, gqT[geko, nkgD/gB dh GktB, fJwkBdkoh, fBPmk nkfd r[DK dk ftek; j[zdk j?, fijV/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pj[s ;jkfJe jB.

;?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbsh bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZsK ftZu gfotko d/ pknd ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD sZs ftfdnkfbnk j?<

8H nkgD/ iBw d/ ;w/A pkbe fJZe wB'Pohoe gqkDh j[zdk j?.

9H ;wkiheoD f;ZyD dh gqfefonk BjhA j?.

10H ;wkiheoD d/ d[nkok fJZe i?fte ftnesh ;wkfie gqkDh pD iKdk j?.



18H5 pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXe sZs (Factors Resisting Socialization of the Child) w?;b' (Maslow) d/ nB[;ko pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXe sZs j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H PkbêkbhB go;fEshnK^fit/A wksk^fgsk s'A fgnko fwBDk, wksk^fgsk ftZu ebQk ns/ ;zxoP, ftXtk wK, wksk^fgsk dk gZygksg{oD fttjko, nDT[fus dzv, n;[oZfynk, J/ekfeeoD nkfdo.

2H ;z;feqfse go;fEshnK^fit/A Xow, iksh, tor nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs g{ot XkoDktK ns/ g{otrqfj nkfd.

3H sZsekbhB go;fEshnK^fit/A nfBnk, ngwkB, fBokPk, fJoyk, em'osk nkfd.

4H j'o go;fEshnK^fit/A^Pohoe jhBsk, nkswftPtk; dh ewh, Pohoe d'P, f;Zfynk dh ewh, nkswfBoGosk dh ewh, p/o'irkoh, n;cbsktK nkfd.

B'N

Nk;e pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXe sZsK s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

18H6 ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu nfXnkge dk T[ZsodkfJst (Role of Teacher in the Process of Socialization) . pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk ftZu wksk^fgsk iK gfotko d/ pknd nfXnkge dk ;EkB ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD j?. ;wkiheod dh gqfefonk B{z T[s;kfjs eoB d/ bJh nfXnkge B{z fBwB fbys ekoi eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.

1H ;z;feqsh dk j;sKsoD (Transmission of Culture)^;z;feqsh ftnesh d/ nkuoD B{z gqGkfts eodh j?. gkPfte PeshnK s/ fB:zsoD ns/ ;wki T[g:'rh sZsK dk ftek; ;z;feqsh dh ;jkfJsk Bkb jh j[zdk j?. nfXnkge B{z pkbeK B{z ;wki dh ;z;feqsh s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; d/ wB ftZu T[; d/ gqsh nkdo dh GktBk T[sgzB eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; Bkb pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;jkfJsk fwb/rh.

2H ;w{fje ekoiK B{z gq's;kjB (Encouragement of group Work)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;jkfJsk gqdkB eoB d/ bJh nfXnkge B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;w{fje fefonktK dk nk:'iB eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu Gkr b?D d/ bJh pkbeK B{z gq's;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; Bkb T[; ftZu ;w{fje Gktbk dk iBw j't/rk.

3H ;wkfie tksktoD dk fBowkD (To form the Social Environment)^pkbe d/ T[fus ;wkiheoD d/ bJh nfXnkge B{z ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Bkb wX[o ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ finkdk s'A finkdk ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk ukjhdk j?. nfXnkge B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu T[Zu ;wkfie tksktoD dk fBowkD eoBk ukjhdk j?. w[Zy^nfXnkge, nfXnkgeK, ftfdnkoEhnK, nfXekohnK ns/ eowukohnK B{z wsG/dK, r[Npzdh ns/ rzdh okiBhsh s'A d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z go;go gq/wg{oD, ;fj:'rg{oD, ;jkB[G{sh ns/ ;dGktBkg{oD fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

4H nzso ;z;feqsh GktBk dk ftek; (Development of Intercultural Feeling)^ftfdnkb/ d/ nzdo nbZr^nbZr ;z;feqshnK d/ pkbe f;Zfynk gqkgs oeB d/ bJh nkT[Ad/ jB. nfXnkge B{z pkbeK ftZu fJ; soQK dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j? fe T[j d{finK dhnK ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo dk Gkt oZyD, T[jBK dk nkdo eoB, T[[jBK d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoB ns/ ;zehoD GktBktK s'A T[Zgo T[ZmD.

5H ;wkfie nkdoPK B{z g/P eoBk (Presentation of Social Ideals)^nfXnkge B{z nkgD/



B'N eEBK ns/ ftfGzB fefonktK d[nkok pkbeK d/ ;kjwD/ T[Zu nkdoPK B{z g/P eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb pkbe T[jBK dk nB[eoD eoe/ T[Zu ;wkfie nkuoD eoBk f;Zy ;eD. fJ; Bkb pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu ;jkfJsk fwb/rh.

6H f;jswzd wB[Zyh ;zpzX (Healthy Human Relations)^;wkiheoD d/ bJh f;jswzd wB[Zyh ;zpzXK dk j'Dk io{oh j?. fJ; bJh nfXnkge dk T[ZsodkfJst j? fe T[j ftfdnkb/ ftZu f;jswzd wB[Zyh ;zpzXK dk fBowkD eo/. ftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEh ftZu, nfXnkge^nfXnkge ftZu, ftfdnkoEh^nfXnkge ftZu, ftfdnkoEh^w[Zy^ nfXnkge ftZu, nfXnkge^w[Zy^nfXnkge ftZu, wX[o ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. ftfdnkb/ dk tksktoD uzrk ns/ f;jswzd wB[Zyh ;zpzXK s'A n's^gq's j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H ftfdnkb/ gqzgoktK (School Traditions)^ftfdnkb/ dhnk gqzgoktK dk pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD s/ v[zxk gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh nfXnkge B{z ukjhdk j? fe T[j ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A f;jswzd ns/ T[g:'rh gqzgoktK dk ftek; eo/, T[jBK gqzgoktK ftZu pkbeK dk ftPtk; T[sgzB eoe/ ns/ T[jBK d/ jh nB[;ko ekoi eoB d/ bJh gq's;kfjs eoB.

8H f;js gqsh:'rsk dh GktBk (Feeling of Healthy Competition)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu f;js gqsh:'rsk dk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh nfXnkge B{z pkbeK ftZu f;js gqsh:'rsk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?.

9H ftfdnkfbnk ;w[dkfJe e/Ado d/ o{g ftZu (School Should be a Community Centre)^ ftfdnkb/ nkgD/^nkg ftZu fJZe ;w[dkfJe e/Ado j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[ZE/ nfij/ ekoieowK dk nk:'iB ns/ ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fiBQK dk f;ZX ;zzpzX ;w[dkfJ ftZu j'D tkb/ ekoiK s'A j't/. i/eo ftfdnkb/ gfotko d/ w?Apo, ;w[dkfJ d/ w?ApoK d/ Bkb ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ w?Apo ftfdnkb/ gfotko d/ w?ApoK d/ Bkb ;fj:'r eoBr/ sK pkbeK dk ;wkiheoD ;w{fus o{g s'A ;EkJh o{g ftZu j' ;e/rk.

10H gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iBk (Organizing Co-curricular Activities)^pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD d ftek; ftZu gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. nfXnkge d[nkok pkbeK ftZu ;wkfie r[DK dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh y/vê[Zd, ;kfjfse ns/ ;z;feqfse ekoieowK, ;ekT{fNzr, n?BH ;hH ;hH, okPNoh ;/tk :'iBk nkfd dk nk:'iB ftnkge ;so s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJjBk ekoieowK dh o{go/yk pDkT[D, fJjBK dk nk:'iB eoB ns/ fJjBK dk w[bnzeD eoB Bkb finkdk s'A finkdk w"e/ pkbeK B{z fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.


pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZsK ftZu ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvzr dk th ftP/P ;EkB j?. ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvzr iksh, Xow, toD, ;zgqdkfJ, T{u^Bhu, tZv/^S'N/, XBtkB^ fBoXB d/ G/d ns/ ;ze{fus okPNohnsk dh GktBk B{z ysw eodh j?. T[j ;wZf;nktK pkbe d/ fdqPNhe'D B{z ftnkge pDkT[AdhnK jB, T[jBK B{z ;w{fje ekoi eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB eodhnK jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu fB;tkoE Gkt s'A ;/tk eoB dh GktBk dk ftek; eodhnK jB. fJBQK ;z;EktK dhnK rshftXhnK ftZu Gkr b?D Bkb pkbe ftZu gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekohsk, gqT[geko, nkgD/gD dh GktBk, fJwkBdkoh, fBPmk nkfd r[DK dk ftek; j[zdk j?, fijV/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pj[s ;jkfJe jB. 18H8 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ftP/PsktK (Characteristics) L ftfPPNsktK

2H gqfefonk (Process) L ftXh




1H ;wkiheoD s'A eh ;wMd/ j'< ;gPN eo'.

2H ;wkiheoD dhnK ftP/PsktK dk T[b/y eo'.

3H pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eoB tkb/ sZsK dk toDB eo'.

4H pkbe d/ ;wkiheoD ftZu pkXe sZsK dk T[b/y eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H ihtB Go 2H ;jkB[G{sh 3H (T) 4H (n)



p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^19L ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ f;Zfynk (Social Change and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


19H1 ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Social Change)

19H2 ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Social Change)

19H3 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs (Theories of Social Change)

19H4 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ o{g (Forms of Social Change)

19H5 Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoi (Factors Affecting Social Change in India)

19H6 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu pkXe sZs (Factors Resisting Social Change)

19H7 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB (Education and Social Change)

19H8 f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB j? (Education is the Instrument for Social Change)

19H9 f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j? (Education Follows Social Change)

19H10 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek (Role of Teacher in Social Change)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie gfotosB dhnK ftP/PsktK ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie gfotosB ftZu pkXe sZs ikDB ;zzpzXh.

f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;zpzX ikDB ;zpzXh.


gfotosB gqfeosh dk PkPts fB:w j?. ;z;ko dh jo/e t;s{ ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. fJj gfotosB iV ns/ u/sB ;kfonK ftZu fdykJh fdzdk j?. gqfeosh ftZu fJj gfotosB ;gPN o{g s'A fdykJh fdzdk j?. edh fdB s'A edh oks, edh ;odh, edh rowh s'A edh toyk, edh jVQ s'A edh ;'ek, edh G[ezg s'A edh s[ckB. phi dk G{wh ftZu g'PD j'D Bkb g[zrodk j?, g"Xk pDdk j?, g"X// doys ns/ g{oDsk d/ pknd T[; dk nzs. gqfeosh d/ fJ; gfotosB dh


fJekJh^19 ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ f;Zfynk

gqfefonk fBozso uZbdh ofjzdh j?. id'A iV gqfeosh ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j? sK wB[Zy sK u/sB j?. T[; ftZu, T[; d/ d[nkok fBofws ;wkB ftZu, T[; dh ftt;Ek ftZu, T[; d/ fefonkêbkgK ftZu Gbk gfotosB fet/A BjhA j't/rk< wB[Zy dk ihtB fJZe ;so s'A d{i/ ;so sZe gfotofss j[zdk ofjzdk j?^gfjbk pugB, fco :[tknt;Ek, fco p[Ykgk ns/ nzs ftZu w"s. wB[Zy dh GkPk, ftuko, io{osK, ihtB, T[d/P, w{b, ;z;feqsh ns/ ;ko/ fe;h Bkb fe;h o{g ftZu pdbh ofjzdhnK jB. fejk iKdk j? fe ;wK ns/ ;z;ko ;fEo BjhA ofjzd/. gfotosB ihtB dk fB:w j?. T[j i' e/tb nkgD/ nshs ns/ toswkB B{z jh d/yd/ ofjzd/ jB, fBPfus o{g s'A nkgD/ GftZy B{z y' fdzd/ jB. ;wki wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nozG s'A jh wB[Zy d/ Bkb jB ns/ T[d'A s'A b? e/ nZi sZe ;wki iK ;wkfie ihtB ftZu T[; d/ ;o{g, ;zouBk, ftt;Ek, ;zrmB, nkdoP, w{b ;kfonK ftZu gfotosB dh fBozso ns/ io{oh gqfefonk ftZu edh th o[ektN BjhA nkJh. fe;h th ;wki dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, fijVk g{oh soQK ;fEo j't/. gfotosB sK jo/e ;wki ftZu j'J/rk jh. ngfotosBPhb ;wki dk ti{d j' jh BjhA ;edk. fJ; gfotosB dk jh Bshik j? fe gkPkD :[r dk T[j nkfdwkBt nZi n;wkB sZe gj[zu frnk j? ns/ GftZy ftZu gsk BjhA feZE/ sZe gj[zu/rk. n;s{ ;wki d/ ;zdoG ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB B{z n;hA ;wkfie gfotosB efjzd/ jB.

;wki fBozso rshPhb ofjzdk j?. ;wki dh ;wkfie, okiBhfse, ;z;feqfse ns/ nkofEe ;fEshnK ftZu fBozso gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; gfotosBPhbsk dk jh Bshik j? fe nZi ;kv/ ;wki dh ouBk ns/ ;o{g ftZu Gkoh gfotosB nk frnk j?. nZi dk ;wki nZi s'A fJZe ;" ;kb gfjbK jd/ ;wki s'A fGzB j? ns/ T[j fJZe jiko ;kb gfjbK d/ ;wki s'A fGzB ;h. fJ; nzsokb ftZu fijV/ gfotosB j'J/ jB T[; s'A nZi d/ ;wki ns/ T[; ;w/A d/ ;wki ftZu iwhB^ n;wkB dk nzso nk frnk j?. fJ; soQK ;wki ftZu fBozso gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. jK fJj rZb io{o j? fe fe;h ;wki ftZu gfotosB pj[s s/i rsh Bkb j[zd/ jB ns/ fe;h ;wki ftZu pj[s wzd rsh s'A. ;wki dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe ;XkoD o{g s'A T[j nZr/ tkb/ gk;/ tZXdk j?. fJ; ftZu j'fJnk gfotosB gqrsh dk jh ;{ue j[zdk j?.

B'N

B'N; ;wkfie gfotosB fBozso uZbD tkbh nfijh gqfefonk j?, fijVh eJh ekoek s'A

gqGkfts j[zdh j?.

19H1 ;wkfie gfotosB dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Social Change) ;wkfie gfotosB d' PpdK s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j?^;wki ns/ gfotosB. ;wki dk noE e/tb ftneshnK dk ;w{j BjhA j?. ;w{j ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK d/ nkg; ftZu i' ;zpzX jB, T[jBK ;zpzXK d/ ;zrms o{g B{z jh ;wki efjzd/ jB. ;wki ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ikb j?. gfotosB dk noE j?^pdbkn Gkt gfjbK dh ;fEsh ftZu pdbknk. gfjbK dh ;fEsh ns/ ;wki dh ;fEsh ftZu nkT[D tkbk nzso iK pdbkn jh gfotosB j?. fJ; soQK ;wki dh gfjbK dh ;fEsh ns/ pknd dh ;fEsh ftZu nzso nk ikDk jh ;wkfie gfotosB j?. ;wkfie ;zrmB, ;wkfie YKu/, ;wkfie ;zpzXK iK ;wki d/ ofjD^;fjD d/ Yzr, ohshôhtkiK, w{bK ns/ ftPtk;K nkfd ftZu fijVk nzso nk iKdk j? T[j ;wkfie gfotosB ejkT[Adk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB dh efsg gfoGkPktK j/m nB[;ko jB^

e/H v/ft;^(K. Davis)^“;wkfie gfotosB ftZu e/tb T[jh gfotosB ;wM/ iKd/ jB, fijV/ ;wkfie ;zrmB Gkt ;wki d/ yKu/ ns/ ekoiK ftZu xfNs j[zd/ jB.”

i'A; (Jones)^“;wkfie gfotosB T[j Ppd j?, fijVk ;wkfie gqfefonktK, ;wkfie gqshwkBK, ;wkfie nzso^fefonktK iK ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ fe;h gZy ftZu nzso iK o{gKsoD B{z toDs eoB d/ bJh gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk iKdk j?.”



B'N i'B;B (Johnson)^“ftneshnK e/ ekoi eoB ns/ ftuko eoB d/ YzrK ftZu gfotosB jh ;wkfie gfotosB j?.”

vk;B ns/ r/fN; (Dauson and Gatis)^“;z;feqfse gfotosB jh ;wkfie gfotosB j?.”

w?ekJhto ns/ g/i (Maciver and Page)^“;wkfie YKu/ ftZu j'D tkbk gfotosB jh ;wkfie gfotosB j?.”

frfbB ns frfbB (Gillin and Gillin)^“;wkfie gfotosB ihtB dhnK wzBhnK j'JhnK ohshnK ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB B{z efjzd/ jB. Gkt/A T[j gfotosB G{r'fbe dPktK d/ gfotosB s'A j'J/ j'D iK ;z;feqfse ;kXBK s'A iK iB;zfynk dh ouBk iK f;XKsK d/ gfotosB Bkb iK gq;ko Bkb iK ;w{j d/ nzdo jh nftPekoK d/ cb;o{g j'J/ jB.”

e[g{;tkwh (Kuppuswami)^“id'A n;hA ;wkfie gfotosB dh rZb eod/ jB sK ;kvk Gkt ;wkfie fttjko ns/ ;wkfie YKu/ ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB s'A j[zdk j?.”

19H2 ;wkfie gfotosB dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Social Change)

;wkfie gfotosB dhnK fBwB fbys ftP/PsktK fdqPNhr'uo j[zdhnK jB^

1H fJj gfotosB g{o/ ;wkfie YKu/ ftZu th j' ;edk j? ns/ T[; d/ fe;h fJZe ;zrmB ftZu th j' ;edk j?.

2H id'A ;kvh G"fse iK nG"fse ;z;feqsh pdbdh j? sK ;wkfie gfotosB j[zdk j?. 3H f;Zfynk nkfd d/ d[nkok id'A ftnesh d/ ftukoîrs ftZu eqKsh j[zdh j? sK T[; d/

fttjko ftZu gfotosB nk iKdk j?. 4H y[Zb/ ;wki ftZu gfotosB dh rsh s/i j[zdh j? ns/ pzd ;wki ftZu gfotosB dh rsh

pj[s wzd j[zdh j?. 5H ;wkfie ;zrmB ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB dh rsh ;wkfie ekoiK ftZu j'D tkb//

gfotosBK dh ng/fynk pj[s j'bh j[zdh j?. 6H id'A ;wkfie gfotosB dh rsh j'bh j[zdh j? sK eqKshnK dh ;zGktBk tZX iKdh j? ns/

fJ; eqKsh d/ d[nkok fJZe s'A pknd fJZe ftnkge gfotosB j[zd/ jB. 7H fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe ;ko/ gfotosB ;EkJh jh j'D. nZi sK gfotosB fdykJh d/

fojk j?, GftZy ftZu T[jBK d/ ;o{g ftZu th gfotosB j' ;edk j?. 8H fJj io{oh BjhA j? fe ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB T[; B{z jw/PK ftek; d/ tZb jh b?

ikD. edhêdh e[ZM gfotosB ;wki B{z ntBfs d/ tZb th b? iKd/ jB. 9H ;wkfie gfotosB fB:'fis th j' ;edk j? ns/ nfB:'fis th j' ;edk j?. 10H gfjbK dh ng/fynk nkX[fBe ;wkiK ftZu gfotosB finkdk j[zdk j? ns/ T[jBK

gfotosBK B{z nZi n;hA finkdk ;gPN o{g s'A d/y th ;ed/ jB. 11H ;[Gkfte YKu/ d[nkok ns/ ;XkoD rsh Bkb j'D tkb/ gfotosBK dk gqGkt ;kv/ ftukoK

ns/ ;wkfie ;zouBk s/ g?Adk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H gfotosB gqfeqsh dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fB:w j?. 2H ;z;feqfse gfotosB jh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gfotosB j?.

19H3 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ f;XKs (Theories of Social Change)

;wkfie gfotosB d/ w[Zy o{g s'A fszB f;XKs jB^ 1H seBheh f;XKs (Technological Theory)^fJ; f;XKs dk fBowkD n"rpoB B/ ehsk.



T[jBK B/ jo soQK d/ ;wkfie gfotosB dk nXko seBheh y/so ftZu j'D tkb/ ftek; B{z dZf;nk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB ns/ y'iK d/ ftZu ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk. T[jBK B/ fejk fe BthB y'iK dk noE j?^BthB ;z;feqfse r[DK ns/ sZsK dh y'i. fJj y'i toswkB ;z;feqsh ftZu j/o^c/o th j' ;edh j? ns/ g{oh soQK s'A BthB th j' ;edh j?. id'A ;wki fJ; B{z ngBkT[D bZrdk j? sK ;wki ftZu gfotosB nk iKdk j?.

2H o/yh f;XKs (Linear Theory)^fJ; f;XKs d/ fBowksk ekwN/, ;g/A;o ns/ ekob wkoe; B{z wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJjBK b/ ;wki d/ ftek; d/ eqw B{z fJfsjkf;e dZf;nk ns/ fJZe nfij/ ;wki dh ebgBk ehsh, fiZE/ gfotsB uZeo ;fEo j' e/ ofj ikJ/rk. ekwN/ B/ ;wkfie gftosB d[nkok p"fXe ftek; dk Bshik dZf;nk j? ns/ p"fXe ftek; dhnK fszB nt;EktK dZ;hnK^(T) Xkofwe nt;Ek (n) sZs nt;Ek ns/ (J) ftfrnkBe nt;Ek.

3H uZeoh f;XKs (Cyclical Theory)^fJ; f;XKs d/ fBowksk ;g/Arbo, ;'o'feB ns/ NkfJBth wzB/ iKd/ jB. NkfJBth d/ nB[;ko ;wki ftZu gfotosB ftnesh dh nzdo{Bh nfXnksfwe Pesh d/ ekoB nkT[Adk j?. ;'o'feB d/ nB[;ko ;wki dhnK fszB Pq/DhnK jB^ftukokswe, ;zt/dBkswe ns/ nkdoPksweî' ;wki ftZu ;w/A nB[;ko gfotosB fbnkT[AdhnK jB. ;g/Arbo B/ ;wkfie xNBktK d/ fszB uoD dZ;/ jBîBw, gq'VQsk ns/ nzs, fijV/ ;wki ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[D d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh jB.

19H4 ;wkfie gfotosB d/ o{g (Forms of Social Change)

;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB d/ fBwB fbys fszB o{g j[zd/ jB^

1H ftek;kswe gfotosB (Evolutionary Change)^;wki ftZu gfotosB nukBe Bk j' e/ gfjbK s'A Pkfwb go;fEshnK d/ nXko s/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK d/ gfotosB fJedw BjhA j[zd/, pbfe j'bh^j'bh j[zd/ jB, gozs{ nfj;k; nfijk j[zdk j?, fit/A fJj gfotosB nukBe j'J/ j'D. ftek;kswe gfotosB dh gqfefonk fBozso uZbdh ofjzdh j?. fe;h th ;wki ftZu ftfdne, seBheh, fufes;k, f;js nkfd y/soK B{z d/yhJ/ sK n;hA d/yKr/ fe nZi T[; B/ fijVk ;o{g gqkgs ehsk j?, T[[; dk ftek; j'bh^j'bh j'fJnk j?.

2H bfjodko gfotosB (Wave like change)^fJj T[j gfotosB j?, fiBQK ftZu bfjoK d/ ;wkB T[skoûVQkn j[zdk j/. fi; soQK gkDh ftZu bfjoK edh T[Zgo d/ tZb T[ZmdhnK jB sK edh fBZu/ d/ tZb frodhnK jB, fJ;h soQK ;wki edh pj[s s/ih d/ Bkb gqrsh d/ tZb iKdk j? ns/ edh ntBfs d/ tZb.

3H uZeoh gfotosB (Cyclic order change)ûZeo d/ ;wkB j'D tkb/ gfotosB uZefoe eqw s'A j'D tkb/ gfotosB ejkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; gfotosB ftZu ;wki ftZu g{ot ftZu j'D tkbhnK xNBktK dh g{oBktfosh j[zdh j?. fit/A o'irko :'iBktK d/ d[nkok p/o'irkoh xZN ehsh iKdh j?, gozs{ iB;zfynk tkX/ d/ Bkb^Bkb d[pkok p/o'irkoh ftZu ;wZf;nk ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ ;wki ftZu gfotosb j[zdk j?. fJ;h soQK c?PB ftZu j'D tkbk gfotosB th fJ;h soQK dk gfotosB j?. edh szr w'joh dh g/AN dk gqubB j[zdk j?, edh u"Vh w'joh dh g/AN dk ns/ e[ZM ;w/A pknd T[jh g[okDdh szr w'joh dh g/AN dk gqubB j'D bZrdk j?. fJ; soQK d/ gfotosB ftZu xNBktK dk uZeo fBozso x[zwdk ofjzdk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;wki fBozso rshPhb ofjzdk j?.

19H5 Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoe (Factors Affecting Social Change in India) ;wkfie gfotosB fBozso uZbD tkbh fJZe nfijh gqfefonk j?, fijVh eJh ekoeK s'A gqGkfts



B'N j[zdh j?. ftfGzB ftukoK B/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ eJh ekoe dZ;/ jB. Gosh ;zdoG ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ gqw[Zy ekoi fBwB fbys jB^

1H gqfeofse ekoe (Natural Factors)^gqfeosh gfotosB dk gqw[Zy nXko j?. Xos dh ;sQk jw/PK fJZe jh ;fEsh ftZu BjhA ofjzdh. fJ; s/ pkokpo jh e[ZM Bk e[ZM gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. nfstfoPN, nBktfoPN, nekB, G{ukb ns/ wjkwkoh d/ cb;o{g ;wki ftZu eJh soQK dhnK ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eoB d/ bJh ftt;Ek ftZu gfotosB eoBk j[zdk j?, fi; dk ;wkfie ihtB s/ v[zxk gqGkt g?Adk j?. Gkosh noE ftt;Ek y/sh s/ nXkfos j?. ;Zso gqshPs s'A tZX b'e y/sh eod/ jB. gqfeosh dk fJj o"do o{g T[jBK B{z p{oh soQK gqGkfts eodk j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk id'A fe;h ;EkB dh T[gikT{ Pesh xZN j' iKdh j?, gkDh nkfd dhnK ;[thXktK dh xkN j' iKdh j? iK fe;h ;EkB s/ yfDi gdkoE ysw j' iKd/ jB ns/ b'eK dh nihftek dk ;kXB ysw j' iKdk j? sK b'e T[; ;EkB B{z SZv e/ d{i/ ;EkBK d/ tZb ub/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[ZE/ p; e/ Bt/A ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk eod/ jB. fJ; Bkb T[jBK dh ihtB P?bh ftZu gfotosB nk iKdk j?.

2H i?teh ekoe (Biological Factors)^;wkfie gfotosB eJh i?teh ekoeK s'A th j' ;edk j?. i?teh ekoe iB;zfynk d/ gqeko B{z fBoXkfos eod/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh i/eo tzP gqzgok d/ d[nkok iB;zfynk B{z finkdk d[opb ;zskB gqkgs j' ojh j? Gkt i/eo fe;h ;wki ftZu f;js ;so Bubh j/ sK T[; dk gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB s/ io{o jh gJ/rk. fiBQK ;wkiK ftZu fJ;soh ns/ g[oy dk nB[gks ;wkB BjhA j't/rk. g[oy finkdk ns/ fJ;sohnK xZN j'D Bkb pj[gsh gqEk dk gqubB j't/rk ns/ eJh soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK g?dk j'DrhnK. nZi eZbQ iksh ns/ gqKsh pzXB j'bh^j'bh fPfEb j[zd/ ik oj/ jB. Gkosh d{i/ gqd/PK dhnK fJ;sohnK Bkb jh BjhA, ftd/PhnK Bkb ns/ d{i/ Xow s/ ;zgqdkfJ dhnK fJ;sohnK Bkb ftnkj ;zpzX pDk oj/ jB, fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu gfotosB nk fojk j?.

3H iB;zfynkswe ekoe (Demographic Factors)îB;zfynkswe ekoe th ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. iB;zfynk d/ neko ns/ xDst d/ xNB^tXD Bkb ;wkfie gfotosB j' ikD dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j?. iBw do d/ xND ns/ w"s do tXD Bkb iB;zfynk xNdh j?, fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu fefonkPhb ftneshnK dh ewh j[zdh j? ns/ T[gbpX ;ko/ gqfeofse ;kXBK ftZu Gog{o T[g:'r BjhA j[[zdk. fJ; Bkb d/P dh nkofEe dPk frodh j?, gfotkoK dk neko xNDk j? ns/ fJ; d/ cb;o{g ;wkfie ns/ gfotkoe ;zpzXK ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. fJ;h soQK iBw do d/ tXD ns/ w"s do d/ xND Bkb iB;zfynk tXdh j? ns/ T[; dh tXh j'Jh iB;zfynk d/ gkbD^g'PD d/ bJh Bt/A^Bt/A Yzr y'i/ iKd/ jB. nzB dh g{osh d/ bJh rfjD y/sh ns/ BthA y/sh s/ y/sh nozG j' iKdh j?. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd Gkos dh iB;zfynk ftZu pj[s finkdk tkXk j'fJnk j?, fi; Bkb b'eK dk ihtB ;so frfonk j?. iB;zfynk dk fJZe pj[s tZvk Gkr rohph dh o/yk s'A fBZu/ dk ihtB pshs eo fojk j?, p/o'irkoh tZX ojh j?, ngokX tX oj/ jB, gqd{PD tZX fojk j? ns/ d/P d/ ;kjwD/ fGnzeo ;wZf;nktK yVhnK j' ojhnK jB.

4H T[d:'freh ekoe (Technological Factors)^T[d:'freh ekoe ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe nfs wjZstg{oD ekoe j?. nZi dk :[r T[d:'freh dk :[r j?. e'Jh th BthA wPhb iK :zso dk fit/A jh nftPeko j[zdk j?, T[; dk gqGkt ;wkfie ihtB s/ io{o jh g?Adk j?.

n"rpoB B/ o/vhU d/ nftPeko d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'D tkb/ 150 gfotosBK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. wPhBK d/ nftPeko Bkb tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ T[sgkdB nozG j'fJnk, fwjBs tzv ns/ ftP/PheoD dh io{os j'Jh, tgko ns/ tfDi ftZu T[Bsh j'Jh, ihtB ;so T[Zuk T[Zfmnk, BroK dk ftek; s/ih Bkb j'D bZrk, nkofEe ;zeN ns/ p/ekoh g?dk j'Jh, T[d:'freh fttkd, phwkohnK ns/ d[oxNBktK tXhnK fgzvK dk BroheoD nozG



j'fJnk, Xow dk gqGkt xfNnk, ;z:[es gfotkoK dk ftxNB j'fJnk, fJ;sohnK dk xo s'A pkjo ekoi eoBk nozG j'fJnk ns/ T[jBK dh ;fEsh ftZu T[Bsh j'Jh, fBtk; ;EkB dh ewh, rzdhnK p;shnK dk ftek; j'fJnk, ngokX ftnkfGuko, ;zxoP ns/ gqsh;goX tXh, ihtB gqfeqsh s'A d{o j' frnk ns/ nfij/ jh eJh gfotosB ;wki ftZu j'J/. Gkosh ;wki ftZu fJ; T[d:'freh d/ ekoBK B/ pj[s tZv/ gfotosB ehs/ jB.

5H ;z;feqfse ekoe (Cultural Factors)^w?e; t/po, ;'o'feB ns/ w/ekJhto nkfd ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie gfotosB dk w{b ;o's ;z;feqfse gftosB j?, feT[Afe wB[Zy d/ ftPtk;K, w{bK, ftukoK, fdqPNhe'DK ns/ gqzgoktK ns/ ;wki d/ ;zpzXK ns/ ;z;EktK ftZu v[zxh ;zpzXsk gkJh iKdh j?. vk;B ns/ r'fN; sK ;z;feqfse gfotosBK B{z jh ;wkfie gfotosB dk Bkw fdzd/ jB. t;s{ o{g s'A ;kvk ;wkfie ihtB Xow, gqzgoktK, ;z;EktK, ftPtk;K, w{bK nkfd s/ fBoGo j? ns/ fJ; ekoB fJBQK ftZu e'Jh th gfotosB ;kv/ ;wkfie ihtB ftZu th gfotosB fbnkT[Adk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh gfjbK ftnkj dk fJZe Xkofwe nXko j[zdk ;h, fi; d/ ekoB b'e ftnkj pzXB B{z s'VB dh rZb ;'ud/ jh BjhA ;B gozs{ nZi ftnkj dk nkdoP pdb frnk j? ns/ nZi b'e ftnkj :"B ;zpzXh ;zs[PNh ns/ ftneshrs ;[y d/ bJh eod/ jB, fi; d/ ekoB ftnkj ;zpzX dh ;fEosk th xZN rJh j? eJh ftnkjK dk nzs ftnkj ftZu j' fojk j?. fJ; soQK Bkb gfotk d/ N[ND dk gqGkt Bk e/tb ftnesh d/ ihtB ftZu jh eJh gfotosB fbnkT[Adk j? pbfe ;wkfie ihtB ftZu th eJh gfotosBK dk ekoB pDdk j?. Gkos ftZu ;z;feqfse gfotosBK d/ d[nkok jh ;wkfie gfotosB j'J/ jB. gZSwh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGkt Bkb Gkosh ;wki ftZu fiZE/ G"fsesk dh gqftosh B{z gq's;kjB fwfbnk j?, b'eK ftZu o{VQhtkdsk xZN j'Jh j?, T[jBK ftZu ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; j'fJnk j?, fJ;sohnK xo dh ukofdtkoh s'A pkjo fBeb e/ ftfGzB y/soK ftZu nZr/ tXhnK jB, ;wkfie p[okJhnK xZN j'JhnK jB, T[ZE/ b'eK ftZu nfXnksfesk d/ gqsh ewh nkJh j?, T[jBK dh t/PG{Pk ns/ ykD^gkB ftZu Gkosh gfotosB j'fJnk j?, jZE Bkb ezw eoB dh gqftosh xZN j'Jh j? ns/ ;tkoE GktBk s/ e/tb nkgD/ sZe ;hfws ofjD dh GktBk gqpb j'Jh j?.

6H BthnK y'iK d/ ekoB ;wkfie gfotosB (Social changes by new Inventions)^nZi dk :[r ftfrnkB dk :[r j?. ftfrnkB B/ nkgDhnK y'iK d[nkok, nkgD/ uwsekoK Bkb ;ko/ ;z;ko B{z uwsekfos ehsk j? ns/ fJBQK BthnK y'iK B/ ;wki B{z pj[s tZvh wksok ftZu gfotofss ehsk j?. o/b, w'Noeko, jtkJh:kB, NhHthH, o/vhU, tkfPzr wPhB, f;B/wk, N/bhc'B nkfd ftfrnkB dhnK y'iK B/ wB[Zy d/ ihtB B{z fJzBk finkdk pdb fdZsk j? fe j?okBh j[zdh j?. fufes;k d/ y/so ftZu j'D tkbhnK y'iK Bkb n;kXe ;wM/ ikD tkb/ o'rK dh fufes;k ;zGt j' rJh j?. ;zuko ns/ ;ztkdtkjB d/ y/so ftZu ngDkJh ikD tkbh Bth seBheh ns/ ezfgT{No eqKsh B/ wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie ihtB ftZu j?okBhiBe gfotosB g?dk ehsk j?. Gkos ftZu fgSb/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu N/bhftIB, N/bhc'B ns/ ezfgT{No B/ ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu nfjw G{fwek fBikJh j?.

7H :[ZX (War Factor)^n"rpoB B/ :[ZX B{z ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoe wzfBnk j?. :[ZX d/ ekoB eJh BthB y'iK j[zdhnK jB, BthB nt;EktK iBw b?AdhnK jB. :[ZX B{z ;wifie ftxNB dk fJZe ftefos o{g wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; d/ ekoB iB^ XzB dh ngko jkBh j[zdh j?, nkofEe ;kXB BPN j' iKd/ jB, eJh soQK dhnK phwkohnK c?bdhnK jB, iB;zfynk xZN j' iKdh j?, b'eK d/ B?fse ;so ftZu froktN nkT[Adh j?. jko/ j'J/ okPNo B{z PowK B{z, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse wkBsktK B{z ;theko eoBk g?Adk j?. fJBQK ;kohnK rZbK Bkb ;wki ftZu Gkoh gfotosB nkT[Adk j?. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd Gkos ftZu uhB ns/ gkfe;skB d/ Bkb j'J/ :[ZXK B/ GkoshnK d/ ihtB B{z pj[s gqGkfts ehsk.

8H Xow (Religion Factor)ûkob; J/t[v d/ nB[;ko Xow ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe ekoe j?. ;wki ns/ wB[Zy s/ jw/PK jh Xow dk PeshPkbh fB:zsoD j[zdk j?. Gkosh ;wki ftZu Xow dh G{fwek pj[s wjZstg{oD ojh j?. nkfonk ;wki, pqjw ;wki fij/ Xkofwe nzd'bBK B/ Gkosh ihtB ftZu pj[s gfotosB ehs/ jB. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pkd

B'N



B'N Gosh ;zftXkB B/ XofBogZysk B{z nkgDk nkdoP wzfBnk j? ns/ fJ; dk gqGkt b'eK s/ fgnk j?. nZieZbQ Gkos ftZu jo fdB j'D tkb/ Xkofwe ;s;zrK ns/ Xkofwe ;zs, wjkswktK, ;kXthnK d/ gqtuBK B/ th Gkostk;hnK d/ ftukoK ftZu Gkoh gfotosB ehsk j?.

9H ekB{zB (Law Factor)^;oeko d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ ekB{zB fiZE/ fJZe gk;/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD oZyD ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB, T[ZE/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu th ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. ekB{zB d/ d[nkok ;wki d/ fB:wK dh oZfynk jzdh j? ns/ ftnesh fB:wK dk gkbDF eoBk f;Zyd/ jB ns/ fijV/ b'e ekB{zB dk gkbD BjhA eod/, ;wki fto'Xh ekoi eod/ jB, T[jBK B{z dzv fdZsk iKdk j?, fJ; Bkb ;wki ftZu ftt;Ek pDdh j?. Gkos d/P ftZu ekB{zB d/ d[nkok ihwhAdkoh gqEKdk nzs eoe/, fgqft go; B{z ysw eoe/, dk;sk ns/. P'PD B{z ysw eoe/, w[zv/ê[VhnK dh ftnkj dh T[wo fBPfus eoe/, pkb ftnkj, pj[ ftnkj, ;sh gqEk B{z dzfvs ngokX x'fPs eoe/, S{sSks B{z ysw eoe/ d/P d/ ;wkfie ihtB ftZu pj[s ftnkge gfotosB fbnkJ/ rJ/ jB. ekB{zB d/ d[nkok db^pdb s/ o'e brke/ ns/ GoPNkuko B{z o'D e/ bJh b'egkbK dh fB:[esh dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, fJ; Bkb e[ZM gfotosB sK g{o/ j' jh oj/ jB. t;s{ o{g s'A i/eo b'eK s'A fJ;h soQK BthB gfotosB ;theko eoB d/ bJh fejk ikt/ sK T[j T[; B{z ;theko BjhA eod/, gozs{ i/eo T[jh gfotosB ekB{zB pDk e/ bkr{ ehsk ikt/ sK T[j T[; B{z wkBzD d/ bJh wip{o j' iKd/ jB. fJ; bJh ekB{zB th fe;h ;wki ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[D dk wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?.

10H okiBhfse ekoe (Political Factors)^wB[Zyh ;wki dk fJfsjk; finkdkso okiBhfse T[Eb^g[Eb dk fJfsjk; j?. ;wki ftZu finkdkso gfotosB okiBhfse ekoBK s'A j[zd/ jB. okiBhfse ;fEosk Bkb ;wki ftZu fBozsosk ns/ ;EkfJst nkT[Adk j?, id'A fe n;fEosk ;wkfie gfotosB B{z iBw fdzdh j?. fjNbo d/ nfXBkfJetkd, ;wktkdh eqKsh, pzrbkd/P dk iBw Gkos dh tzv, nw/foek s/ nZstkdh jwbk nkfd okiBhfse xNBktK B/ ;wki B{z rfjo/ o{g s'A gqGkfts ehsk j?. ;[szso Gkos ftZu gqikszsoe ftt;Ek B{z ;theko ehsk frnk j? n/s fJ; nt;Ek B/ GkoshnK d/ ihtB ftZu pj[s tZvk gfotosB ehsk j?. nZi GkoshnK ftZu ikro[esk nkJh j?, T[j nkgD/ eosZt ns/ nfXekoK d/ gqsh pj[s finkdk ;ir j'J/ jB. u'DK ftZu T[jBK dh o{uh tXh j? ns/ T[j okPNoh ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMD bZr/ jB. okiBhsh B/ f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZy th dkfybk b? fbnk j?. fiZE/ fJ; Bkb bkG j'fJnk j?, T[ZE/ jkBh th xZN BjhA j' ojh j?. fJ; soQK Gos ftZu okiBhfse ekoeK B/ Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB eoB ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGkJh j?.



3H ;z;ko dh jo/e t;s{ ftZu j[zdk j?^

(T) gfotosB (n) ngfotosB (J) nzso (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H ;wki fBozso ofjzdk j?^

(T) rshPhb (n) fwjBsPhb (J) ftdwkB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H uZeo d/ ;wkB j'D tkb/ gfotosB ejkT[Ad/ jB^

(T) ;otw[Zyh (n) uZeoh (J) i?teh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA



6H n"rpoB B/ o/vhU dh y'i d/ ekoB T[sgzB j'D tkb/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gfotosBK dk T[b/y ehsk j't/<

(T) 150 (n) 160 (J) 170 (;) 180 19H6 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu pkXB sZs (Factors Resisting Social Change)

;wki ftZu fBozso gfotosB j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; gfotosB B{z o'fenk th BjhA ik ;edk, gozs{ e[ZM nfij/ sZs jB, fijV/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ok;s/ ftZu eJh soQK dhnK o[ektNK g/P eod/ jB, T[j pkXe sZs j/m fby/ jB^

1H BthBsk dk G?n (Fear of New Things)^;wki ftZu eJh ftnesh nfij/ j[zd/ jB, fijV/ nkgDh ns/ ;wki dh towskB ;fEsh s'A g{oh soQK ;zs[PN j[zd/ jB, T[; ftZu n;kEk oZyd/ jB ns/ T[; ftZu nkgDh ;[oZfynk wzBd/ jB. T[j ;'ud/ jB fe i/eo T[jBK B/ fe;h BthB t;s{ iK ftuko B{z ngDkfJnk j? sK T[; Bkb T[jBK dk nfBPN j' ;edk j?, fJ; bJh T[j ;wki ftZu e'Jh gfotosB BjhA ukj[zd/. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu BthBsktK ;wki ftZu e'Jh ;EkB gqkgs BjhA eo ;edhnK.

2H ;z;feqfse iVsk (Cultural Inertia)^;wki ftZu eJh ftnesh nfij/ th j[zd/ jB, fijV/ fJj wzBd/ jB fe fijVhnK rZbK, fijV/ ftuko ns/ fijV/ ftPtk; ;kv/ g[oyK d/ jB, T[j fpbe[b mhe jB, ;kB{z T[jBK ;theko jh BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;z;feqfse iVsk dk noE g[oyK s'A gqkgs T[jBK w{bK, ftPtk;K ns/ gqzgoktK s'A j?, fiBQK d/ e[ZM b'e dk; pD iKd/ jB ns/ fe;h th jkbs ftZu T[j T[jBK B{z SZvDk BjhA ukj[zd/. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB j'Dk fe;h th fdaqPNh s'A ;zGt BjhA j?.

3H fBfjs ;tkoE (Vested Interests)^;wki ftZu nfij/ ftnesh th jB, fijV/ T[jBK jh ekoiK B{z eod/ jB, fiBQK s'A T[jBK dh ;tkoE f;ZXh j[zdh j?. T[j e'Jh nfijjk ekoi BjhA eod/, fijV/ T[jBK dh ;tkoE g{oSh ftZu o[ektN gkT[Adk j't/. nfijh ftneshnK d/ bJh ;wki dk fjs e[ZM BjhA j[zdk, nkgDk ;tkoE jh gqw[Zy j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh ;kv/ d/P ftZu fgqth go; yksw/ dk fto'X okfinK d[nkok ehsk frnk, ns/ iwhAdkoh T[Bw[bB dk fto'X iwhAdkok d[nkok ehsk frnk. okytKeoB Gkt/A T[j B"eohnK ftZu j't/ ns/ Gkt/A n"osK d/ ;zpzX ftZu j't/, fBfjs ;tkoEK d[nkok T[jBK dk fto'X ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; soQK fBfjs ;tkoD ;wkfie gfotosB d/ wkor dh o[ektN j?.

4H gqEesk dh GktBk (Degree of Isolation)^;wki ftZu eJh ftnesh nfij/ th j[zd/ jB, fijV/ nkgD/ ti{d B{z d{finK s'A nbZr oZyDk ukj[zd/ jB. T[j fJj ukj[zd/ jB fe T[jBK dh ;z;feqsh ;[oZfyns oj/ n/s fJ;h ekoB T[j j'o ;z;feqshnK Bkb e'Jh ;zgoe BjhA oZyDk ukj[zd/. fi; ;wki ftZu fJj GktBk j't/rh, fi; ;wki d// b'e nbrkt dh GktBk s'A rq;s j'Dr/, T[; ;wki ftZu gfotosB nkT[Dk ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; bJh fJj th ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe o[ektNh sZs j?.

19H7 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB (Education and Social Change)

f;Zfyn ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu pj[s xD/ ;zpzX jB. feT[Afe f;Zfynk fJZe rshPhb gqfefonk j?, fJ; bJh T[j ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosB B{z ;theko eodh j'Jh nZr/ tZXdh j? ns/ pdbd/ j'J/ ;wki dhnK io{osK B{z g{ok eoB ftZu ftnesh dh ;jkfJsk eodh j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;zpzX B{z fBwB fbys d' o{gK ftZu oZfynk ik ;edk j?^

1H f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB j?.

2H f;Zfyn ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j?.

B'N



B'N 19H8 f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB j? (Education is the Instrument for Social Change) f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ns/ ;woZE ;kXB j?. vkH okXk feqPDB B/ f;Zfynk B{z ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB wzBd/ j'J/ fejk j? fe, “f;Zfynk gfotosB dk ;kXB j?. fijVk ekoi ;XkoD s"o s/ ;wki ftZu gfotko, Xow, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?, T[jh nZi f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d/ d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?.” f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh n;hA ;wki d/ b'eK d/ ftukoK ftZu pdbkn fbnk ;ed/ jB ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh eo ;ed/ jB. v:{th d/ PpdK ftZu, “f;Zfynk jh fJZe nfijk ;kXB j?, fijVk fe;h th ;wki B{z gqrsh d/ tZb b? ik ;edk j?.” po{p/eo d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d' soQK dk ekoi eodhnK jB^fJZe :Ek;fEsh dh nkb'uBk eoBk Gkt f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb b'eK B{z fJj dZ;Dk fe toswkB ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftZu eh d'P jB ns/ T[jBK d'PK B{z d{o eoB d/ eh bkG j't/rk ns/ d{ik ;wkfie gfotosB d/ bJh :sB eoBk Gkt f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok BthB gfotosBK d/ bJh G{fwek fsnko eoBk ns/ b'eK s'A T[jBK gfotosBK B{z ;theko eoB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk. e'mkoh nk:'r B/ th fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe nZi d/ :[r ftZu f;Zfynk jh fJZe nfijk ;kXB j?, fi; d/ d[nkok PKskg{oD Yzr d[nkok ftnkge ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[; d/ PpdK ftZu, “i/eo fpBK fe;h eqKsh d/ tZv/ g?wkB s/ gfotosB eoBk j? sK e/tb fJZe jh ;kXB j?, fi; dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[j f;Zfynk. f;Zfynk B{z ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gfotosBK d/ fJZe ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu tofsnk ik ;edk j?.” fJ; soQK n;hA d/yd/ jK fe f;jswzd ;wkfie gfotosB d/ bJh f;Zfynk fJZe PeshPkbh ;kXB j?. fJ;h ekoB jo ftek;Phb d/P ftfdne ftt;Bk Bkb tZX s'A tZX e[Pb, gqGkth ns/ :'iBk pDkT[D dk :sB eodk j? ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu f;Zfynk nZr/ fby/ ekoi eodh j?^

1H gfotosB d/ bJh wkBf;e o{g s'A fsnko eoBk^f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk ns/ ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ekoi b'eK B{z fe;h th Bt/A gfotosB B{z ;theko eoB d/ bJh wkBf;e o{g s'A fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?. brGr fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe b'e fe;h th Bt/A gfotosB B{z ;fji jh ;theko BoB B{z fsnko BjhA j[zd/. T[jBK B{z fJ; rZB dk G?n ;skT[Adk ofjzdk j? fe fJ; Bt/A gfotosB B{z ;theko eoB Bkb T[jBK dk nfjs Bk j' ikJ/. edhêdh ;ze{fus ;tkoEK d/ ekoB th b'e gfotosB B{z ;theko BjhA eod/. f;Zfynk dk ekoi fJjBK gfotosBK s'A j'D tkb/ bkGK s'A b'eK B{z ikD{ eoBk j? ns/ T[jBK dh wkBf;esk B{z pdbDk j[zdk j?.

2H g{otrqjK B{z pdbDk s/ BthBsk dh gq/oDk eoBk^;wki ftZu e[ZM b'e pj[s finkdk o{VQhtkdh, nzXftPtk;h ns/ g[oksBgzEh j[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ ;kjwd/ g{otrqj j[zd/ jB ns/ T[j T[jBK s'A N; s'A w; BjhA j'Dk ukj[zd/. f;Zfynk T[jBK d/ ;'uD^ftukoD d/ Yzr ftZu gfotosB eodhnK jB, T[jBK d/ g{otrqkjK B{z d{o eodh j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nzdo ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D s/ ftek; eodh j?, fi; Bkb T[j nZi d/ ftfrnkBe seBheh d/ tZb rshPhb j'D tkb/ gfotosBK dk ;woEB Bk eo ;eD.

3H BthB gfotosBK B{z gq's;kfjs eoBk^f;Zfynk wB[Zy B{z fuzsBPhb gqkDh pDkT[Adk j?. jo gq;fEsh ns/ jo ;wkuko s/ rfjokJh d/ Bkb ftuko eoB dh gq/oDk fdzdh j?. ;z;ko d/ ftfGzB d/PK ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosBK d/ cb;o{g j'D tkbh gqrsh ns/ ftek; s'A ikD{ eokT[Adh j?. Bt/ gfotosBK B{z ;theko eoB d/ bJh gq's;kfjs eodh j?. fJ; Bkb b'eK B{z T[jBK s'A gq/oDk fwbdh j?.

4H gfotosBK d/ w{bnzeD ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk^;XkoD s"o s/ ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ finkdkso gfotosB gqrshPhb j[zd/ jB, T[j ;wki B{z nZr/ tXkT[D ftZu ;jkfJsk eod/ jB, gozs{ efsg gfotosB nfij/ th j[zd/ jB, fijV/ ;wki B{z fgZS/ B{z b? iKd/ jB, fiBQK B{z ;theko eoB Bkb ;wki dh jkBh j' ;edh j?. nfijh ;fEsh ftZu f;Zfynk jh b'eK B{z ;wkfie gfotosBK dk w[bnzeD eoB dh ;woZEk T[sgzB eodh j? ns/ fJjBK B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Adh j? fe T[j r[DK iK n"r[DK s/ ftuko eo ;eD ns/ fJj fBoDk eo ;eD fe fejV^fejV/ gfotosB T[; d/ bJh T[g:'rh j'Dr/ns/ fejV/ BjhA.



5H PkPts w{bK B{z ;EkJh eoBk^jo/e ;wki d/ e[ZM PkPts w{b j[zd/ jB, fijV/ T[; ;wki B{z ;EkfJst gqdkB eod/ jB. fJjh PkPts w{b T[; ;wki dh ftP/Psk ;wM/ iKd/ jB. okcb fbNB dk efjDk j? fe id'A edh ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoB fJBQK w{bK ftZu d[opbsk nkT[D bZrdh j? sK ;wki gsB d/ tZb nro;o j'D bZrdk j?. nfij/ ;w/A ftZu f;Zfynk jh fJBQK PkPts w{bK dh oZfynk eodh j? ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ p{o/ gqGktK s'A pukT[Adh j? ns/ b'eK B{z fJBQK d/ ;zpzX ftZu nfijjk frnkB fdzdh j? fe T[jBK dk ftPtk; fJBQK w{bK ftZu pfDnk oj/ ns/ T[j ;wkfie gfotsBK B{z th ;thekod/ ofjD.

6H frnkB ftZu tkXk eoBk^gfotosB d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ;kv/ g[okD/ frnkB ftZu e[ZM BtK frnkB i[Vdk oj/ Gkt ;kv/ frnkB ftZu fBozso tkXk j[zdk oj/. frnkB d/ ft;sko d/ d[nkok jh BthB gfotsBK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs j' ;edh j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok Bt/A^Bt/A P'X ehsk ikDk ;zGt j[zdk j?, fi; Bkb frnkB d/ ftfGzB y/soK dk ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK frnkB ftZu tkXk eoe/ f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosBK B{z gq's;kfjs eodh j?.

7H ;z;feqsh dk j;sKsoD jh BjhA T[; ftZu gfotosB ns/ ;[Xko eoBk^f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dk j;sKsoD BthA ghVQh B{z ehsk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu ;EkfJst ns/ fBozsosk nkT[Adh j?. gozs{ f;Zfynk dk ekoi frnkB, ;z;feqsh dk j;sKsoD jh BjhA j?, pbfe T[; ftZu io{oh gfotosB ns/ ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk th j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dh iBwskdk, gqtose ns/ fBod/Pe j?.

8H J/esk ns/ ;wrqsk T[sgzB eoBk^nkg;h sBkn, ;wsG/d ns/ fttkd j'D d/ ekoB id'A ;wki d/ ftfGzB torK ftZu ;zxoP j'D bZrdk j? sK f;Zfynk b'eK d/ wB ftZu nfij/ ftukoK ns/ GktK B{z T[sgzB eodh j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu J/esk ns/ ;wrosk dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j?. Gkos d/P ftZu iksh, toD, ;zgqdkfJ, Xow, GkPk ns/ gqKstkd d/ nXko s/, jo fdB ;zxoP j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB, f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJBQK B{z d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

9H wB[Zyh ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh gq;EkgBk eoBk^nZi d/ ftfrnkBe, T[d:'fre ns/ BroheoD d/ :[r ftZu fiZE/ ;wki B/ T[Bsh ns/ ftek; d/ y/so ftZu pj[s bzph :ksok ehsh j?, T[ZE/ eJh ;wkfie ;z;EktK B{z th T[sgzB ehsk j?. fJBQK ;wZf;nktK ftZu fJZe pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD wB[Zyh ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh fSzB^fGzB j'D dh j?. fJ; gqrsh ns/ ftek; B/ wB[Zyh r[DK d/ gqsh b'eK B{z ;zt/dBP{B: pDk fdZsk j?. f;Zfynk dk fJj wjZstg{oD ekoi j? fe T[j fJ; G"fsetkdh :[r ftZu j'J/ ;wkfie gfotosBK ftZu wB[Zyh ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK dh gq;EkgBk ftZu ;fj:'r eo/ ns/ b'eK B{z ;zt/dBPhb pDkJ/.

10H ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu e[Pb nrtkJh gqdkB eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk^;wkfie gfotosB dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoi :'r ns/ e[Pb nrtkJh gqdkB eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk j?. ;[szsosk nzd'bB d/ d"okB fsbe, wjkswk rKXh, gzfvs Bfjo{, ;[GkP uzdo p'; B/ ;wki B{z fijVh nrtkJh fdZsh, gfotosB dh fijVh gq/oDk fdZsh, T[; dk ;[yd Bshik j'fJnk. fe;h th ;wki d/ ftensh fezB/ jh :'r ns/ gqshGktkB feT[A Bk j'D, id'A T[jBK dk gE gqdoPB eoBk tkbh e[Pb nrtkJh BjhA j't/rh, T[d'A sZe T[j Bk ;jh fBoDk eo ;eDr/ ns/ Bk jh ;jh ekoi eo ;eDr/. :'r ns/ e[Pb nrtkJh fwbd/ jh b'eK B{z ;jh fdPk fwb ikt/rh, fi; Bkb ;wki ftZu Bt/A gfotosB j' ;eDr/.

B'N

Nk;e „f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB j?‟^fJ; s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



B'N 19H9 f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j? (Education Follows Social Change) . f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;zpzX dk d{ik o{g j? fe f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j?. fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wkfie gfotosB gfjbK j[zd/ jB ns/ f;Zfynk sK e/tb nB[;oD eodh j?, T[jBK d/ fgZS/^fgZS/ uZbdh j?. id'A w{bK, io{osK ns/ gqftXhnK ftZu gfotosB j'D bZrdk j? sK f;Zfynk th nkgD/ nkg B{z T[jBK jh d/ nB[;ko pDk b?Adh j?. ;wkfie gfotosBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g, T[; d/ T[d/PK, T[; d/ gkmeqw ns/ gkmg[;seK nkfd ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. n'Nkt/ fJ; ;zdoG ftZu efjzd/ jB fe “edhêdh fJj ;[Mkn fdZsk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe ekoB j?. fJ; d/ T[bN finkdk ;Zu j?^ftfdne gfotosB j'o ;wkfie gfotosBK B{z nozG eoB dh ng/fynk fJBQK dk nB[;oD eodk j?.” n;b ftZu, jo/e ;wki nkgDhnK io{osK ns/ go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko jh nkgDh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eodk j?. fi; soQK ;wki dk ;o{g j[zdk j?, T[;h soQK jh f;Zfynk ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, nkofEe iK okiBhfse go;fEshnK ftZu gfotosB nkT[Adk j?, ihtB w{bK ftZu pdbkn nkT[Adk j?, ihtB d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D ftZu gfotosB nkT[Adk j? sK T[;h d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dk ;o{g jh pdb iKdk j?. fBwB fbys sZEK d/ ekoB f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j?^

1H ;wkfie PeshnK d/ ekoB ftfdne gfotosB^jo ;wki dhnK e[ZM PeshnK j[zdhnK jB, fit/A ;wki d/ ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;w{j, ;wki d/ nkdoP ns/ w{b, ;wki dhnK io{osK ns/ neKfynktK ftZu ;wki B{z nkuoD ns/ fttjko gqshwkB nkfd. id'A fe;h ekoB fJBQK PeshnK ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j? sK f;Zfynk ftZu th T[jBK d/ nB[;ko gfotosB j' iKdk j?.

2H ;wkfie io{osK d/ ekoB ftfdne gfotosB^jo ;wki dhnK nkgDhnK io{osK j[zdhnK jB, T[jBK jh d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j?. fit/A^fit/A ;wki dhnK io{osK pdbdhnK iKdhnK jB, T[;h soQK T[ZE'A dh f;Zfynk ftZu gfotosB nk iKdk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu io{osk d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. n;hA gqikszsoe ;wkitkdh XofBogZy rDoki dh ;EkgBk ehsh j?. fJBQK T[d/PK B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh fBP[be ns/ io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk, gq'VQ f;Zfyn, ftebKrK dh f;Zfynk, nbg;zfyneK, fBopb torK, nB[;{fus iksh n/s iBiksh d/ pkbeK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh ftP/P gqpzX ehs/ rJ/ jB.

3H ;z;feqfse gfotosBK d/ ekoB ftfdne gfotosB^;z;feqfse gfotosBK d/ ekoB th f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g ftZu gfotosB j[zd/ jB, fit/A fe n"Nkt/ B/ fejk j?^“f;Zfynk ;z;feqsh d/ d' o{g j[zd/ jB^fJZe G"fse ;z;feqsh ns/ d{ih nG"fse ;z;feqsh. gfjbK G"fse ;z;feqsh ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?, T[; d/ pknd nG"fse ;z;feqsh ftZu. id'A G"fse ;z;feqash ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j? sK T[; d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu th gfotosB j' iKd/ jB. nZi o/vhU, N/bhftIb, ezfgT{No nkfd B{z f;Zfynk dk nzr pDk fdZsk frnk j?.”


fBwBfbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False)-

7H seBheh f;XKs dk fBowkD n"rpoB B/ ehsk j?. 8H ekwN/ B/ p"fXe ftek; dhnk fszB nt;Ektk dZ;hnK jB^Xkofwe n;tEk, sZs nt;Ek

ns/ ftfrnkBe nt;Ek. 9H ;g/Arbo B/ ;wkfie xNBktK d/ fsZB uoD dZ;/ jBîBw, gq'VQsk ns/ nzs. 10H gqfeqsh gfotosB dk gqw[Zy nXko BjhA j?.



19H10 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek (Role of Teacher in Social Change) . ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;zdoG ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD j?. nZi d/ fJ; ;zeqwD ekb ftZu nfXnkge jh b'eK d/ nzdo ftnkgs nfrnkB d/ nzXeko B{z d{o eoe/ T[jBK B{z gqrsh gE dh okj fdyk ;edk j?. T[jh gfotosBK d/ wkor ftZu nkT[D tkbhnK o[ektNK B{z d{o eoe/ Bt/A gfotosBk ftZu nk;Ek g?dk eo ;edk j? ns/ Bt/A gfotosBK B{z fbnkT[D ftZu ;wki dh nrtkJh th eo ;edk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB dh fdqPNh s'A nfXnkge fJZe fwso, gE^gqdoPe ns/ dkoPfBe d/ o{g ftZu pj[s wjZstg{oD ftnefsst f;ZX j' ;edk j?. nfXnkge dh G{whek dk ;zdoG ftZu nZr/ fbyhnK rZbK fdqPNhr'uo jB^ f;Zfynk dh G{fwek

1H nfXnkge B{z ;wkfie gfotosB B{z ;[fB:'fis fdPk s/ rsh gqdkB eoBh ukjhdh j?.

2H nfXnkge B{z gqikszsoe ihtB^wkor ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H nfXnkge dk fttjko fBPgZy ns/ ;kfonK d/ bJh ;wkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H nfXnkge B{z ;wki ftZu ftnkge ;zeohDsk ns/ fgZSV/gD B{z d{o eoe/ nkdoPK s/ w{bK dh gqfsPmk eoBh ukjhdh j?.

5H nfXnkge B{z pbkeK dhnK ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe go;fEshnK d/ ekoB T[jBK ftZu T[Zusk ns/ fBwBsk dh GktBk B{z gBgD BjhA d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

6H nfXnkge B{z ;wki dh ftfrnkBe ns/ T[d:'fre gqrsh d/ ftek; ftZu ;eoh :'rdkB d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

7H nfXnkge B{z b'eK d/ wB ftZu ;z;feqfse iVsk dh GktBk B{z d{o eoe/ T[jBK B{z BthB gfotosB d/ bJh fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

8H nfXnkge p[ZXhihth j[zdk j?. T[; B{z frnkB^ftfrnkB d/ tZy^tZy y/soK dh ftnkge ikDekoh j[zdh j?. nkgD/ fJ; T[Zu frnkB d/ nXko s/ T[; B{z Bt/A gfotosBK d/ bJh G{fwek fsnko eoBh ukjhdh j?. T[jBK nozG eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fB:zsfos eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb fJj gfotosB ;jh fdPk d/ tZb j' ;eD.

9H nfXnkge B{z ;wki ftZu j'D tkb/ BthB gfotosB dh ikDekoh d/Dh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb ;ko/ b'e T[jBK gfotosBK B{z fbnkT[D ftZu ;fj:'r eoB.

10H nfXnkge B{z pkbeK d/ ;kjwD/ nkgD/^nkg B{z nkdoP o{g ftZu g/P eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEh T[; dk nB[eoD eoe/ nkgD/ ftukoK B{z gqrshPhb pDk ;e/.

11H nfXnkge B{z gkmeqw ftZu ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh ftfPnK B{z wjZst d//Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb ;wki ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh fdqPNh s'A ftek; eo ;eD.

12H nfXnkge B{z pkbeK d/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j Bt/A ;wki dh ;zouBk ftZu nkgDk ;fj:'r d/ ;eD.

13H nfXnkge B{z ;wki ftZu ftnkgs e[ohshnK, nzXftPtk;K ns/ ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{ j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJBQK dk ;wkXkB eoe/ ;wki ftZu rshPhb w{b ;Ekfgs eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.

14H nfXnkge B{z ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D d/ bJh edhêdh pkbeK B{z iwks dh ;hwk d/ pkjo th f;ybkJh ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ tZy^tZy soQK dh ikDekoh gqdkB eoBh ukjhdh j?.

15H nfXnkge B{z ;wki dhnK rshftXhnK ns/ fefonkebkgK dk g{oD frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j ;wki B{z ftuko ns/ fefonk ftZu nrtkJh gqdkB eo ;e/.

B'N



B'N 19H11 ;ko nzP (Summary)

f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ;zpzX dk d{ik o{g j? fe f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk nB[;oD eodh j?. fJ; dk noE j? fe ;wkfie gfotosB gfjbK j[zd/ jB ns/ f;Zfynk sK e/tb T[; dk nB[;oD eodh j?, T[jBK d/ fgZS/^fgZS/ uZbdh j?. id'A w{bK, io{osK ns/ gqftXhnK ftZu gfotosB j'D bZrdk j? sK f;Zfynk th nkgD/ nkg B{z T[jBK d/ jh nB[;ko pDk b?Adh j?. ;wkfie gfotosBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g, T[; d/ T[d/PK, T[; d/ gkmeqw ns/ gkmg[;seK nkfd ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?. n'Nkt/ fJ; ;zodG ftZu efjzd/ jB fe “edhêdh fJj ;[Mkn fdZsk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe ekoB j?. fJ; d/ T[bN findk ;Zu j?. ftfdne gfotosB j'o ;wkfie gfotosBK B{z nozG eoB dh ng/fynk fJBQK dk nB[;oD eodk j?.” 19H12 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ekoe (Factors) L sZs

2H gfotosB (Change) L pdbkn 19H13 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H ;wkfie gfotosB s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H „f;Zfynk ;wkfie gfotosB dk ;kXB j?‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'.

3H ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu o[ektNh sZsK dk T[b/y eo'.

4H Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoeK B{z T[b/y eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H PkPts 2H ;wkfie 3H (T) 4H (T)



p[e;









fJekJh^20 Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB s/ T[;d/ ekoe

fJekJh^20L Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB s/ T[;d/ ekoe (Social Change in India and its Factors)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


20H1 Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoe (Factors of Social Change in India)





T[d/P (Objectives)


Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoe ikDB ;zpzXh.

T[d:'rheoD, BroheoD ns/ ;z;feqsheoD ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie ftXkB ikDB ;zpzXh.

tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk d/ pko/ ftZu ikDB ;zpzXh.


Gkosh ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh dk fJfsjk; nfs gqkuhB j?. gozzs{ gqkuhBsk d/ Bkb^Bkb Gkosh ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh ftZu fBozsosk th d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. :{BkB, o'w, fw;o ns/ ;[w/o dh gqkuhB ;z;feqshnK ;w/A d/ gqtkj ftZu pfj u[ZehnK jB, nZi T[ZE/ fBtk; eoB tkb/ b'eK d/ ihtB T[; gqkuhB ;z;feqsh dk e'Jh ;{so BjhA ofj frnk j?. gozs{ gqkuhB Gkosh ;zz;feqsh, T[; dh ;wki s; ;z;EktK nZi th ihfts jB ns/ T[; dhnK gqzgoktK nZi th Gkosh ihtB ftZu Pkfwb jB. Gkt brGr 5000 ;kb s'A Gkosh ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh dh fBozsosk pokpo pDh j'Jh j?.

gozs{ fJ; fBozsosk dk noE iVsk iK rshPhbsk dh xkN BjhA j?. i/eo Gkosh ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh ftZu fBozsosk j?, sK gfotosBPhbsk iK rshPhbsk th j?. Gkosh ;wkfie s/ ;z;feqfse ihtB dk fJfsjk; eJh T[skoûVQk, eJh T[EkB^gsB eJh gfotosB^gfotoXB ns/ eJh b/D^d/D dk fJfsjk; j?. gfotosB gqfeosh dk fB:w j? ns/ T[; fB:w s'A Gkosh ;wki th nS{sk BjhA ofj ;fenk j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe t?fde :[r d/ ;wki ns/ nkX[fBe Gkosh ;wki ftZu iwhB^n;wkB dk coe j?. gozs{ fJ; s'A gfjbK fe n;hA fJ; ;zpzX ftZu j'o e[ZM toDB eohJ/, fJj T[fus j't/rk fe n;hA gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoeK B{z ;wM bJhJ/.

B'N; Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ;oeko d[nkok gk;

ehs/ ;wkfie ftXkBK dk ;okjD:'r ;fj:'r fojk j?.



B'N 20H1 Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoe (Factors of Social Change in India) . Gkos fJZe ftPkb d/P j? ns/ fJZE/ ftfGzB soQK d/ ykB^gkD, ofjD^;fjD, ibtk:{, okiBhfse gkoNhnK, GkPk nkfd d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. fco th fJBQK fGzBsktK d/ ftZu fJ; d/P ftZu e[ZM ;wkBsktK s/ J/esk th d/yD B{z fwbdh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe fJ; d/P ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB d/ e[ZM ;XkoD ekoBK B{z th bZfGnk ik ;edk j?. T[j ekoB fJ; soQK jB^

1H gZSwh ;ZfGnksk s/ ;z;feqsh (Western civilization and culture)^Gkosh ;wki ftZu gfotosB dh fJZe gqGktPkbh Pesh gZSwh ;ZfGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh j?. nkX[fBe Gks ftZu ofjD^;fjDk, g'Pke, ykD^gkD, rhs, Bku, nfGtkdB d/ Yzr, wekBK d/ fvIkfJB, wekB ;ikT[D d/ Yzr nkfd nDfrDs ftfPnK ftZu fijV/ gfotosB j' rJ/ jB iK j' oj/ jB T[j ;ko/ gZSwh ;ZfGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh d/ ekoB jh ekch ;hwk sZe gqGkfts j'J/ jB. T[;h soQK gZSwh f;Zfynk B/ ;kvk ;zpzX d[BhnK d/ j'o ;kwi d/ Bkb i'V fdZsk j?. T[; gko;gfoe ;zgoe d/ ekoB th Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJ soQK d/ gfotosB j'J/ jB. „fjZgh ;z;feqsh‟ nZi Gkosh ;wki ftZu fezBk finkdk SkfJnk j'fJnk j? ns/ fe; ;hwk sZe Gkosh B"itkB s/ w[fNnkoK d/ ihtB^gqshwkB (life

pattern) ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[Adk ik ofjk j?, fJ; ;Zu B{z n;hA ;ko/ b'e ikDd/ jB. vkH n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; dk ftuko j? fe Gkos ftZu nzro/ih Pk;B dh ;EkgBk s'A b? e/ j[D sZe fJ; ;wki ftZu gZSwheoD (westernization) dh fijVh gqfefonk uZb gJh j? T[; d/ cb;o{g Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJh gfotosB j'J/ jB ns/ nZi th j' oj/ jB. vkH PqhfBtk; B/ fbfynk j?, “nzro/Ih Pk;B d/ ekoB Gkosh ;wki ns/ ;z;feqsh ftZu p[fBnkdh ns/ ;EkJh gfotosB j'J/. fJj ekb Gkosh fJfsjk; d/ fgSb/ ;ko/ ekbK s'A fGzB ;h feT[Afe nzro/i nkgD/ Bkb BthA T[d:'freh, ;z;EktK, frnkB, ftPtk; n/s w{b (values) b? e/ nkJ/ ;B. BthA T[d:'fre ns/ T[; d/ ekoB ;zuko ;kXBK ftZu j'D tkbh eqKsh dh ;jkfJsk Bkb nzro/iK B/ d/P dk nfijk J/eheoD ehsk fi; soQK dk gfjbK T[; d/ fJfsjk; ftZu edh BjhA j'fJnk ;h.”

2H T[d:'freoD s/ BroheoD (Industrialization and urbanization)^nzro/ih Pk;B dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd s'A Gkos ftZu T[d:'freoD BroheoD B{z fijVh bfjo nkJh j? T[; d/ ekoB Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosB j'J/ jB. T[d:'freoD B/ i/eo fJZe gk;/ tZv/ g?wkB ftZu T[sgkdB ekoi B{z nozG eoe/ fJ; d/P ftZu g{zihtkdh noE^ftt;Ek dk PqhrD/D ehsk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ rzdh p;sh (slums), T[d:'freoD MrV/ s/ sBkn, wid{o ;zx, phwkoh, p/ekoh s/ rqfj^T[d:'rK dk ftBkP nkfd BshfinK s/ gfotosBK B{z th T[sgzB ehsk j?. Bro s/ T[d:'r^Xzd/ nkgD/ eJh nkeoPDK s/ gqb'GBk d[nkok fgzv d/ b'eK B{z nkgD/ tZb fyZud/ jB fi; d/ cb;o{g fgzv d/ xo/b{ T[d:'r s/ ;z:[es gfotko N[ZNdk j?. Bkb jh fgzv dk ;zgoe BroK d/ xD/ j' ikD d/ ekoB fgzv dk ihtB^gqshwkB th s/ih Bkb gfotofss j' iKdk j?. tZv/^tZv/ T[d:'fre e/AdoK ftZu xDh npkdh j'D d/ ekoB T[j j'Nb, ibgkB^rqfj, e?AnhB nkfd ftZu Bkb^Bkb p?m e/ ykD^ghD d/ ekoB iksh^gqEk d/ ykD^ghD, ftnkj, g/Pk nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs fB:wK ns/ gqshpzXK ftZu eJh gfotosB j' iKd/ jB ns/ j' th oj/ rJ/ jB. gqzgokrs Gkosh ;wkfie ;zrmB d/ fszB nXko^;szGK iksh^gqEk, ;z:[es gfotko s/ gzukfJs^ftZu eJh eqKshekoh gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu T[d:'freoD s/ BroheoD dh gqfefonk B/ pj[s finkdk :'rdkB ehsk j?.

;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment) ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks):

1H Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH th fJZe T[b/y:'r ekoB j?. 2H Gkos d/ b'eK dk w[Zy eko'pko HHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.



3H ;z;feqsheoD (Culturization)^vkH n?wH n?BH PqhfBtk; (M. N. Srinivas) B/ Gkosh ;wki ftZu, ftP/P eoe/ iksh ;zouBk ftZu j'D tkb/ eJh gfotosBK dk ekoB ;z;feqsheoD wzfBnk j?. ;z;feqsheoD dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ nkgB/ fbfynk j?, “;z;feqsheoD T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d/ d[nkok e'Jh fBwB ;soh fjzd{îksh iK e'Jh iBiksh iK j'o ;w{j fe;h T[Zu;soh ns/ brGr „fdT{i‟ iksh dk nB[eoD eodk j'fJnk nkgD/ ohshôhtki, eoweKv, ftukoXkok ns/ ihtBgZXsh B{z pdbdk j?. nkws"o s/ nfij/ gfotosBK d/ pknd T[j iksh nkgD/ gqzgokrs iksh ;EkB s'A T[Zu/ ;EkB dk dktk eoB bZrdh j?. ;XkD o{g s'A pj[s fdBK sZe ns/ n;b ftZu fJZe^d' ghVQhnK sZe dktk ehs/ ikD d/ pknd T[Zu;EkB dh ;thfeqsh fwbdh j?.” ;z;feqsheoD dh fJ; gqfefonk d [nkok fBwB iksh d/ b'eK dh e/tb iksh ;fEsh, gqEktK s/ nkdsK ftZu jh BjhA pbfe ftukoK ns/ w{bK ftZu th gfotosB j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK, vkH PqhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko, nkX[fBe Gkos ftZu ;z;feqsheoD dh gqfefonk d/ d[nkok fBwB ikshnK ftZu eJh T[b/y:'r gfotosb j[zd/ ik oj/ jB fi; d/ cb;o{g fJZe gk;/ T[jBK ftZu Bt/A ftukoK, w{bK s/ nkdsK dk PqhrD/P j' fojk j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[jBK d/ wB s'A jhDsk dh GktBk dk th b'g j[zdk ik fojk j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Gkos fgzvK dk d/P j? ns/ fJZE'A d/ b'eK dk w[Zy ehsk y/sh j?.

4H efbnkD oki dh ;EkgBk (Establishment of Welfare State)^;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd Gkos ftZu efbnkD oki dh ;EkgBk dh fdPk ftZu fBozso :sB uZb fojk j? fi; d/ cb;o{g oki dk ekooi y/so fdB^gqshfdB tXdk ik fojk j? ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB dh gqfefonk B{z finkdk rsh (speed) gqkgs j[zdh ik ojh j?. Gkos ftZu e/Adoh ns/ oki ;oeko fJ; rZb dk :sB eo oj/ jB fe ;XkoD fjsK d/ tkX/ d/ bJh tgkohnK s'A T[g:'rsk dh, g{zihtkdh s'A wid{oK dh ns/ tZv/ T[d:'rK s'A S'N/ s/ rqfj^T[d:'rK dh oZfynk ehsh ikt/, f;js ftfrnkBe ;kXBK B{z ezw ftZu fbnk e/ ihtB dhnK G"fse go;fEshnK dk ;[Xko ehsk ikt/, gqfeofse ;kXBK dh oZfynk eod/ j'J/ T[jBK d/ T[fus gq:'r d/ ;kXBK dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/, f;Zfynk ns/ f;js d/ y/so ftZu nkw iBsk dk bJh tZX s'A tZX ;[thXktK B{z ;[bG pDkfJnk ikt/, ;z;feqsh d/ ftek; d/ bJh okPNoh ;zrqfjfbnK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ftfrnkBe y'i s/ P'Xeosk dh ;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/, ;G torK ftP/P eoe/ fgSV/ torK d/ fjsK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ y/sh, T[d:'r s/ tgko dh T[Bsh ns/ io{os nB[;ko okPNoheoD ehsk ikt/ ns/ okPNoh XB dh ;wkB tzv dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/. ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A j[D sZe fJ; 25 ;kb dh ;w/A ;hwk ftZu fJBQK ;ko/ y/soK ftZu ;oeko dhnK T[gbpXhnK n;b ftZu pj[s xZN jB, fco th :sB ikoh j? ns/ T[jBK :sBK d/ cb;o{g Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB th j' oj/ jB.

5H y/sh eko'pko dk wPhBheoD s/ nkX[fBeheoD (Mechanization and modernization of

agriculture)^Gkos fgzv dk d/P j? n/s fJZE'A d/ b'eK dk w[Zy ehsk y/sh j?. wPhBK dh y'i j'D ns/ PfjoK d/ B/V/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[D ns/ y/sh ;zpzX ftZu BthBsw y'iK Bkb j'bh^ j'bh ikD{ j'D d/ cb;o{g Gkosh fgzvK ftZu y/sh eko'pko dk T[Zso'so wPhBheoD s/ nkX[fBeheoD j[zdk ik fojk j?. cb;o{g fJj d/P eJh ;kbK sZe ykd gdkoEK nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu ftd/PK s/ fBoGoPhb ofjD d/ pknd j'bh^j'bh nksw^fBoGo dh ;fEsh s/ gj[zu frnk j?. Gkosh nkofEe ihtB ftZu fJj fJZe T[b/y:'r gfotosB s/ T[gbpXh j?. fJ; wPhBheoD s/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ cb;o{g Gkosh fe;kBK dh nkofEe ;fEsh ftZu gfotosB j'fJnk j? ns/ Bkb jh T[jBK d/ ftuko, w{b, nkdoP s/ ofjD^;fjD th pdfbnk j?.





3H Gkosh ;wki ftZu gfotosB dh fJZe gqGktPkbh Pesh j?^

(T) gZSwh ;ZfGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh (n) nkX[fBesk (J) ftfrnkB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H nzro/ih Pk;B d/ ekoB Gkosh ;wki ns/ ;z;feqsh ftZu gfotosB j'J/^

(T) ;EkJh (n) p[fBnkdh ns/ ;EkJh (J) p[fBnkdh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H Gkosh ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh dk fJfsjk; j?^

(T) nfs gqkuhB (n) BthB (J) wZXekbhB (;) T[ZsoekbhB

6H Gkosh b'eK dk w[Zy eko'pko j?^

(T) gP{gkbD (n) y/sh (J) ws;gkbD (;) wX{wZyh gkbD

6H okiBhfse ;zrmB (Political organization)^Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ftfGzB okiBhfse gkoNhnK B/ th nkgDh G{fwek ndk ehsh j?. gfjbK Gkosh iBsk ftZu okiBhfse u/sBsk dh pj[s finkdk xkN ;h. nkgD/ nfXekoK d/ ;zpzX ftZu, ;wkfie eosZtK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ns/ ;wk dhnK tZy^tZy ;wZf;nktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[j finkdk ikro[e BjhA ;B. okiBhfse gkoNhnK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ nkodoPK s/ T[d/PK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/^nkgD/ Yzr d/ gquko d[nkok iBsk ftZu okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie ikfrqsh fbnkT[D ftZu ;cb j'J/ jB. fJBQK okiBhfse dbK d/ fefonkêbkgK s/ gqukoK d/ cb;o{g eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosb j'J/ jB. u'D ftZu finkdk finkdk fdbu;gh, g/Av{ iBsk ftZu fJZe ftP/P okiBhfse gkoNh B{z uzrk wzBD dh gqftosh, B"itkB ghVQh d/ d[nkok d/P dh nrtkJh ftZu T[Zso'so dkfybk, n"osK dk okiBhfse s/ ;wkfie y/so ftZu ekoi eoBk s/ nrtkJh eoBk nkfd wjZstg{oD gfotosB okiBhfse dbK d/ fefonkebkgK s/ ftukoK dk jh Bshik j?.

7H fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Female education)^Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk th fJZe T[b/y:'r ekoB j?. n"osK Gkosh ;wki dh pj[s finkdk fgZSVh s/ o{VQhtkdh nzr ojhnK jB ns/ T[jBK dk ihtB gftko dh uko fdtkoK d/ nzso ykDk pDkT[D, pZfunK B{z iBw d/D s/ gsh ns/ pZfunK dh d/yo/y eod/ j'J/ jh phs iKdk ;h, s/ nZi fJBQK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB dhnK fijVhnK ;[thXktK gqkgs j' ojhnK jB, T[; d/ ekoB T[jBK ftZu fJZe BthB ikfrqsh nk rJh j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ nfXeko s/ eosZtk d/ ;zpzX ftZu gfjbK s'A j[D pj[s finkdk ikro[e j' rJhnK jB. fJ;soh f;Zfynk B/ T[jBK dh o{VQhtkdsk B{z pj[s xZN eo fdZsk j?, T[j j[D xo s'A pkjo fBeb e/ Bk e/tb B"eoh eodhnK jB, pbfe gkoNh s/ ebp iKdhnK jB, fgefBe s/ fBebdhnK jB, n"os ;zrmBK B{z pDkT[AdhnK jB, ;wki^;/tek d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eodhnK jB, okiBhfse ftZu th y[ZbQ e/ fjZ;k b?AdhnK jB ns/ e'oN ftZu ik e/ „bt^w?foi‟ (Love marriage) eoe/ iksh^gKsh d/ G/dGkt B{z u{D"sh fdzdhnK jB. fJj ;ko/ gfotosB ekch jZd sZe fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ft;Eko d/ ekoB jh ;zGt j'J/ jB. feT[Afe j'o ekoeK dh fefonkPhbsk th f;Zfynk d/ ;so s/ jh fBoGo eodh j?.

8H ;wkfie ftXkB (Social legislation)^Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ;oeko d[nkok ;wkfie ftXkBK dk ;okjD:'r ;fj:'r fojk j?. e[ZM T[dkjoDK d[nkok fJ; rZb B{z f;ZX ehsk ik ;edk j?. „ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w,



1954‟ B/ iksh^gKsh d/ G/dGkt B{z d{o eoe/ nzsoiksh ftnkj (Intercaste marriage) d/ dotki/ B{z y'b fdZsk j?, id'A fe „fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w 1955‟ fJZe ftnkj B{z io{oh eod/ j'J/ e[ZM fBPfus nt;EktK ftZu ftnkj^ftS'd dh nkfrnk gqdkB eodk j? fijVk fe fjzd{ ;wki ftZu fJ; s'A gfbjK edh th ;zGt BjhA ;h. fJ;h soQK „pkb^ftnkj fBo'Xe nfXfB:w, 1929‟ ftnkj dh T[wo ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe f;ZX j'fJnk j? ns/ „dj/i fBo'Xe nfXfB:w, 1991‟ d/ gk; j' ikD Bkb to^w{b gqEk dh eN[sk ftZu gfotosB j'D dhnK ;zGktBktK tZX rJhnK jB. „fjzd{ T[ZsoknfXeko nfXfB:w, 1959‟ d/ gk; j' ikD d/ pknd Bk e/tb gsBh s/ wksk B{z pbfe g[Zsoh B{z th gfotko dh ;zgsh s/ nfXeko gqkgs j' frnk j? fijVk fe fjzd{ e[VhnK d/ nkofEe nfXeko d/ y/so ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD gfotosB j?. fJ;h soQK „fjzd{ ftXtk g[Boftnkj nfXfB:w, 1856‟ d/ d[nkok fijVk nfXeko g[Boftnkj eoB d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftXtktK B{z fwfbnk j? T[; Bkb ftXtktK dh ;fEsh ftZu gfotsB nk frnk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA, „n;fgqP:sk (ngokX) nfXfB:w, 1955‟ d/ gk; j' ikD d/ pknd jfoiBK s/ gqzgokrs o{g ftZu jikoK ;kbK s'A bZd/ rJ/ ykD^ghD ;wkfie ;fjtk;, g/fPnK dh u'D ns/ S{sSks ;zpzXh gqshpzXK ftZu eJh gfotosB nZi d/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoe ;wkfie ftXkB j?.

9H tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk (Increasing population)^Gkosh ;wki ftZu tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk th eJh gfotosB dk ekoB pDdh j?. ;zB 1991 ftZu fijVh izB;zfynk 84H6 eo'V ;h, T[j ;zB 2001 ftZu tZX e/ 102H7 eo'V j' rJh j?. fJ; dZ; ;kb d/ ;wK ekb ftZu Gkos dh npkdh ftZu 18H10 eo'V dk tkXk j'fJnk j?. ;z:[es okPNo izB;zfynk gq/yD d/ nB[;ko ;zB 2035 sZe Gkosh dh izB;zfynk 1H6 nop j' ikJ/rh ns/ Gkos ftPt dk ;G s'A finkdk izB;zfynk tkbk d/P pD ikJ/rk Gkos ftZu fPP{ w"s do ;zB 1991 ftZu 146 gqsh fJZe jiko ihfts iBw ;h fijVh 2000 ftZu xN e/ 68 gqsh fJZe jiko ihfts iBw nB[wkfBw ehsh rJh. nkyoh nzefVnK d/ nB[;ko Gkos dh izB;zfynk ftPt dh e[ZbQ ;zfynk dk 16H87 gqshPs j?. izB;zfynk d/ fJ; ft;c'N d/ ekoB jh fgSb gzikj ;kbK ftZu okPNoh nkwdB tX e/ gzi r[Dh j' ikD s/ th gqsh ftnesh nkwdB w{b^tkX/ B{z d/yd/ j'J/ e/tb d'r[Dhy jh tXh j?. fJ; ;fEsh Bkb fBgND d/ bJh dZ;thA gzi ;kbk :'iBk (2002^07) d/ nzsors gfotko efbnkD Bkb ;zpzXs ;kohnK io{osK B{z g{ok eoB dk Nhuk oZfynk frnk j?. fJ;h izB;zfynk d/ ft;c'N d/ ekoB d/P ftZu p/o'irkoh dh ;zfynk gfjbh gzi ;kbk :'iBk d/ nzs ftZu 80 bZy s'A tX e/ nZmthA :'iBk d/ nzs sZe 650 bZy j' ikD dk nzdkIk ;h. pj[s finkdk izB;zfynk d/ ekoB jh fJ; d/P ftZu gqsh ftnesh dtkJhnK s/ e/tb 4 o[gJ/ you ehs/ iKd/ jB. id'A fe nw/foek ftZu 193 o[gJ/, coK ftZu 197 o[gJ/ ns/ igkB ftZu 117 o[gJ/ you ehs/ iKd/ jB. nikdh d/ ;w/A d/P ftZu e/tb S/ eo'V b'e fbyDk^gVQBk ikDd/ ;B. ;zB 1991 fJBQK dh ;zfynk tX e/ brGr 44 eo'V sZe ik gj[zuh. gozs{ izB;zfunk d/ nB[gks ftZu f;Zfynk dk gqshPs j[D th 30 s'A finkdk BjhA j?. Gkos ftZu eZgV/ d/ T[sgkdB ftZu th pj[s finkdk tkXk j'fJnk j?l fco th b'e Bzr/ feT[A< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso th tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk ftZu jh bZfGnk ik ;edk j?. tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk d/ ekoB jh fJ; d/P ftZu B"thA :'iBk P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK 310 bZy ntk;h fJekJhnK dh ewh j't/rh. T[d:'fre PfjoK ftZu ;XkoD s"o s/ nkdwh d/ bJh rzdhnK p;shnK, M"gV/ ns/ c[NgkE jh B;hp j[zd/ jB. jo ;kb 20 bZy wekBK dh do Bkb fJ; ewh ftZu ns/ tkXk j[zdk j?. izB;zfynk ftZu pj[s finkdk tkX/ d/ ekoB jh fJ; d/P ftZu fBoXBsk, p/o'irkoh, rzGho soQK d/ o'r, G[ywoh nkd dhnK ;wZf;nktK fJZe d?nBh ;fEsh s/ gj[zu rJhnK jB. fJ; bJh ;gPN j? fe Gkos ftZu eJh ;wkfie gfotosB izB;zfynk ftZu pj[s finkdk tkX/ d/ ekoB j'J/ jB.

B'N



B'N

Nk;e gZSwh ;ZfGnsk s/ ;z;feqsh s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

10H fB:'iB (Planning)^Gkosh ;wki ftZu e[ZM g{ot fBPfus gfotosBK B{z fbnkT[D ftZu ;oeko d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ fB:'iB dk pj[s tZvk jZE fojk j?. ;zg{oD ;wki d/ ;wkfie^nkofEe YKu/ B{z fe; o{g Bkb gfotfss ehsk ikt/ fe T[jBK gfotosBK Bkb iBsk dk tZX s'A tZX efbnkG ;zGt j't/ ns/ ;wki gqrsh d/ tZb tX/, fJj fB:'iB d[nkok jh fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?. gkos ;oeko d/ :'iBk nk:'r (Planning

Commission) B/ fbfynk j?, “fB:'iB n;b ftZu ;[fBPfus ;wkfie NhfunK dh fdqPNh d[nkok tZX s'A tZX bkG T[mkT[D d/ bJh nkgD/ ;kXBK B{z ;zrfms eoB ns/ T[g:'r eoB ns/ T[g:'r ftZu fbnkT[D dh gZXsh j?.” fJ;h soQK dk fB:'iB ;kv/ d/P ftZu gzi ;kbk :'iBktK jB. gzi;kbk :'iBktK d[nkok w[Zy o{g s'A nkofEe ihtB ftZu n/s ;XkoD o{g ftZu ;wkfie s/ ;z;feqfse ihtB ftZu fB:'fis gfotosB fbnkT[D dk :sB ehs/ iKd/ jB. y/sh T[sgkdB, tZv/ T[d:'r^Xzd/, tgko tfDi, :ksk:ks s/ ;zuko, g/Av{, T[d:'r, ntk;, wid{o efbnkD, fgZSVhnK ikshnK, iBsikshnK ns/ torK dk efbnkD nkfd y/soK ftZu fijV/ gfotosB nZi ;kB{z d/yD B{z fwbd/ jB, T[jBK dh o{go/yk gzi ;kbk :'iBktK ftZu jh fBokfos ehsh rJh j?. T[;h soQK ;w[dkfJe ftek; :'iBktK d/ d[nkok Gkosh g/Av{ ihtB ftZu pj[wZ[yh gfotosB fbnkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; dk th b/ykî'yk ;kB{z gzi ;kbk :'iBktK ftZu d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. gozs{ fJBQK :'iBktK d/ fJbktk fJZe j'o fB:'iB^gfotko fB:'iB (Family planning) d/ d[nko Gkos d/P ftZu iBw do B{z gfotofss eoB Gkt iBw do B{z xNkT[D dk :sB ehsk frnk j? ns/ d/P ftZu io{oh ;cbsk th fwbh j?. gfotko fB:'iB dh ;bkBk iBw do fijVh 1961 ftZu 41H7 jiko ;h, B{z xNk e/ ;ZsthA :'iBk sZe 30 gqsh jiko js/ 1990^95 sZe 29 gqshPhs jiko j?.

;oekoh nB[wkB d/ nB[;ko i/eo nZr/ th fJj gqftoshnK pDhnK ojhnK ns/ gfotko fB:'iB ekoieowK B{z ng/fyns ;cbsktK fwbdhnK ojhnK sK Gkos ftZu thjthA ;dh d/ nzs sZe iBw do 24 gqsh jiko sZe fBZu/ ub/ ikD dh T[whd j?. fJ; s'A gsk uZbdk j? fe gfotko fB:'iB B{z gqGkt nB[wkB s'A finkdk j'fJnk j?.



7H gZSwh f;Zfynk B/ ;kvk ;zpzX d[BhnK d/ j'o ;wki d/ Bkb i'V fdZsk j?.

8H n"osK Gkosh ;wki dk pj[s finkdk ;wfoX nzr ojhnK jB.

9H Gkosh ;wki ftZu eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ;oeko d[nkok ;wkfie ftXkBK dk ;okjD:'r ;fj:'r fojk j?.

10H „ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB:w, 1954‟ B/ iksh^gKsh d/ G/dGkt B{z d{o eoe/ nzsoiksh ftnkj d/ dotki/ B{z y'b fdZsk j?.


Gkos ftZu ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D ftZu ftfGzB okiBhfse gkoNhnK B/ th G{fwek ndk ehsh j?. gfjbK Gkosh ikBsk ftZu okiBhfse u/sBsk dh pj[s finkdk xkN ;h. nkgD/ nfXekoK d/ ;zpzX ftZu, ;wkfie eosZtK d/ ;zzzpzX ftZu ns/ ;wki dhnK tZy^tZy ;wZf;nktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[j finkdk ikro[e BjhA ;B. okiBhfse gkoNhnK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ nkdoPK s/



s/ T[d/PK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/^nkgD/ Yzr d/ gquko d[nkok iBsk ftZu okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie ikfrqsh fbnkT[D ftZu ;cb j'J/ jB. fJjBK jh okiBhfse dbK fefonkêbkgK s/ gqukoK d/ cb;o{g eJh wjZstg{oD gfotosB j'J/ jB. 20H3 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;wkfie gfotosB (Social change) L ;wkfie pdbkn

2H gZSwh ;ZfGnsk (Western civilization) L gZSwh ;ZfGnsk 20H4 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H gZSwh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqash dk T[b/y eo'.

2H „fJ;soh f;Zfynk‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'.

3H Gkos ftZu tXdh j'Jh izB;zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

4H fB:'iB s'A eh Gkt j?< dZ;'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H fJ;soh f;Zfynk 2H y/sh 3H (T) 4H (n)



p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^21L ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gfotosB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; (Education as Mode of Social and

Economic Change and HRD)


T[d/P (Objectives)


21H1 nkofEe io{osK (Economic Needs)

21H2 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu f;Zfynk (Education in Social Change)

21H3 f;Zfynk d[nkok ;wkfie gfotosB (Socially Change by Education)

21H4 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; (Human Resource Development)

21H5 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB (Man Power Planning)

21H6 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXB (Means of Human Resources Development)

21H7 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek (Role of Education in Man Power Planning)

21H8 f;Zfynk ftZu io{oh gfotosB (Necessary Change in Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


T[sgkdB w[Zyh f;Zfynk ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoheoD ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wki ;e{bQ s/ f;Zfynk gqDkbh ikDB ;zpzXh.

wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB ikDB ;zpzXh.


Gosh nkofEe ;wZf;nktK d/ f;XKse jB d/ bJh ;kv/ okPNo^fBowksktK B/ ;zftXkB^fBowkD d/ ;w/A T[jBK dk ;wkt/P nB[S/d 16, 19, 23, 24, 39, 41, 42, 46, 49 d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zftXkB ftZu eo fdZsk, gozs{ nZi sZe n;hA nkofEe b'eszso dh ;EkgBk ftZu ;cb BjhA j' ;e/ jK. f;XKse jZbK d[nkok ;wZf;nk dk ;wkXkB BjhA j[zdk. fJBQK dk fefonkswe jZb bZGDk j't/rk. fJ; dh fefonkPhbsk dk ;woZE ;kXB bZGDk j't/rk. fe;h gqzgokrs ;wki ftZu gfotosB fbnkT[Dk j? sK f;Zfynk jh T[; gfotosB dk ;woZE ;kXB j' ;edk j?. fJ;


fJekJh^21 ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gfotosB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek;

wkBsk dh fdqPNh g[PNh eod/ j'J/ f;Zfynk nk:'r (1965^66) B/ fbfynk j?, “i/eo fpBK fe;h fjz;kswe eqKsh (fJ; soQK dh eqKsh dh ;fEsh ftZu th T[; dh io{os j't/rh) d/ tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ fJj gfotosB eoBk j? sK e/tb fJZe jh ;kXB j?, fi; dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[j j? f;Zfynk. j'o rZbK th fJ; ftZu ;jkfjsk eo ;edhnK jB ns/ n;b ftZu edhêdh sK T[jBK dk n;o T[Zgoh s"o s/ finkdk th bZrdk j?. gozs{ f;Zfynk dh okPNoh gqDkbh jh fJZe nfijk ;kXB j?, fijVk ;ko/ b'eK sZe gj[zu ;edk j?.”

f;Zfynk B{z ;kvhnK w{bG{s io{osK dh g{osh ftZu fJZe ;woZE ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu fbnk ik ;edk j?. fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A fe ;kvh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P :EkoE d/ Xoksb s/ nXkfos j'D. 21H1 nkofEe io{osK (Economic Needs)

T[go'es ;wZf;nktK d/ gqekP ftZu i/eo nZi dhnK nkofEe io{osK dh rDB ehsh ikt/ sK fBwB nzfes ;kvhnK nkofEe io{osK d/ o{G ftZu T[Go e/ nkDrhnK^

(1) e[PB iBPesh ftZu tkXk (2) G"fse ;zrmBK dk fBtk; (3) T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk (4) y/sh ns/ gP{gkbD dh ;fEsh ftZu ;[Xko (5) okPNoh nkwdB dh ;wkB tzv (6) p/o'Irkoh dk ykswk

T[go'es io{osK dh g{osh dk ;kvk Nhuk nkofEe ftek; j?, fijVk fe ;kv/ okPNoh ihtB dk gqXkB Nhuk j?. fJ; bJh nkX[fBe Gkos dh f;Zfynk dk gfjbk T[d/P „nkofEe ftek;‟ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftZu fBwB fbys rZbK wjZstg{oD jB^

okPNoh nkofEe ftek; dk T[d/P (Aims of National Economic Development)

Gkos fJZe b'eszsoe ;wkitkdh ;wki^ftt;Ek ftZu o{gKsfos j'Dk dk :sB eo fojk j?. fJj sK jh ;zGt j?, id'A fe ;wki d/ ;ko/ torK B{z T[sgkdeK ftZu tkXk eoB tkbh f;Zfynk, ;[bG eokJh ikt/. T[sgkdB^tkX/ Bkb okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j't/rk ns/ okPNoh nkwdB ftZu okPNoh nkofEe ftek; j't/rk. okPNo ftZu p/o'Irkoh xZN j't/rh. ;kfonK B{z nihftek d/ tZX s'A tZX ns/ T[Zsw w"e/ fwbDr/. ;kv/ wB[Zuh ns/ G"fse ;z;kXBK ftZu tkXk j't/rk. Gkos d/ gqw[Zy T[d:'r^y/sh ns/ gP{gkbD dk ftek; j't/rk. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk T[sgkB w[Zyh j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

B'N

B'N; Gkos fJZe b'eszsoe ;wkitkdh ;wki^ftt;Ek ftZu o{gKsfos j'Dk :sB eo fojk

j?.

T[sgkdB w[Zyh f;Zfynk (Production Oriented)

T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk nkofEE ftek; dk w{bnXko j?. id'A sZe f;Zfynk B{z iBîB sZe gj[zuD tkb/ ;kXB^T[sgkdesk Bkb BjhA i'fVnk iKdk, T[d'A sZe ;kvhnK nkofEeh io{osK g{ohnK BjhA j' ;edhnK. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk dk gfjbk T[sgkdesk Bkb i[VBk j?. T[sgkdesk Bkb i'VB dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu fBwB nzfes edw T[mkT[D/ j'Dr/^ f;Zfynk ftZu Pohoe fwjBs dh gqfsPmk (Inclusion of Physical Labour in Education)

nzro/Ih Pk;Bekb ftZu f;Zfynk B{z B"eoh Bkb i'V e/ f;ZfynsK d/ wB ftZu Pohoe fwjBs d/



B'N gqsh jhDsk dh GktBk g?dk eo fdZsh, fi; dk fGnzeo d[P^f;ZNk j'fJnk, f;Zfynk dk T[sgkdesk s'A d{o j' ikDk.

wjkswk rKXh B/ f;Zfynk d/ u/so ftZu fJ; ewh B{z gfjukfDnk ns/ p[fBnkdh f;Zfynk ftZu fwjBs dh gqfsPmk eoe/ f;Zfynk B{z T[sgkdesk Bkb i'VB dk :sB ehsk. :{o'g d/ ;wkitkdh d/PK d/ ftfdne gkmeqw ftZu Pohoe ekoi, ekoinB[Gt nkfd ftfGzB BkwK s'A, fJ; ftP/ B{z io{oh o{g s'A Pkfwb ejsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk nk:'r B/ fJ; B{z „ekoinB[Gt‟ (Work

Experience) Bkw d/ e/ ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ nkyoh nzr d/ o{g ftZu wzBD dh f;ckfoP ehsh j?. ekoinB[Gt dk noE ;e{bQ, xo, ekoykB, y/s, c?eNoh iK j'o fe;h th T[sgkde ;fEsh ftZu T[sgkde ezw ftZu Gkr b?Dk j?, fi; Bkb f;Zfynk ns/ ekoi dk J/eheoD j' ;e/ ns/ f;Zfyns iBPesh, e[Pb iBPesh ftZu gfofDs j' e/ T[sgkdB dk wjZstg{oD ;kXB pD ;e/.

fJPto GkJh gN/b ;fwsh B/ fJ; B{z ;wki T[g:'rh T[sgkde ekoi (Socially Useful

Productive Work) (SUPW) d/ Bkw Bkb nfGfjs ehsk. fJBQK B/ Pohoe fwjBs d/ fJ; ekoieow d/ Bkb ;wki T[g:'rsk (Social usefulness) ns/ T[sgkdesk (Productivity) d' Ppd i'V e/ fJ; dh fdPk B{z ;gPN ehsk. wZXfwe ;so s/ ;wkiT[g:'rh T[sgkdB Pohoe ekoi B{z io{oh nzr d/ o{g ftZu ngBkT[Dk (Adopt the Socially Useful Productive Physical Work as an Essential Part till Medium

Stage)

nzro/ih f;Zfynk d/ Bshi/ ti'A ezw dh d[BhnK ns/ nfXnB^nfXnkgB eh d[BhnK d/ ftZu fJZe u"Vh ykJh pD rJh, fi; Bkb fe Pohoe ekoi B{z jbek ;wMe/ j/n fdqPNh s'A d/fynk ikDk bZrk. Bshi/ ti'A fJZe gk;/ fiZE/ d/P d/ e[Nho ns/ rqfj^T[d:'r BPN j' rJ/, T[ZE/ d{i/ gk;/ p/o'irkoh dk jVQ nk frnk, fi; Bkb fe T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk j' frnk j? ns/ nkofEe ftek; wzd g? frnk. fJ; bJh nkofEe ftek; dh fdPk ftZu nZr/ tXD d/ bJh gfjbh io{os, T[sgkde ekoiK ftZu f;ybkJh d[nkok Pohoe fwjBs d gqsh fBPmk g?dk eoBk j?. f;Zfynk ekoieow ftZu fJ; d/ ;wkt/P doe/d ;w/A j//m do;kJhnK rZbK dk fXnkB oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

(i) fJ; dh fefonkPhbsk ftZu :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.

(ii) fJ; B{z y/sh ns/ j'o bx{ T[d:'rK s'A, fiBQK ftZu ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh d/ wkfXnw Bkb T[sgkdB fefonktK j[zdhnK jB, ;zpzX ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(iii) fJ; dk T[d /P e[ZM Bk e[ZM ewkT[Dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb „f;Zy' ns/ ewkU‟ d/ f;XKs s/ f;Zfynk nZr/ tX//.

(iv) f;Zfynk T[d'A sZe g{oD BjhA wzBh ikt/, id'A sZe fe T[j fe;h Bk fe;h soQK d/ nfij/ T[sgkde ekoi ftZu Gkr b? e/ e[ZM ewk Bk bt/.

(v) fJ; d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu j/m do;kJ// w{bK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?^

(T) Pohoe fwjBsk d/ gqsh fBPmk (n) T[sgkdBêkoi ftZu nk;Ek (J) em'o fwjBs ns/ fwZsosk d/ bJh fsnko.

gqGktekoh ftfdne ;kXB j'D d/ fJbktk ;wkiT[g:'rh T[sgkde ekoi fBwB fbys wjZstg{oD ekoi eo/rk^

(i) p"fXe ns/ Pohoe ekoi d/ nzso ns/ T[; s/ nXkfos ;so d/ fBowkD dh s/ih B{z xZN eoBk.

(ii) B"titkBK B{z eo^y/so ftZu dkfybk fdbkT[Dk. (iii) o'irko dh ;wZf;nk B{z n;kB pDkT[Dk.



(iv) okPNoh T[sgkdB tkX/ ftZu :'rdkB eoBk^T[sgkdB^fefonktK ns/ ftfrnkB d/ T[g:'r d/ bJh ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nzso^fdqPNh dk ftek; eoe/ n/s T[jBK ftZu ftek; eoe/ ns/ T[jBK ftZu efmB ns/ T[ZsodkfJstg{oD ekoio eoB dh nkds gkT[Dk.

(v) ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/eheoD ftZu :'rdkB eoBk^ftnesh ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ ftZu ;zpzX wip{s pDk e/ ns/ f;Zfyns ftneshnK ns/ ;XkoD iBsk ftZu fJZe^d{i/ B{z ;wMD dh ;{M T[sgzB eoe/.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk nkofEe ftek; dk w{bnXko j?.

ftfrnkB B{z f;Zfynk d/ w{bnXko d/ o{g ftZu ngBkT[Dk (Adopt the Science as a Root of Education)

Gkos fJZe gqzgokrs ;wki s'A nkX[fBe ;wki d/ tZb tZX fojk j?. nkX[fBe ;wki ftfrnkB nXkfos N/eBkb'ih dk T[g:'r ns/ ftek; eodk j? fi; Bkb y/sh d/ nkX[fBeheoD ns/ T[d:'rK d/ ftek; Bkb nkgDk nkofEe ftek; eodk j?. Gkos B{z nkgDhnK nkofEe io{osK dh g{osh dh fdPk ftZu nkofEe ftek d/ ;woZE ;kXB „f;Zfynk‟ B{z ftfrnkB nXkfos pDkT[Dk j't/rk. nkofEe ftek; y/so ftZu j'Jh y'i fJ; rZb dh g[PNh eodh j? fe f;Zfynk, ftfrnkB ns/ N?eBkb'ih dk nkofEe ftek; ftZu 50# sZe :'rdkB j?. fJ; Bshi/ d/ nXko s/ pj[s ;ko/ d/P nkgDk okPNoh T[sgkdB tXkT[D ftZu ;zgzB j'J/ jB. fJ; bJh ;kB{z „ftfrnkB‟ B{z ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk dk nfGzB nzr pDkT[Dk j't/rk. ftPtftfdnkb/ ;so s/ wkBfteh ns/ ;wki ftfrnkB d/ gkmeqwK ftZu ftfrnkB B{z th Pkfwb eoBk j't/rk.

ftfrnkB^f;ybkJh d/ T[d/P ftfrnkB dh ftPk^t;s{ ns/ T[; d/ ihtB ftZu T[g:'r s'A j'D ukjhd/ jB, fi; Bkb ;kv/ okPNoh ftek; ftZu rsh nkJ/, feT[Afe ftfrnkB d/ nfXnB d[nkok j/mb/ NhfunK dh g{osh j' ;edh j?^

(i) w{b f;XKsK B{z T[Zso'so rzGho o{g s'A ;[bMkT[D dh gqftosh B{z tXktk fwbDk. (ii) ;wZf;nktK B{z ;[bMkT[D tkb ftPb/PDkswe e"Pb dk ftek;.

(iii) ftPb/PDkswe e"Pb dk ;wkfie ihtB ns/ G"fse tkskoD dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z ;[bMkT[D ftZu T[g:'r.

(iv) fifrnk;k ns/ gq:'r dh gqftosh B{z gq's;kjB. (v) eosZt ns/ dkfJst d/ o{g ftZu ;Zu dh y'i d/ gqsh tuBpZXsk dk ftek;.

(vi) wskrqj d/ pzXB B{z fPfEb eoBk. (vii) nzX^ftPtk;, Gkrtkd, XowKXsk ns/ fBPu/PN, nksw^;wogD B{z d{o eoBk.

(viii) t?ukfoe sBktK ftZu ewh, gqfeqfse tksktoD d/ ojZ;K B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfJsk. (ix) nkgD/ ns/ ftPt ftZu nkgD/ ;EkB B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfJsk.

y/sh ns/ ;zpzX ftfrnkBK dh f;Zfynk ns/ y'i s/ pb (Give an Importance on Education and Research of Agriculture and Related Science)

Gkos fJZe y/sh gqXkB d/P j?. fJZE'A dh 70# iBsk y/sh ns/ y/sh Bkb ;zpzXs T[d:'rK s'A nkgDk ihtB fBotkj eodh j?. y/sh ns/ y/sh^;zpzX T[d:'rK d/ nkX[fBeheoD ns/ ftek; Bkb jh ;kvh noEftt;Ek ftZu ;[Xko ;zGt j?. y/sh dh f;Zfynk, ;zpzX T[d:'rK dh f;Zfynk ns/ sZs;zpzXh y'i s/ ;G s'A finkdk i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. tZX s'A tZX ftfdnkoEhnK B{ z fJ;h fdPk ftZu nfXnB ns/ y'i ;zpzXh gq/fos eoBk ukjhdk j?.



B'N f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoheoD (Vocationalisation of Education)

Gos dh noE^ftt;Ek y/sh^gqXkB noE^ftt;Ek j?. fJ; soQK dh noE^ftt;Ek ftZu 7^8 ;kb dh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh io{os T[g:'rh j?, gozs{ T[Zu ns/ T[Zuso f;Zfynk B{z f;Zfynk B{z T[g:'rh BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJZE/ ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ pknd eko'pkoe f;Zfynk T[g:'rh j' ;edh j?. fJ; bJh ;kb dh ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ pknd 2^3 ;kb dh eko'pko dh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; s'A fe fJZe gk;/ w[fvnKê[VhnK B{z ihtB ftZu dkfyb/ d/ bJh fsnko eo ;ehJ/ sK d{i/ gk;/ okPNoh T[sgkdB d/ tkX/ ftZu :'rdkB eoe/ okPNoh^nkofEe ftek; eo ;ehJ/. fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb n;hA f;Zfynk B{z T[sgkdesk Bkb th i'V ;eKr/.

eko'pkoe f;Zfynk d/ nzsors T[jBK jh eko'pkoK ftZu f;ybkJh fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j/ fijV/ iK sK y/sh Bkb ;zpzX j'D iK fiBQK y/soK ftZu f;Zfyns e[Pb iBPesh dh xkN j't/. y/sh N/eBkb'ih B{z gqXkBsk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H Gkos dh noEftt;Ek HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH noEftt;Ek j?.

2H Gkos fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/P j?. 21H2 ;wkfie gfotosB ftZu f;Zfynk (Education in Social Change)

Gkos fJZe gqkuhB d/P j?. fJZE/ toD^wid{oh Xow dh ftfrnkBE ;wki^ftt;Ek dk ftek; j'fJnk ;h, gozs{ j'bh^j'bh fJj ftt;Ek ftefosh d/ tZb tXdh rJh. toD dk fBoXkoD r[Dk ns/ eow d/ ;EkB s/ iBw s'A j'D bZrk. toDK d/ nzsors eJh ikshnK dk iBw j'fJnk. ;wkfie T{u^Bhu dk G/d tXdk ufbnk frnk. fJj G/d n;gqP:sk dh ;hwk sZe gj[zu frnk. fiZE/ fJ;sohnK dh g{ik ehsh iKdh ;h, T[j fJ;sohnK ;wki ftZu d{ih Pq/Dh dh Bkrfoe j' rJhnK. T[jBK B{z eo^fteo dh t;s{ ;wfMnk ikD bZrk. ;kv/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ nXko fy;eD bZr/. n;hA ;wkfie ftxNB d/ tZb nro;o j'J/, fi; Bkb nZi gfotko, ftnkj nfkd ;wkfie ;z;EktK ftxfNs j' ojhnK jB.

nZi ikshtkd, tzP^gqzgok ns/ w{bjhB ;wkfie ihtB d/ ekoB ;wkfie GoPNkuko tZX fojk j?. dj/i nkgDk w{zj c?bkJ/ j?. pbkseko, fJ;sohnK d[nkok nkswjZfsnk, T[jBK B{z ibk e/ wko d/Dk nkfd Gkosh ;wki s/ ebze j?.

f;Zfynk dk T[d/P j/m do;kJhnK o[ektNK B{z d[o eoe/ ;wkBsk s/ nXkfos ;wkfie ftt;Ek dk ftek; eoBk j'Dk ukjhdk j?^

1H ikshtkd 2H tzP gqzgok 3H n;gqP:sk 4H T{u^Bhu dh GktBk 5H fJ;sohnK dk ;wki ftZu jhB ;EkB 6H fJ;sohnK d/ Bkb d[oftjko 7H T[Bs ns/ fgSV/ torK dh tXdh ykJh 8H ;wkfie w{bK dk BkP 9H gfotko ftxfNs ;o{g 10H ftnk dk ftefos o{g (dj/i gqEk)



21H3 f;Zfynk d[nkok ;wkfie gfotosB (Socially Change by Education)

f;Zfynk dk T[d/P ;wkfie ftek; (Aims of Education : Social Development)

f;Zfynk, ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[D, T[jBK dh g[PNh eoB, T[jBK B{z nZr/ tXkT[D dk ;wkfie eqKsh eoB dk ;woZE ;kXB j?. Gkos dhnK toswkB go;fEshnK ftek; d/ fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh ;zpzXh ;G s'A gfjbK ;wkfie w{bK dk ftek; eoBk j't/rk, fiBQK d/ ekoB T[go toDs o[ektNK T[g;fEs j'JhnK jB. ;wkfie w{bK dk ftek; (Development of Social Values)

w?ekJhto, g/i nkfd ;wki^Pk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko ;wki ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ikb j?. fJBQK ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk nXko ;wkfie j?. fJ; ;wkfie w{bK d/ fBod/P ftZu jh ;wkfie fB:w (Social norms) pDd/ jB, fijV/ fe ;kv/ ;wkfie fttjko B{z fB:zsos eod/ jB. ftensh d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo, ftnesh^ftnesh ftZu ;wkBsk dk Gkt, go;go ;dGkt, gq/w, fsnkr, ;/tk, nksw^fB:zsoD, ;fjDPhbsk d/ nXko s/ jh ;wki pfDnk ofj ;edk j?. tZfvnK dk nkdo, nkfrnk^gkbD, fBPmk, nk;Ek, fJwkBdkoh d/ fpBK ;wki BjhA uZb ;edk. fJ; bJh ftfdnkfbnK d/ fefonkêbkgK ftZu fJBQK r[DK d/ ftek; dk g{ok :sB eoBk j't/rk. ;wki ;/tk d/ ;xB ekoieow ;kvh f;Zfynk d/ nfGzB nzr pDB Bkb jh w{bK dk ftek; j' ;e/rk. ;e{bQ ns/ ekbiK B{z ;w[dkfJe ihtB dk e/Ado pDkT[Dk (Make the Centre of Social Life of School and Collages)

;wkfie GktBk d/ ftek; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ;kv/ ;e{bQ ns/ ekbiK B{z ;w[dkfJe fefonk^ ebkgK dk e/Ado pDkfJnk ikt/. ;kvh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ;w[dkfJe f;ZfynkfbnK dk ;o{g rqfjD eo b?D, fi; ftZu fe T[j ;w[dkfJe ihtB B{z tZX s'A tZX T[Bs pDk ;eD. fJ; Bkb ;fj:'r, ftfdnkoEh$ftfdnkoEDK dh ;/tk, ;fjPD{sk nkfd dhnK GktBKtK dk ftek; j't/rk, fi; Bkb fe fJ; Bkb feP'o nt;Ek ftZu jh fJ; ftek; dh BhAj g? ikt/rh. ;wki^;/tk ekoieowK B{z f;Zfynk dk nfGzB nzr pDkT[Dk

;kyosk Bk sK f;Zfynk dk nkfd j? ns/ Bk nzs. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z frnkBkswe gZy sZe jh ;hfws Bk oZy e/ fttjko o{gKsoD dh fefonkswe f;Zfynk s/ i'o d/Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh ftP/P s"o s/ fgZSV/ torK, dhB^jhBK dh p;shnK ftZu, ftfdnkb/ d[nkok ftfGzB ;/tk ekoieow ubkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. ;w[dkfJe ftek; d/ ekoieowK ftZu Gkr b?D dh io{osk (Necessity to Participate in the Programmes of Communal Development)

f;Zfynk ;z;EktK B{z nfGzB nzr d/ o{g ftZu ;w[dkfJe ;/tkêkoieowK B{z ngBT[Dk j't/rk. ;w[dkfJ dh gqfeosh d/ nB[;ko ns/ ftfdnkb/ d/ ftfdnkoEh$ftfdnkoEDK d/ ekoieow fGzB^ fGzB soQK d/ j'Dr/ gozs{ fJBQK ekoieowK ftZu Gkr b?Dk io{oh pDkT[Dk j't/rk. fJj fBPfus eoBk j't/rk fe fi; ftfdnkoEh$ftfdnkoED B/ xZN^s'A^xZN 30 fdB sZe fJBQK ekoieowK ftZu Gkr BjhA fbnk j?, T[; B{z ;oNhfce/N$fvroh BjhA fdZsh ikt/rh. fJ; soQK d/ e[ZM ekoieow fBwB fbys jB^

(i) f;js ;/tk ekoieow

(T) ;XkoD f;js ;/tk fPfto (n) ftNkfwB, dtkJhnK tzv^fPfto (J) wjkwkoh ftZu gfouo:k ekoi (;) ftfGzB o'r^fBtkoD ;zpzX fPfto

B'N



B'N (ii) gq'VQ f;Zfynk ekoieow^

(T) fttjkfoe$T[sgkdesk nXkfos ;kuyosk^fPfto (n) ;z;feqsh gq;ko fPfto (J) ;XkoD frnkB fPfto

(iii) eko'pkoe$T[d:'fre fteko ekoieow

(T) y/sh f;ybkJh fPfto (n) y/sh nXkfos T[d:'r fPfto (J) ykd, ehNBkPe, dtkJhnK tzvêkoiew ;/tk

(iv) jVQ^nekb ofjs ekoieow

(T) jVQ ;jkfJsk fPfto (n) okjs ekoieow

fJj ekoieow NSS (okPNoh ;wki ;/tk ekoieow) nkfd d/ wkfXnw Bkb gqGkth pDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;zpzXh j'o ;zrmBK B{z th fsnko ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj ekoieow g{oDekfbe, nzPekfbe d'jK soQK d/ j' ;ed/ jB. fJZe ;kb ftZu xZN s'A xZN 20 fdB dk g{oDekfbe ns/ 11$2 wjhB/ dk nzPekfbe ekoieow oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 6 s'A 14 ;kb d/ pZfunK d/ bJh ;wkB io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk (Similar Necessary and Free Education for Children up to 6-14 years)

toD, iksh, tzP, fbzr, ;EkB, Xow nkfd d/ G/d d/ fpBK 6 s'A 14 ;kb d/ pZfunK d/ bJh ;wkB io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoe/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu c?bh n;wkBsk B{z d{o eoe/ ;wkfie n;wkBsk B{z d{o eoBk j't/rk, fi; Bkb fe ;ko/ torK, toDK, ikshnK, tzPK, fbzrK ns/ ;EkBK d/ pkbe Bkb^Bkb gVQ e/ ftG/dK s'A d{o ofj ;eD. ;wkB^;e{bQ s/ f;Zfynk^gqDkbh (Similar School and Education System)

Gkos ftZu e'wB ;e{bQ, gpfbe ;e{bQ, ekBt/AN ;e{bQ, r[o{e[b nkfd eJh soQK d/ ftfdnkb/ jB, fijV/ fe ;wkitkdh b'eszsoe ftt;Ek d/ Bkw s/ ft;zrsh d/ ;{ue jB. fJ; Bkb tor^G/d dh ykJh u"Vh j' ojh j? ns/ tor^;zxoP B{z gq's;kjB fwb fojk j?. fJ; bJh d/P ftZu fJ; soQK d/ ;wkB ftfdnkfbnK B{z gq's;kjB fwb fojk j?, fijV/ fe Xow, iksh, toD, tzP d/ G/d Bkb Go/ jB. f;Zfynk nk:'r B/ b'e^f;Zfynk dh fBwB fbys ;wkB ;e{bQ^gZXsh dh rZb ehsh j?^

(i) fijVh iksh, ;zgqdkfJ, Xow, nkofEe go;fEsh ns/ ;wkfie gqfsPmk dk ftuko ehs/ fpBK ;ko/ pZfunK B{z ;[bG j't/.

(ii) fi; ftZu uzrh f;Zfynk dk w"ek gqkgs eoBk, XzB iK tor s/ fBoGo Bk eoe/ gqfsGk s/ fBoGo eo/.

(iii) fijV/ ;ko/ ;e{bQK ftZu fJZe ;w{fus ;so pDkJ/ oZy/rh ns/ xZN s'A xZN fJZe :[esh;zrs ;zfynk ftZu uzr/ ;so dhnK ;z;EktK ;[bG eokJ/rh.

(iv) fi; ftZu gVQkJh dh e'Jh ch; BjhA bJh ikt/rh.

(v) fijVh fJZe n";s fgsk dhnK io{osK dh g{osh eo/rh sK fe T[; B{z fJ; gqDkbh s'A pkjo d/ youhb/ ;e{bQK ftZu nkgD/ pZfunK B{z G/iD dh io{os ;Xkod o{g s'A BjhA j't/rh.

fJ;soh^f;Zfynk B{z gq's;kjB (Encourage the Women-Education)

id'A sZe fe;h ;wki ftZu fJ;soh B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB BjhA fwbdk, T[d'A sZe T[j ;wki 334 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


gqrsh BjhA eo ;edk. Gkos ftZu fJ;soh, ;wki d/ ewi'o tor ftZu j?. fJBQK B{z ;wki ftZu T[fus ;EkB fdbkT[D dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;soK s/ fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk dh ftP/P ftt;Ek eoBh j't/rh. T[; s/ tZX s'A tZX you eoBk j't/rk. fJj f;Zfynk T[jBK dh gqfeosh, o{uhnK, ;woZEktK ns/ nGhftoshnK d/ nB[e{b th j'Dh ukjhdh j?. jkb/ fJ; fdPk ftZu pj[s :sB eoB dh io{os j??. ftfdnkb/, ftfdnkoEh^ntk;, nfXnB ;[thXktK, ftfdnkoEh^ ftoshnK nkfd dk gqktXkB io{oh j?. fgSV/ torK dh f;Zfynk (Education of Backword Classes)

Gkosh ;wki ftZu dk fJZe pj[s tZvk fjZ;k fgZSV/ tor d/ y/soK ftZu nkT[Adk j?. fJBQK d/ T[EkB dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu j/m do;kJhnK nt;EktK jkb/ j'o ubkT[DhnK j'DrhnK^

(i) fgSV/ tor B{z f;Zfynk d/ ftfGzB ;soK s/ dkfyb/ ftZu oktKeoD

(ii) fgSV/ tor B{z fBP[be f;Zfynk

(iii) fgSV/ tor d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfdnkoEh^ftoshnK

(iv) fgSV/ tor B{z ftfdnkoEh^ntk; nkfd dhnK ;[thXktK

(v) fgSV/ tor d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z G'iB, gkm^b/y ;wZroh dh w[cs ftt;Ek. Gkmeqw ftZu ;[Xko (Reformation Curriculum)

;kB{z gkmeqw d/ f;XKse ns/ fefonkswe gZy B{z fJ; soQK Bkb gfotofss$;zP'fXs eoBk j't/rk fe T[; d/ Bshi/ ti'A f;Zfyns ftneshnK d/ fttjko ftZu fBwB nzfes gfotosB nk ikD^

(i) toDtkd$ikshtkd d/ gqsh nBk;Ek

(ii) tzP gqzgok d/ ;EkB s/ eow ns/ r[D B{z wjZst d/Dk

(iii) ;wkfie ;wkBsk ftZu nk;Ek

(iv) n;gqP:sk s'A fxoDk

(v) fJ;sohnK d/ gqsh ;wkBsk dk Gkt

(vi) ;wki d/ fgSV/ torK d/ gqsh nkdo s/ ;dGkt

(vii) ;wkfie w{bK dk fttjko ftZu ;wkt/P

(viii) dj/i nkfd e[ohshnK d/ gqsh fxoDk

(ix) nzX^ftPtk;, e[ohshnK s'A S[Nekok,

(x) d/P dh ;wkifie ;z;feqsh d/ gqsh nk;Ek

(xi) gqkuhB w{bK ns/ notkuhB ftZu ;wBt? dk :sB okPNoh io{os ns/ neKfynk d/ nB[o{g ftfdne Nhuk (Educational Aims for National Necessity and Need)

okPNoh fdqPNh s'A nZi okPNoh J/esk ;kvh ;G s'A fgnkoh io{os j?^;kvh neKfynk fJZe ;pb, wi{s ns/ ;zgzB Gkos okPNo j?. n;w ftZu ftd/Ph BkrfoeK dh ;wZf;nk, gzikp ftZu ykfb;skB dh wzr, ePwho ftZu g{Bontk; dh ;wZf;nk, nKXo ftZu s/br[d/Pw dk nzd'bB, sfwbBkv{ ftZu fjzdh fto'X, fJ; io{os dh g{osh ftZu o[ektNK jB. gqshtkd ns/ y/shtkdh, s/ih Bkb c?b e/ okPNo d/ Poho B{z w"s d/ brGr B/V/ eo oj/ jB. gqpb GkPkJh ;zeohDsk dZyD, T[Zso B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzvDk ukj[zdh j?. ;zgqdkfJesk dh nZr ofjôfj e/ edh gZSw ftZu, r[ioks ftZu, edh nbhrVQ ftZu, edh w[okdkpkd ftZu, edh g{ot ftZu, edh n;w ftZu ;[br iKdh j?. fJ; bJh nkX[fBe Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy Nhuk okPNoh J/eheoD j?^fJ; ftZu gqpb o[ektNK j/m do;kJhnK jB^

B'N



B'N (i) gqKstkd

(ii) y/sohnsk

(iii) GkPktkd

(iv) ;zgqdkfJesk

(v) w{btjhB ;Zsk d/ bJh d"V$;Zsktkd

(vi) fsnkrg{oD nrtkJh dh xkN

(vii) eosZt d/ ;EkB s/ nfXeko B{z gqw[Zysk.

T[go'es o[ektNK d/ jND s/ jh okPNoh Nhu/ dh gqkgsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ j/m do;kJ/ T[d/P j'D/ ukjhd/ jB^

(T) okPNoh u/sBk B{z tXktk d/Dk^ftfGzB gqd/PK, GkPktK, T[g;z;feqshnK ;zgqdkfJnK dhnK ftftXsktK ftZu J/esk dk nB[Gt eok e/ wksG{wh d// gqsh gqrkVQ gq/w dh T[; GktBk B{z neP{D pDkJ/ oZyDk, fi; dk ftek; ;kv/ okPNoh ;[szsosk nzd'bB d/ d"okB ehsk ;h, ;kvh f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb n;hA nkgDh ;z;feqsh, gqzgoktK, GkPktK s/ rot eo ;ehJ/. e'mkoh nk:'r B/ fJ; ;zpzXh j/m do;kJ/ d' ekoieowK B{z f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu ngBkT[D dh ;bkj fdZsh j?^

1H ;kvh ;z;feqsh ftok;s dk g{Bow[bnzeD ns/ T[; B{z ;jh Yzr Bkb ;wMDk^fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh j/m do;kJ/ nB[;ko ehsh ik ;edh j?^

(i) Gkosh GkPk, ;kfjs, doPB, Xow ns/ fJfsjk; dk ;[fB:'fis nfXnB^ nfXnkgB dh ftt;Ek eokT[Dk.

(ii) Gkosh tk;s{ebk, w{oshebk, fuZsoebk ftZu ;zrhs^Bku ns/ BkNêbk B{z io{oh gkmeqw ftZu Pkfwb eo/ ikD{ eokT[Dk.

(iii) Gkos ns/ T[; d/ ftfGzB gqfeofse ns/ okiBhfse GkrK dhnK ftP/PsktK B{z gkmûouk ftZu Pkfwb eoBk.

(iv) ftfGzB y/soK d/ nfXnkgeK dk go;go ndkB^gqdkB eoBk.

(v) S[ZNh tkb/ fPftoK, rowh ekb tkb/ fPftoK B{z okPNoh;ko s/ nk:'iB eoBk.

(vi) nfyb Gksoh$okPNoh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk eoBk, fiBQK ftZu okPNoh ;o{g d/ doPB j' ;eD.

2H ;kv/ GftZy d/ gqsh wip{s gq/oDkg{oD fBPmk dk ftek; eoBk^fJ; Nhu/ dh gqkgsh j/mK do;kJ/ nB[;ko ehsh ik ;edh j?^

(i) Bkrfoesk ;zpzXh gkmeqw ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;zftXkB d/ f;XKsK^T[; dh gq;sktB, T[; ftZu T[b/yh b'eszsoe w{bK dk p'X eok e/.

(ii) b'eszsoe ;wkitkdh ;wki, fi; dk n;hA fBowkD eoBk ukjz[d/ jK, T[; d/ ;o{g B{z ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;wMk e/.

(iii) okPNoh ftek; dh gi ;kbk :'iBktK nkfd dk ftfGzB ;soK s/ ;sotkd s/ fXnkB eok e/.

3H ;xB :sBôkPNoh J/eheoD d/ Nhuo/ dh gqkgsh d/ bJh j/mK do;kJh fdPk ftZu ;xB ns/ wip{s :sB eoBk j't/rk^

(i) ;kohnK nkX[fBe Gkosh GkPktK B{z f;Zfynk gkmeqw ftZu wjZstg{oD ;EkB d/Dk.

(ii) nkX[fBe Gkosh GkPktK B{z f;Zfynk^wkfXnw ns/ ftuko^ftfB:w d/ wkfXnw d/ o{g ftZu ngBkT[Dk.



(iii) GkPk^nfXnB dh fdqPNh s'A sfoGkPk^;{so B{z ngBkT[Dk (fJ; dk toDB gfjbK ehsk ik u[Zek j?.)

(iv) f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw o{g ftZu wks^GkPk$y/soh GkPk ;zgoe GkPk B{z ngBkT[Dk.

(v) ;zxh GkPk fjzdh B{z ;zgoe ns/ okPNo^GkPkô{g ftZu ftef;s eoBk.

(vi) okPNoh ;/tk ekoieqwK B{z ;xB o{g ftZu ;ko/ d/P ftZu io{oh o{g s'A bkr{ eoBk.

okiBhfse ftek; (Political Development)

okPNoh J/eheoD d/ ;ko/ :sB T[d'A sZe ftcb ofjDr/ id'A sZe ;kvk okiBhfse ftek;, b'eszsoe okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ nB[e{b Bk j'D. fJ; u{D"sh d/ j/m fby/ gZy jB^

(T) BkrfoeK d/ fttjko ftZu b'eszsoe w{bK dk ;wkt/P^fJj w{b jB^

(i) ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo (ii) T[dkoskg{oD ;fjDPhbsk

(iii) Nksw^fB:zsoD (iv) gkogfoe ;dGkt (v) gkogfoe ;fj:'r

(vi) fsnkr ns/ ;/tk (vii) nkg;h ndkB^gqdkB nkfd^nkfd.

(viii) nfXekoK d/ Bkb^Bkb eosZtK d/ gqsh ikfrqsh dk ftek;. (ix) nkofEe fdqPNh s'A okPNo B{z nksw^fBoGo pDkT[Dk

;wkfie ns/ okPNoh J/eheoD d[nkok Nhu/ dh gqkgsh sK jh ;zGt j?, id'A fe n;hA f;Zfynk d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK dk^

(i) ;wkfie ftek; eo ;ehJ/ (ii) okiBhfse ftek; eo ;ehJ/ (iii) b'eszso dh ihtBP?bh d/ o{g ftZu ngBk b?D

;otXow ;dGkt dh GktBk dk ftek; (Produce the Feelings of All Religious Goodwill)

Gkos fJZe pj[Xowh d/P j?. n;hA Xow^fBogZy b'eszso dh ;EkgBk ehsh j?. ;kvh ;zftXkBe ftt;EktK B/ jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDh nk;Ek d/ nB[;ko T[gk;Bk nkfd eoB dh ;[szsosk fdZsh j?. nkgDhnK Xkofwe ;z;EktK d/ gqpzX dh ;[szsosk fdZsh j?. f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh Xkofwe ;[szsosk d/ fJ; nfXeko dk ;dT[g:'r ;zGt j?. n;hA fe;h Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk BjhA d/ ;ed/. ;ko/ XowK d/ pko/ ftZu f;Zfynk d/ ;ed/ jB. fJ; fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk^;z;EktK B{z j/m do;kJhnK fefonktK eoBhnK j'DrhnK^

(i) ftfdnkfbnk$ekbi dk nozG ;ot^Xow gqkoEBk s'A ehsk ikt/. (ii) gqkoEBk^;Gk ftZu ;ko/ XowK d/ gftZso rqzEK d/ nzP ;[DkJ/ ikD iK T[jBK dk gkm

ehsk ikt/. (iii) ;ko/ XowK d/ gqtoseK d/ iBw^fdB, g[Bfwsh nkfd wBkJh ikt/. (iv) ;ko/ XowK d/ fsUjkoK, w/b/ ftfdnkb/$wjKftfdnkb/ ftZu wBkJ/ ikD. (v) ftfGzB Xowktbzph ;zsK d/ GkPD nkfd oZy/ ikD.

B'N



B'N (vi) ;sotkd gkmtkd pDk e/ ftfGzB XowK d/ f;XKsK, gqtoseK nkfd d/ pko/ ftZu ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/. gqkEfwe ns/ wZXfwe ;so s/ GkPk ns/ ;wkfie nfXnB ftfPnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ns/ T[Zu ;so s/ gqEe ftP/ d/ o{g ftZu.

(vii) T[Zu ;so s/ ftfGzB XowK dk s[bBkswe nfXnB eokfJnk ikt/.

T[go'es ns/ j'o T[go'es ekoieowK d/ gkmeqw d/ wkfXnw Bkb n;hA ;ot^Xow dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;cb j' ;eKr/. nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt d/ bJh f;Zfynk (Education for International Goodwill)

Gkos „;ot/ Gtzs{ ;[fyB? ;ot/ ;zs{ fBokw:k‟ ns/ t;[X?te[N[wpew‟ dh gqzgok tkbk d/P j?. ftPt ftZu tXd/ sBkn nksze, jfEnkoK dh d"V, S'N/ okPNoK dh gqG{;Zsk B{z u{D"sh nkfd dh ;fEsh ftZu T[go'es GktBk dk ftek; io{oh j' frnk j?. ftfrnkB ns/ N/eBkb'ih dk T[g:'r PKshg{oD ns/ ftek;kswe ekoiK d/ bJh j't/. fJ; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt dk tksktoD fsnko ehsk ikt/. ;[szso Gkos ftZu th n;hA gzuPhb, sN;Esk nkfd d/ f;XKsK B{z d/ e/ fJ; y/so ftZu :'rdkB ehsk j?. fJ; GktBk B{z iBîB ftZu ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk B{z nkgD/ NhfunK ftZu fJ; B{z Pkfwb eoBk j't/rk.

;kB{z ftPt Bkrfoe pDB ftZu ;jkfJsk d/ bJh wB[Zyh ns/ ;wki^ftfrnkBK ns/ ftfrnkBK dk ;kvk nfXnB j/m nB[;ko dk j't/^

(i) Gkmeqw ftZu gV';h okPNoK ns/ ftPt d/ j'o okPNoK dhnK ftP/PsktK dh ikDekoh fdZsh ikt/, fi; Bkb fe T[jBK B{z ;wMD ns/ T[jBK dk frnkB gqkgs eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fwb/.

(ii) fJj frnkB g{otrqj g{oDsk s'A w[es sN;E o{g s'A fdZsk ikt/. (iii) ftfGzB d/PK d/ ndkB^gqdkB dhnK :'iBktK B{z ;woZE pDkfJnk ikt/. (iv) ;z:[es okPNo ;zx ns/ T[; dhnK ftfGzB ;z;EktK d[nkok fBoXkfos T[d/PK ns/ fJ;

;zpzXh nkgDkJ/ rJ/ ekoieowK B{z ;kv/ ftfdne ekoieowK ftZu wjZst fdZsk ikt/.

gqkuhBsk ns/ nkX[fBesk dk ;wBt? (Coordination of Antiquity and Modernity)

nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt d/ bJh fJj th io{oh j't/rk fe n;hA gZSwh d/PK dh ftfrnkB ns/ f;Zfynk^ftfrnkB s/ nXkfos nkX[fBesk Bkb ;kwzi; p?mkJhJ/. Gkos ;wki fJZe gqzgokrs ;wki j?, id'A sZe n;hA nkgDh gqkuhBsk dk gZSwhnK dh nkX[fBesk Bkb ;kwzi; BjhA fpmktKr/, T[d'A sZe nzsoôkPNoh ;dGkt dk ftek; BjhA j' ;e/rk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk^gqDkbh ns/ nkX[fBesk dk ;wBt? eoBk j't/rk.

gqkuhBsk d/ o{g ftZu Gkso B/ wjkB, ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ nfXnksfe w{b ftok;s ftZu gkJ/ jB. fJj T[j wB[Zyh w{b jB, fijV/ PkPts ns/ ;otG"w jB, fiBQK d/ pb s/ fJj gqkuhBekb ftZu d[BhnK dk w;hjk, nr[nk ns/ r[o{ fojk j?. fJBQK w{bK dh nZi dh d[BhnK ftZu pj[s io{oh j?. nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfefonk d/ ;G s'A PeshPkbh ;kXB ftfrnkB ns/ fPbg^ ftfrnkB jB, i' fe wkBtsk B{z G{;zjkko d/ tZb b? ik oj/ jB. ftPt ftZu ftfrnkBe n;so^P;soK dh j'V tZX ojh j?. fJBQK d/ gq:'r dk Bshik n;hA fgSb/ d' ftPt^:[ZXK ftZu d/y u[Ze/ jK, fiBQK ftZu fe nG{sg{ot Bo;zjko j'fJnk ;h. ;kv/ s/ nkX[fBesk dk ;kXB ftfrnkB jkth Bk j't/. T[j ;kvk ;tkwh Bk pD ikt/, pbfe n;hA T[; d/ ;tkwh pD e/ T[g:'r wB[Zysk d/ bJh eohJ/. w{bnXkfos gqkuhBsk ns/ ftfrnkB nXkfos nkX[fBesk dk ;tBt? ;kvk Nhuk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;tH itjkobkb Bfjo{ B/ fejk ;h^“eh n;hA ftfrnkB ns/ f;Zfynk^ftfrnkb dh fJBQK soZeh dk w/b wB ns/ o{j dh dh soZeh Bkb th BjhA fpmk ;ed/< n;hA ftfrnkB B{z th BjhA M[mbk ;ed/ jK, feT[Afe nZi sK T[j fizdrh dh p[fBnkdh uhi j? ns/ fgSb/ iwkB ftZu Gkos fiBQK io{oh f;XKsK s/ nwb eodk nk fojk j?, T[jBK B{z sK n;hA



j'o th xZN M[mbk ;ed/ jK. fJ; bJh n;hA nkgDh g{oh skes ns/ wPes d/ Bkb T[d:'r^ XzfdnK nkgD/ ok;s/ uZbd/ ojhJ/, gozs{ T[jBK d/ Bkb jh Bkb fXnkb oZyhJ/ fe ;fjDPhbsk, fdnk ns/ p[XhwkBh d/ fpBK G"fse d"bs X{b ns/ oky jh j' ;edh j?.” gqkuhBsk ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ fJ; ;wBt? d[nkok jh n;hA fJZe nfij/ Gkosh dk fBowkD eo ;eKr/ i' nBkPesh ngforqj, ;fjPD{sk, T[dkosk, fdnk, PKs gq/wh nkfd w{bK s/ uZb e/ ;z;koe ftfrnkBe T[gbpXhnK dk T[g:'r eo/rk. nfijk j'D s/ jh f;Zfynk nkgD/ T[d/PK ftZu ;cb ejh ik ;e/rh. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H Gosh dh 70# iBsk y/sh ns/ y/sh Bkb ;zpzXs T[d:'rK d[nkok nkgDk eodh j?^

(T) ihtB fBotkj (n) ekoi (J) eko'pko (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H Gkos dh noEftt;Ek j?^

(T) y/sh^gqXkB (n) iBw^gqXkB (J) eow^gqXkB (;) wip{s

5H Gkos ftZu fJ;soh j?^

(T) ;wki d/ wip{s tor ftZu (n) ;wki d/ ewi'o tor ftZu (J) ;wki d/ T[Zu tor ftZu (;) ;wkki d/ fBwB tor ftZu

6H Gkosh ;wki dk fJZe pj[s tZvk fjZ;k nkT[Adk j?^

(T) fgSV/ tor d/ y/soK ftZu (n) T[Zu tor d/ y/soK ftZu (J) ;wfoZX tor d/ y/soK ftZu (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA.

21H4 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; (Human Resource Development)

„frnkB^frnkB d/ bJh j?‟ iK f;Zfynk^f;Zfynk d/ bJh j?‟ dk Bkok ;otwzBD:'r f;XKs pfDnk j'fJnk ;h. pkbe d/ ufosoe, wkBf;e ns/ nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh gqzgok ;h. f;Zfynk B{z nB[gkde fefonk wzfBnk iKdk ;h.

id'A f;Zfynk dk gq;ko j'fJnk, BkwKeB ;zfynk tXD bZrh, you ftZu tkXk j'D bZrk ns/ oki B{z f;Zfynk s/ finkdk XzB you eoBk fgnk sK f;ZfynkPk;sohnK dk fXnkB f;Zfynk d/ nkofEe gZy d/ tZb frnk.

noEPk;so dh toswkB XkoDk ftZu wB[Zy dhnK T[jBK fefonktK d/ nfXnB B{z gqw[Zysk fdZsh rJh j? fi; dk ;zpzX XzB d[nkok j't/. fJ; ftZu wB[Zy dh XzB^;zpzXh ;wkfie fefonktK dh gqXkBsk j?. wB[Zy ;wki ftZu ofjzdk j? ns/ ;wki ftZu ofjD d/ ekoB T[; dhnK eJh nkofEe ;wZf;nktK j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK nkofEe ;wZf;nktK dk ftPb/PD noEPk;so ftZu j[zdk j?. vkH ;hro d/ nB[;ko, “noEPk;so T[j ;kwi ftfrnkB j?, fi; ftZu wB[Zy :sBK d/ T[; nzP dh ftt/uBk j[zdh j?, fi;dk ;zpzX ihftek T[sgkdB d[nkok j[zdk j?.” gqf;ZX noEPk;soh wkoPb efjzd/ jB fe “noEPk;so wB[Zy d/ ;XkoD ihtB ftZu tgko ;zpzXh fefonktK dk nfXnB eodk j?. fJ; Bkb fJ; rZb dk gsk bZrdk j? fe T[j fe; soQK XzB T[sgkdB eodk j? ns/ T[; dk gq:'r eodk j?. fJ; soQK fJZe gk;/ XzB dk nfXnB eodk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ fJ; s'A tZX wjZstg{oD gZy ftnesh dk nfXnB eodk j?.” gq'c/;o i/H e/H w/jsk d/ nB[;ko “noEPk;so T[j ftfrnkB j? fijVk wB[Zyh fttjkoK dk nfXnB eodk j?, fijVk io{os ftjhBsk dh dPk dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ehs/ iKd/ jB.”

n;s{, j[D noEPk;so dk y/so ft;Eko j' frnk j?. j[D fJ; B{z e/tb XzB dk Pk;so Bk wzB e/

B'N



B'N XzB, wB[Zy ns/ wB[Zyh efbnkD Bkb ;zpzX Pk;so wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A T[; dk ;zpzX f;ZfynkPk;so Bkb th j' iKdk j?. f;ZfynkPk;so ftZu pkbe d/ efbnkD dk fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu ftnesh s/ ;wki d/ B?fse nkdoPK dh ftt/uBk j[zdh j?. fJ; ftZu ;wkiêfbnkD s/ ftneshêfbnkD dh ebgBk B{z w{oso{g fdZsk iKdk j?. f;ZfynkPk;so dk fJj ekoi ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk, nfXnkgeK dh fB:[esh, GtB^ fBowkD, eqhVKrD ftt;Ek, gqhfynk^ftt;Ek ns/ j'o ftfdne ekoiebkg d[nkok ;zgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; ekoi ftZu XzB dh io{os j[zdh j?. XzB dh ftt;Ek s/ gqzpXB ftZu noEPk;so d[nkok ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?. fJ; soQK nZieZbQ f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk ftek; j' fojk j?. nkofEe go;fEshnK dk f;Zfynk s/ gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ f;Zfynk dh :'iBk pDkT[D ftZu gqGkt g?Adk j?. nw/foek ftZu f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk ftP/P o{g ftZu ftek; j'fJnk j?. gqf;ZX nwoheh noEPk;so E:'vo P{bi B/ fJ; y/so ftZu ftP/P ekoi ehsk. o{g ftZu th fJ; fdPk ftZu ;okjD:'r ekoi ehsk frnk ns/ Pqh n?;H ihH ;N{fwfbB dk :'rdkB nfs wjZstg{oD j?. fJzrb?Av ftZu ikB t/ih ns/ coK; ftZu wkJhe/b v/tkB/P nkfd ftdtkBK B/ fJ; Pkyk dk ftek; ehsk. J/vw ;fwE B/ ;fEo g{zih ftZu ;wki d/ w?ApoK dh bkGdkfJe :'rsktK B{z Pkfwb eoe/ ns/ Nkw; nkoH wkbE; B/ ;wkfie ;wzi/ ns/ nkofEe PKsh d/ bJh wid{oK dh f;Zfynk ns/ ;yosk s/ pb d/ e/ ftfdne noEPk;so d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[oto G{wh fsnko eo fdZsh ;h. nbco/v wkoPb B/ fejk ;h “;G s'A finkdk w{btkB g{zih T[j j? fi; dk ftfB:'r wB[Zy s/ ehsk iKdk j?.” ekob wkoe; B/ wid{o d/ seBheh e"Pb B{z tXkT[D s/ i'o fdZsk ;h. wkoPb B/ f;Zfynk d/ eko'pkoe gZy s/ i'o fdZs ;h ns/ f;Zfynk B{z nkofEE ftek; Bkb i'VB dk ;woEB ehsk ;h. 21H5 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB (Man Power Planning)

noEPk;so dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy fJZe g{zih j?> d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh fit/A XzB^d"bs dh io{os j[zdh j?, T[;h soQK wB[Zyh^Pesh dh io{os j[zdh j?. ekoykfBnK ftZu wid{o ezw eod/ jB. i/eo wid{o f;Zfyns j? sK T[; d/ ekoi dk Bshik uzrk j't/rk. ekoykB/ ftZu T[sgkdB th tX/rk. f;Zfyns fe;kB y/s ftZu finkdk nzB T[gikJ/rk feT[Afe T[; B{z phi, ykd, T[geoD nkfd dk frnkB j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy B{z f;Zfyns eoBk g{zih fBt/P j?. wB[Zyh^Pesh dk fB:'iB eoB dk Gkt j? fe wB[Zy dh ekoi ;woZEk B{z tXkT[Dk, T[; B{z BthnK seBheK dh ikDekoh d/Dk, T[; B{z d/P^ftd/P ftZu y/sh ns/ T[d:'rK ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosBK s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk io{oh j?.

wB[Zy ftZu n;hw Pesh j?. wB[Zy nkgD/^nkg fJZe Pesh j?. fJZE/ Pesh dk Gkt e'Jh nfXnksfwe Pesh BjhA j?. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A, g{zih d// o{g ftZu, nkofEe ;wfoXh d/ ;pb ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu wB[Zyh^Pesh j?. T[j fJZe ;kXB j?, ebêkoykfBnK dk fJZe ;Pes g{oik j?.

nkofEe ftek; ftZu wB[Zyh ;kXB pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. T[;h d/ d[nkok nkofEe ftek; B{z rsh fwbdh j? ns/ d/P T[Bsh eodk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk fizBk :'r fJj ;kXB j't/rk T[Bk jh finkdk nkofEe ftek; ;zGt pD/rk. T[; dh ;woZEk, :'rsk ns/ fBg[zBsk B{z tXkT[Dk io{oh j?. wB[Zy dhnK fJBQK PeshnK B{z tXkT[D dk ekoi f;Zfynk dk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk nkofEe ftek; Bkb ;zpzX j[zdh j?. nkofEe ftek; wid{oK dh ekoi e[Pbsk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. wid{oK dh ekoi e[Pbsk T[jBK dh f;Zfynk^fdZfynk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk nkofEe ftek; dk nfGzB nzr pD iKdh j?.

f;Zfynk dk T[d/P e/tb nkofEe ftek; BjhA j?. fiZE/ fJZe gk;/ f;Zfynko nkofEe T[Bsh d/ bJh io{oh j?, T[E/ jh d{i/ gk;/ T[j ihtB dk nBzd gqkgs eoB d/ bJh th ngfojko j?. uzrk nkdwh pDB d/ bJh ;wBfts ftnefsst gqkgs eoB d/ bJh, ufoso^fBowkD d/ bJh ns/ ;zgzB ihtB phskT[D d/ bJh f;Zfynk io{oh j?. nksw^gfukD ns/ nksw^;zs[PNh d/ bJh f;Zfynk io{oh j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb fe wB[Zyh ftnefsst B{z ;zg{oDsk gqkgs j' ;e/, f;Zfynk dh fJ; d'joh gqftosh B{z ;wM b?D s/ jh nkofEe T[Bsh ftZu T[; dk :'rdkB dk T[fus w[bnzeD ehsk ik ;edk j?.



nkofEe ftek; dk gq:'iB wB[Zy d/ ihtB ;so B{z T[Zuk eoBk j?. Gkos fij/ d/P ftZu dfodosk dk T[Bw{bB ns/ iB ihtB dk T[B:B jh T[; dh e;"Nh j?. fJ; d/ bJh gqfeosh s/ nkPfos Bk ofj e/ ftneshnK ftZu nkX[fBe seBheh Pesh ns/ e"PbK d/ nXko s/ nkswfBoGosk dh Gktbk ikfrqs eoBh j?. T[; ftZu Gkrtkdh j'D, d?t^d?t p[bkT[D, fB;jkfJ nB[Gt eoB dhnK gqftoshnK ysw j'DrhnK, fi; Bkb T[; dh Pesh dk jok;, gfjbedwh dk BkP ns/ T[ZsodkfJst GktBk dk ftBkP Bk j't/. nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh T[; ftZu nkswftPtk;, gqfeosh^tgko ;wMD dh Pesh ns/ T[; dk ;kwjDk eoB dh :'rsk T[sgzB eoe/ ;wki ftZu fJZe Bt/A tksktoD dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh fBT{Bsw nXkoG{s f;Zfynk io{oh j't/rh, fi; dk gq:'r nkX[fBe ftfrnkB ns/ seBhe B{z ;wMD ns/ nkgDh soe nXkfos Pesh tXkT[D ftZu j' ;e/. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H Gkos fJZe pj[Xowh d/P j?.

8H noEPk;so dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy fJZe g{zih BjhA j?.

9H ftn;e f;Zfynk dh nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbK io{oh j?.

10H gqkEfwe f;Zfynk s'A f;Zfynk dk nXko fsnko j[zdk j?. 21H6 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXB (Means of Human Resources Development) gq'VQ f;Zfynk (Adult Education)

ftn;e f;Zfynk dh nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ;G s'A gfjbh io{os j?. d/P ftZu 63 gqshPs ftnesh nBgVQ jB. Gkos dk ftek; fJBQK jh fBonZyo ftn;eK s/ fBogo eodk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;kyosk ns/ ;wki f;Zfynk d/ ;xB gq:sBK d[nkok T[jBK B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk j't/rk fe T[j y/sh ns/ T[d:'r^XzfdnK ;zpzXh ;kfjs gVQ^;wM ;eD ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ y/sh ns/ eko'pko ftZu gqrsh eo ;eD. f;Zfynk d[nkok seBheh frnkB, ftt/e ns/ ;kj; ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?, fi; Bkb nkofEe fefonktK dk ft;sko j[zdk j?, ;kXBK dk ftt/e Bkb T[g:'r ;zGt pDdk j? ns/ T[sgkdB tXdk j? fi; Bkb nkofEe gqrsh j[zdh j?. gqkEfwe f;Zfynk (Primary Education)

gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d[nkok f;Zfynk dk nXko fsnko j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;yosk nkT[Adh j?, nozGe e[Pbsk fwbdh j? ns/ T[fus wB'ftosh fBofws j[zdh j?. gVQB^fbyD^frBD dh :'rsk gqkgs eoe/ T[j nkgD/ ekoi Bkb ;zpzXs ;kfjs s'A bkG T[mk ;ed/ jB. nkgD/ nk;^gk; d/ tksktoD dh ikDekoh gqkgs eo b?D Bkb T[j nzXftPtk; ns/ nftt/e d/ uZeo ftZu BjhA c;d/, fi; Bkb T[jBK d/ ftek;kswe :sBK ftZu o[ektN BjhA nkT[Adh. BthA seBheh gZXshnK, ekoi nB[Gt ns/ nzsoK d/ gq:'r d/ gqsh T[jBK ftZu ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB j[zdk j?, fijVk T[jBK B{z nkX[fBe :[r dhnK T[sgkdB fefonktK Bkb ;wk:'iB eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?. fJ; f;Zfynk ekb ftZu T[jBK dhnK wB'ftoshnK th gfoefos j[zdhnK jB. T[jBK ftZu ;jkB[G{sh, GkJhukok, ;fjPD{sk, wB[Zysk, ;fjekosk nkfd dhnK GktBktK T[sgzB eodhnK jB, i' T[jBK B{z okPNo, ;wki ns/ ekoiPkbk dk T[g:'rh w?Apo pDkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. wZXfwe f;Zfynk (Secondary Education)

wZXfwe f;Zfynk finkdkso ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh nkyoh f;Zfynk ;so j[zdk j?, fi; d/ pknd

B'N



B'N T[j fe;h nkofEe fefonk ftZu bZr iKd/ jB. fJj fefonk iK sK T[jBK dk ;t? e'Jh o'irko Xzdk j't/ iK wZXw tor d/ eowukoh dh j?;hns Bkb fe;h dcso iK ekoykB/ ftZu ekoi eoB. T[j y/sh, d;sekoh iK fPbgeow eod/ jB iK fbfge, :zsoe iK wid{o d/ o{g ftZu B"eoh eod/ jB. Gkt/A T[j f;ZX/ T[sgkdB d/ ekoykfBnK ftZu ezw eoB iK gqPk;B ;zrmB nkfd d/ dcsoK ftZu ofjDk, T[j nkofEe ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. wZXfwe f;Zfynk ;G s'A finkdk ;zfynk ftZu fBg[zB iK noE fBg[zB wid{oK dk fBowkD eodh j?. wZXfwe f;Zfynk gk; eoe/ ftfdnkoEh T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu dkfybk b?Ad/ jB. ;XkoD iK ftfPPN T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ T[j finkdk fBg[zB wB[Zyh Pesh d/ o{g ftZu T[sgkdB, ;zrmB ns/ gqPk;B ekoiK d/ bJh T[gbpX j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK wZXfwe f;Zfynk dh nkofEE ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek j?.

Gkos d/P pj[T[d/Ph ftfdnkfbnK d/ tZyo/^tZyo/ gkmeqw fBg[zB wid{o fBowkD eoB ftZu n;cb oj/ jB. efBPM seBheh ftfdnkfbnK dh ng/fyns fBg[zBsk ftZu f;ybkJh d/D ftZu efosekoi BjhA j' ;e/ jB. e/tb T[d:'fre f;ybkJh ;z;EktK jh fJ; fdPk ftZu eZM eo ;ehnK jB, gozs{ T[j wid{o ftGkr d/ d[nkok ;zukfbs jB. Gkos dk ;G s'A tZvk T[d:'r y/sh j?. T[; d/ fBfws e[Pb wid{o fsnko eoB tkb/ ftfdnkfbnK dk jw/Pk xkN j?. wZXfwe ftfdnkfbnK s'A fBeb e/ T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu dkfyb j'D tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk frnkB ns/ :'rsk fJzBh fBwB ;so dh j[zdh j? fe T[j T[Zu f;Zfynk dk g{ok bkG T[mkT[D ftZu n;woZE j[zd/ jB. ;kvh wZXfwe PkbktK Bk o'irko dh f;ybkJh ns/ Bk T[Zu nfXnB dh ;woZEk jh g/ ;edhnK jB. T[Zu f;Zfynk (Higher Education)

f;Zfynk T[Zu tor d/ ekowukohnK dk fBowkD eodh j?. fJj iK sK tZv/^tZv/ ekoykfBnK B{z ;zGkbd/ iK dcsoK B{z ubkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK d/ ftt/eg{od ns/ ;zukbB s/ jh T[sgkdB dh gqrsh fBoGo eodh j?. T[Zu f;Zfynk d' soQK dh j[zdh j?^fJZe ;XkoD ns/ d{ih ftfPPN. ;XkoD f;Zfynk s'A gqPk;B ns/ ;zrmB d/ bJh b'e ftfPPN f;Zfynk s'A T[Zu :zsoe ns/ eowukoh gqkgs j[zd/ jB. nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh brGr d{i/ soQK dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?, gozs{ ftfPPNheoD d[nkok ftnesh dk fdqPNhe'D ;ze{fus j' iKdk j?. ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh dh do{sk qrsh d/ ekoB gqftXhnK ftZu ibdh Bkb gfotosB j[zdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk nfij/ ftneshnK dh io{os tZXdh iKdh j?, fijV/ gfotofss go;fEshnK d[nkok ibdh d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eo ;eD. fJ; d/ bJh uzrh ;XkoD f;Zfynk j'Dk io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. 21H7 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek (Role of Education in Man Power Planning) Gkosh ;zftXkB^Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nozG ftZu fijVh gq;sktBk fdZsh rJh j?, T[; ftZu okPNo d/ Bt/A w{bK dk ftukog{oD Yzr Bkb ;gPNheoD ehsk frnk j?. T[; d/ fgZS/ okPNo dh BthA ftuoXkok ns/ Bt/A fBoD/ dk ;wkt/P j?. i/eoh n;hA ;zftXkB B{z okPNo d/ ihtB ftZu do;kDk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kv/ ftfdne fB:'ieK B{z ;zftXkBnB[;ko f;Zfynk^ftt;Ek eoBh j't/rh. ;zftXkB d/ nkdoPK ns/ w{bK dk f;Zfynk d[nkok jh ;zuko eoBk j't/rk.

;zftXkB dk ;zg{oD okPNoîhtB Bkb xDk ;zpzX j?. ;zftXkB dk iBszso ftZu pj[s jh wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. T[; Bkb jh okPNo B{z wkor^doPB gqkgs j[zdk j?. T[; d/ f;XKs nB[;ko jh ekoi^g{osh ukjhdh j? BjhA sK fbfys ;zftXkB dk j'Dk Bk j'Dk fJZe ;wkB j?. ;zftXkB ftZu okPNoîhtB d/ brGr ;ko/ gfjb{nK s/ T[b/y iK nkd/P j[zdk j?. T[jBk nkd/PK B{z you ofjs eoBk ;oeko ns/ ;wki dk eosZt j?.

f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ;ze/s^Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu f;Zfynk^;zpzXh ;ze/s j/m fby/ jB^ 1H gfjb/ ;ze/s ;zftXkB dh „gq;sktBk‟ s'A fwbdk j?, fi; d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z jo

soQK dk fBnk, ftuko ns/ tkD^;tkszso, ;wkBsk ns/ GkJhukok gqkgs j't/rk. fB:'iB ftZu f;Zfynk dh fJ; G{fwek B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk j?.



2H d{ik ;ze/s “w"fbe nfXeko” tkb/ nfXnkJ/ s'A fwbdk j?, fi; ftZu fJj fejk frnk j? fe ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z ;wkB nfXeko gqkgs jB ns/ ftP/P s"o s/ ;z;feqfse ns/ ftfdne ftek; dk BkrfoeK B{z g{ok nfXeko j?. f;Zfynk fB:'iB ftZu fJ; s/ fXnkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H fsZik ;ze/s „okiK d/ bJh Bhsh fBod/Pe sZsK,‟ d[nkok fwbdk j?, fi; ftZu fdZsk j'fJnk j? fe 14 ;kb dh T[wo sZe ;ko/ pZfunK B{z fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikJ/rh.

B'N

Nk;e f;Zfynk d/ eko'pkoheoD s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

21H8 f;Zfynk ftZu io{oh gfotosB (Important Change in Education) i/eo Gkos ftZu iBszso dk ;Zuk ;o{g ftnkge eoBk j? sK f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu e[ZM nXkoG{s gfotosB eoB j'Dr/.

1H toswkB Gkos ftZu ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z f;Zfynk dk ;wkB w"ek ns/ nfXeko gqkgs j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu iksh, Xkofwe ns/ torh nzso BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. jo/e ftnesh nkgDh io{os ns/ o{uh d/ nB[;ko nkgDk ftek; eo ;e/, fJ; soQK dh f;Zfynk T[; B{z gqkgs j't/. g[oksB Gkos h gqDkbh d/ nzsors e/tb T[Zu torK d/ bJh jh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko ;[oZfyns ;h, gozs[ j[D ;XkoD iB;w{j ns/ fGzB^fGzB torK d/ pZfunK d/ bJh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko ;[oZfyns j?. fJ; bJh okiK B{z io{oh ;zfynk ftZu gkmPkbktK ;Ekfgs eoBhnK j'DrhnK ns/ T[jBK ftZu tZy^tZy ekoieowK dk nk:'iB eoBk j't/rk sK fe fGzB^fGzB ;wkfie ;soK s'A nkJ/ j'J/ pZu/ ftfdnk dk g{ok bkG b? ;eD ns/ T[ZsodkJh Bkrfoe pD ;eD.

2H Gkosh ;wki ftZu Bk e/tb ;z;feqfse fGzBsktK pbfe ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe n;wkBsktK th jB. toswkB f;Zfynk^gqDkbh d/ nzsors fJj n;wkBsktK ns/ finkdk j'JhnK jB. XzBtkB tor finkdk XBh ns/ roh tor finkdk dfodo pD frnk j?. i/eo n;hA d/P ftZu ;woEe gqikszso dk fBowkD eoBk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kB{z f;Zfynk^gqDkbh dk nfijk nk:'iB eoBk j't/rk, fi; Bkb f;Zfyns torK ftZu ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe nzso xN/ ns/ ;wkBsk tX/. T[jBK dh sBykj, tksktoD ns/ j'o ;[thXktK ftZu finkdk fGzBsk Bk oj/. fe;h fJZe eko'pko B{z T[Zu ;EkB Bk fdZsk ikt/ Gkt nfXnkge, fJzihBhno, vkeNo nkfd B{z ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ nB[;ko brGr ;wkB sBykj ns/ fJZe' fij/ bkG fwbD/ ukjhd/ jB.

3H toswkB :zsoe ns/ fttjkfoe f;Zfynk^gqDkbh ftZu ftuko ns/ tkDh dh w[esh dh g{oh xkN j? gkmPkbktK ftZu fijVk nGk;êow f;Zfynk^nfXekoh d[nkok fB:'fis j' e/ nkT[Adk j?, T[; B{z f;Zfynk ;zpzXh gVQkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ T[; ftZu pZfunK B{z tkd^fttkd ns/ ;t?fuzsB iK ;t?nfXnkJ/ dk e'Jh w"ek gqdkB BjhA j[zdk. w[es uouk ftuko ns/ nksfwe ftek; d/ Jh fJBQK gqhfynkpZX gkmPkbktK ftZu ;w/A jh BjhA. e/tb g[;seh frnkB^;woD ftZu jh ftfdnkoEhnK dh Pesh bZrh ofjzdh j?. nZi d/ ;[szso Gkos ftZu i/eo ;kB{z ;tkXhBsk gq/wh, ftukoPhb ns/ ;tktbzph Bkrfoe ukjhd/ jB sK gkmPkbktK d/ gkmeqw ns/ f;bykJh gZXsh ftZu nw{b gfotosB eoBk gJ/rk. i/eo toswkB f;Zfynk Bt/A okPNoîhtB dk gqshfpzp j? sK gkmPkbktK d/ Bt/A w{bK d/ nB[;ko pZfunK dk ufoso^rmB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. id'A sZe pZfunK B{z iBszsokswe ihtB dk gkmPbktK ftZu frnkB BjhA eokfJnk ikt/rk. T[d'A sZe T[jBK dk gqikszso ftZu nN[N ftPtk; BjhA pzBQ ;e/rk ns/ T[j Gkth okPNo dk fBowkD T[; oki^gqDkbh s/ ;cbsk



B'N Bkb BjhA eo gkT[Dr/. T[j ftfrnkBe ftosh tkb/ BjhA pD ;eDr/. T[j w[es^wB[Zy dk ftek; eoB ftZu ;woZE BjhA j'Dr/. Gkos d/ o{VQh:[es ;wki B{z pdbD d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe d/P d/ Gkth Bkrfoe wB, tkDh ns/ ftuko d[nkok ;tkXhB gqkDh j'D.

4H f;Zfynk d[nkok go;go ;jkB[G{sh ns/ gq/w dk nk:'iB j'Dk io{oh j?. BkrfoeK ftZu fJZe GkPk, fJZe Gkt ns/ fJZe okPNo dh nB[G{sh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko fJZe ;zgoe GkPk fjzdh dk ;ko/ d/P ftZu ;zuko j't/ ns/ T[; ftZu jh ;kohnK okPNoh gqftoshnK j'D sK fe d/P d/ fGzB^fGzB GkPktkdh b'eK ftZu ;obsk Bkb fttjko j' ;e/ ns/ gquZbs iksh nzso xZN j' ;e/. fJj ;Zu j? fe fJZe GkPk dh xkN ftZu gkogfoe G/dGkt ns/ nftPtk; ftPkb o{g XkoD eod/ jB ns/ fJZe wkfXnw Bk j'D d[nkok rbscfjwh ns/ MrV/ tXd/ jB. fJ; bJh gkmPkbktK dk fJj eosZt j? fe T[j fJZe GkPk dk fBozso gquko eodhnK ofjD ns/ BhthA ghVQh B{z BtK wkordoPB fdzdhnK ofjD. 1953 ftZu w[dkfbno efwPB B/ eJh ;[Mkn oZy/ ;B ns/ 12 ;kb d/ pknd e'mkoh efwPB B/ Bt/A ;[Mkn g/P ehs/, gozs{ T[jBK dk pj[s xZN gqGkt fgnk. i/eo gkmPkbk^gqpzXe, f;Zfynk nfXekoh ns/ ;wki f;Zfynk d/ Bt/A w{bK s'A ;u/s ofjD, ;zftXkB d/ ;{soK s'A Gbh^GKs ikD{ pDB ns/ gqrsh^wkor ngBkT[D sK f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu nzd'bB nk ;edk j?. ftfdne fB:'iB ;wki dk nXko j?, fi; Bkb ;kohnK ;wkfie gqftoshnK B{z gq/oDk fwbdh j?. f;Zfynk^y/so ftZu sK fB:'iB d/ f;XKsK dk ftP/P ;EkB j?.

5H ftfdne fB:'iB ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek ;[szso Gkos d/ gfogq/y ftZu j'o finkdk wjZstg{oD j' rJh j?. gfjbK uzdk, Xowkdk, wzfdoK ns/ wmK dh nkwdB d[nkok f;Zfynk dk ezw ;[uko{ o{g s'A ubkfJnk iKdk ;h, gozs{ ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd f;Zfynk gquko^gq;ko finkdk io{oh j'D d/ pkti{d ftfdne nkwdB d/ j'o ;o'sK^ dkB, uzdk, Xowkdk nkfd s'A nkwdB pj[s xZN j' rJh j?. fBP[be f;Zfynk d/ nfXnkB d/ ekoB ch; d/ ;o's s'A gqkgshnK pj[s xZN j' rJhnK jB. ;EkBe fBekfJnK dh ;fEsh th d?nBh j' rJh j?, fi; Bkb T[; dh ;jkfJsk j[D f;Zfynk B{z T[; nB[gks ftZu BjhA fwb gkT[Adh, fi; ftZu ;[szsosk g{ot d/ ekb ftZu fwbdh ;h. fJBQK ;kfonK dk fJj gqGkt j'fJnk fe f;Zfynk you dk tZX s'A tZX Gko Pk;B s/ g?D bZrk j?. nZi T[j f;Zfynk d/ you dk fszBû"EkJh s'A finkdk ;fjD eo fojk j?.

ftfdne noEPk;so d/ ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb ftfdne T[d/PK ftZu gfotosB j'Dk bZrk. fJ; gfotosB dk fJZe ekoB ;otG"fwe f;Zfynk j?. id'A fJj wzfBnk ikD bZrk fe f;Zfyns w[vkê[Vh nBgVQK s'A uzr/ Bkrfoe s/ wid{o j[zd/ jB sK okiK B/ io{oh fBP[be f;Zfynk dh Bhsh ngDkJh. fJ; Bkb you tXD bZrk ns/ gqshcb dh rZb b'e ;'uD bZr/. T[ZXo ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'rk dk ftek; j' fojk ;h ns/ fJBQK ftZu ekoi eoB d/ bJh e[Pb ekfwnK dh wzr tXdh ik ojh j?. fJBQK ;G dk fJZe uzrk gqGkt fJj j? fe f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so dk s/i rsh Bkb ftek; j' fojk j?.


wjkswk rKXh B/ f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu fJ; xkN B{z gfjukfDnk ns/ p[fBnkdh f;Zfynk ftZu fwjBs dh gqfsPmk eoe/ f;Zfynk B{z T[sgkdesk Bkb i'VB dk :sB ehsk. :{o'g d/ ;wkitkdh d/PK d/ ftfdne gkmeqw ftZu Pohoe ekoi, ekoinB[Gt nkfd ftfGzB BkwK s'A, fJ; ftP/ B{z io{oh o{g s'A Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. f;Zfynk nk:'r B/ fJ; B{z „ekoinB[Gt‟ (Work

Experience) Bkw d/ e/ ;XkoD f;Zfynk d/ nkyoh nzr d/ o{g ftZu wzBD dh f;ckfos ehsh j?. ekoinB[Gt dk noE ;e{bQ, xo, ekoykB/, y/s, c?eNoh iK j'o fe;h th T[sgkde ;fEsh ftZu ezw ftZu Gkr b?Dk j?, fi; ftZu fe f;Zfynk ns/ ekoi dk JeheoD j' ;e/ ns/ f;Zfyns, iB Pesh, e[Pb iBPesh ftZu gfofDs j' e/ T[sgkdB dk wjZstg{oD ;kXB pD ;e/.




1H ;wkiT[g:'rh (Socially Useful) L ;wki d/ bJh T[g:'rh

2H ngBkT[Dk (Adopt) L ;thekoBk 21H11 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H okPNoh nkofEe ftek; s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H f;Zfynk ftZu Pohoe fwjBs dh gqfsPmk dk T[b/y eo'.

3H „f;Zfynk dk eko'pkoheoD‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H ;wkB ;e{bQ s/ f;Zfynk^gqDkbh B{z gqGkfPs eo'.

5H wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXBK dk T[b/y eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H y/sh^gqXkB 2H gqkuhB 3H (T) 4H (T)



p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^22 L f;Zfynk L ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Education : Social Stratification and Social Mobility)


T[d/P (Objectives)


22H1 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD (Social Stratification)

22H2 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD dhnK gfoGkPktK (Definitions of Social Stratification)

22H3 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ gqko{g (Forms of Social Stratification)

22H4 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ gqeko (Types of Social Stratification)

22H5 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ nXko (Basis of Social Stratification)

22H6 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie ;z;soheoD (Education and Social Stratification)

22H7 ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Social Mobility)

22H8 ;wkfie rshPhbsk dhnK gfoGkPktK (Definitions of Social Mobility)

22H9 ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ gqeko (Types of Social Mobility)

22H10 ;wkfie rshPhbsk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ekoe (Factors Affecting Social Mobility)

22H11 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Education and Social Mobility)





T[d/P (Objectives)


;wkfie rshPhbsk ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie ;z;soheoD ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ nXko ikDB ;zpzXh.


f;Zfynk dk ;z;soheoD Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?. ;wki ftZu brGr fBwB tor iK wZXw tor dk pkbe f;Zfynk fJ; ekoB rqfjD eodk j? fi; Bkb f;Zfyns j' e/ T[j nkgDk tor T[Zuk eo ;e/ id'A fe T[Zu tor f;Zfynk fJ; ekoB rqfjD eodk j? fe T[j nkgD/ gd d/ nkdo B{z ;tkfwst gqdkB eo ;eD. ;wkfie rshPhbsk eh j?, fJ; dh uouk ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ehsh j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu vpfb:{H ;hH j/vfoe dk efjDk j? fe,


fJekJh^22 f;ZfynkL ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk

“;wkfie rshPhbsk dk nkP/ j? ftneshnK dk fJZe ;wkfie ;w{j s'A d{i/ ;wkfie ;w{j ftZu ufbnk ikDk.” 22H1 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD (Social Stratification)

Gkosh ;wki d/ nzsors Gkos d/P d/ ;wkitkdh ;o{g dh rZb ejh rJh j? ns/ fJ; rZb dk g{ok :sB ehsk frnk j? fe ;wki ftZu jo/e ftnesh B{z ;wkfie, okiBhfse, ftfdne s/ nkofEe nXko s/ ;wkB ;wfMnk ikt/. gozs{ ;wkBsk ;Ekfgs eod/ j'J/ th n;hA ftfGzBsk dh T[g/fynk BjhA eo ;ed/. i/eo n;hA gqfeosh d/ tZb th fdqPNh gkJhJ/ sK Pohoe fdqPNh s'A e'Jh r'ok, e'Jh ekbk, e'Jh gsbk, e'Jh w'Nk, e'Jh bzpk s/ e'Jh BkNk j? Gkt ftnesh fe;h^Bk^fe;h o{g ftZu fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzBsk iK n;kwkBsk gqkgs j?. fJ;h ekoB wB'ftfrnkBe fJj wzBd/ jB fe ftneshrs fGzBsk fJZe io{oh r[D j? fi; B{z ;kB{z ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJjh ;fEsh ;wki ftZu th gkJh iKdh j?. ;wkfie n;wkBsk th ;kB{z jo/e ;so s/ fdqPNhr'uo j[zdh j?. ;wki dh ftt;Ek B{z ;[uko{ o{g Bkb ubkT[D ;zpzXh jo/e ftensh B{z fBPfus ;fEsh s/ ekoi gqdkB eoBk io{oh j? ns/ fit/A jh n;hA ;fEsh dh ebgBk eod/ jK, T[; ftZu ftnesh iK ;w{j dk T[seqw iK gqfsPmk nkgD/^nkg jh Pkfwb j' iKdk j? ns/ fJ; T[seqw B{z jh ;wkfie ;z;soheoD (Social Stratification) d/ Bkw s'A ikDd/ jB.

;wkfie ;z;soheoD ;wki B{z ftfGzB torK ftZu tzv fdzdk j?. fJ;h ekoB n;hA T[;h ;wki B{z ;z;soheoD ;wki (Stratified Society) efjzd/ jB fijV/ ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk j[zdk j?. ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ;kv/ ;wki ftZu pj[s gfjbK s'A uZfbnk nk fojk j?. ;wki dh ftt;Ek ;zpzXh id'A 4 torK ftZu T[; B{z tzfvnk frnk, T[j th fJ;h ;soheoD dk T[dkjoD j?. fJ; ;z;soheoD B{z n;hA o/ykfuZso d[nkok fJ; soQK Bkb ;wPN eo ;ed/ jB^ 22H2 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD dhnK gfoGkPktK (Definitions of Social Stratification) ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftfGzB ftdtkBK d[nkok gqrN ehs/ rJ/ ftuko fJ; soQK jB^

1H n?uH ghH c/noukJhbv (H. P. Fairchild)^“;wkfie ;z;soheoD s'A Gkt j? ;wki d/ sZsK B{z ftfGzB fysi ;soK s/ ;w{jK ftZu ftt;fEs eoBk ns/ jo/e B{z fJZe ;fEsh gqdkB eod/ j'J/ T[jBK dh T[Zusk s/ fGzBsk fBoXkfos eoBk.”

(Social stratification is the arrangement of societal elements into groups on different

horizontal levels (and ) the establishment of status on terms of variying superiority

and inferiority.) 2H ftbj/bw npoN (Vilhelum Aubert)^bzptsh f;XKs d/ nB[;ko, “;wkfie ;z;soheoD

;wki B{z ftt;fEs eoB dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJj ekoi ;wki d/ ftneshnK B{z iK ekoiK B{z fJZe^d{i/ s'A T[Zgo iK fBZu/ fBoXkfos eodk j?.”

(Social stratification refers an ordering of society according to vertical principles the

task consists in locating individuals or roles above and below each other.) 3H ghH frbpoN (P. Gilbert)^“;wkfie ;z;soheoD dk noE ;wki B{z e[ZM nfij/ ;EkJh

;w{jK iK torK ftZu tzv s'A j? fijV/ go;go T[Zusk ns/ nXhBsk d/ ;zpzXK d[nkok fJZe^d{i/ Bkb pzBQ/ j'D.”

B'N



B'N (Social stratification is the division of society in permanent groups or categories linked

with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordination.) 22H3 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ gqko{g (Forms of Social Stratification)

;wkiPk;soh ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ j/m fby/ gqko{g dZ;d/ jB^

1H r[bkwh (Slavery), 2H G{^;zgdk (Estate), 3H iksh (Caste), 4H tor (Class).

Nk;e f;Zfynk d/ ;wkfie gfotosB s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



1H ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ;wki B{z ftt;fEs eoB dh HHHHHHHHHHHH eodk j?.

2H Pzd ;z;soheoD ftZu e'Jh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH BjhA fbnk ik ;edk.

3H ;wkfie rshPhbsk dk nkP/ j? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk fJZe ;wkfie ;w{j s'A d{i/ ;wkfie ;w{j ftZu ubk ikDk.

4H nX'eqw rshPhbsk T[geqw rshPhbsk d/ fpbe[b HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?. 22H4 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ gqeko (Types of Social Stratification)

1H pzd ;z;soheoD (Closed stratification)^fJj T[j ;z;soheoD j? fi; ftZu e'Jh gfotosB BjhA fbnkfJnk ik ;edk. ftnesh B{z fJZe tko fijVh ;fEsh gqdkB eo fdZsh iKdh j?, ihtB Go T[j T[; ftZu pzfBnk ofjzdk j?.

2H w[es ;z;soheoD (Open stratification)^fJ; ftZu ftnesh B{z nkgDh ;fEsh d/ nzdo gfotosB eoB dh ;[szsosk j[zdh j?. T[; T[; ;fEsh s'A T[Zgo s/ fBZu/ d'jK gk;/ T[Bw[Zy j' ;edk j?.

22H5 ;wkfie ;z;soheoD d/ nXko (Basis of Social Stratification)

B'N; Gkosh ;wki ftZu pj[s gfotosB nk frnk j? ns/ fJ; d/ gqw[Zy ekoB jB^

;z;soheoD, gZSwheoD, BroheoD s/ T[d:'freheoD.



22H6 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie ;z;soheoD (Education of Social Stratification)

f;Zfynk dk ;z;soheoD Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?. ;wki ftZu brGr fBwB tor iK wZXw tor dk pkbe f;Zfynk fJ; ekoB rqfjD eodk j? fi; Bkb f;Zfyns j' e/ nkgDk tor T[Zuk eo ;e/ id'A fe T[Zu tor f;Zfynk fJ; ekoB rqfjD eodk j? fe T[j nkgD/ gd s/ nkdo B{z ;EkfJst gqdkB eo ;e/. e'Jh th d/P T[d:'freh s/ seBheh f;Zfynk ftZu ftek; fJ; bJh eoBk ukj[zdk j? fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ ;so B{z T[Zuk uZe ;eD. tXdh j'Jh T[d:'freh f;Zfynk d[nkok f;Zfynk dk ftek; j' fojk j? ns/ f;Zfynk d/ Bt/A^Bt/A nk:kw y[Zb/ oj/ jB. fJjh Bt/A nk:kw Bt/A ;z;soheoD B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh pkbe d/ nzdo tor u/sBk (Class

Consciousness) T[sgzB ehsh iKdh j? fi; dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe pkbe nkgDh ;woZEsk dk ftek; eod/ j'J/ T[Zu tor gqrsh ;zpzXh :sBPhb ofjzdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkfie ;z;soheoD dk gqGkt ;kvh f;Zfynk d/ T[Zgo th j?. ;wki ftZu ftfGzB soQK d/ ftfdnkb/ jh ftfGzB torK d/ bJh pD/ jB. fJ; ftZu T[Zu tor dh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK fBwB tor dh f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dh s[bBk ftZu uzrh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoBk ukj[zdhnK jB fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A f;Zfynk ftZu th ;z;soheoD nk fojk j?. ;z;soheoD B{z wB'ftfrnkBeK B/ io{oh r[D wzfBnk j? feT[Afe p"fXe ;z;soheoD ;kB{z ftfGzB gqeko d/ gkmeqwK dh ;zouBk d/ tZb gq/fos eodk j?. fJ; ekoB n;hA fJj wzBd/ jK fe ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu xDk ;zpzX j?. ;wkfie ;z;soheoD dh io{os B{z n;hA j/m do;kJhnK ;soK ftZu ;gPN eoKr/^

1H ;wki ftZu ftfGzB ekoi eoB ;zpzXh nbZr^nbZr ;soK d/ ftneshnK B{z T[gbpX eokT[Adh j?.

2H ;z;soheoD d[nkok ekoi dk fte/Adoheod j[zdk j? fi; Bkb jo/e ftnesh nkgD/ T[ZsodkfJst B{z ;wMdk j?.

3H ;z;soheoD d/ nB[e{b ftneshnK B{z ftfGzB y/soK ftZu f;Zfyns eoe/ T[jBK dh T[sgkdB e[Pbsk B{z tXkT[Dk ;zGt j[zdk j?.

4H fJ; d// nXko s/ wid{o^tzv eoB ftZu ;[ftXk j[zdh j?. 5H fJ; d/ d[nkok ;wki ftZu ftneshnK B{z T[jBK dh ;woZEk nB[;ko ftfGzB gdK s/

nk;hB eoe/ ;wki ftt;Ek pDkJ/ oZyD ftZu wdd fwbdh j?. 6H fJj ;[oZfynk oZyD ns/ gko;gfoe ;zxoPK B{z d{o eoB ftZu th ;fj:'r fdzdh j?.

22H7 ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Social Mobility)

gqkuhB Gkos d/ ;wki s/ i/eo n;hA fdqPNhr'uo eohJ/ sK fJj d/yKr/ fe ;wki gqw[Zy o{g s'A ikshnK ftZu tzfvnk frnk ;h^pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P, P{do. fJj ikshnK ekoi d/ nXko s/ pDkJhnK rJhnK ;B gozs{ j'bh^j'bh fJjBK B/ iBw dk nXko rqfjD eo fbnk ns/ ftneshnK B{z fJj ;[szsosk BjhA fdZsh rJh ;h fe T[j iksh d/ x/o/ s'A pkjo fBeB ;eD. gozs{ nZi d/ Gkosh ;wki ftZu pj[s gfotosB nk frnk j? ns/ fJ; d/ gqw[Zy ekoB jB^;z;soheoD, gZSwheoD, BroheoD s/ T[d:'freheoD. ;zftXkBe ;so s/ n;hA ;wkfie ;wkBsk, ;[szsosk s/ fBnk dh ebgBk eo oj/ jB sK d{i/ gk;/ n;hA nfijh f;Zfynk dh ;zouBk dh ebgBk th eo oj/ jK fi; ftZu ;wkfie^nkofEe ;so s/ d/ nXko s/ e'Jh G/dtkt BjhA ehsk ikt/. jo ;so s/ ;kvk :sB fJj fojk j? fe n;hA ;wkfie G/dGkt B{z fwNk e/ ftfGzB ;w{jK B{z fJZe d{i/ d/ eohp fbnkT[D dh u/PNk eo oj/ jK ns/ fJj B/Vsk T[d'A sZe ;zGt BjhA j? id'A sZe fe n;hA ;w{j B{z rshPhbsk d/ w"e/ gqdkB Bk eohJ/. ;wkfie rshPhbsk eh j?, fJ; dh uouk ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ehsh j? fi; dk toDB n;hA j/mK fdZs/ o{g ftZu eo oj/ jK^

22H8 ;wkfie rshPhbsk dhnK gfoGkPktK (Definitions of Social Mobility)

1H ghH ;'o'feB (P. Sorokin)^“;wkfie rshPhbsk dk noE^;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ;soK ftZu fe;h ftnesh dk fJZe ;wkfie ;fEsh s'A d{ih ;wkfie ;fEsh ftZu gj[zu ikDk j?.”

B'N



B'N (By social mobility we meant-any transition of an individual from one position to

another in a constellation of social group and strata.)

2H vpfb:{H ;hH j/vfoe (W. C. Headrick)^“;wkfie rshPhbsk dk nkP/ j? ftneshnK dk fJZe ;wkfie ;w{j s'A d{i/ ;wkfie ;w{j ftZu ufbnk ikDk.”

(Social mobility is the movement of persons from one social group to another social

group.)

fJ; soQK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkfie rshPhbsk dk nkP/ j? ftnesh dk ;wkfie wjZst dh fdqPNh s'A nkgD/ ;EkB ftZu gfotosB eoBk ns/ fJ; gfotosB ftZu ;EkfJst dk j'Dk io{oh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ;wkfie ;z;soheoD ;wki B{z ftfGzB torK ftZu tzv fdzdk j?.

22H9 ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ gqeko (Types of Social Mobility)

j/vfoe B/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ d' o{g dZ;/ jB^

1H fysi rshPhbsk (Horizontal Mobility),

2H bzp rshPhbsk (Vertical Mobility).

1H fysi rshPhbsk iK ;wsb rshPhbsk dk Gkt j? ftnesh iK ;w{j dk fJZe jh ;so s/ nkgD/ ;wkfie ;w{j d/ gd s'A d{i/ ;wkfie ;w{j ftZu T[; ;so s/ gd s/ ikDk (Movement of the individual at the same level, no change in social status, he

change his affiliation). T[dkjoD bJhî/eo n;hA nkrok ftPtftfdnkb/ ftZu gqtesk jB ns/ n;hA ekBg[o ftPtftfdnkb/ ub/ ikJhJ/ sK T[; B{z fysi rshPhbsk ejKr/. fJ; B{z n;hA o/yk fuZso d[nkok j/m nB[;ko ;gPN eo ;ed/ jK.

2H bzp iK T[drq rshPhbsk s'A Gkt j? ftnesh dk fJZe ;wkfie gd s'A d{i/ ;wkfie gd s/ ikDk (When individual moved upward in his social position, is known as vertical

mobility). fit/Aî/eo n;hA nkofEe fdqPNh s'A fgSV/ jK ns/ ;kvh bkNoh fBeb nkJ/ sK n;hA T[Zu nkofEe tor ftZu nk iktKr/. fJ; soQK dh rshPhbsk fysi rshPhbsk j? fi; B{z n;hA o/ykfuZso d[nkok j/m nB[;ko g/P eo ;ed/ jK^



j/vfoe d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ fJ; ftuko ftZu E'Vk gfotosB j/ftro;N ns/ fBT{roN/B (Havigorust and Neugarten) B/ fdZsk. fJBQK B/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ d' gqeko dZ;/^

1H T[geqw ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Upward Social Mobility) 2H nX'eqw ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Downward Social Mobility).

1H T[geqw rshPhbsk bzp rshPhbsk d/ nB[o{g j? fJ; ftZu ftnesh fiZE/ ;fEs j?, T[ZE'A nkgD/ ;so B{z T[Zuk T[mkT[Adk j? ns/ T[; d/ pknd fi; BthB ;w{j ftZu dkfyb j[zdk j?, T[; dh ;z;feqsh B{z f;Zydk j? s/ T[; d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ fttjko B{z bZGdk j?.

2H nX'eqw rshPhbsk T[geqw rshPhbsk d/ fpbe[b T[bN j? fJ; ftZu ftnesh fi; ;so s/ ;fEs j?, T[ZE'A fBZu/ ufbnk iKdk j?. fit/A fJZe ftnesh pj[s tZvk tgkoh j?. gozs{ tgko ftZu xkNnk j[zd/ jh T[; dk fdtkbk fBeb iKdk j? sK T[j T[Zu nkofEe ;so s'A fBwB nkofEe ;so s/ nk iKdk j?. fJ; rshPhbsk B{z n;hA o/ykfuZso d[nkok j/m nB[;ko ;gPN eo ;ed/ jB^

22H10 ;wkfie rshPhbsk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ekoe (Factors Affecting Social Mobility) . ;wkfie rshPhbsk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ekoe nZr/ fby/ nB;ko jB^

B'N



B'N T[go'es fizB/ th ekoe jB, T[jBK ftZu'A fe;h ftZu th T[Bsh iK ntBfs ;zpzXh gfotosB nkT[Adk j?, T[; dk gqGkt ;wkfie rshPhbsk s/ g?Adk j?. i/eo ;wki dh ;zouBk iksh d/ nXko s/ ehsh rJh j? ns/ iksh d/ ;o{g ftZu gfotosB nk ikJ/ sK ;wki rshPhbsk d/ tZb tXD bZr/rk iK f;Zfynk ftZu ftek; j't/ sK th ;wki ftZu rshPhbsk nkJ/rh. 22H11 f;Zfynk ns/ ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Education and Social Mobility)

Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu ftfdne w"fenK dh uouk ehsh rJh j? fi; dk gqw[Zy ekoB fJj j? fe f;Zfynk d/ ftek; d[nkok n;hA ftfGzB torK ftZu Pkfwb nzsokb B{z d{o eoBk ukj[zd/ jK n/s Bkb jh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; d[nkok n;hA ftnesh d/ ;so s/ ofjD^;fjD ftZu ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, n;hA fJj th efj ;ed/ jK fe f;Zfynk iBw s/ nXkfos tor^ G/d B{z ysw eodh j? ns/ ;wki ftZu Pkfwb wip{s ;z;soD (Rigid Stratification) B{z BPN eodh j?. f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu ;zrbB nfXnkge s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk th ;wkfie rshPhbsk Bkb ;ekokswe ;zpzX j[zdk j?. e'Jh th nfXnkge eko'pko^gqkgsh d/ pknd id'A nkgD/ gd d/ tkX/ tZb tXdk j? sK fJ; dk Gkt j? fe rshPhbsk B{z ;theko eodk j?. Bkb jh ftfdnkoEh th f;Zfynk dk T[g:'r ;wki ftZu ;wki ;so gqkgsh ;zpzXh eod/ jB Gkt f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEh ns/ nfXnkge d'jK B{z jh T[gow[Zyh ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Upward Social

Mobility) d/ tZb tXkT[Adh j?. fJj rshPhbsk ns/ io{oh gqfefonk j? fi; dk w"ek jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDh :'rsk ns/ neKfynk d/ nXko s/ fwbDk ukjhdk j?. fJj gqfefonk Gksoh ;wki ftZu gZSwh ;wkiK dh s[bBk ftZu xZN j? gozs{ ftek; dh gqfefonk ftZu ;zrbB Gkosh ;wki rshPhbsk d/ tZb T[Bw[y ns/ :sBPhb io{o j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


5H nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfefonk gqsZy o{g s'A ftfdne ftek; Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?^

6H ;wkfie rshPhbsk dk nkP/ j? ftneshnK dk fJZe ;wkfie ;w{j s'A d{i/ ;wkfie ;w{j s'A nbZr j'Dk.

7H gqkuhB Gkoks ftZu ;wki gqw[Zy o{g s'A uko ikshnK ftZu tzfvnk ;h^pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P, P{{do.

8H Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk dh uouk ehsh rJh j?. 22H12 ;ko nzP (Summary)

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu ;zrbB nfXnkge s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dk th ;wkfie rshPhbsk Bkb ;ekokswe ;zpzX j[zdk j?. e'Jh th nfXnkge eko'pko^gqkgsh d/ pknd id'A nkgD/ gd d/ tkX/ tZb T[Bw[Zy j[zdk j? sK fJ; dk Gkt j? fe rshPhbsk B{z ;theko eodk j?. Bkb jh ftfdnkoEh th f;Zfynk dk T[g:'r ;wki ftZu T[Zu ;so gqkgsh ;zpzXh eod/ jB Gkt f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEh ns/ nfXnkge d'jK B{z jh ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Upward Social Mobility) d/ tZb T[Bw[Zy eodh j?. fJj rshPhbsk fJZe io{oh gqfefonk j? fi; dk w"ek jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDh :'rsk ns/ neKfynk d/ nXko s/ fwbDk ukjhdk j?. fJj gqfefonk Gkosh ;wki ftZu gZSwh ;wkiK dh s[bBk ftZu xZN j? gozs{ ftek; dh gqfefonk ftZu ;zrbB Gkosh ;wki ;wkfie rshPhbsk d/ tZb T[Bw[Zy ns/ :sBPhb io{o j?. 22H13 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;wkfie gfotosB (Social Change) L ;wki ftZu j'D tkbk pdbkn 2H ;wkfie rshPhbsk (Social Mobility) L ;wki dh rsh, Bt/A ;[Xko, pdbkn.




1H ;wkfie gfotosB d/ ekoe dZ;'.

2H ;wkfie rshPhbsk s'A eh Gkt j?< dZ;'.

3H ;wkfie ;z;soheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ;gPN eo'.

4H f;Zfynk ns/ ;z;soheoD s/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H ftnkfynk 2H gfotosB 3H ftneshnK 4H T[bN

5H ;jh 6H rbs 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 22H15 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^23L gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk (Democracy and Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


23H1 gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Education in Democracy)

23H2 f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso (Democracy in Education)

23H3 gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk dk noE (Democracy and Meaning of Education)

23H4 gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Democracy and Aims of Education)

23H5 j?Avo;B d/ nB[;ko gqikszsoe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Democratic Education According to Henderson)

23H6 gqikszso ns/ gkmeqw (Democracy and Curriculum)

23H7 gqikszso ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK (Democracy and Methods of Teaching)

23H8 gqikszso ns/ nB[Pk;B (Democracy and Discipline)

23H9 gqikszso ns/ nfXnkge (Democracy and Teacher)

23H10 gqikszso ns/ ftfdnkb/ dk gqPk;B (Democracy and School Administration)

23H11 Gkos ftZu gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk (Democracy and Education in India)

23H12 Gkos ftZu ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk dh gqkgsh (Equalization of Educational Opportunity in India)





T[d/P (Objectives)


gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dh io{os ikDB ;zpzXh.

gqikszso ns/ gkmeqw B{z ikDB ;zpzXh.

gqikszso ns/ nB[Pk;B ikDB ;zpzXh.

Gkos ftZu ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk dh gqkgsh d/ ;zpzX ftZu ikDB ;zpzXh.


gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu ikdB s'A gfjbK gqikszso d/ noE B{z ;wMDk pj[s io{oh j?. gqikszso d/ bJh nzro/Ih Ppd dk v/w'eo/;h. v/w'eo/;h (Democracy) Ppd :{BkBh GkPk d/


fJekJh^23 gqikszso ns/ ;Zfynk

d' PpdK „v/w';‟ (Demos) ns/ „eq/fNe‟ (Cratic) s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j?. v/w'; dk noE j? iBsk ns/ eq/fNe dk noE j? Pk;B. fJ; soQK Pkpfde noE ftZu v/w'eq/;h dk noE j? „iBsk dk Pk;B‟. npokjw fbzeB B/ gqikszso B{z gqGkfPs eod/ j'J/ fejk j?^“gqikszso iBsk dk, iBsk d/ d[nkok, iBsk d/ bJh Pk;B j?.” pokJh; B/ gqikszso d/ ftP/ ftZu fbfynk j? fe, “gqikszso nfijh ;oeko j?, fi; ftZu Pk;B eoB dh Pesh fe;h ftnesh iK tor d/ jZEK ftZu Bk ofj e/ ;koh iBsk d/ jZEK ftZu ;w{fje o{g s'A j[zdh j?.”

nkX[fBe :[r ftZi gqikszso dhnK fJj gfoGkPkt ;zehoD wzBhnK iKdhnK jB, feT[Afe fJBQK gfoGkPktK d/ nB[;ko gqikszso dk noE e/tb okiBhfse j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko gqikszso dk noE e/tb Pk;B ftt;Ek B{z brkfJnk iKdk j?. t;s{ o{g s'A nZi gqikszso dk noE pj[s finkdk ftnkge j?. nZi gqikszso dk noE e/tb Pk;B ftt;Ek s'A BjhA j? pbfe fJj ihtB ihT[D dk fJe Yzr th j?, fi; ftZu ;wki d/ jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgDhnK ;kohnK PeshnK dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh ;[szsosk ns/ ihtB ihT[D d/ bJh ;wkB w"e/ T[gbpX j[zd/ jB. p'fJv d/ nB[;ko^ “gqikszso ihtB ihT[D dk fJZe nzr j? ns/ ihtB ihT[D dk noE j?îhtB d/ jo/e y/so B{z Gbh^GKs gqGkfts eoBk.”

ftPtftfdnkb/ f;Zfynk nk:'r d/ gqsht/dB ftZu fJ; ftuko dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fejk frnk j? fe “gqikszso okiBhfse ftt;Ek BjhA j? pbfe ihtB ihT[D dk fJZe Yzr th j?. gqikszso ;wkB nfXeko ns/ ;wkB ;[szsosk d/ f;XKs s/ nXkfos ofjzdk j?. fJj f;XKs fe;h ftP/P iksh, Xow, fbzr ns/ nkofEe ;fEsh tkb/ ftnesh d/ bJh BjhA pbfe ;kfonK d/ bJh j[zd/ jB.

nZi d/ :[r ftZu gqikszsoh GktBk ns/ f;XKsK dk gq:'r okiBhfse y/so d/ fJbktk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe y/soK ftZu th ehsk iKdk j?. ;wkfie y/so ftZu gqikszso dk noE T[; ;wkfie ftt;Ek s'A j?, fi; ftZu ;wki d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK B{z ozr, o{g, iksh Xow, ;zgqdkfJ, toD s/ fbzr nkfd d/ G/dGkt d/ fpBK ;wki nfXeko gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB. ;wkfie gqikszso d/ nzsors ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z nkgDh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk B{z nB[;ko nkgDk ekoi eoB ns/ nkgDk g{oD ftek; eoB dh ;[szsosk j[zdh j?. oki iK ;wki d[nkok ;G B{z ;wkB ;[thXktK ns/ ;wkB w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu v:{Jh dk efjDk j? fe gqikszso ftZu ;otiBe fjsK dk fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j? ns/ ftneshrs ;tkoEK B{z ;wkfie fB:zsoD d[nkok nB[Pkf;s ehsk iKdk j?. nkofEe y/so ftZu gqikszso dk noE T[; nkofEe ftt;Ek s'A j?, fi; ftZu jo/e ftnesh B{z XzB ewkT[D ns/ XzB dk T[g:'r eoB d/ ;wkB w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB. nkofEe gqikszso ftZu ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z ;wkB o{g s'A T[Zu ;so dk ofjD^;fjD gqkgs eoB d/ w"e/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; ftt;Ek ftZu nkofEe Pesh e[ZM XBh b'eK d/ jZEK ftZu e/Adfos Bk j' e/ d/P dh iBsk d// jZEK ftZu j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb XzB dk T[g:'r iBsk dh GbkJh d/ bJh ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ Bkrfoe ;[yh ihtB pshs eo ;eD. nkofEe gqikszso g{zihtkd dk fto'X eodk j?, ;fjekfosk ftZu ftPtk; eodk j? ns/ XzB d/ T[sgkdB ns/ tzv ftZu ;kfonK dk nfXeko wzBdk j?. GkNhnk d/ PpdK ftZu^„nkofEe gqikszso dk noE nkofEe Pesh dk ;G b'eK d/ jZEK ftZu j'Dk j? Bk fe e[ZM g{zihgshnK iK ftP/P tor d/ jZEK ftZu‟.

fJ; soQK n;hA d/yd/ jK fe nkX[fBe :[r ftZu gqikszso dk noE e/tb okiBhfse ftt;Ek jh BjhA j? pbfe fJj fJZe ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftt;Ek th j?. fJj ihtB dh fJZe ftXh j?. ftfdne noE ftZu gqikszso dk noE j? ;wki d/ ;ko/ b'eK B{z ;wkB o{g s'A f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ w"e/ T[gbpX j'Dk. JhH i/H gkto d/ PpdK ftZu^“f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso dh ftt;Ek fJ; noE ftZu ehsh iKdh j? fe ;ko/ b'eK d/ ;ko/ pkbeK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ w"e/ fwbDr/ ns/ T[j ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fB:fws o{g s'A ik ;eDr/. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK s'A e'Jh th ;wkfie G/dGkt BjhA oZy/ ikDr/, fijV/ ftfdne y/so ftZu o[ektN T[g;fEs eod/ jB. 23H1 gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Education in Democracy) gqikszso ftZu Pk;B dh ;Zsk fe;h ftnesh ftP/P ftZu e/Adfos Bk j' e/ iBsk d/ u[D/

B'N



B'N gqshBhfXnK ftZu e/Ados j[zdh j?. iBsk d[nkok u[D/ rJ/ fJj gqshfBXh iBfjs d/ bJh :sBPhb ofjzd/ jB ns/ nfij/ ekoiK dk ;zgkdB eod/ jB, fiBQK d[nkok iBsk dk tZX^s'A^ tZX efbnkD j' ;e/. id'A fJj gqshfBXh nkgD/ nfXekoK dk d[oT[g:'r eoB bZrd/ jB sK iBsk T[jBK d/ Pk;B eoB d/ nfXeko B{z y'j b?Adh j? ns/ T[jBK d/ ;EkB s/ d{i/ ftneshnK B{z nkgDk gqshfBXh u[D b?Adh j?. fJ; soQK gqikszsoh oki ftZu ;t?Pk;B dh ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. ;t?Pk;B d/ bJh iBsk dk f;Zfyns j'Dk io{oh j?. gqikszso ftZu id'A iBsk B{z nkgDk Pk;e u[DB dk nfXeko j? sK T[; B{z fJzBk frnkB ns/ ftt/e th j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[fus Pk;eK B{z u[D ;e/. nfij/ Pk;eK B{z u[D ;e/, fijV/ iBefbnkD d/ bJh ekoios j' ;eD. io{oh frnkB ns/ ftt/e d/ xkN ftZu iBsk d/Pdo'jh, ;tkoEh ns/ GoPNkukoh b'eK dhnK rZbK ftZu nk e/ nfij/ nDT[fus ftneshnK B{z nkgDk gqshfBXh u[D bJ/rh, fijVk Pk;B eoB d/ :'r BjhA j? ns/ n:'r Pk;eK d/ nzsors oki ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh BjhA j' ;e/rh. fJ; soQK fJj io{oh j? fe gqikszso ftZu iBsk B{z f;Zfyns ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[; B{z okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ikro[e pDkfJnk ikt/. f;Zfyns iBsk d/ fpBK gqikszso dh ;cbsk n;zGt j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk gqikszso dh ohVQ j?, T[; dk nXko j?.

gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dh io{os ns/ wjZst w[Zy o{g s'A j/mb/ ekoBK s'A j?^

1H :'r BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh^gqikszso dh ;cbsk nfij/ BkrfoeK s/ fBoGo eodh j?, fijV/ :'r j'D, ekoi e[Pb j'D, T[Zsw ufoso tkb/ j'D, ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ fBnk d/ wjZst B{z ;wMD tkb/ j'D, ikshtkdsk, ;zgqdkfJesk ns/ T{u^Bhu dh ;zehoD GktBk s'A go/ j'D. nfij/ T[Zsw BkrfoeK dk fBowkD e/tb wksok f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh gqikszsoe oki ftZu :'r ns/ T[Zsw BkrfoeK d/ fBowkD d/ bJh f;Zfynk io{oh j?.

2H eosZt ns/ nfXekoK dk frnkB eokT[D d/ bJh^gqikszso Pk;B ftZu BkrfoeK d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[j nkgD/ eosZt ns/ nfXekoK s'A Bk e/tb Gbh^GKs ikD{ j'D pbfe nkgD/ eosZt dk T[fus Yzr s'A gkbD th eoB ns/ nkgD/ nfXekoK dk ;jh soQK Bkb T[g:'r eoB. oki dh ftt;Ek sK jh ;[uko{ s'A uZb ;edh j?, id'A ;ko/ Bkrfoe nkgD/ eosZtK ns/ nfXekoK d/ gqsh ;u/s j'D ns/ fJj ekoi f;Zfynk d[nkok jh g{ok j' ;edk j?. f;Zfynk gqikszso dk fJZe wjZstg{oD n;so j?, feT[Afe f;Zfyns Bkrfoe jh gqikszso dh oZfynk eo ;edk j?.

3H d/Pgq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh^gqikszso dh oZfynk ns/ T[Bsh dk T[ZsodkfJst d/Ptk;hnK s/ j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh io{oh j? fe T[jBK ftZu d/Pgq/w dh GktBk j?. T[jBK ftZu fsnkr dh nfijh GktBk j't/ fe d/P d/ fjs d/ bJh nkgD/ ftneshrs fjsK dh gqtkj Bk eoe/ nkgDk ;G e[M nofgs eoB B{z fsnko ofjD. T[jBK ftZu nfijh GktBk j't/ fe fJj d/P w/ok j?, fJ; d/P dh T[Bsh w/oh T[Bsh j?, fJ; bJh fJ; dh oZfynk d/ bJh ;kB{z gqkDK dk th w'j BjhA eoBk ukjhdk j?. d/Ptk;hnK ftZu fJ; soQK dh GktBk dk ftek; f;Zfynk d[nkok jh ;zGt j?.

4H okiBhfse ikro[esk d/ bJh^gqikszso ftZu Bkrfoe d/P d/ Pk;B dk ;zukbB eoB d/ bJh nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK B{z gqsZy o{g s'A u[Dd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z wsdkB d/ wjZst s'A GbhGKs ikD{ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z Pk;B ftt;Ek dh g{oD ikDekoh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[jBK B{z fJ; rZb dk g{oD frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[jBK d/ gqshfBsh fe; soQK Bkb Pk;B dk ;zukbB eod/ jB ns/ fe; soQK nkgD/ tkfdnK B{z g{ok eo oj/ jB ns/ fe; ;hwk sZe iBfjs d/ ekoiK B{z eo oj/ jB. fJj ekoi f;Zfynk dk j?. f;Zfynk jh ftnesh B{z wsdkB dk wjZst dZ;dh j?, Pk;B ftt;Ek dh ikDekoh fdzdh j?, ns/ T[jBK ftZu okiBhfse ikro[esk g?dk eoe/ T[jBK ftZu fJBQK ekoiK ftZu Gkr b?D dh o{uh th g?dk eodh j?. fJ; soQK n;hA eo ;ed/ jB fe gqikszsoh Pk;B ftt;Ek dk ;zukbB f;Zfyns iBsk s/ th fBoGo j?.

5H gqikszsoe nkdoPK ftZu ftPtk; T[sgzB eoB d/ bJh^gqikszso d/ e[ZM nkgD/ nkdoP ns/ w{b j[zd/ jB.gqikszso dh ;cbsk fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodh j? fe T[; d/ Bkrfoe



fJjBK nkdoPK ns/ w{bK ftZu ftPtk; eod/ j'D ns/ fJBQK d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eod/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh io{os j[zdh j?. f;Zfynk jh fJ; wjZstg{oD ekoi B{z eodh j?. f;Zfynk jh BkrfoeK ftZu fJBQK nkdoPK ns/ w{bK d/ gqsh ftPtk; T[sgzB eodh j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eoB dh nkds ftef;s eodh j?.

6H wB[Zyh r[DK d/ ftek; d/ bJh^gqikszso d/ bJh nfij/ BkrfoeK dh io{os j?, fijV/ wB[Zyh r[DK Bkb :[es j'D. T[jBK ftZu gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekfosk, ;dGktBk, X?o, goT[geko ns/ fsnkr nkfd r[D j'D. nfij/ wB[Zyh r[DK Bkb :[es Bkrfoe jh gqikszso dh nXkoPhbk jB. nfij/ Bkrfoe s/ jh gqikszso dh ;cbsk fBoGo j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok jh ftneshnK ftZu fJBQK r[DK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk wjZstg{oD j?.

7H ;z;feqsh dh oZfynk ns/ j;sKsoD d/ bJh^gqikszso ftZu fJj io{oh j? fe ;ko/ Bkrfoe nkgDh ;z;feqsh, ;ZfGns, frnkB^ftfrnkB nkfd r[DK s'A ikD{ j'D ns/ T[jBK d/ ftek; ftZu nkgDk :'rdkB d/D. fJj ekoi f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ;zGt j' ;edk j?, feT[Afe f;Zfynk jh fJZe nfijk ;kXB j?, fi; d/ d[nkok ;kvh ;z;feqsh ns/ ;kvh ;wkfie Xo'jo (Social Heritage) dh oZfynk ns/ fJZe ghVQh s'A d{ih ghVQh ftZu j;sKsoD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

;gPN j? fe ;cbsk d/ bJh f;Zfynk nfs io{oh j?. i/eo n;hA gqikszso gqPk;B gqDkbh ;cb pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kB{z BkrfoeK B{z f;Zfyns eoBk ukjhdk j?. j?dfozrNB (Hatherington) B/ mhe jh fejk j?^“gqikszsoh ;oeko dh wzr f;Zfynk iBsk j?” (Democratic government

demands an educated people).

B'N

B'N; gqikszso ftZu Pk;B dh ;Zsk fe;h ftnesh ftP/P ftZu e/Adfos Bk j' e/ iBsk d/

u[D/ gqshfBXhnK ftZu e/Adfos j[zdh j?.



1H f;Zfynk jh ftnesh B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk wjZst dZ;dh j?.

2H f;Zfynk jo/e ftnesh dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?. 23H2 f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso (Democracy in Education)

f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso (Democracy in Education) iK gqikszso f;Zfynk (Democratic

Education) dk noE j? f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso dh ftukoXkok dk gqGkt. fJj gqGkt j/m nB[;ko fgnk j?^

1H ;otG"fse ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk (Universal and Compulsory Education)^gqikszso ftZu fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk jo/e ftnesh dk iBw f;ZX nfXeko j?. d/P d/ fe;h th ftnesh dk Gkt//A T[j fe;h th Xow, iksh, tor, ;zgqadkfJ, toD, gqKs nkfd dk j't/ T[; B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB s'A tzfus BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; soQK gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu fJZe fBPfus ntfX sZe ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK d/ bJh io{oh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j?. Gkso ftZu 14 ;kb sZe d/ pkbe^pkfbektK d/ bJh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dk gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?.

2H fBP[be f;Zfynk (Free Education)^gqikszso ftZu ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK B{z nkgDh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; d/ bJh ;wkB w"e/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh ;oeko ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK



B'N B{z fJZe fBPfus ;so sZe fBP[be f;Zfynk gqdkB eodh j?, fi; Bkb fBoXB pkbe th f;Zfynk gqkgs eo ;eD. d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu fe;h^Bk^fe;h ;so sZe fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. gq'H j[wk:{z epho B/ fJ; ftP/ ftZu fbfynk j?^“i/eo gqikszso B{z ;uw[u gqGktPk;bh j'Dk j? ns/ jo/e ftnesh B{z nkgD/ g{oD ftek; dh rozNh gqkgs eoBh j? sK f;Zfynk B{z ;otG"fse ns/ fBP[be j'Dk ukjhdk j?.”

3H gq'VQ f;Zfynk s/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Provision of Adult and Women Education)^gq'H n?;H n?BH w[eoih B/ fbfynk j? fe, “i/eo pkbeK dh f;Zfynk oki d/ Gkth efbnkD d/ bJh io{oh j? sK gq'VQK dh f;Zfynk gqikszso d/ toswkB ti{d d/ bJh io{oh j?.” gqikszsoe ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko ftfGzB d/PK ftZu gq'VQ f;Zfynk, fJ;soh f;Zfynk ns/ ftebKrK dh f;Zfynk s/ pb fdZsk ik fojk j?.

4H pkb e/Adfos f;Zfynk (Child-Centred Education)^gqikszsoh ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk ftZu pkb e/Ado wzfBnk ik fojk j? ns/ T[; dhnK o{uhnK, nfGo{uhnK, :'rsktK ns/ ;woZEktK d/ nXko s/ fdZsh ik ojh j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok nfij/ tksktoD dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?, fi; ftZu pkbe dk uj[zw[Zyh ftek; j' ;e/.

5H ftnesh ns/ ;wki dhnK io{osK d/ nB[e{b gkmeqw (Curriculum)^gqikszsoh ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko gkmeqw dk ;zrmB Pesh ns/ ;wki dhnK io{osK d/ nB[e{b ehsk ik fojk j?. gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu nfijk gkmeqw pDkfJnk ik fojk j?, fi; Bkb ;wkfie T[d/Pk dh gqkgsh ;zGt j' ;e/ ns/ pkbe B{z e[Pb Bkrfoe pDkfJnk ik ;e/.

6H ;eoh f;ybkJh dhnK ftXhnK (Method of Teaching)^gqikszsoh f;Zfynk ftZu nfijhnK f;ybkJh ftXhnK s/ pb fdZsk ik fojk j?, fijVhnK pkbe d/ T[Zs/ e'Jh dpkn BjhA gkT[AdhnK. T[jBK B{z ;[szsosk g{oD Yzr Bkb nkgD/^nkg frnkB dh y'i eoB d/ bJh gq's;kfjs eodhnK jB n/s fefonk d[nkok eoB (Learning by Doing) s/ i'o fdzdhnK jB.

7H nfXnkge d/ ftnefsst dk nkdo (Importance of Teacher)^gqikszsoh ftukoXkok d/ gqGkt;o{g nfXnkge d/ ftnefsst B{z pj[s nkdo fdZsk ik fojk j?. gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu nfXnkge B{z f;ybkJh ekoi s'A finkdk ;[szsosk gqdkB ehsh ik ojh j?. T[; B{z f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu gfotosB eoB dh ;[szsosk fdZsh ik ojh j?. gkmeqw d/ fBowkD ns/ gkm^g[;seK dh u'D ftZu T[; dk ;fj:'r fbnk ik fojk j?.

8H ;t?Pk;B s/ i'o (Emphasis on Self-Discipline)^gqikszsoh nkdoPK d/ nB[;ko ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;t?Pk;B dh ;woZEk g?dk eoB d/ bJh ftfdnkoEh^;zx (Students

Union), ftfdnkoEh ntk; (Hostel life), efbnkD gfoPd (Welfare-Society), nkfd dh ;EkgBk ehsh ik ojh j?, fiBQK dh ftt;Ek dk g{ok T[ZsodkfJst ftfdnkoEhnK s/ jh j[zdk j?. T[j nkgD/^nkg jh fB:w pDkT[Ad/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk gkbD eod/ jB. fJ; Bkb T[jBK ftZu ;t?^nB[Pk;B dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j?.

9H gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB (Organisation of Co-curricular Activities)^ ftukoK ns/ b/yB dh nGhftnesh d/ bJh ns/ T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk dk nB[Gt eoB d/ bJh gqikszsoh d/PK ftZu ftfdnkfbnK ftZu y/vê[Zd, tkd^fttkd, ekft r'Pmh, ;z;feqfse ekoieow, ;zrhs ;zw/bB, go:NB nkfd nk:'fis ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ekoieowK dk nk:'iB ftfdnkoEh nkgD/^nkg eod/ jB, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ T[j nZS/ tesk ns/ b/ye pDd/ jB.

10H f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;kXBK ftZu ;fj:'r (Relation Between Various Agencies of

Education)^gqikszsoh GktBk d/ gqGkt d[nkok ;kfonK ;kXBK ftfdnkb/, gfotko, ;w[dkfJ, Xow ns/ oki nkfd ftZu ;fj:'r ;Ekfgs eoB d/ bJh :sB ehs/ ik oj/ jB, fi; Bkb pkbe B{z finkdk s'A finkdk bkG fwb ;e/.



11H ftfdnkfbnk ;wki dk bx{ o{g j? (School is a Miniature of Society)^gqikszso ftZu ftfdnkb/ B{z ;wki dk bx{ o{g wzfBnk ik fojk j?, fiZE/ sZe pkbe Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk d/ Bkb^Bkb ftPt GkJhuko/ dh f;Zfynk th gqkgs eodk j?.

d[BhnK d/ eJh gqikszsoh d/PK B/ fJBQK ftukoK B{z nkgDh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdZsk j?. nw/foek fJBQK ftZu ;G s'A nZr/ j?. Gkos ftZu th fJBQK ftukoK B{z ;EkB fdZsk ik fojk j?. id'A sZe ;kvh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu fJBQK B{z g{oh soQK Bkb ;EkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk, T[d'A sZe ;kv/ d/P ftZu gqikszso ;cb BjhA j' ;edk.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' gqikszso dh oZfynk ns/ T[Bsh dk T[ZsodkfJst d/Ptk;hnK s/ j[zdk j?.

23H3 gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk dk noE (Democracy and Meaning of Education) gqikszsoh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk j?, fi; Bkb ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK dk ;wkfieoD ehsk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK dk jh bkG j[zdk j?. v:{th B/ gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk d/ noE B{z ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe, “gqikszso ftZu nfijh f;Zfynk j'Dh ukjhdk j?, fijV/ ;wkfie ekoiK ns/ ;zpzXK ftZu ftnefsst o{uh T[sgzB eo ;e/ ns/ T[jBK ftZu nfijhnK wkBf;e nkdsK dk fBowkD eo ;e/, fijVk fpBK e'Jh, nftt;Ek T[sgzB ehs/ ;wkfie gfotosB eo ;ehJ/.”

gqikszso ftZu ftnesh ns/ ;wki d'jK B{z nkdo dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk j?. ftnesh ;wki dk fBowkD eodk j? ns/ ;wki ftnesh d/ fjs d/ bJh ekoi eodk j? ns/ ekoi f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu gq'H j[wk:{z epho B/ fejk j? fe, “gqikszso ;wkfie ;zi'r ns/ ;wkfie gqrsh d/ bJh gkPfte Pesh B{z nB{B: ftZu pdbD dk :sB eodk j?. Pesh dh ng/fynk ftt/e B{z ;wki dk gE^gqdoPB eoB tkbk f;XKs dZ;D dk noE fJj j? fe f;Zfynk ftneshnK B{z ;kwi d/ ouBkswe w?ApoK d/ o{g ftZu fsnko eo/.” ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H f;Zfynk gqikszso dh j?^

(T) ohVQ ns/ nXko (n) io{os (J) T[g:'rsk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H gqikszso d/ bJh nfij/ BkrfoeK dh io{os j?, fijV/ :[es j'D^

(T) wB[Zyh r[DK s'A (n) nwB[Zy r[DK s'A (J) d?th r[DK s'A (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H gqikszso ftZu Bkrfoe d/P d/ Pk;B dk ;zukbB eoB d/ bJh gqsZy o{g s'A u[Dd/ jB^

(T) B/sktK B{z (n) gqshfBXhnK B{z (J) ;zsK B{z (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H gqikszsoh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk j?^

(T) fJZe fBnkfJe gqfefonk (n) fJZe ;wkfie gqfefonk (J) fJZe okiBhfse gqfefonk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

23H4 gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Democracy and Aims of Education)

Gkt/A fe d/P, ekb ns/ go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB, gozs{ fco th



B'N Gqikszso dh neKfynktK ns/ wkBsktK d/ nXko s/ gqikszso ftZu nfXnkge d/ e[ZM T[d/P fBPfus ehs/ rJ/ jB, fiBQK ftZu'A gqw[Zy T[d/P j/m nB[;ko jB^

1H ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; (Harmonious Development of personality)^gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD T[d/P ftnesh dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk j?. fi; d/P d/ Bkrfoe fizB/ pbtkB, frnkBtkB ns/ ufosotkB j'Dr/ T[j d/P T[Bk jh T[BzsPhb j't/rk. id'A sZe fe;h d/P d/ Bkrfoe Pohoe o{g s'A f;jswzd BjhA j'Dr/ T[d'A sZe d/P dh ;[szsosk dh oZfynk BjhA j' ;e/rh. id'A sZe fe;h d/P d/ BkrfoeK dh fuzsk, soe, ebgB, fBoDk nkfd wkBf;e PeshnK dk ftek; BjhA j't/rk, T[d'A sZe d/P dh okiBhfse, ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;wZf;nktK BjhA ;[bMkJhnK ik ;eDrhnK ns/ id'A sZe fe;h d/P d/ BkrfoeK dk fttjko, nkuoD ns/ ufoso nZSk BjhA j't/rk T[d'A sZe T[; d/P dh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ;[ftt;fEs BjhA j' ;e/rh. fJ; soQK gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk B{z ftnesh dk Pohoe wkBf;e, ufosoe ns/ jo soQK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ ftnefsst dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoe/ d/P ns/ ;wki dk fjs eo ;e/.

2H gqikszsoe w{bK dk ftek; (Development of Democratic Values)^gqikszso ftZu jo/e Bkrfoe d/ bJh pj[s io{oh j? fe T[j gqikszso d/ w{bK ns/ nkdoPK B{z ikD/, T[jBK ftZu ftPtk; oZy/ ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[;ko nkuoD eo/. nfijk j'D s/ jh gqikszso ;cb j' ;edk j?. fJ; soQK gqikszsoh f;Zfynk dk fJZE gqw[Zy T[d/P ftneshnK ftZu gqikszsoe w{bK ns/ nkdoPK dk ftek; eoBk j?. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B{z gqikszsoh Yzr d[nkok ofjD d/ w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. ftfdnkfbnK dk ;zg{oD tksktoD gqikszsoe w{bK d/ nB[;ko j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H eko'pkoe e[Pbsk dk ftek; (Development of Vocational Efficiency)^fejk frnk j? fe nkofEe gqikszso ftZu fpBK okiBhfse gqikszso nX{ok j?. gqikszso dh ;cbsk T[; d/P d/ BkrfoeK dh nkofEe T[Bsh ns/ d/P dh nkofEe ;wfoZXh ns/ ;zgzBsk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; bJh gqikszsoh f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy T[d/P BkrfoeK ftZu eko'pkoe e[Pbsk dk ftek; eoBk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkswfBoGo j' ;eD ns/ nkgDh nkofEe T[Bsh eo ;eD ns/ okPNo dh ;zgsh ftZu tkXk eoe/ T[; dh nkofEe ;wfoZXh ns/ ;zgzBsk tXkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe j' ;eD.

4H uzrhnK nkdsK ns/ o{uhnK dk ftek; (Development of Good Habits and Interests)^ uzrhnK nkdsK ns/ o{uhnK uzr/ ekoiK dh BhAj gkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ufosoe ftek; eodhnK jB, ;w/A ns/ Pesh dk ;dT[g:'r eoBk f;ykT[AdhnK jB ns/ ihtB B{z ;zgzBsk gqdkB eodh j?. gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu T[Zsw ns/ pj[w[Zyh o{uhnK ns/ uzrhnK nkdsK dk ftek; eoBk j?, fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ ;w/A ns/ frnkB dk ;dT[g:'r eoe/, nkgDk B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; eoe/ uzr/ Bkrfoe pD ;eD ns/ fdPk ns/ ;wki dk Gbk eo ;eD.

5H ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; (Development of Social Outlook)^wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. T[j ;wki ftZu ofjzdk j? ns/ ;wki s'A jh gq/oDk gqkgs eodk j?, fJ; soQK gqikszsoe f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P ftnesh ftZu ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D iK ;wkfiesk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk j?, fi; Bkb T[j ;wki d/ fjsK d/ bJh nkgD/ fjsK dk pbhdkB eo ;e/. T[j fJj ;wM/ fe T[j ;wki dk j? ns/ T[; dk ;zg{oD ihtB ;wki d/ bJh j?. T[;B{z i' th ftuko eoBk j? ns/ i' th ekoi eoBk j?, ;wki d/ fjs ftZu eoBk j?. ;wki dk fjs T[; dk fjs j?. fJ; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu nfijhnK fefonktK s/ i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fijVhnK pkbeK ftZu ;wkfie r[DK B{z g?dk eo ;eD ns/ ;wkfie ihtB ns/ ;wkfie ;/tk dk frnkB d/ ;eD.

6H Bkrfoesk d/ r[DK dk ftek; (Development of Civic Qualities)^gqikszso dh ;cbsk :'r ns/ nkdoP BkrfoeK s/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJ; soQK gqikszsoe f;Zfyn dk T[d/P ns/ nkdoP BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk j?. nfij/ BkrfoeK dk fBowkD eoBk j?, i'



okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ikro[e j'D ns/ wB[Zyh r[DK s'A :[es j'D, fijV/ d/P dh okiBhfse ;wZf;nktK B{z ;wMD ns/ ;[bMkT[D dh :'rsk oZyd/ j'D, fijV/ nkgD/ ws dk ;jh gq:'r eo ;ed/ j'D, fijV/ nkgD/ eosZt ns/ nfXekoK d/ gqsh ;soe j'D, fiBQK ftZu T[ZsodkfJst d/ fBotjB dh ;woZEk j't/ ns/ fijV/ gq/w, ;fj:'r, nB[Pk;B, goT[geko nkfd r[DK Bkb :[es j'D.

7H okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh GktBk dk ftek; (Development of National and

International Understanding)^gqikszso PKsh ns/ ;fj n;fsst ftZu ftPtk; eodk j?. fJ; bJh gqikszsoe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu okPNoh ns/ nzsoôkPNoh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk j?. okPNohnsk iK d/P gq/w dh GktBk s/ i'o d/D d/ ekoB gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P okPNoh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk sK j? jh, gozs{ feT[Afe nZi d/ ftZu e'Jh okPNo fJeZbk T[Bsh BjhA eo ;edk, T[;B{z nkgD/ ti{d B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh d{i/ okPNoK s'A ;fj:'r b?Dk g?Adk j?, fJ; bJh gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dk T[d/P nzso^ okPNohnsk dk ftek; eoBk th j?.

8H nrtkJh d/ r[DK dk ftek; (Development of Leadership)^gqikszsoe f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbeK ftZu nrtkJh d/ r[DK dk ftek; eoBk j?. nZi d/ pkbe jh eZbQ d/ Bkrfoe j'Dr/. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nfij/ B/sk, gE^gqdoPe, fdPk^fBod/Pe fsnko ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, fijV/ e/tb seBheh, fufes;k, ;wki ;/tk nkfd y/soK ftZu th e[Pb nrtkJh d/ ;eD, fi; Bkb okPNo ns/ ;wki dh T[Bsh j' ;e/.

23H5 j?Avo;B d/ nB[;ko gqikszsoe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Democratic Education According to Henderson) j?Avo;B d/ gqikszsoh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P fBwB fbys T[d/P dZ;/ jB^

1H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nwkBth ftnefsst d/ bJh nkdo ns/ PoXk d/ Gkt T[sgzB eoBk.

2H ftfdnkoEhnK d/ f;ZyD d/ ;kXBK ns/ T[jBK d/ ;w/A ns/ ;woZEk d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie Xo'jo s/ nfXeko gqkgs eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk eoBk.

3H nkswknB[Pk;B dh ifNb ebk dh f;ybkJh ns/ ;XkoD fjs ftZu o{uh ikfrqs eoBk.

4H gqikszsoe ;Zu d/ nB[e{b nkswfjs d/ bJh fuzsB dh ;woZEk ftef;s eoBk.

5H ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh gqikszso B{z ;wMD ns/ ihtB ftZu ;wkfie T[Bsh B{z nkgDk Nhuk pDkT[D ftZu ;fj:'r d/Dk.

23H6 gqikszso ns/ gkmeqw (Democracy and Curriculum)

gqikszso ftZu nfij/ gkmeqw dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk gqikszsoh nkdoPK ns/ w{bK B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu ;jkfJe j'D ns/ fijVk pkbeK B{z fJ; :'r pDk dt/ fe T[j gqikszsoh ;wki ftZu ;cb ihtB pshs eo ;eD. fJ; fdqPNh s'A gqikszsoh gkmeqw dk fBowkD fBwB fbys f;XKsK d/ nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

1H gqikszsoh gkmeqw buhbk, ft;sfos ns/ pj[w[Zyh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftZu T[jBK ;ko/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dk ;wkt/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fijVk pkbe d/ ;otgZyh ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j'D ns/ T[jBK B{z ;cb ihtB pshs eoB dh f;Zfynk d/ ;eD.

2H gqikszsoh gkmeqw ftZu fJzBk tZyokgD ns/ buhbkgD j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe ftfdnoEh nkgDh o{uh, nfGo{uh, :'rsk, ;woZEk, p[ZXh ns/ io{os d/ nB[;ko ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh u'D eo ;eD.

3H gqikszsoh gkmeqw dk fBowkD ;EkBe ;kXBK ns/ io{osK d/ nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N 4H gqikszsoh gkmeqw ftZu nfij/ ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dk ;wkt/P ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fijV/ pkbeK B{z S[ZNh d/ ;w/A d/ bJh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB.

5H gqikszsoh gkmeqw ftZu ;wkfie fefonktK s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. gkmeqw nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fijVk pkbeK ftZu ;wkfie GktBk g?dk eo/ ns/ ;wki dhnK io{osK dh g{osh ftZu ;jkfJe j't/.

6H gqikszsoh gkmeqw dk fBowkD pkbeK dh eko'pkoe io{osK d/ nXko s/ ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

23H7 gqikszso ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK (Democracy and Methods of Teaching) Gqikszso ftZu f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D th gqikszsoe f;XksK ns/ nkdoPK d/ nB[o{g ehsk ikdk j?. gqikszso dk w{b f;XKs ;[szsosk, fefonkPhbsk ns/ gqrhsPhbsk j?. fJ; soQK em'o gqzgoktkdh ns/ fBPeoh f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk gqikszso ftZu e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?. gqikszsoh f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu fBwB fbys ftP/PsktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB^

1H gqikszsoh f;ybkJh d[nkok pkbeK ftZu eoe/ f;ZyD (Learning by Doing) dh nkds gkT[Dh ukjhdh j?. pkbeK B{z iwks ftZu fJZe fBPeoh Po'sk dh soQK Bk p?m e ;eoh ofj e/ f;XKsK ns/ ;ZuK dh y'i eoe/ Bshi/ s/ gj[zuD dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?.

2H gqikszsoh f;ybkJh ftXhnK d[nkok pkbeK B{z nkgD/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyD dh ;[szsosk gqdkB eoBh ukjhdh j?. pkbeK s/ e'Jh dpkn BjhA gkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk. T[jBK B{z gqPB g[ZSD, ftuko^ftwoP eoB, tkd^fttkd eoB ns/ nkgDk ws gqrN eoB dh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

3H gqikszsoh f;Zfynk ftZu ;fj:'r d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk uZbDh ukjhdh j?. iwks d/ ;ko/ ekoi, f;ybkJh ns/ f;ZfynkoEh d/ ;fj:'r d[nkok j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. nfXnkge B{z fJZe ;jkfJe ns/ wkordoPe d/ o{g ftZu jh ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z pkbe B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB ftZu e/tb ;fj:'r d/Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H gqikszsoh f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu fuzsB, soe, ebgBk nkfd wkBf;e PeshnK d/ ftek; s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; dh BohyD ftXh B{z ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ ftP/ dk fttjkfoe frnkB d/D d/ bJh gq:'r ns/ eowPkbk ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

23H8 gqikszso ns/ nB[Pk;B (Democracy and Discipline)

Gqikszso ftZu nB[Pk;B dk pj[s wjZst j[zdk j?. fpBK nB[Pk;B gqikszsoe ftt;Ek ;cb BjhA j' ;edh, gozs{ gqikszso dwBkswe nB[Pk;B d/ gZy ftZu BjhA j?. T[j dwBkswe dk fto'X eoe/ ;t?^nB[Pk;B s/ i'o fdzdk j?. gqikszso ftZu T[jh nB[Pk;B uzrk ;wfMnk iKdk j?, fi; ftZu pkbe nkgD/^nkg nB[Pk;B pDkJ/ oZyd/ jB, fiZE/ pkbe Pohoe dzv iK j'o fe;h G?n iK dpkn d/ nXko s/ BjhA pbfe nkgDh nzso^gq/oDk d[nkok nB[Pkf;s ofjzd/ jB. gqikszso ftZu ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;t?^nB[Pk;B dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh fBwB fbys ekoi ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB^

1H ftfdnkb/ dk tksktoD ;ob, PKs, gqGktg{oD ns/ G?nofjs j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb pkbeK B{z nkgD/ ftek; d/ w"e/ fwb ;eD.

2H ftfdnkb/ ftZu nfij/ ekoieowK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fiBQK Bkb T[jBK ftZu T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk dk ftek; j' ;e/. ftfdnkoEh^;zx, eohVk^;zx nkfd B{z ;zrfms eoB dh T[jBK B{z g{oD ;[szsosk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu ;t? nkgD/ d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ fB:wK dk gkbD eoB dh GktBk g?dk j' ;e/.



3H ftfdnkb/ ftZu nfijhnK ;wkfie fefonktK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu ;wkfie fB:zsoD dh GktBk ftef;s j' ;e/.

4H ftfdnoEhnK B{z nkgD/ eosZtK ns/ nfXekoK B{z ;wMD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

5H nfXnkgeK B{z ftfdnkoEhnK d/ Bkb gq/w g{oD ns/ ;jkB[G{shg{oD fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh g?o^g?o s/ ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?.

23H9 gqikszso ns/ nfXnkge (Democracy and Teacher)

Gqikszso ftZu nfXnkge dk ;EkB pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD j?. :'r, fwjBsh ns/ rDh nfXnkge jh d/P B{z uzrh fJzihBhno, vkeNo, w?e/fBe, B/s, nfXnkge, tehb ns/ gqPk;e d/ ;ed/ jB. gqikszso ftZu nfXnkge ftZu nfijh ;woZEk ns/ :'rsk j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[j ;wki ftZu T[fus gfotosB fbnk e/ T[; B{z gqrsh d/ tZb b? ikt/. gqikszso ftZu nfXnkge jh T[j ftnesh j?, fijV, nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gqikszso d/ nkdoPK d/ gqsh nk;Ek ns/ gq/w g?dk eo ;edk j?. gqikszso ftZu nfXnkge ftZu eJh r[D j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, fiBQk ftZu e[ZM fJ; soQK jB^

1H nfXnkge B{z T[Zsw ufoso tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H nfXnkge dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s finkdk ftnkge j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H nfXnkge B{z nkgD/ eosZtK ns/ nfXekoK d/ gqsh ikro[e j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H nfXnkge B{z gq/w, ;jkB[G{sh, ;fj:'r, ;fjDPhbsk, fdnk, Xow ns/ eosZtfBPmk nkfd r[DK Bkb Gfonk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

5H nfXnkge B{z fBnkg{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[; B{z fe;h d/ Bkb gZygks BjhA eoBk ukjhdk, fi; Bkb ftfdnoEhnK dh PoXk T[; d/ gqsh g?dk j' ;e/.

23H10 gqikszso ns/ ftfdnkb/ dk gqPk;B (Democracy and School Administration) gqikszso ftZu ftfdnkbk gqikszsoh f;XKsK ns/ nkdoPK s/ nXkfos j[zdk j?. gqikszso ftZu ftfdnkb/ dk gqPk;sB w[Zy^nfXnkge, nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb gqikszsoe nXko s/ uZbdk j?. fJj ;ko/ fwbî[b e/ ftfdnkb/ dhnK BhshnK dk fBowkD eod/ jB, gkmeqw pDkT[Ad/ jB, f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk fBoXkoD eod/ jB, gkm^t;s{nK dh u'D eod/ jB, iwks ekoiK dhnK :'iBktK pDkT[Ad/ jB ns/ j'o ;fjrkwh fefonktK dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB. gqikszso ftZu gqPk;e ns/ w[Zy^nfXnkge nkgDhnK :'rsktK B{z nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK s/ pbg{oD Yzr d[nkok E'gd/ BjhA jB pbfe T[jBK dh ;fjwsh ns/ ;fj:'r Bkb ekoi eod/ jB. fJ; nt;Ek ftZu w[Zy^nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK, nfXnkgeK ns/ nfXekohnK, nfXnkgeK ns/ nfGGkteK, ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ w[Zy^nfXnkge, nfXekohnK ns/ nfGGkteK s/ w[Zy^nfXnkge ns/ nfXekohnK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX gqikszsoh GktBk s/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. fJ; Bkb eJh bkG j[zd/ jB, fit/A w[Zy^nfXnkge B{z ftfdnkb/ gqPk;B ftZu nfXnkgeK dk g{ok ;fj:'r fwbdk j?, nfXnkgeK d/ eko'pkoe ekoi ftZu finkdk e[Pbsk nkT[Adh j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gqikszsoh GktBk dk ftek; j[zdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.



B'N 23H11 Gkos ftZu gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk (Democracy and Education in India) iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A Gkos d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk gqikszso j?. d[BhnK dk fJj wjkB gqikszso sK jh ;cb j' ;edk j?, id'A okPNo dh ;ko/ Bkrfoe f;Zfyns j'D ns/ T[jBK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ ;wkB w"e/ T[gbpX j'D. Gkosh ;zftXkB B/ ;koeko B{z ;gPN o{g ftZu fJj nkd/P fdZsk j? fe 14 ;kb sZe d/ ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK d/ fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eo/. ;oeko T[; d/ bJh :sBPhb j? ns/ nZmthA gzi;kbk :'iBk ftZu fJ; Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fdqV gqfsfrnk ehsh j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk ;oeko wZXfwe f;Zfynk ns/ ftPtftfdnkbh f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko d/ bJh th :sBPhb j?. ;oeko B/ d/P ftZu Gkoh ;zfynk ftZu wZXfwe ftfdnkb/ y'b/ jB ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK dh ;zfynk ftZu nikdh d/ pknd ekch tkXk j'fJnk j?. seBheh f;Zfynk ;z;EkBK dk d/P ftZu ikb fpSkfJnk ik fojk j?. r{zr/, p'b/, bzrV/, nzBQ/ ns/ j'o soQK ftfPPN pkbeK B{z f;Zfyns eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ik ojh j?. fJ;sohnK B{z f;Zfyns eoB d/ bJh nEe :sB ehs/ ik oj/ jB, T[jBK d/ bJh jo ;so dhnK f;Zfynk ;z;EktK y'bhnK ik ojhnK jB. gq'VQ ftneshnK B{z f;Zfyns eoB d/ bJh gq'VQ f;Zfynk dk ftnkge ekoieqw fefonkPhb ehsk ik fojk j?. fgZSVh j'Jh ns/ xZN frDsh ikshnK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftP/P ;[thXktK fdZshnK ojhnK jB. fgSV/ j'J/ y/soK fit/A gotosh y/soK, g{otnKub nkfd ftZu f;Zfynk dhnK ;thXktK T[gbpX eokJhnK ik ojhnK jB. fJ; soQK ;kvh gqikszsoh ;oeko d/P d/ ;ko/ pkbe ns/ pkfbektK, B"itkBK ns/ w[fNnkoK, gq'VQ wodK ns/ gq'VQ fJ;sohnK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ ;wkB nfXekoh, ;wkB w"e/ ns/ ;wkB ;[thXktK gqdkB eoB dh ftt;Ek eo ojh j?. ;kvh ;oeko d/P d/ nfrnkB ns/ nf;Zfynk B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh tuBpZX j? ns/ T[j fJ; d/ bJh ;ss :sBPhb j?. T[jfJ; rZb d/ bJh :sBPhb j? fe d/P d/ ;ko/ b'eK dk p"fXe ftek; j't/, T[j eosZt ns/ nfXekoK B{z ;wMD, nkgD/ ws dk T[fus gq:'r eoB ns/ nkgD/ T[ZsodkfJst dk fBotjB T[fjs Yzr Bkb eoB.

Gkt/A fe Gkos dh gqikszsoh ;oeko d/P ftZu gqikszso B{z ;cb pDkT[D d/ bJh :sBPhb j?, gozs{ d[oGkt s'A T[; B{z j[D sZe fJ; ekoi ftZu g{oh ;cbsk BjhA fwbh j?. feT[Afe ;kv/ d/P ftZu gqikszsoh nkdoPK, w{bK dh iVK j[D sZe iw BjhA gkJhnK jB, fJ; bJh ;kv/ fJZE/ gqikszso B{z fizB ;cb j'Dk ukjhdk ;h, BjhA j' fojk j?. Gkos ftZu ikshtkdsk, ;zgqdkfJesk, gqshnsk, GkPktkd, ;wkfie ftPwsk, nfrnkBsk, GokPNkuko, nB?fsesk nkfd nfij/ eJh ekoB jB, fijV/ gqikszso dh ;cbsk ftZu o[ektN gk oj/ jB. nf;Zfyns j'D d/ tkoB Gkos dh finkdkso iBsk ws d/ wjZst B{z BjhA ;wM gkT[Adh ns/ gqikszso d/ noE B{z BjhA ;wMdh. Gkos d/ finkdkso fBtk;h fJzB/ rohp jB fe T[j o'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoB d/ bJh bZr/ ofjzd/ jB, T[jBK B{z okiBhfse iK d{ihnK rZbK s/ ftuko eoB dk ;wK jh BjhA fwbdk. fJ; d/ bJh fJbktk ;kvh f;Zfynk gqDkbh fJzBh d'Pg{oD j? fe T[j Gkos dh gqikszsoe io{osK B{z g{ok eoB ftZu g{oh soQK n;oZE j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu gqikszsoh f;XKsK d/ nB[;ko Bk gkmeqw dk fBoXkoE ehsk iKdk j? ns/ Bk f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. ;kv/ fJZE/ Bk ftfdnkb/ gqPk;B B{z gqikszsoe nkdoPK ns/ w{bK d/ nB[;ko pDkfJnk iKdk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu nfXnkgeK, nfGGkteK, ftfdnkoEhnK, w[Zy^nfXnkgeK ns/ gqPk;fBe nfXekohnK d/ ;zzpzXK ftZu gqikszsoe GktBk dh g{oh ewh j?. ;kv/ gqikszso ftZu nkJ/ fdBK ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok nzd'bB ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ nfXnkgeK ns/ j'o eowukohnK d[nkok jVskbK ehshnK iKdhnK jB. i/eo n;hA nkgD/ gqikszso B{z, d[BhnK d/ ;G s'A tZv/ gqikszso B{z, ;cb pDkT[Dk j? sK ;kB{z xZN s'A xZN d' wjZstg{oD ekoi io{o eoB j'Dr/. fJZe d/P d/ jo/e pkbe^pkfbek ns/ gq'VQ fJ;soh^wod B{z f;Zfyns eoBk j't/rk ns/ d{i/ toswkB gqDkbh ftZu nkw{bu[b gfotosB eoBk j't/rk. ;kvh ;oeko ns/ ;wki d'jK B{z fJ; gk;/ fXnkB d/Dk j't/rk ns/ fJ; d/ bJh ng/fyns XzB ns/ j'o ;kXBK B{z fJeZmk eoBk j't/rk. fJj T[jBK dk gfjbk ns/ gftZso eosZt j?. ;kvh ;oeko ns/ ;kv/



;wki B{z fJ; gk;/ ;eoh eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ d/Ptk;hnK B{z nfijh f;Zfynk d/Dh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu gqikszsoh GktBk dk ftek; j' ;e/ n/s T[j d/P d/ nkdoP Bkrfoe pD ;eD. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H d/P, ekb ns/ go;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB.

8H gqikszso ftZu f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD T[d/P ftnesh dk ;otgZyh ftek; eoBk j?.

9H fi; d/P d/ Bkrfoe fizB/ pbtkB, frnkBtkB ns/ ufosotkB j'Dr/ T[j d/P T[Bk jh ntBfsPhb j't/rk.

10H wB[Zy fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. 23H12 Gkos ftZu ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk dh gqkgsh (Equalization of Educational Opportunity in India) ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk dk noE j?^;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK B{z iksh, fbzr, Xow, noE fe;h th nXko s/ G/d ehs/ fpBK nkgDh^nkgDh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEktK d/ nB[;ko ftek; d/ ;[szso ns/ ;wkB w"e/ gqdkB eoBk. gqikszsoe Gkos B/ ;wkitkdh noEftt;Ek B{z ngDkfJnk j?, fJ; bJh fJj io{oh j? fe d/P d/ ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK d/ bJh ;wkB ftfdne w"e/ T[gbpX eokJ/ ikD, fJ; d/ bJh fBwB fbys T[gkn eoB/ ujhd/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk dh fJZe fBPfus okPNoh Bhsh pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; dk gkbD eoBk ;kohnK oki ;oekoK d/ bJh io{oh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H ;zg{oD d/P ftZu fJZe fBPfus ;w/A ekb sZe fBP[be f;Zfynk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fBP[be f;Zfynk dk noE e/tb P[be s'A w[esh jh Bk j't/, pbfe g[;sek, ekghnK, d[gfjo dk ykDk, y/v T[geoD nkfd ;G e[ZM fBP[be j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H jo/e y/so ftZu iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dh ;zfynk fBoXkfos ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK T[jBK ftZu dkfybk b? ;eD.

4H jo ;so dhnK f;Zfynk ;z;EktK d/ bJh fBT{Bsw ;z;kXB T[gbpX eokJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

5H f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZu pkbe^pkfbektK B{z f;oc T[jBK dh :'rsk d/ nXko s/ dkfybk fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

6H ftebKr ns/ T[g/fyns pkbeK d/ bJ nbZr s'A ftfdnkb/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

7H fBoXB pkbeK d/ bJh tihc/ dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

8H gqshGkPkbh ns/ ftfGzB gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK ftZu ftP/P :'rsk oZyD tkb/ pkbe^ pkfbektK d/ bJh nbZr s'A tihc/ fBPfus ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

9H nB[;{fus iksh, nB[;{fus iBiksh ns/ fgSVh iksh d/ pbkeK d/ bJh th tihfcnk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[j f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ w"e/ gqkgs eoB ;eD.

10H pfbektK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh ftP/P ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

11H f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftzu ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK d/ Bkb ;wkB ftttjko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N 23H13 ;ko nzP (Summary)

iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A Gkos d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk gqikszso j?. d[BhnK dk fJj wjkB gqikszsoh sK jh ;cb j' ;edk j?, id'A okPNo d/ ;ko/ Bkrfoe f;Zfyns j'D ns/ T[jBK B{z f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ ;wkB w"e/ T[gbpX j'D. Gkosh ;zftXkB B/ ;oeko B{z ;gPN o{g s'A nkd/P fdZsk j? fe 14 ;kb sZe d/ ;ko/ pkbe^pkfbektK d/ bJh fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eo/. ;oeko T[;d/ bJh :sBPhb j? ns/ nZmthA gzi ;kbk :'iBk ftZu fJ; Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fdqVQ ;zebg j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk ;oeko wZXfwe f;Zfynk ns/ ftfdnkbh f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko d/ bJh th :sBPhb j?. 23H14 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H gqikszso (Democracy) L b'eszso

2H gkmeqw (Curriculum) L gkmuouk 23H15 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H f;Zfynk ftZu gqikszso s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H j?Avo;B d/ nB[;ko gqikszsoe f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P dZ;'.

3H Gqikszso ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk T[b/y eo'.

4H „Gkos d/ gqikszso ns/ f;Zfynk‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H wsdkB 2H iBwf;ZX nfXeko 3H (T) 4H (T)

5H (n) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh


p[e;









fJekJh^24 L wkoe;tkd ns/ ;zg{oD wB[Zysktkd

fJekJh^24L wkoe;tkd ns/ ;zg{oD wB[Zysktkd (Marxism and Integral Humanism)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


24H1 wkoe;tkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Marxism)

24H2 wkoe;tkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Marxism)

24H3 wkoe;tkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Marxism and Education)

24H4 wkoe;tkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Marxism to Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


wkoe;tkd ek noE ;wMD ;zpXh.

wkoe;tkd d/ w{b f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

wkoe;tkd ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.


doPB d/ y/so ftZu wkoe; fJZe gk;/ jhrb (Hegal) d/ fBogZy nkdoPtkd (Absolute

Idealism) s'A gqGkfts ;B ns/ d{i/ gk;/ c:{op?e (Feurback) d/ G"fsetkd (Materialism) s'A gqGkfts ;B. gozs{ fJjBK B/ fJBQK d'jK d/ T[jBK jh sZsK B{z ;theko ehsk j? fiBQK B{z ftfrnkBe ftXh d[nkok ;Zu gqwkfDs ehsk ik ;edk j?, pkeh ;ko/ sZsK dk yzvB ehsk j?. wkoe; B/ ;ko/ dkoPfBe gqPBK d/ T[Zso ftfrnkBe nXko s/ fdZs/ jB, fi; Bkb T[jBK dk nkgDk nbZr soQK dk t?Pfte doPB (Cosmology) ftef;s j'fJnk fi; B{z wkoe;tkd efjzd/ jB. 24H1 wkoe;tkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Marxism) nkX[fBe :[r ftZu Pk;Bszso d/ nfXBkefJetkd, Xowszso d/ uoutkd, ;wkiszso d/ tortkd ns/ noEszso d/ g{zihtkd d/ fto[ZX ntki T[mh. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu gfjbk Bkw ;ftNIob?Av fBtk;h eqKshekoh ftuko o{;' (Rousseau, 1712-1778) dk Bkw nkT[Adk j?. id'A T[j 25 ;kb d/ ;B, nkgDk d/P SZv e/ coK; ub/ rJ/ ;B. coK; ftZu T[; ;w/A nfXBkfJe szso ;h. T[ZE/ iBsk d/ nfXekoK dk p[oh soQK jBB j' fojk ;h. ;wki ftZu th p[ZXhihth b'e ;XkoD iBsk dk P'PD eo oj/ ;B. Xow d/ Bkw s/ uou d/ m/e/dko th fJ; ekoi ftZu fgZS/ BjhA ;B. coK; dh



B'N iBsk dh fJ; d?nBh dPk B{z d/y e/ T[jBK dk fdb gf;i frnk. T[jBK B/ coK; d/ ssekbhB okiszso, ;wkiszso ns/ Xowszdo d/ fto[ZX ntkI T[mkJh. T[jBK d/ fJZe d/ pknd d{i/ b/y ns/ rqzE gqekfPs j'J/. 1766 ftZu T[jBK B/ coK; s'A eZY fdZsk frnk. T[d'A T[j fJzrb?Av ub/ rJ/. fJzrb?Av ftZu o{;' B/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ uko ;kb pshs ehs/. fJZE/ jh T[jBK dh b/yBh fBozso uZbdh ojh. 1970 ftZu T[j g/fo; w[V/ ns/ ihtB /d nzs sZe fco T[E/ jh oj/. T[AM 1778 ftZu fJ; eqKshekoh :[r g[oy dh fJj bhbk ysw j' rJh gozs{ T[jBK d/ eqKshekoh b/yK dk coK; dh iBsk s/ fJzBk v[zxk gqGkt fgnk fe T[; B/ coK; dh 1889 dh eqKsh B{z iBw fdZsk fi; d/ cb;o{g coK; ns/ ;z;ko d/ eJh j'o d/Pk ftZu b'eszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. o{;' d/ pknd fJ; y/so ftZu eqKsh dk fpr[b pikT[D tkb/ d{i/ eqKshekoh ftukoe ;B iowBh d/ ekob wkoe; (Karl Heinrich Marx, 1818-1883). wkoe; d/ ;w/A ftZu g{o/ :{o'g ftZu Gkoh T[d:'rK dh ;EkgBk d/ ekoB g{zihtkdh ftt;Ek gBg ojh ;h ns/ wid{oK dk P'PD j' fojk ;h. Bkb jh Pk;Bszso d[nkok iBsk d/ nfXekoK dk jBB j' fojk ;h ns/ Xow d/ Bkw s/ G'bh iBsk B{z mfrnk ik fojk ;h. fJ; ;G Bkb :{oth d/PK ftZu ;wki d' torK ftZu tzfvnk frnk ;h^fJZe XBh, d{ik fBoXB, fJZe ;zgzB (Haves) ns/ d{ik ftgzB (Have-notes), fJZe P'Pe, d{ik P'fPs ns/ fJBQK ftZu fBoXB, ftgzB ns/ P'fPs tor ftZu nkT[D tkfbnK dh ;zfynk ;zgzBK dh ng/fynk pj[s finkdk ;h. wkoe; B/ fJ; B{z ;otjkok tor (Proletariat) dk BKt fdZsk ns/ fJ; tor d/ b'eK d/ fjsK dh oZfynk d/ bJh ntki T[mkJh. fJ; Bkb iowBh d/ ssekbhB oki dk n;zs[PN j'Dk ;[Gkfte ;h. fJ; s'A gfjbK fe oki fJBQK d/ fto[ZX e'Jh ekotkJh eodk fJj 1883 ftZu nkgDk d/P SZv e/ coK; ub/ rJ/. fJZE/ fJjBK dh w[bkeks T[; ;w/A d/ fJZe j'o eqKshekoh ftukoe J/Afib; (Friedrich Engles) Bkb j'Jh. ftuko ;kw: d/ ekoB fJj fJZe^d{i/ d/ fwso pD rj/ ns/ d'jK B/ fwb e/ ;otjkok tor d/ fjsK dh ofynk d/ bJh ntki T[mkT[D bZr/. 1845 ftZu coK; dh ;oeko B/ fJBQK d'jK B{z nkgD/ d/P s'A eZY fdZsk. fJZE'A fJj po{;/b; (Bruesells) ub/ rJ/. gozs{ eqKshekoh ftukoeK dh ftukoXkok B{z e"D o'e ;edk j?. T[E/ fJBQK d'jK B/ ewfB:{fB;N bhr (Communist League) dh ;EkgBk ehsh ns/ nkgDh gfjbh eqKshekoh ouBk „j'bh c?fwbh‟ (Holy Family) B{z gqekfPs ehsk. fJ; ftZu eqKshekoh G"fsetkd doPB dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. fJ; d/ pknd fJBQK d'jK dh d{ih ;z:[es ouBk „iowB ftukoXkok‟ (The German Ideology) gqekfPs j'Jh. fJ; ftZu dtzdkswe G"fsetkd (Dialectical Materialism) ns/ fJfsjkf;e G"fsetkd (Historical

Materialism) dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?.

efwT{fB;N bhr dh d{ih ekBco?A; 1847 ftZu bzdB ftZu j'Jh. wkoe; ns/ J/Afib; B/ efwT{fB;N x'PDk gZso (Communist Manifesto) fsnko ehsk ns/ T[; B{z fJ; ekBco?A; ftZu g/P ehsk. fJ; x'PDk^gZso ftZu ;otjkok tor d/ fjsK dh oZfynk d/ f;XKsK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. fJj ftfrnkBe ;wkitkd (Scientific Socialism) dh nwo ouBk j?. fJ; dk nkyoh tke j?^„d[BhnK d/ wid{o' fJZe j't'‟. 1848 ftZu fJBQK B/ fJ; x'PDk^gZso B{z gqekfPs ehsk. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe fJBQK B{z po{;/b; s'A th eZY fdZsk frnk. e[ZM fdB fJZXo^T[ZXo GneD d/ pknd wkoe; 1849 ftZu bzdB ub/ rJ/ ns/ ihtB d/ nkyoh gbK sZe fco T[ZE/ jh oj/.

B'N; wkoe;tkd doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijVh fJ; pqfjwzv B{z gdkoEiBe wzBdh j?.

bzdB ftZu ekob wkoe; B/ 18 ;kb sZe T[ZE/ d/ Pkjh g[;sekb/ (Royal Library) ftZu doPB, okiBhfsPk;so, noEPk;so ns/ ;wkiPk;so ftfPnK dk v[zxk nfXnB ehsk. fJ; nfXnB B/ wkoe; B{z nkgD/ ;w/A ftZu ;otT[Zu eqKshekoh ftukoe pDk fdZsk. 1867 ftZu wkoe; dk ftPtftfynks rqzE „dk; e?fgNb‟ (Das Capital) dk gfjbk Gkr gqekfPs j'fJnk. fJ; d/ fJjBK B/ e?fgNb d/ d{i/ ns/ fsZi/ GkrK dh ouBk ehsh fiBQK B{z T[jBK dh w"s d/ pknd T[jBK d/ fwZso J/Afib; B/ gqekfPs eokfJnk. „dk; e?fgNb‟ wkoe; dh nwo ouBk j?. fJ; ftZu



ftfrnkBe ;wkitkd (Scientific Socialism) dh ftPd ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; B{z ;wkitkd dk nXkoG{s rqzE wzfBnk iKdk j? ns/ wid{oK dh pkJhpb fejk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK ;koe; w{b o{g s'A fJZe ;wkitkdh fuzse ;B, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe T[jBK d/ ;wkitidh fuzsB dh gofDsh ;kwtkdh okiszso (Communistic Political System) d/ o{g ftZu j'Jh.

fJZE/ fJj rZb ;gPN o{g s'A ;wM b?Dh ukjhdh j? fe toswkB ftZu ;kwtkd d/ o{g ftZu o{;, :[r';bkft:k, u/e';bkft:k, jzroh ns/ uhB ftZu d/yD B{z fwb oj/ jB T[j wkoe; d/ ;kwtkd s'A fGzB jB. wkoe; B/ ebgBk ehsk ;h fe id'A ;z;ko Go d/ wid{o fJZe j' e/ ;zxoP eoBr/ sK fJZe fdB T[j nkgD/^nkgd/ d/P d/ Pk;e pD ikDr/. nozG ftZu sK fJBQK d/ d[nkok ;Ekfgs Pk;Bszso th ;otjkok tor dk nfXBkfJeszso j't/rk ns/ fJj T[sgkdB ns/ nkwdB d/ ;ko/ ;o'sK B{z fBZih ;tkfwst (Individual Ownership) s'A eZY e/ ;wkfie ;wkftst (Social

Ownership) ftZu fbnkT[Dr/, ;kfonK B{z ezw ns/ ;kfonK B{z T[jBK dh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk d/ nB[;ko fwjBskBk d/Dr/ (To each according to his labour) ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu ;wki d/ P'Pe ns/ P'fPs dk torG/d ysw j' ikJ/rk. fJ; B{z wkoe; B/ ;wkitkd (Socialism) dk BKt fdZsk. wkoe; B/ ebgBk ehsh ;h fe fJ; d/ pknd fJZe nfijh ;fEsh nkJ/rh fe ;wki ftZu ;ko/ wid{o j' ikDr/ ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu jo/e B{z T[; dh nkgdh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEk nB[;ko ekoi eoBk j't/rk ns/ jo/e B{z T[; dh io{os nB[;ko fwjBskBk fdZsk ikt/rk (To each according to

his needs) ns/ T[d'A ;zgzB (Haves) ns/ ftgzB (Have-notes) dk G/d ysw j' ikJ/rk ns/ T[; ;fEsh ftZu oki dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j't/rh, oki nkgD/^nkg b[gs j' ikJ/rk (The State will

wither away). wkoe; B/ ;wki dh fJ; ;fEsh B{z ;kwtkd (Communism) dk BKt fdZsk. gozs{ j'fJnk fJ; d/ T[bN, wid{oK dh eqKsh dh nrtkJh eoB tkb/ nkgD/^nkg Pk;e pD rJ/ ns/ fJBQK d/PK ftZu fJZe dbh Pk;Bszso ;Ekfgs j' rJ/, fiBQK ftZu ftnesh dh ftneshrs ;[szsosk dk jBB j' fojk j? ns/ T[ZE'A d/ Bkrfoe oki d/ r[bkw pD e/ ofj rJ/ jB.

doPB d/ y/so ftZu wkoe; fJZe gk;/ jhrb (Hegal) d/ fBogZy nkdoPtkd (Absolute

Idealism) s'A gqGkfts ;B ns/ d{i/ c:{op?e (Feurback) d/ G"fsetkd (Materialism) s'A gqGkfts ;B. gozs{ fJBQK B/ fJBQK d/ T[jBK jh sZsK B{z ;theko ehsk j? fiBQK B{z ftfrnkBe ftXh Bkb ;Zu gqwkfDs ehsk ik ;edk j?, pkeh pko/ sZsK dk yzvB ehsk j?. wkoe; B/ ;ko/ dkoPfBe gqPBK d/ T[Zso ftfrnkBe nXko s/ fdZs/ jB, fi; Bkb fJBQK dk nkgDk nbZr soQK dk t?Pfte doPB (Cosmology) ftef;s j'fJnk fi; B{z wkoe;tkd efjzd/ jB.

fe;h th dkoPfBe fuzsB B{z ;wMD d/ bJh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Metaphysics), frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k (Epistemology and Logic) ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k (Axiology and Ethics) B{z ;wMDk io{oh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh ;G s'A gfjbK wkoe;tkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z jh ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/. wkoe;tkd dh sZs whwK;k

wkoe;tkd fdqPNh B{z gdkoEiBe wzBd/ ;B. f;qPNh d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJj ftfrnkBe vkoftB (Darwin) d/ ftek; f;XKs s'A ;fjws ;B ns/ gdkoEiBe ;z;ko B{z T[Xtorkwh wzBd/ ;B. iV gdkoD d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJj dkoPfBe jhrb (Hegal) d/ fto'X ftek;tkd (Dialecticism) f;XKs s'A ;fjws ;B. fJBQK B/ soe fdZsk fe gdkoE fJZe gZy (tkd, Thesis) j[zdh j?, T[; dh fJ; nt;Ek ftZu fto'Xh PeshnK^gqfsgZy (gqshtkd, Antithesis) dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fco fJBQK d'jK^gZy ns/ gqfsgZy ftZu ;zxoP j[zdk j?, fi; d/ cb;o{g ;zgZy (;zPb/PD, Synthesis) Gkt Bt/A gdkoE dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. fJj BtK gdkoE nZr/ d/ bJh gZy pD iKdk j? fi; d/ fto'X ftZu gqfsgZy dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; gZy ns/ gqfsgZy d/ ;zxoP s'A fJZe Bt/A ;zgZy dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJj ftek; uZeo fBozso uZbdk ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD ti'A w[orh dk nzvk gZy (Thesis) j?, nzv/ ftZu w[ork^w[orh dk fBowkD gqfsgZy (Antithesis) j? ns/ w[ork^w[orh s'A BtK nzvk g?dk j'Dk ;zgZy (Synthesis) j?. wkoe; d/ fJ; f;XKs B{z dtzdkswe G"fsetkd (Dialectic Materialism) iK G"fsetkd dtzdtkd (Materialistic

Dialecticism) fejk iKdk j?.

B'N



B'N wkoe; fJPto, eow f;XKs ns/ ;tor^Boe d/ ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eod/ ;B. fJBQK dk soe ;h fe fJBQK B{z ftfnkBe ftXh s'A ;Zu do;kfJnk BjhA ik ;ekd fJ; bJh fJj M{m jB.

nkswk B{z fJj gdkoEiBe u/sB sZs wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJj wzBd/ ;B fe gqkDh ftZu T[; dk ftek; PB?^PB? j[zdk j?. T[dkjoD ti'A nzv/ ftZu gqkDPesh (nkswk) BjhA j[zdh, id'A gzSh T[; B{z e[ZM fdB ;/edk j? sK T[; ftZu PB?^PB? gqkDPesh (nkswk) ftef;s j' iKdh j?, fijVh fefonkPhb gzSh d/ o{g ftZu gqrN j[zdh j?.

wB[Zy B{z wkoe; T[Zusw gqkDh wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[; B{z fJZe nfijh wPhB wzBd/ ;B fijVh nzB, ib, jtk ns/ ;{oi d/ gqekP Bkb uZbdh j?. fJBQK fdqPNh s'A ftnesh dk nkgD/ ;[szso o{g ftZu e'Jh ti{d BjhA j[zdk, T[j wB[Zyh ;wki dk nzr pD e/ jh ftef;s j[zdk j?. wkoe;tkd dh frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k

frnkB whwK;k d/ y/so ftZu th wkoe; dtzdkswe G"fsetkd (Dialectic Materialism) dk fBowkD ehsk j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko jo/e BtK ftuko (;zgZy, Synthesis) nkgD/ ;w/A dh G"fse ns/ ;wkfei T[bN go;fEshnK (gZy^gqfsgZy, Thesis Antithesis) d/ ;zxoP dk Bshik j[zdk j? ns/ fJj gqfefonk jw/PK ubdh ofjzdh j?. sZe fe;h th ftuko (frnkB) B{z nkyoh ;Zu d/ o{g ftZu ;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. wkoe; B/ nZr/ ;gPn ehsk fe ;z;ko ftZu jw/PK G"fse ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB, fi; Bkb jw/PK Bt/A ftukoK (frnkB) dk ftek; j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJBQK B/ fJ; ;Zu B{z ;gPN eoB d/ bJh fJj T[dkjoD fdZsk fe ftfrnkBe P'XK d/ Bshi/ ti'A fBs BtK frnkB ftef;s j' fojk j?. gozs{ fJ; d/ Bkb fJBQK B/ fJj th ;gPN ehsk fe fJ; nXko s/ fe;h ;w/A ftef;s frnkB B{z M{m BjhA fejk ik ;edk, feT[Afe T[j Bt/A frnkB dh y'i d/ bJh gZy (Thesis) j[zdk j?. wkoe; B/ nZr/ ;gPN ehsk fe gqfeosh ftfrnkBK d/ y/so ftZu fBs Bt/A nftPeko j' oj/ jB, fBs BthnK ikDekohnK gqkgs j' ojhnK jB, fBs BtK frnkB gqkgs j' fojk j? ns/ T[; Bkb wB[Zy d/ ihtB ftZu fBozso ftek; j' fojk j?, fJ; soQK ftfrnkB d// frnkB B{z :EkoE frnkB ns/ ftfrnkBe ftXh B{z frnkB gqkgs eoB dh n;b ftXh wzBDk ukjhdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A T[sgkdB d/ bJh ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD wB[Zuh

fwjBs j?.

wkoe;tkd dh w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k

wkoe; wB[Zy B{z ;wkfie gqkDh wzBd/ ;B ns/ ;wki B{z gfotosBPhb wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A gfotosBPhb wB[Zy ;wki ftZu wB[Zy d/ bJh Bk sK BthA w{b fBPfus ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk jh e'Jh nkuko ;zfjsk fBPfus ehsh ik ;edh j??. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A B?fsesk ;wK, ;wki ns/ noEftt;Ek ;g/y j[zdh j?. fJBQK B/ wB[Zyh fJfsjk; dh G"fsetkdh ftnkfynk ehsh j?. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zyh ihtB d/ bJh T[sgkdB fJZe w{bG{s io{os j?, fJ; bJh wB[Zy d/ fJfsjk; B{z T[; d/ T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK ftZu j'J/ gfotosBK (ftek;) d/ nXko s/ finkdk ;gPN o{g s'A ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zyh ftek; dk w{b ekoB nkgD/ :[r dh T[sgkdB gqDkbh dk ngDk nzsofto'X (Thesis Antithesis) j[zdk j?, fi; d/ ekoB T[sgkdB gqDkbh ftZu gfotosB (Synthesis) j[zdk j?. ns/ fJ; gfotosB d/ ekoB wB[Zy d/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ns/ ;wkfie ;z;EktK ftZu th gfotosB j[zdk j? ns/ fJj gfotosB Gkt ftek; dh gqfefonk jw/PK uZbdh ofjzdh j?. wkoe; B/ ebgBk ehsh ;h fe j[D T[sgkdB d/ ;ko/ ;o'sK ns/ ;kXBK s/ wid{oK dk nfXeko j't/rk, fi; Bkb Pohoe fwjBs gqXkb ;wki dk fBowkD j't/rk, fi; ftZu Pohoe fwjBs ;G s'A tZvk wzfBnk ikt/rk ns/ ;ko/ ftnesh Poho fwjBs s'A T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk eoBr/ ns/ nkgDk ihtB ;so T[Zuk T[mkT[Dr/.



wkoe; wB[Zy wkso B{z ;[yh d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A gfjbh io{os j?^ T[; dh G"fse io{osK dh g{osh. fJ; d/ bJh T[jBK B/ T[sgkdB tkX/ ns/ ;wkB tzv s/ i'o fdZsk. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy wkso d/ ;[y d/ bJh d{ih io{os j?^ftneshrs ;[szsosk ns/ fJj th ;zGt j' ;edh j? id'A ;wki ftZu ;ko/ ftnesh fJZe^d{i/ dh ;[szsosk dk fXnkB oZyD. fJj fwjBs, ;fj:'r ns/ ;[szsosk B{z wB[Zyh ihtB d/ nXkoG{s w{b wzBd/ ;B ns/ fJBQK w{bK s/ nXkfos nkuoD B{z wB[Zyh nkuoD wzBd/ ;B. wkoe;tkd dh gfoGkPk

wkoe;tkd B{z finkdkso ftdtkBK B/ ;kwtkd d/ o{g ftZu gfoGkfPs ehsk j?, gozs{ ;wktkd sK nkgD/ ftZu fJZe ;wkfie ftt;Ek j?, wkoe;tkd sK fJ; d/ w{b ftZu fSfgnk fJZe doPB j?, fi; dh nkgDh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k j?. wkoe;tkd B{z T[; dh nkgDh sZs^whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k d/ nXko s/ fBwB fbys o{g s'A gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j?^

wkoe;tkd doPB dh T[j ftukoXkok j? fijV/ fJ; pqfjwzb B{z gdkoEiBe wzBdh j? ns/ fJj wzBdh j? fe fJj gdkoEiBe ;z;ko jh ;Zu j?, fJ; d/ fJbktk e'Jh j'o ;z;ko BjhA j?. fJj fJPto d/ ti{d B{z ;theko BjhA eodh ns/ nkswk B{z fJZe u/sB sZs wzBdh j? ns/ fJj fBowkD eodh j? fe wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD ihDk j?, fi; B{z Pohoe fwjBs, T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk ns/ tor^ftjhB ;wki d/ fBowkD d[nkok gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H efwT{fB;N bhr dh d{i/ ekBco?A; HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu bzdB ftZu j'Jh.

2H wkoe; dk ftPtftfynks rqzE j? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. 24H2 wkoe;tkd d/ w{b f;XKs (Fundamental Principles of Marxism)

wkoe;tkd dh sZs whwK;k, frnkB ns/ soe whwK;k ns/ w{b ns/ nkuko whwK;k B{z i/eo n;hA f;XKsK d/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eoBk ukjhJ/ sK fBwB fbys o{g ftZu eo ;ed/ jK^

1H fJj pqfjwzv gdkoEiBe j?^wkoe; ;zg{oD pqfjwzv B{z gdkoEiBe wzBd/ ;B. f;qPNh d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJBQK dk soe j? fe gdkoE dh fJZe nt;Ek gZy (tkd, (Thesis) j[zdh j?, T[; dh fJ; nt;Ek ftZu fto'Xh PeshnK, gqfsgZy (gqfstkd, Antithesis) dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fco fJBQK d'jK, gZy ns/ gqfsgZy ftZu dtzd j[zdk j?, fi; d/ cb;o{g ;zgZy (;zPb/PD, Synthesis) Gkt fJZe BtK gdkoD dk iBw j[zdk j?. fJj BtK gdkoE nZr/ d/ bJh gZy pD iKdk j? ns/ fJj gqfefonk fBozso uZbdh ofjzdh j?. wkoe;tkd nB[;ko f;qPNh ftZu fJj gqfefonk ;otso ns/ fBozso uZbdh ofjzdh j?, fi; Bkb f;qPNh d/ jo y/so ftZu fBozso gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?, ftek; j[zdk ofjzdk j?.

2H e/tb G"fse irs jh ;Zu j?^J/Afib; d/ PpdK ftZu wkoe;tkd G"fsetkdh doPB j?, fJj ;z;ko B{z T[;h o{g ftZu ;Zu wzBdk j? fi; o{g ftZu T[; dk ti{d j?. wkoe;tkd d/ nB[;ko fJj gdkoEiBe ;z;ko jh ;Zu j?, fJ; d/ fgZS/ iK T[Zgo e'Jh nfXnksfwe ;z;ko BjhA j?.

3H fJto dk ti{d BjhA j? ns/ nkswk fJZe u/sB sZs j?^wkoe;tkdhnK dk soe j? fe fJPto d/ ti{d B{z n;hA gq:'fre fdqPNh s'A ;Zu gqwkfDs BjhA eo ;ed/ fJ; bJh T[; dk e'Jh ti{d BjhA j?. fJBQK dk nZr/ soe j? fe i/eo fJPto fJ; f;qPNh dk eos j? sK fco T[; dk e'Jh eow j'Dk ukjhdk j?. nkswk d/ ftP/ ftZu fJ; dk ;gPNheoD j? fe fJj fJZe u/sB sZs j?, fi; dk ftek; gqkDhnK ftZu PB?^PB? j[zdk j?l gqkDh d/ iBw Bkb fJ; u/sB sZs dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ w"s d/ Bkb fJ; dk nzs j[zdk j?.

B'N



B'N 4H wB[Zy dh gqfeosh ;wkfie j?^wkoe; wB[Zy dh ftneshrs ;[szsosk d/ ;G s'A tZv/ ;woEe ;B fJ; bJh e[ZM ftdtkB T[jBK B{z wB[Zysktkdh dkoPfBe wzBd/ jB. gozs{ fJ; ;zdoG ftZu soe ;h fe ftneshrs ;[szsosk dh gqkgsh sK jh ehsh ik ;edh j? id'A ;ko/ wB[Zy fJZe^d{i/ dh ;[szosk dh oZfynk eoB ns/ ;ko/ fJZe^d{i/ dk ;fj:'r eoB. T[jBK dk nZr/ soe ;h fe wB[ZyK B/ fijVh gqrsh ehsh j? fe T[j ;w{fje :sBk Bkb ehsh j?, T[j ;wkfie ;zrmB pDk e/ ekoi eod/ jB ns/ fJBQK ;zrmBK d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eod/ jB. fJBQK dk nZr soe ;h fe ;wkfie ;zrmB dk ;o{g T[sgkdB dh sohfenK s/ fBoGo eodk j?, T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK ftZu gfotosB d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wkfie ;zrmBK ftZu th gfotosB j[zdk j? ns/ ftnesh T[; d/ nB[e{b nkuoD eodk j?.

5H wB[Zy dk ftek; T[; d/ nkgD/ ns/ T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK s/ fBoGo eodk j?^wkoe; wB[ZyK d/ ftek; dk nXko nkgD/^nkg wB[ZyK B{z ns/ T[jBK d/ d[nkok ngBkJ/ T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK B{z wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dk soe j? fe fi; ;wki ftZu T[sgkdB d/ fizB finkdk ;o's j[zd/ jB, T[; ftZu wB[Zy fizBh finkdk fwjBs eod/ jB ns/ T[sgkdB eod/ jB ns/ T[; T[sgkdB dk fizBh finkdk fJwkBdkoh Bkb tzv eod/ jB, T[j ;wki T[Bh jh s/ih Bkb nkofEe ftek; eodk j? ns/ fJ; nkofEe ftek;dk gqGkt T[; d/ ;wkfie ;zrmBK ns/ wB[ZyK d/ ihtB ;so s/ g?Adk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A wB[Zy d/ ftek; d/ fgZS/ e'Jh d?th Pesh ekoi BjhA eodh, fJ; soQK wB[Zy B{z Gkr s/ BjhA, eow d/ fBoGo eoBk ukjhdk j?.

6H wB[Zyh ihtB dk T[d/P ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[Dk j?^wkoe; wB[Zy d/ fe;h nkyoh T[d/P^nkswnB[G{sh, fJPto gqkgsh iK w'eP ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B. T[j T[; d/ ihtB B{z n;b wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[; B{z fJ;h ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eoB s/ i'o fdzd/ ;B. T[jBK dk soe ;h fe jo/e wB[Zy ;[y g{oD Yzr Bkb ihT[Dk ukj[zdk j? ns/ fJ;B{z gqkgs eoBk jh T[; d/ ihtB dk T[d/P j[zdk j?.

7H ;[yg{oD ihT[D d/ bJh T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk ns/ fBnkg{oD tzv io{oh j?^wkoe; B/ ;gPN ehsk fe wB[Zy dk ;G s'A tZvk ;[y T[; dh ftneshrs ;[szsosk j?l d{ik ;[y o'Nh, eZgV/ ns/ wekB dh g{osh ns/ fsZik ;[y T[; dh ;w/A nB[;ko io{osK dh g{osh j?, ns/ fJj fszB'A sK ;zGt jB id'A ;wki iK oki ftZu jo t;s{ dk io{os nB[;ko T[sgkdB j't/ ns/ Bkb jh T[; T[sgkdB dk ftneshnK ftZu T[jBK dh io{os nB[;ko tzv j't/. ;wki dh fJ; ;fEsh B{z jh T[jBK B/ ;kwtkd dk BKt fdZsk ;h.

8H T[sgkdB ftZu tkX/ d/ bJh fwjB ns/ fBnkg{oD tzv d/ bJh P'PD ofjs ;wkfie ftt;Ek io{oh j?^wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A T[sgkdB d/ bJh ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD wB[Zyh fwjBs j?. wB[Zy B{z T[j g{zih wzBd/ ;B ns/ fBnkg{oD tzv Gkt wB[ZyK dh io{os nB[;ko g{osh d/ bJh T[j P'PD ofjs ;wki dh ;EkgBk io{oh wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A T[sgkdB d/ ;ko/ ;o'sK ns/ ;kXBK s/ ;wki dk nfXeko j't/, ;wki ftZu ;kfonK dk doik ;wkB j't/, ;G d/ bJh nkgDh :'rsk ns/ ;woZEknB[;ko fwjBs eoBk io{oh j't/ ns/ ;ko/ ftneshnK B{z T[jBK dhnK io{osK dh nB[;ko fwjBskBk fdZsk ikt/.

9H ;kwtkdh ;wki ftZu oki dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j't/rh^wkoe; d/ fJZe nfij/ ;wki dh ebgBk ehsh j? fi; ftZu ;kfonK B{z nkgDh :'rsk ns/ io{os nB[;ko ekoi (fwjBs) eoBk io{oh j't/rk ns/ ;kfonK B{z T[jBK dh io{os nB[;k fwjBskBk fdZsk ikt/rk ns/ fi; ftZu ;zgzB (Haves) ns/ ftgzB (Have-notes) dk G/d BjhA j't/rk, ;G ;wkB j'Dr/! T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;wki dh fJ; tor^ftjhB ;wkife ;fEsh ftZu oki dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j't/rh ns/ T[j nkgD/^nkg b[gs j' ikJ/rk. ;wki dh fJ; ;fEsh B{z jh T[jBK B/ ;kwtkdh dk BKt fdZsk ;h.





3H 1867 ftZu wkoe; B/ ftPtftfynks rqzE dh ouBh ehsh ;h^

(T) dk; e?fgNb (n) e?fgNb (J) dk; (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H wkoe; f;qPNh B{z wzBd/ ;B^

(T) gdkoEiBe (n) nio^nwo (J) woDPhb (;) gsB T[Bw[y

5H wkoe; wB[Zy B{z wzBd/ ;B^

(T) ;wkfie gqkDh (n) n;wkfie gqkDh (J) gqfeqfse gqkDh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H frnkB whwK;k d/ y/so ftZu wkoe; B/ dtzdkswe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk fBowkD ehsk j?.

(T) nfXnkswtkd (n) G"fsetkdh (J) gqfeoshtkd (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 24H3 wkoe;tkd ns/ f;Zfynk (Marxism and Education)

ekob wkoe; ns/ T[; d/ ;woEe J/Afib; B/ f;Zfynk ;zpzXh fe;h rqzE dh ouBk BjhA ehsh j?, fJBQK B/ w{go{g s'A ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftt;Ek s/ jh ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB ns/ T[; fuzsB ftZu jh :so^sso ftfdne ftuko nfGftnes j'J/ jB. wkoe; d/ fuzsB d/ nXko s/ fiBQK d/PK ftZu ;kwtkdh Pk;B ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs j'Jh j?, T[jBK dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek s'A th wkoe;tkdh f;Zfynk d/ ;o{g B{z ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. n;hA fJBQK d'jK nXkoK s/ jh wkoe;tkdh f;Zfynk dh o{go/yk g/P eoB dk :sB eoKr/. f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

wkoe; d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk fszB soQK dh j'Dh ukjhdh j?^p"fXe f;Zfynk, Pohoe f;Zfynk ns/ g'bhN/efBe f;ybkJh. T[j f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok frnkB ns/ fefonk ftZu ;wBt? eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJjh ekoB j? fe toswkB ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk B{z T[sgkdB Bkb i'fVnk frnk j?. wkoe;tkd f;Zfynk B{z T[g:'rh f;Zfynk (Ultilitarian Education) Gkt T[sgkdB gqXkB fefonk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eodk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

wkoe; B/ ;gPN ehsk fe wB[Zy dhnK w{bG{s io{osK jBô'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB. wB[Zy fJBQK dh gqkgsh d/ d/ pknd jh ;wkife ns/ okiBhfse rhsftXhnK ftZu Gkr b?Adk j?. fJBQK B/ nZr/ ;gPN ehsk fe wB[Zy dh fJBQK nXkG{s io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh T[sgkdB io{oh j? ns/ T[sgkdB d/ bJh wB[Zyh fwjBs io{oh j[zdh j?. fJjBK B/ j'o nZr/ ;gPN ehsk fe o'Nh, eZgVk ns/ wekB ;G B{z ;wkB o{g s'A ;[bG eokT[D d/ bJh io{oh j? fe g{zihgsh ftt;Ek d/ ;EkB s/ ;otjkok ftt;Ek ns/ torftjhB ;wki dh ;EkgBk j't/. wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk d[nkok fJBQK jh T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. toswkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ fJj jh T[d/P jB. fJBQK B{z n;hA j/m fby/ o{g ftZu eqwpZX eo ;ed/ jB^

1H Pohoe f;js ns/ Pohoe fwjBs ;woZek dk ftek;^wkoe; T[sgkdB B{z wB[Zyh ihtB d/ bJh ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD wzBd/ ;B ns/ T[sgkdB d/ bJh wB[Zy d/ nkgD/^nkg d/ Pohoe fwjBs B{z ;G s'A tZX wjZstg{oD wzBd/ ;B. fJjh ekoB j? fe toswkB wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk ;G s'A gfjbk T[d/P pZfunK dk Pohoe ftek; ns/ T[jBK ftZu Pohoe fwjBs ;woZEk dk ftek; eoBk j?.

2H wkBf;e ns/ ouBkswe PeshnK dk ftek;^wkoe;tkdh id'A wB[Zy d/ Pohoe ftek; d/ rZb eod/ jB sK T[; ftZu T[; d/ Poho ftZu ;fEs wkBf;e PeshnK dk ftek; Pkfwb

B'N



B'N j[zdk j?. wkoe;tkdh wB'ftfrnkB d/ fJ; sZE s'A ikD{ jB fe jo wB[Zy fe;h^Bk^fe;h wksok ftZu ouBkswe Pesh j[zdh j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk d[nkok T[jBK dh T[sgkdB ;zpzXh ouBkswe PeshnK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?, sK jh T[j T[sgkdB d/ y/soK ftzu ;jh o{g s'A ekoi eo ;eDr/.

3H tor^ftjhB ;wkfie u/sBk dk ftek;^wkoe;tkd tor^ftjhB ;wki dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdzdk j?, fJZe nfij/ ;wki dh ;EkgBk fi; ftZu ;zgzB (Haves) ns/ ftgzB (Have-notes) dk G/d BjhA j't/rk, T[Zu ns/ fBwB dk G/d BjhA j't/rk ns/ P'Pe ns/ P'fPs dk G/d BjhA j't/rk, ;wki ftZu ;kfonK dk ;wkB doik j't/rk ns/ ;kfonK B{z ;wkB ;[thXktK gqkgs j'DrhnK. toswkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu pZfunK B{z f;Zfynk d[nkok fJ; ;wkBsk dk gkm gVQkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fJ; ftZu f;Zfyns ehsk iKdk j?.

4H G"fsetkdh ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D dk ftek;^wkoe;tkd fJZe G"fsetkdh doPB j?. fJj fJPto, eowcb ns/ ;tor^soe nkfd nfXnksfwe sZsK ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJj T[;h B{z ;Zu wzBdk j? fijVk gq:'r dh e;"Nh s/ ;Zu gqwkfDs ehsk ik ;e/. gq:'rK d[nkok frnkB dh y'i ns/ gq:'rK d[nkok frnkB dh ;ZukJh B{z gqwkfDs eoBk jh ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D j?. ftfrnkBe fdqPNhe'D fJ; rZB s/ th i'o fdzdk j? fe gqfeofse ftfrnkBK d[nkok i' th wB[Zyh efbnkDekoh y'iK j'JhnK jB ns/ i' th seBhe ftef;s j'Jh j? T[; dk T[sgkdB ftZu gq:'r ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[; Bkb T[sgkdB tXkfJnk ikt/ ns/ wB[Zy B{z finkdk^s'A^finkdk G"fse ;kXB T[gbpX eokJ/ ikD fi; Bkb T[j ;[yg{oD Yzr Bkb ihn ;eD.

5H ;wkfie B?fsesk ns/ fwjBs rfowk dk ftek;^wkoe;tkdh fe;h g{ot fBPfus B?fsesk ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe fJj Xkofwe B?fsesk B{z p[ZXhihthnK ns/ Xow d/ m/e/dkoK dk P'PD dk jfEnko wzBd/ ;B. fJj sK ;wkfie B?fsesk ftZu th ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ns/ T[; B{z th gfotosBPhb wzBd/ jB. wkoek;tkdh fJj wzBd/ jB fe ;wki gfotosBPhb j?, fJ; bJh B?fsesk th gfotosBPhb j[zdh j?. wkoe; B/ x'PDk ehsh ;h fe Gkth ;wki fwjBs gqXkB ;wki j't/rk, T[; ftZu fe;h soQK dk torG/d BjhA j't/rk ns/ T[; ;w/A fwjBs wB[Zyh ihtB dh ;G s'A tZvk w{b j't/rk ns/ G/dGktôfjs nkuoD wzBD:'r j't/rk. toswkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK dh f;Zfynk fJZe T[d/P fJj th j?.

6H seBheh frnkB ns/ T[sgkdB ;woZEk dk ftek;^wkoe;tkd ;G s'A finkdk i'o T[sgkdB ns/ T[sgkdB d/ sohfenK s/ fdzdk j?. T[; dk soe j? fe ftfnrkB ;kB{z T[sgkdB dh nfijh seBhe fdZsh j?, fi; d/ gq:'r Bkb T[sgkdB ftZu fJZSs tkXk j'fJnk j?. fJ; bJh pZfunK B{z nozG s'A jh fJ; seBhe dk frnkB eokT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK B{z T[sgkdB d/ y/so ftZu T[; dk gq:'r eoB ftZu f;fyns eoBk ukjhdk j?.

7H ;kwtkdh ihtB d[nkok f;ybkJh^wkoe;tkdh ;wktkdh ftt;Ek B{z ;ot T[Zu ;wkfie ftt;Ek wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ b/yK d[nkok fJ;h dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdZsk j?. fJ; bJh T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A ;kwtkdh ihtB ftZu f;ybkJh f;Zfynk dk w[Zy wkoi iK T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

8H ;kwtkdh ;zrmB ftZu nk;Ek^wkoe; B/ ebgBk ehsh ;h fe ;kwtkdh ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftZu oki dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j't/rh ns/ T[j nkgD/^nkg b[gs j' ikt/rk, gozs{ j'fJnk fJ; dk T[bNk, wid{oK d/ nzd'bB dh nrtkJh eoB tkb/ ;kwtkdh ;zrmB d/ B/sk jh nkgD/^nkg Pk;e pD rJ/. fJjh ekoB j? fe toswkB ftZu nkgD/^nkg B{z wkoe;tkdh efjD tkb/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P ;kwtkdh ;zrmB d/ gqsh fBPmk T[sgzB eoBk j?.

9H Xkofwe nzXftPtk;K s'A w[esh^wkoe; Xow ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B, T[j fJ; B{z nchw dk BKt fdZsk ;h. T[jBK dk soe ;h fe p[ZXh gqXkBb'e ns/ Xow d/ m/e/dko



wB[ZyK B{z eow f;XKs dk M{mk gkm gVQkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ;zgzBsk ns/ ftgzBsk B{z Gkr dh d/D dZ; e/ T[jBK B{z ;zs'P fdbkT[Ad/ jB, ns/ ;wki ftZu P'PD B{z pXktk fdzd/ jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu pZfunK B{z Xow dh f;Zfynk d/D d/ ;EkB s/ T[jBK B{z Xkofwe nzXftPtk;K s'A ikD{ eokfJnk iKdk j? ns/ fJj T[ZE'A dh f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P wzfBnk iKdk j?.

f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

wkoe; B/ f;Zfynk B{z fszB torK ftZu tzfvnk j?^p"fXe f;Zfynk, Pohoe f;Zfynk ns/ g'b/N/efBe f;Zfynk. fJjBK d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ pZfunK d/ bJh fszB'A soQK dh f;Zfynk io{oh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJjBK B/ gkmuo:k ftZu p"fXe f;Zfynk ftZu gVQB^fbyD, rfDs ns/ fJfsjk; B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?, Pohoe f;Zfynk ftZu e;os B{z ;EkB fdZsk j? ns/ g'bhN/efBe f;Zfynk ftZu y/sh, gP{gkbD, rfDs ns/ ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh B{z ;EkB fdZsk j?. wkoe; B/ Xow B{z nchw dk BKt fdZsk j?. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk j? fe p[Zxhihth b'e ns/ Xow d/ m/e/dko ftt/ejhD b'eK B{z Xow o{gh nchb fybk e/ T[jBK B{z fefonkjhD eo fdzd/ jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu ikfrqsh BjhA nkT[D fdzd/ ns/ T[jBK B{z nZr/ tXD ns/ T[Zuk T[mD s'A o'ed/ jB. wkoe; B/ Xow ns/ BhshPk;so B{z gkmuo:k ftZu ;EkB d/D dk ;ys fto'X ehsk j?.

toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu nozG s'A jh rfDs, ftfrnkB, y/sh ns/ T[d:'rK dh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ gkmuo:k ftZu fJjBK B{z io{oh ftP/ ns/ f;ybkJh d/ o{g ftZu ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?. wZXfwe ;so s/ i' w[Zy o{g s'A eko'pkoe ns/ seBheh gkmeqw ubkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh^ftfdnkoEDK B{z y/sK iK T[d:'rK ftZu ekoi eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. T[Zu ;so dh f;Zfynk ftZu th ftfrnkB ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk dh ftP/P o{g ftZu ns/ j'o ftfPnK ns/ fefonktK dh f;Zfynk dh ;XkoD o{g ftZu ftt;Ek j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

wkoe; ftfrnkBe ftXh B{z f;ZyD^f;ykT[D dh ;otT[Zu ftXh wzBd/ ;B, fJjh ekoB j? fe wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d/ y/soK ftZu gq:'rPkbk ftXh ns/ ekoiPkbk ftXh dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

gozs{ fJfsjk; d/ nfXnB ns/ f;ybkJh d/ bJh wkoe; dtzdkswe ftXh (Dialectic Method) dk ;woEB ehsk j?. T[jBK dh fdqPNh s'A fJfsjkf;e sZEK B{z oNB Bkb e'Jh bkG BjhA j[zdk, fJfsjk;e sZEK dh dtzdkswe ftnkfynk Bkb jh wB[Zy Bt/A ;wki dk fBowkD eo ;eD :'r pDd/ jB.

wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A f;ybkJh ftXh fefonkê/Adfos j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ f;Zfynk ns/ T[sgkdB d/ Bkb^Bkb uZbD/ ukjhd/ jB. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko 9 ;kb s'A 12 ;kb sZe d/ pZfunK dh f;Zfynk ftZu 2 (d') xzN/ gqshfdB fe;h eko'pkoe iK T[sgkdB e/Ado s/ ekoi eoB dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?, 13 s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ pZfunK d/ bJh 4 xzN/ gqshfdB fe;h eko'pkoe iK T[d:'freh ekoiK ftZu jZE tzvkT[D dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ 15 s'A 17 ;kb sZe d/ feP'oK d/ bJh 6 xzN gqshfdB fe;h eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'freh ekoiK ftZu jZE tzvkT[D dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe ;kwtkdh d/Pk ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ T[sgkdB ekoi Bkb^Bkb uZbd/ jB. toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu fefonk gqXkB f;ybkJh ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

nB[Pk;B

wkoe; ftneshrs ;[szsosk d/ jkwh ;B gozs{ Bkb jh ;wkfie ihtB ftZu nB[Pk;B d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eod/ ;B. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A e'Jh th ;wkfie ftt;Ek fpBK nB[Pk;B d/ BjhA uZb ;edh. gozs{ fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe e'Jh ftnesh nkgD/ nfXekoK d/ bJh ntki Bk T[mkJ/, fJ;d/ bJh jo/e wB[Zy ;[szso j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJj jo/e ftnesh dh ;[szsosk B{z ;G dh ;[szsosk dh io{oh Pos wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A fJj sK jh ;zGt j' ;edk j? id'A ;wki ftZu fe;h soQK dk tor G/d Bk j't/, ;wkBsk fJ; d/ bJh gfjbh Pos j?.

B'N



B'N gozs{ toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu nB[Pk;B dk noE wkoe; dh XkoDk s'A fJZedw T[bN j?. fJBQK ftZu Pk;B d/ nkd/PK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoB B{z jh nB[Pk;B wzfBnk iKdk j?. nfXnkge

wkoe; nfij/ ftneshnK B{z nfXnkge pDkT[D d/ gZy ftZu ;B fijV/ P'PD gqXkB ;wki d/ fto[ZX ;otjkok ;wki d/ fjsK d/ oZfyne j'D, P'PD d/ fto[ZX ntki T[mkT[D ftZu ;woZE j'D, fwjBs ftZu ftPtk; eod/ j'D ns/ nkgD/^nkg Pohoe fwjBs eod/ j'D. T[j nfXnkgeK s'A fJj th ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe T[j nkgd/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fwjBs d/ gqsh nk;Ek T[sgzB eoB, T[jBK B{z T[sgkdB fefonktK ftZu f;Zfyns eoB ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;wkBsk dk Gkt ftef;s eoB.

toswkB ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu nfXnkgeK s'A gfjbh ng/fynk fJj ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ;kwtkdh ;zrmBK d/ Pk;Bszso ftZu nk;Ek oZyD ns/ Pk;B d/ nkd/PK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoB, Bkb jh Pk;Bszso d/ gqsh pZfunK ftZu fBPmk T[sgzB eoB. fwjBs dh rfowk sK T[jBK B{z fco wzBDh jh j't/rh. f;ZfynkoEh

wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A f;ZfykoEhnK B{z Poho s'A f;jswzd j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ Pohoe fwjBs ftZu T[jBK dh nk;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[j ftfdnkoEhnK s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ ;B fe fe;h th soQK d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ Xkofwe g{otrqjK s'A rqf;s Bk ofjD, T[j ;G e[ZM t;s{fBPM Yzr s'A f;ZyD d/ bJh fsnko ofjD.

toswkB ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu f;ZfynkoEhnK s'A gfjbh ng/fynk fJj ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j Pk;B d/ nkd/PK dk em'osk Bkb gkbD eoB ns/ d{ih ng/fynk fJj ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB d/ Bkb T[sgkdB ekoiK ftZu jZE tzvkT[D. ftfdnkfbnk

wkoe; fdqPNh s'A ftfdnkb/ gqzgokrs ;z;feqsh d/ oZfyne ns/ tkje Bk j' e/ BthB ftukoXkok d/ nrqd{s j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ fwjBs gqXkB eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk d/ e/Ado j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A ftfdnkfbnK ftZu io{os nB[;ko gq:'rPkbktK ns/ ekoiPkbktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB ns/ T[j ;EkBh eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'freh ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzX j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ T[sgkdB Bkb^Bkb uZbD/ ukjhd/ jB.

toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu ftfdnkfbnK ftZu f;Zfynk ns/ T[sgkdB ekoi Bkb^Bkb uZbd/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

1H iB f;Zfynk^wkoe; d/ ;w/A b'e ;otG"fwe f;Zfynk dh rZb th BjhA ;'u ;e oj/ ;B. wkoe; B/ ;otG"fwe f;Zfynk d/ bJh ntki T[mkJh ns/ fejk fe fJ; dh ftt;Ek sK jh j' ;edh j? id'A ;oeko fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eo/, io{oh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh ekB{zB pDkJ/ ns/ pkbfwjBs s/ ekB{zBh o'e brkJ/. toswkB ftZu ;ko/ ;wktkdh d/PK ftZu ;zg{oD f;Zfynk fBP[be j?.

2H fJ;soh f;Zfynk^wkoe; B/ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu^“fe;h ;wki d/ ;so dk wkgB eoB d / bJh T[; ;wki ftZu fJ;sohnK dh ;fEsh d/yDh ukjhdh j?.” T[jBK d/ fJ; eEB s'A ;gPN j? fe T[j fFJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ pj[s ;woEe ;B. toswkB ftZu ;ko/ ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu fJ;soh^wod dh f;Zfynk ftZu fe;h soQK dk G/dGkt BjhA ehsk iKdk, ;kfonK B{z f;Zfynk d/ ;wkB w"e/ gqkgs jB.



3H eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk^wkoe; B/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fwjBs gqXkB eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk s/ fdsk j?. wkoe; d/ nB[;ko ;wki d/ ;ko/ pZfunK B{z eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk io{oh o{g s'A fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. toswkB ftZu ;ko/ ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;Zfynk ;G d/ bJh io{oh j?, T[ZE/ f;Zfynk ns/ T[sgkdB ekoi Bkb^Bkb uZbd/ jB.

4H Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk^wkoe; B/ Xow B{z nchw dk BKt fdZsk j?. T[jBK B/ ;gPN ehsk fe p[Zxhihth ns/ uou G'bh iBsk B{z Xow o{gh nchw fybk e/ T[; B{z eowjhB pDk fdzd/ jB ns/ T[; dhnk nDT[gbpXhnK B{z Gkr dh d/D dZ; e/ T[; dk g{ok P'PD eod/ jB. wkoe; Xow d/ Bkb Xkofwe B?fsesk d/ th eZNo fto'Xh ;B. fJj Xow nXkfos B?fsesk d/ ;EkB s/ ;wkfie B?fsesk d/ gZyh ;B. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu fJBQK dk fJj th soe ;h fe ;wki jw/PK pdbdk ofjzdk j? fJ; bJh ;wkfie B?fsesk B{z th T[; d/ nB[e{b pdbd/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. gozs{ fe;h th ;fEsh ftZu fwjBs dk nkgDk wjZst j[zdk j?. fwjBs B{z fJj wB[Zyh ihtB dk nXkoG{s w{b wzBd/ ;B. fJBQK dh fdqPNh s'A ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fe;h th soQK d/ Xow dh f;Zfynk BjhA d/Dh ukjhdh, pZfunK B{z e/tb fwjBs ns/ ;wkfie B?fsesk ftZu f;Zfyns eoBk ukjhdk j?. toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu Xow f;Zfynk B{z e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fdZsk iKdk ns/ Bkb ftfrnkB d/ frnkB d[nkok Xkofwe nzXftPtk;hnK B{z d{o eoB dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?.



7H wkoe;tkd tor^ftjhB ;wki dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdzdk j?.

8H wkoe; Xow ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/ ;B.

9H wkoe;tkdh fe;h g{ot fBPfus B?fsesk ftZu ftPtk; BjhA eod/.

10H wkoe;tkd fJZe nfXnkswtkdh doPB j?. 24H4 wkoe;tkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD (Evaluation of the Contribution of Marxism to Education) wkoe;tkd w{b o{g s'A fJZe ;wkfie fuzsB j?. fJ; dk ftPtk; j? fe ;wki dk ;o{g w{b o{g s'A T[; dh ssekbhB T[sgkdB gqDkbh s/ fBoGo eodk j?. T[sgkdB gqDkbh dh ftnkfynk ftZu fJ; B{z pop; nkofEe fuzsB th eoBk fgnk ns/ fJ; soQK fJ; dk nkgDk fJZe nkofEe fuzsB th ftef;s j'fJnk. wkoe; ns/ J/Afib; B/ e[ZM dkoPfBe gqPBK d/ T[Zso th fdZs/ jB, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe fJj T[Zso ftfrnkBe nXko s/ fdZs/ jB. fJ; ;G fuzsB d/ nXko s/ wkoe/ ns/ T[; d/ nB[:k:hnK B/ f;Zfynk dh g{oh o{go/yk th fsnko ehsh j?. toswkB ftZu ;kwtidh d/PK ftZu T[[; dk w{os o{g d/yD B{z fwbdk j?, fJj rZb d{ih j? fe e[ZM gfotosBK d/ Bkb.

fiZE/ sZe wkoe;tkdh doPB dh rZb j?, fJj fJ; pqfjwzv ns/ T[; ftZu wB[Zyh ihtB dh ;gPN ftnkfynk eoB ftZu n;woZE fojk j?, fJj nkgD/ ftZu ng{oD ns/ Gokwe j?. gozs{ fJ; ftZu fi; dtzdkswe G"fsetkd dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j? ns/ T[; d/ nXko s/ f;Zfynk dh fijVh o{go/yk fsnko ehsh rJh j? T[j wB[Zy d/ G"fse ftek; ftZu pj[s ;jkJh j'Jh j?.

f;Zfynk dh XkoDk

wkoe; B/ fszB soQK dh f;Zfynk dh uouk ehsh j?^p"fXe f;Zfynk, Pohoe f;Zfynk ns/ g'bhN/efBe f;ybkJh ns/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk j? fe jo/e pZu/ d/ bJh fsZB'A soQK dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. toswkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk B{z T[sgkdB dh fefonk d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk iKdk j?.

B'N



B'N fJ; ;zdoG ftZu ;G s'A gfjbh rZb fJj j? fe wkoe; B/ f;Zfynk d/ e/tb ekoiK dh uouk ehsh j?, T[; d/ ;o{g dh ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh j?. ns/ d{ih rZb fJj j? fe T[; d/ ekoiK ftZu th ;G s'A tZX i'o T[sgkdB s/ fdZsk j?. f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P

wkoe; B/ f;Zfynk d/ w{bo{g ftZu fBwB fbys gzi T[d/P dZ;/ jB^(i) Pohoe ftek;, (ii) p"fXe ns/ f;oiBkswe ftek;, (iii) G"fsetkdh fdqPNhe'D dk ftek;, (iv) tor^ftjhB ;wkfie u/sBk dk ftek; ns/ (v) T[sgkdB :'r ns/ ;woEk dk ftek;. toswkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu fJBQK T[d/PK d/ Bkb^Bkb d' T[d/P j'o i'V/ jB^fJZe ;kwtkdh ;zrmB ftZu nk;Ek ns/ d{ik Pk;B d/ gqsh fBPmk dk ftek;.

;gPN j? fe wkoe; ns/ wkoe;tkdhnK B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;z;feqfse ns/ B?fse ns/ ufosoe ftek; d/ T[d/PK dh ntj/bDk ehsh j?. nfXnksfwe ftek; d/ sK fJj eZNo fto'Xh jB. ;z;feqsh, Xow ns/ B?fsesk dh ntj/bBk dk noE j? fe wB[Zyh iksh B{z T[; dh :[r^:[r dh ;kXBk d/ cb s'A tzfus eoBk. f;Zfynk dh gkmuo:k

wkoe; B/ wB[Zy dh p"fXe f;Zfynk d/ bJh gkmuo:k ftZu gVQB^fbyD, rfDs ns/ fJfsjk; d/ nfXnB B{z, Pohoe f;ybkJh d/ bJh e;os B{z ns/ g'bhN/efBe f;ybkJh d/ bJh rfDs, ftfrnkB, seBheh, y/sh, gP{gkbD ns/ j'o T[d:'rK dh f;Zfynk B{z ;EkB fdZsk ;h. fJBQK ftZu th ;G s'A tZX wjZst t;s{nK d/ T[sgkdB ns/ fJfsjk; d/ dtzdkswe ftPb/PD s/ fdZsk ;h. toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK dh f;Zfynk ftZu th ;G s'A tZX i'o T[sgkdB fefonktK B{z jh fdZsk iKdk j?.

;kc ikfjo j? fe f;Zfynk d/ ft;Ekog{oD T[d/PK dh xkN ftZu wkoe;tkdh f;Zfynk dh ftnkge gkmuo:k dk fbowkD th BjhA eo ;e/. fJj gkmuo:k ftZu ;z;feqsh ns/ Xow B{z ;EkB Bk d/D d/ ekoB jh wB[ZyK B{z fJZe uzrk wB[Zy BjhA pDk ;e/. gozs{ e[ZM th j't/ eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'fre f;ybkJh s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o d/D d/ Bshi/ G"fse fdqPNh s'A uzr/ oj/ jB. wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu T[sgkdB tfXnk j? ns/ T[sgkdB d[nkok T[jBK dk ihtB ;so T[Zuk T[Zfmnk j?. f;ybkJh ftXhnK

wkoe; B/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu ;G s'A tZX ftfrnkBe ftXh B{z fdZsk j?, gq:'rPkbk ftXh ns/ ekoiPkbk ftXh B{z fdZsk j?. f;XKse ftfPnK B{z th fJj fBod/PB ftXh d/ ;EkB s/ dtzdkswe ftXh d[nkok gVQkT[D^f;ykT[D d/ gZy ftZu ;B. toswwkB ftZu wkoe;tkdh d/PK ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A f;ybkJh dh ftfrnkBe ftXh dk jh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. wkoe;tkdhnK dh fJj rZb nkgD/^nkg ftZu wjZstg{oD j? fe f;ybkJh ftfrnkBe ftXh Bkb eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ pZfunK B{z ;t? eoe/, ;t? nB[Gt d[nkok f;ZyD d/ w"e/ fdZs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, gozs{ d{i/ gk;/ fJj rZb th ;Zu j? fe ;G e[ZM ;t? eoe/ ;t? d/ nB[Gt s'A f;ZyDk ;zGt BjhA j?. fco fJ; soQK sK n;hA wB[Zyh iksh d/ j[D sZe d/ nB[GtK dk e'Jh bkG BjhA T[mk ;eKr/. T[d'A ;tkfXnkfJ, gqPB T[Zso, ftnkfynk ns/ ftnkfynkB nkfd ftXhnK dh T[g:'rsk B{z fe; soQK Bekfonk ik ;edk j?. ;kB{z f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D io{os nB[;ko jh eoBh ukjhdh j?. nB[Pk;B

wkoe; B/ fJZe gk;/ ftnesh dh ftneshrs ;[szsosk ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wkfie nB[Pk;B s/ i'o fdZsk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A d/yD s/ nfijk bZrdk j? fe fJj d' fto'Xh ftuko jB, gozs{ fJ; ;zpzX ftZu wkoe; dk ;gPNheoD j? fe wB[Zy dh ;[szsosk ;G dh ;[szsosk dh io{oh Pos j?. ;kc ikfjo j? fe wkoe;tkdh ;wki ;kg/y nB[Pk;B d/ gZyh jB.



gozs{ toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK dh f;Zfynk ftZu Bk sK fe;h B{z ftneshrs ;[szsosk j? ns/ Bk T[jBK s/ ;wki ;kg/y nB[Pk;B d/ gkbD dh io{os j?. ;ko/ Pk;B d/ em'o nB[Pk;B ftZu ihT[D d/ bJh wip{o jB. fJ; B{z nZi Bk ;[szsosk fejk iKdk j? ns/ Bk nB[Pk;B. ;Zuk nB[Pk;B sK T[jh j[zdk j? fijVk wB[Zy d/ ;t? s'A ;zukfbs j[zdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e wkoe;tkd ns/ f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

nfXnkge

wkoe; B/ fJZe gk;/ f;Zfynk B{z oki d/ fB:zsoD s'A w[es eoB dh rZb ejh j? ns/ d{i/ gk;/ oki s'A fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB ns/ nfXnkgek dh fBT{Bsw :'rsk fBPfus eoB dh rZb ejh j?. fJj d' fto'Xh ftuko jB.

toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk oki d/ g{od fB:zsoD ftZu j?, Bshi/ ti'A nfXnkgeK B{z nkgD/ ftuko nfGftnes eoB dh ;[szsosk BjhA j?. T[jBK B{z ;kwtkdh ;[szsosk d/ gqukoe d/ o{g ftZu fJ;s/wkB ehsk iKdk j?. f;ZfynkoEh

wkoe; dh fdqPNh s'A f;ZfynkoEh B{z f;jswzd, fwjBsPhb ns/ T[sgkdB ekoi eoB :'r j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bkb jh ;z;feqfse ns/ Xkofwe ;zehoDsk s'A w[es j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[j ftfdnkoEhnK d/ pj[s jkwh ;B.

gozs{ ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fe;h th soQK dh ;[szsosk BjhA j?, T[jBK d/ bJh T[j ;G io{oh j? fijVk Pk;B ukj[zdk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z e/tb T[sgkdB dh wPhB Go pDkT[D dh ftuko ;zehoD jh fejk ikt/rk. ftfdnkfbnk

wkoe; ftfdnkfbnK B{z ;z;feqsh d/ tkje d/ ;EkB s/ gq:'rPkbk, ekoiPkbk ns/ T[d:'rPkbktK d/ o{g ftZu pdbDk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ T[jBK B{z ;EkBe eko'pkoK ns/ T[d:'fre ;z;EktK Bkb i'VBk ukj[zd/ ;B.

toswkB ftZu ;kwtkdh d/PK ftZu ftfdnkb/ wB[Zyh ;z;feqsh d/ tkje Bk j' e/ e/tb wB[Zyh wPhB d/ fBowkDeosk d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eod/ jB. ;z;feqsh^ftjhB wB[Zy dk ihtB fezBk nwkBth j' frnk j?, fJj n;hA d/y jh oj/ jK. f;Zfynk d/ j'o gZy

wkoe;tkdh ;otG"fse f;Zfynk ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ gqpb ;woEe jB, fJj uzrh rZb j?. fJjBK B/ eko'pkoe ns/ T[d:'freh f;Zfynk s/ ;G s'A tZX i'o fdZsk j?, fJj th uzrh rZb j?. fJ;h dk Bshik j? fe ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ nkofEe y/so ftZu s/ih Bkb gqrsh ehsh j? ns/ fJBQK d/PK ftZu wB[ZyK dk ihtB ;so pj[s T[Zuk T[Zfmnk j?. gozs[ ;z;feqsh ns/ Xow dh ntj/bDk eoB Bkb d{i/ gk;/ T[jBK dh jkBh j'Jh j?, wB[Zy n;b ;[y ns/ PKsh dh gqkgsh BjhA eo ;e/ jB. ;zGt s"o s/ wkoe;tkdh fJj BjhA ikDd/ fe ;z;feqsh ns/ Xow dh :[r^:[r dh ;kXBk dk Bshik jB ns/ fJj jh ;kB{z j'o ihtîzs{nK s'A nbZr eod/ jB ns/ ;kB{z T[jBK s'A T[Zu pDkT[Ad/ jB. wkoe;tkdhnK B{z ikDBk ukjhdk j? fe f;Zfynk nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;z;feqsh dk fJZe nzr j?. 24H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)

e[ZbQ fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe wkoe;tkdh fuzsB e/tb G"fsetkdh fuzsB j? fJ; bJh nkgD/ ftZu ng{oD j?. G"fsetkdh fuzsB d/ o{g ftZu th fJ; B/ fi; ;kwtkdh dh ebgBk ehsh



B'N j?, T[j Bk sK j[D sZe ;Ekfgs j' frnk j? ns/ Bk edh ;Ekfgs j' gkJ/rk. wkoe;tkd nkgDh jh e;"Nh s/ yok BjhA T[sfonk j?.

jK, fJj io{o j? fe fJ; B/ ;wktkdh Pk;B gqDkbh B{z iBw fdZsk j? ns/ ;kwtkdh Pk;B gqDkbh tkb/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dk nkgDk fJZe nbZr ;o{g fBPfus j'fJnk j?. fJBQK ftZu T[sgkdB gqXkB f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j?, fi; Bkb ;kwtkdh d/PK dk nkofEe ftek; j'fJnk j? ns/ T[ZE'A d/ b'eK dk ihtB ;so T[Zuk T[Zfmnk j?. gozs{ Bkb jh Bkb fJj th rZb ;Zu j? fe fJBQK d/PK ftZu wB[Zy T[sgkdB dh fJZe wPhB Go pD e/ ofj frnk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA pbfe ;z;feqsh ns/ Xow dh ntj/bDk eoB d/ ekoB fJ; B/ wB[ZyK B{z T[jBK dh :[r^:[r dh ;kXB d/ cb s'A th tzfus eo fdZsk j? ns/ wB[ZyK B{z ;Zu/ ;[y ns/ ;Zuh PKsh s'A d{o eo fdZsk j?. n;b f;Zfynk sK T[j j't/rh fijVh wB[Zy dk Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, B?fse ns/ ufosoe ns/ eko'pkoe, jo soQK dk ftek; eo/ ns/ T[; B{z G"fse ns/ nfXnksfwe, d'jK ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eo/. 24H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;zgzB (Haves) L XBtkB

2H ftgzB (Have-notes) L fBoXB 24H7 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H wkoe;tkd s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'. 2H wkoe;tkd d/ w{b f;XKs dZ;'. 3H „wkoe;tkd ns/ f;Zfynk‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'. 4H wkoe;tkd dh f;Zfynk B{z d/D dk w[bnzeD eo'.

T[Zso L ;t?w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H 1847 2H dk; e?fgNb 3H (T) 4H (T) 5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H ;jh 10H rbs 24H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;






fJekJh^25 L d[oyhw ns/ gko;z; d/ f;XKs

fJekJh^25L d[oyhw ns/ gko;z; d/ f;XKs (Theories of Durkheim and Parsons)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


25H1 d[oyhw d/ f;XKs (Theories of Durkheim)

25H2 gko;z; dk f;XKs^;zdoG dk fefonk YKuk (Theory of Parsons Action Frame of Reference)





T[d/P (Objectives)


d[oyhw d/ f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

gko;z; d/ f;XKs ikDB ;zpzXh.

nB[pzX dh fefonk ikDB ;zpzXh.

;wkfie fefonk^ftt;Ek ikDB ;zzpzXh.

gko;z; dh ;zdoG ;zouBk ikDB ;zpzXh.


Pqh d[oyhw d/ f;XKs dk ;ko sZs fJj j? fe ;wkfie fefonktK B{z iBw d/D ftZu ;wkfie sZs (social facts) pj[s jh wjZstg{oD jB. n;b ftZu ;wkfie fefonktK ;wkfie sZEK dk jh fJZe nzr iK gZy j?. Pqh d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie fefonktK fJBQK jh ;w{fje gqshfBXhnK dh (Gkt ;w{fje ftukoK, XkoDktK, GktBktK nkfd dh) jh T[gi j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD ti'A, pZu/ dh gVQB dh fefonk wksk^fgsk, nfXnkge nkfd d/ ;w{fje gqshfBfXst d/ ekoB jh ;zGt j[zdh j?. fJBQK ;G rZbK d/ ;XkoD ftukoK, XkoDktK ns/ GktBktK dk fBozso dpkn pZu/ d/ T[Zs/ g?Adk ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ; ;w{fje dpkn d/ ekoB jh pZu/ gVQB dh fefonk e/tb xfns jh BjhA j[zdh j? pbfe T[fus fdPK ftZu nZr/ th tZXdh j? ns/ fB:zsfos j[zdh ofjzdh j?. Pqh gko;z; B/ fbfynk j? fe jo/e ;wki ftZu G"fse, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse go;fEshnK dh fGzBsk d/ nB[;ko ekoi ftt;EktK th nbZr^nbZr soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJZe ftP/P soQK dh ;wkfie go;fEshnK d/ nzsors fefonkPhb eosktK dh nzso^fefonk d/ cb;o{g ;wkfie ftt;Ek gBgkT[Adh j?, gozs{ gBg ikD s/ fJj ftt;Ek jh eosk dhnK fefonktK B{z gqGkfts th eodh j?. 25H1 d[oyhw d/ f;XKs (Theories of Durkheim)

co?Au ;wkfie ftukoeK ftZu, Pqh e'wN d/ „T[ZsoknfXekoh‟ d/ o{g ftZu Pqh fJwkJhb d[oyhw dk



B'N Bkw ftP/P o{g s'A T[b/yD:'r j?. nkg th pj[sê[ZM gqsZytkdh (positivist) ;B ns/ e'wN dh soQK jh nfXnksfwe (Theological) ns/ sZs (metaphysical) ftukoXkok s'A pj[s d{o ofjDk ukj[zd/ jB. nkg dk ftPtk; ;h fe ;wkfie xNBktK (fi; ftZu ;wkfie fefonk th Pkfwb j?) fJzBh ;ob BjhA j? fe T[jBK B{z e/tb wkso ebgBk d/ nXko s/ fJj dkoPfBe iK nfXnksfwe nXko s/ ;wMkfJnk ik ;e/. ;kohnK ;wkfie xNBktK (Social phenomena) dk w{b ekoi sK ;wki nkgD/^nkg j?. n;b BohyD, gqhyD ns/ ftPb/PD d/ nXko s/ fJ;h ;wki dk ;ktXkBh Bkb s/ ftfrnkBe nfXnB eoB s'A jh ;wkfie fefonktK d/ n;b ;o{g s/ ekoB B{z ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh Pqh d[oyhw B/ fJ ws dk yzvB ehsk fe wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ ekoi T[g:'rsk s/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. ;wkfie ekoiK dk nXko sK nkgD/^nkg ;wkfie sZE (social facts) jB ns/ fJBQK sZEK dk gqsZy o{g ftZu BohyD, gqhyD ns/ ftPb/PD ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK ;wkfie ekoiK d/ ftPb/PD ns/ ftt/uB ftZu Pqh d[oyhw B/ ;[ytkd (hedonism) dk yzvB eoe/ ;wkiPk;sh gqsZytkd (sociological positivism) dk fBowkD ehsk.

fit/A fe T[go'es ftt/uBk s'A ;gPN j? fe Pqh d[oyhw d/ f;XKs dk ;ko sZs fJj j? fe ;wkfie fefontK B{z iBw d/D ftZu ;wkfie sZE (social facts) pj[s jh wjZstg{oD jB. n;b ftZu ;wkfie fefonktK ;wkfie sZEK dk jh fJZe nzr iK gZy j?. fJ; bJh Pqh d[oyhw B/ fbfynk j?, “;wkfie ns/ fttjko (ftuko nB[Gt iK fefonk) dk T[j gZy j? fi; dk BohyD t?Pfte o{g ftZu (objectively) ;zGt j? ns/ fi; dh gqfeosh pkXw[be (compelling) j[zdh j?.” ;wkfie sZE ftnesh tPf:e tksktoD dk fJZe Gkr j[zdk j?, fJ;h bJh T[; dk BohyD ftPf:e o{g ftZu ;zGt j[zdk j?, T[;h soQK ;wkfie sZE ftZu pkXsk iK io{os dk r[Dk j[zdk j? feT[Afe T[j ftneshnK dhnK fJZSktK d/ nB[o{g BjhA j? iK T[; dk ;zpzX ftneshrs u/sBk BjhA j?l T[j sK ;w{fje u/sBk (collective consciousness) Bkb ;zpzX j[zdk j? ns/ fJ;h ekoB T[j ftneshnK dhnK fefonktK B{z gqGkfts s/ fB:zsfos eodk j?. fJj ;w{fje u/sBk ns/ ;w{fje gqshfBfXstK (collective representations) B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. ;w{fje gqshfBfXstK dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ Pqh d[oyhw B/ fbfynk j? fe jo/e ;wki ftZu e[ZM nfij/ ftuko, XkDktK ns/ GktBktK j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK fe ;wkfei nzso^fefonktK d/ d"okB iK ftneshrs u/sBk (individual consciousness) d/ gko;gfoe gqGktK d/ cb;o{g T[Zso'so ;gPN ns/ ;wkfie ihtB ftZu iV cVdh iKdhnK jB fi; d/ ekoB T[jBK B{z ;wki d/ finkdkso b'e ;XkoD o{g s'A nkgDk b?Ad/ jB ns/ T[j ;wkfie gqsheK (symbols) d/ o{g ftZu ftef;s j' iKdh j?. feT[Afe fJj gqshe (ftuko, XkoDktK, GktbktK nkfd) ;wki d/ finkdkso w?ApoK d[nkok wzBD:'r j[zd/ jB, fJ; ekoB fJj ;w{fje o{g s'A ;ko/ ;w{j d/ ftfGzB gZyK dk gqshfBfXst eod/ jB. fJjBK B{z jh Pqh d[oyhw B/ ;w{fje gqshfBfXst fejk j?. feT[Afe fJBQK ;w{fje gqshfBfXstK d/ fgZS/ ;w{fje nfGwfs (social sanction) j[zdh j?, fJ; ekoB Bkb pj[s finkdk gqGktPkbh j[zd/ jB ns/ ftneshnK dhnK fefonktK B{z T[jBK dh ftneshrs fJZSk iK GktBktk d/ gqGkfts j'J/ fpBK jh, gqGkfts eod/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK Pqh d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie fefonktK fJjBK jh ;w{fje gqshfBfXnK dh (Gkt ;w{fje ftukoK, XkoDktK, GktBktK nkfd dh) jh T[gi j[zdhnK jB. T[dkjoD ti'A, pZu/ dh gVQB dh fefonk wksk^fgsk, nfXnkge nkfd d/ ;w{fje gqshfBfXst d/ ekoB jh ;zGt j[zdh j?. fJBQK ;ko/ b'eK d/ ;XkoD ftukoK, XkoDktK ns/ GktBktK dk fBozso dpkn pZu/ d/ T[Zgo g?Adk ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ; ;w{fje dpkn d/ ekoB jh pZu/ gVQB dh fefonk e/tb xfNs jh BjhA j[zdh j? pbfe T[fus fdPk ftZu nZr/ th tXdh ns/ fB:zsfos j[zdh ofjzdh j?. fJ; soQK Pqh d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko, ;wkfie fefonk ;wkfie ekoeK dk jh gqshcb j?. fJ; XkoDk dh ;ZukJh B{z Pqh d[oyhw B/ eJh soQK dhnK ;wkfie fefonktK dk ftPb/PD eoe/ gqwkfDs eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. T[ZE/ n;hA e[ZM T[dkjoD g/P eoKr/.

B'N; ;kohnK ;wkfie xNBktK dk w{b ekoe ;wki nkgD/^nkg j?.



nkswjZfsnk (suicide) d/ nfXnB ftZu Pqh d[oyhw B/ nkswjZfsnk Bkb ;zpzXs finkdkso ;thfeqs f;XksK B{z n;theko ehsk. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko wkBf;e ekoB, tzP ;zeqwD, fBoXBsk, fBokPk, gq/w ftZu n;cbsk nkfd d/ nXko s/ nkswjZst dh fefonk dh n;b ftnkfynk edh th ;zGt BjhA feT[Afe fJj ;ko/ ekoe ftneshrs jB, id'A fe nkswjZfsnk dhd fefonk ;w{fje ekoeK dk jh jZb j?. ftnesh nkswjZfsnk T[d'A sZe eodk j? id'A ;wki iK ;w{j dk fJZe fpwko dpkn (negative pressure) ftnesh s/ g?/Adk j? fi; d/ cb;o{g T[; d/ wB ftZu nkswjZfsnk eoB dh nB[e{b GktBktK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. ;wki iK ;w{j pzXB, gqGkt iK$ns/ dpkn „;G dk‟ jo/e s/ n;o j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh ;w{fje gqGkt iK$ns/ dpkn ftnesh B{z fi; soQK ihT[D d/ bJh gq/fos eod j? T[; soQK woB d/ bJh th gq/fos eodk j? ns/ eodk th j?. ns/ T[j fJ; soQK Bkb fe ;wki iK ;w{j, fi; dk fe fJZe ftnesh w?Apo j?, T[; ftnesh B/ ihtB ftZu iK sK (T) go;fEshnK T[sgzB eodk j? i' fe T[; ftnesh B{z T[; d/ ;w{fje ihtB ftZu T[ykV ;[ZNdhnK jB ns/ ftnesh fJeZbkgD, fBokPk, n;[yh ns/ nsfogs dhnK GktBktK s'A ghVs j' e/ nkswjZfsnk dh fefonk eoB B{z fsnko j' T[Zmdk j?, iK (n) ;wki ftnesh d/ ftnefsst B{z T[; ;hwk sZe fBrb iKdk j? fe ftnesh d/ ftnefsst dk gqEe ti{d jh BjhA ofj iKdk ns/ ;wki fi; soQK ukj[zdk j? T[;h soQK ftnesh eoB bZrdk j?. nfijh nt;Ek ftZu ;wki ftnesh s'A nkswjZfsnk dh fefonk sZe eoB dh wzr eo ;edk j?. nkswjZfst dh fefonk d/ xfNs j'D ftZu ;w{fj ekoe d/ wjZst B{z nZr/ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ Pqh d[oyhw B/ fbfynk j?, “i/eo fJ;sohnK wodK dh ng/fynk xZN nkswjZfsnk eodhnK jB sK fJ; dk ekoB j? fe T[j wodK dh ng/fynk ;w{fje ihtB ftZu pj[s xZN Gkr b?AdhnK jB, fJ;h bJh T[j fJ; d/ uzr iK p{o/ gqGkt B{z th xZN nB[Gt eodhnK jB. fJjh rZB jo T[wo d/ ftneshnK ns/ pZfunK d/ ;zpzX ftZu th bkr{ j[zdh j?, Gkt/A fe fJBQK s/ ;w{fje ihtB dk xZN gqGkt e[ZM j'o jh ekoBK s'A g?Adk j?. nzs ftZu, i/eo iBtoh s'A i{B sZe nkswjZfsnktK dh do tXdh j? ns/ fJ; d/ pknd xNDh P[o{ j[zdh j? sK fJ; dk ekoB fJj j? fe ;wkfie fefonktK ftZu th fJ;h d/ nB[o{g w";wh T[skoûVQkn d/yD ftZu nkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ;[Gkfte jh j? fe ;wkfie fefonktK d/ ftfGzB gqGkt o[Zs gfotosB d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wki b?n (rhthm) Bkb pdbD, ns/ fJ; d/ cb;o{g fJBQK d'jK ekb ftZu'A gfjb/ ekb ftZu (iBtoh s'A i{B sZe) ;wkfie gqGkt ng/fynk Bkb finkdk fBPfus iK ;gPN j'D. nkswjZfsnk th fFJBQK ftZu'A fJZe j?. n;b ftZu jo/e ;wkfie ;w{j ftZu fJ; fefonk (nkswjZfsnk) d/ bJh nkgD/ Yzr dh fJZe ;w{fje gqftosh (collective inclination) gkJh iKdh j?. i' fe ftneshrs gqftoshnK B{z T[sgzB eodh j?, Bk fe fJBQK ftneshrs gqftoshnK dk Bshik j[zdh j?. ftnesh ihtB Bkb nkgDh T[dk;hBsk B{z ;wMD d/ bJh nkgD/ ukoK gk;/ dh ssekfbe go;fEshnK B{z d'Ph mfjokT[Adk j?l T[; dk ihtB d[uh j? feT[Afe T[j d[yh j?. n;b ftZu, T[j fJZe noE ftZu, pkjoh go;fEshnK d/ ekoB d[yh j?l gozs{ fJj pkjoh go;fEshnK T[; d/ ihtB dh fJj iK T[j xNBk BjhA pbfe T[jh ;w{j j? fi; dk fe T[j w?Apo j?.”

Pqh d[oyhw B/ nB[pzX (contract) dh fefonk s/ th nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nkgB/ fbfynk j? fe nB[pzX fefonk Bkb ;zpzXs fijVk ekoi ftnesh eodk j? T[; d/ e[ZM fB:w j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK fB:wK B{z nB[pzX eoB tkb/ gZy gko;gfoe ;fjwsh s'A fBowkDs eod/ jB^nfijk ;'uDk rbs j?. fi; fB:w nB[;ko nB[pzXK dh fefonk ehsh iKdh j? T[j fB:w n;b ftZu ;wkfie iK ;w{fje fB:w j[zd/ jB, fiBQK B{z g{otfBPfus ;wki iK ;w{j dk jh ekoi j[zdk j?. Pqh j'p; s'A fJ; ws s'A Pqah d[oyhw ;fjws jB fe fBPfus ;wki ftt;ek dh xkN ftZu nB[pzX ekoi BjhA eo ;ed/. Gkt nB[pzX iK ;w{j d[nkok g{otfBPfus fB:wnB[;ko nozG j[zdh j? ns/ ;wki d[nkok T[sgzB ftt;Ek d/ nzsors jh fefonkPhb ofjzdh j?. oki (fijVk fe ;w[dkfJ d/ okiBhfse ;zrmB dk jh gqshfBfXst eodk j?) fBnk d[nkok ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs eodB dk :sB eodk j?, id'A fe ;wki nkgD/^nkg gqEk, nkdoP nkfd d/ d[nkok ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs eodk j?. id'A sZe fJj ftt;Ek ofjzdh j?, T[d'A sZe nB[pzX fefonk th ;w{fus Yzr Bkb ;zgkfds ehsh ik ;edh j?.

Pqh d[oyhw B/ Xow dk th nfXnB ehsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko Xkofwe ekoiK dh T[sgsh ftZu nXkoG{s ekoe ;wki nkgD/^nkg j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie jh n;b fJPto j?. nkgD/

B'N



B'N fJ; f;XKs dh g[PNh ftZu nk;No/bhnk dh no[DNk (arunta) iBiksh dk ft;Ekog{oD nfXnB g/P ehsk j?. fJ; iBiksh d/ ihtB dk nfXnB eoB s'A fJj ;gPN gsk uZbdk j? fe Xkofwe nB[Gt dh T[sgsh fJZe soQK dh ;w{fje T[s/iBk d/ ekoB j?. fsUjkoK ns/ w/fbnK s/ id'A r'so (clan) d/ ;ko/ b'e fJeZm/ fJeZso j[zd/ jB sK jo/e w?Apo B{z nfijk nB[Gt j[zdk j? fe ;w{j dh Pesh T[jBK dh ftneshrs Pesh s'A ehs/ finkdk T[Zu ns/ wjkB j?. fJ; d/ cb;o{g ftnesh d/ wB ftZu ;w{j d/ gqsh G?n, PoXk ns/ Pesh dh Gktbk gBgdh j?. T[j ;w{j B{z ;XkoD s'A T[Zu iK wjkB ;wMD bZrdk j?. t;s{ o{g s'A T[j ;w{j iK ;wki jh Xkofwe g{ik iK j'o ;kohnK Xkofwe fefonktK dk gqshe (symbol) j' iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie fefonktK, ;w{fje gqshfBXhnK dh jh T[gi

j[zdh j?.

ekoiK dh ftt/uBk ftZu Pqh d[oyhw B/ nkdoPK (norms) dk th wjZst ;gPN ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ ftnesh d/ ekoiK s/ gqGkt gkT[D tkb/ sZEK B{z pkjoh ns/ nzdo{Bh fJjBK d' ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk j?. fJ; tzv B{z ;gPN o{g s'A ;wMkT[D d/ bJh nkgD/ ngokX dk T[dkjoD fdZsk j?. fiBQK ftneshnK ftZu ;wkfie nkdoPK dk nzdo{{BheoD j[zdk j? T[jBK ftZu ;wkfie nkdoP T[jBK ftneshnK d/ ftnefsst dk Gkr pD iKd/ jB. ftnefsst d/ Gkr d/ o{g ftZu ;wkfie nkdoP ftnesh B{z ngokX eoB s'A o'ed/ jB feT[Afe fJj nkdoP fJZe soQK dh nzdo{Bh Pesh d/ o{g ftZu fefonkPhb ofjzd/ jB ns/ ftnesh B{z ngokXh ekoi eoB dh nzdo{Bh Pesh iK gq/oDk BjhA j' gkT[Adh j?. gozs{ fiBQK d/ ftnefsst ftZu fJ; nzdo{Bh Pesh dh xkN j[zdh j?, T[j ngokXh^fefonk fpBK o[ektN d/ eod/ jB iK eo ;ed/ jB. T[;h soqK ngokXh fefonk s/ gqGkt gkT[D tkb/ e[ZM pkjoh sZE th j[zd/ jB. T[jBK ftZu ;G s'A gqw[Zy ekB{zB jB. ;wki iK ;w{j dh ftXkBe fJZSktK nfGfwshnK dk ;w{fje gqshfBfXst (Collective representation) j?, fJ; ekoB fJ; dk fJZe o[ektN w{be gqGkt ftnesh dhnK fefonktK s/ g?Adk j?. ekB{zB ftZu fJ; dk T[bzxB eoB tk/b dzv d/D dh ftt;Ek jz[dh j?. fJj dzv T[; o'e dk ezw eodk j? fijVk fe ftnesh B{z ngokXh fefonk eoB s'A o'edk j?.

fJ; soQK fJj ;gPN j? fe Pqh d[oyhw B/ ;wkfie fefonktK B{z ;wkfie sZEK (social facts) s/ jh nXkfos wzfBnk j?. ftnesh d/ bJh nfijhnK fefonktK B{z o'eD iK gq/fos eoB d/ ekoi d/ o{g ftZu ;w{fje gqshfBXhnK dk fezBk wjZst j? fJ; rZb B{z gqwkfDs eoB dk nEe :sB Pqh d[oyhw B/ ehsk j? fijVk fe T[jBK d/ f;XKs dh fJZe d[opbsk pD e/ ofj iKdh j?. ftnesh B{z fefonkPhb pDkT[D ftZu iK T[; dhnK ;kohnK fefonktK d/ fBoXkoe d/ o{g ftZu ;wki iK ;w{j B{z jh ;G e[ZM wzB b??Dk T[fus BjhA j't/rk. fJ; ftP/ ftZu ;wki iK ;w{j d/ wjZst B{z e'Jh th n;theko BjhA eo/rk, gozs{ fefonktK dk ekoe ;wkfie j[zdk jh j?^fJj fJ; nXko s/ rbs j? fe ftnesh dhnK eJh fefonktK B{z n;hA n;b ftZu ;wkfie fefonk efj ;ed/ jB. feT[Afe fJj fefonktK ;wkfie jB fJ; bJh fJBQK d/ fBoXkoe ekoe th e/tb ;wkfie jh j'Dr/^fJ; soQK d/ Bshi/ ftfrnkBe BjhA j' ;ed/. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H ;wkfie ekoiK dk nXko nkgD/^nkg HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH jB. 2H ;wkfie sZE HHHHHHHHHHHHH tksktoD dk fJZe Gkr j[zdk j?.

25H2 gko;z; dk f;XKs^;zdoG dk fefonk YKuk (Theory of Parsons Action Frame of Reference) ;wkfie fefonk dh gqfeosh ns/ noE dk fJZe eqwpZX ns/ ;wkiPk;soh wB'ftfrnkBe



ftPb/PD Pqh Nkbe'N gko;z; (Talcott Parsons) B/ nkgDh g[;se „dh ;Noeuo nkc ;'Pb J/ePB‟ (The Structure of Social Action) ftZu, i' fe ;zB 1937 ftZu gqekfPs j'Jh ;h, ;G s'A gfjbK g/P ehsk ;h. fJ; g[;se ftZu nkgD/ go/N', d[oyhw, w?e;t/po nkfd ftdtkBK B/ ekoi^ ;zpzXh f;XKsKdk ftPb/PD ehsk. nkgd/ nB[;ko, Pqh go/N' dhd fJ; ;zpzX ftZu w[Zy d/D „ftfPPNûkbe‟ (residues) ns/ „nsoe^;zrs fefonktK‟ (non-logical actions) jB. nkgB/ fJj gqwkfDs ehsk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB ftZu fe; soQK nsoe^;zrs fefonktK dk p'bpkbk j? i'fe ftfPPN ukbe GoKs^soe (derivations) nkfd s'A gq/fos j[zdh ofjzdhnK jB. Pqh d[oyhw dh w[Zy d/D fJj j? fe T[jBK B/ fefonk d/ r?o^gqfeofse nkdoPBkswe sZs (non-natural

normative element of action) d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;kB{z tZX s'A tZX ;u/s ofjD dk fBod/P fdZsk j?. T[jBK d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie xNBktK (fiBQK ftZu ;wkfie fefonk th fJZe j?) dk fBoXkoD r?o^ gqfeose iK ;wkfie ekoBK d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. „;wki‟ jh ;wkfie xNBktK B{z iBw fdzdk j?. Pqh t/po B/ nkgDh ;wkfie fefonk dh ntXkoDk ftZu gqshse noE (subjective meaning) ns/ d{finK ftneshnK d/ gqGkt s/ finkdk i'o fdZsk j?. Pqh gko;z; B/ nkgDh T[go'es g[;se ftZu fbfynk j? fe i/eo n;hA fJBQK ftdtkBK d/ ftukoK dh ;fwfbs o{g s'A ftt/uBk eohJ/ sK T[; d/ nXko s/ n;hA fefonk d/ fJZe BthB f;XKs d/ bJh w[Zy sZsK (main elements) dk ;obsk Bkb jh nftPeko eo ;ed/ jB. fit/A jh sZsK dk ;wBt? ehsk ikJ/rk, T[;h soQK jh fefonk dk fJZe BtK f;XKs ;kjwD/ nk ikJ/rk. Pqh gko;z; d/ jh PpdK ftZu, “fJBQK b/yeK dh ftukoXkok ftZu ;XkoD o{g ftZu ftdwkB f;XKse Pq/DhnK dh fJj ;XkoDkswe ftt;tEk (generalized system), i/eo fJZe ;wro ftt;Ek (total system) d/ o{g ftZu fbnk ikt/ sK, f;XKs dk fJe „BtK‟ ftek; (new development) j? i' fe e/tb wkso T[jBK gqzgoktK s'A jh fbnk frnk j?. fiBQK s/ fe T[j pD/ jB.” ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H ;wkfie fefonk ;wkfie ekoeK dk jh j?^

(T) gqshcb (n) dpkn (J) gqwkD (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H d[oyhw B/ nkswjZfsnk Bkb ;zpzXs finkdkso ;thfeqs f;XksK B{z ehsk j?^

(T) ;theko (n) n;theko (J) gqshgkdB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko Xkofwe ekoiK dh T[sgsh ftZu nXkoG{s ekoe j?^

(T) ;wki (n) d/P (J) gqfeosh (;) fJPto

6H ;wkfie fefonk dk fsZik nXko iK sZs j?^

(T) ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek (n) ;wkfie ftt;ek (J) io{os (;) gfoGkPk

Pqh gko;z; d/ nB[;ko fefon dh fJ; BthB ;XkoDkswe ftt;Ek d/ uko sZs jB^1H tzP ;z;eowD ns/ tksktoD (heredity and environment) i' fe fefnk dh nkyoh ftt;EktK iK PosK (ultimate conditions) jB, 2H ;kXB ns/ ;kX iK Nhuk (means and ends), 3H nkyoh w{b (ultimate values) ns/ 4H T[d:'r iK „:sB‟ (effort)^fJj fefonk d/ nkdoPkswe (normative) ns/ nk;Ekswe (conditional) sZsK B{z ;zrfms eoB tkb/ ekoe dk Bkw j?. gfjb/ sZs d/ nzsors fefonk d/ d' nXko dk T[b/y fwbdk j?^fJZe sK eosk dh gqkDhPk;sh ftok;s (biological heritage) ns/ d{ih T[; eosk dh T[j ;zg{oD d[BhnK iK go;fEshnK i' e[ZM th T[; B{z x/o/ j'J/ jB. ;wkiPk;soh fdqPNhe'D s'A ;zg{oD tksktoD G"fse^nG"fse t;s{nK ns/ go;fEshnK ns/ wB[Zy dk T[j „x/ok‟ j? i'fe fJZe ftnesh dh pkjoh s/ nzdo{B d'jK nt;EktK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. fJ; gfjb/ sZs tzP ;zeowD ns/ tksktoD B{z fJZe^d{i/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.nkgD/ wksk^fgsk s'A gqkDh B{z w{b o{g ftZu i' e[ZM th Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e

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B'N ftP/PsktK gqkDhPk;soh gqfefonk d/ d[nkok gqkgs jz[dhnK jB, T[jBK B{z n;hA tzP ;zeqwD efjzd/ jB. fJj Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftP/PsktK T[j eZuk wkb j[zdk j? fi; Bkb ;wkfie ftnefsst dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. fefonk ftZu fJj ;wkfie ftefsst jh „nkyoh Pos‟ (ultimate condition) j? Gkt T[; dk nkgDk ftnefsst T[jBK gq/oDktK ns/ w{bK s/ nkdoPK B{z jh gqdkB eodk j? fijVk fe ftnesh dhnK fefonktK dh fdPk ns/ ;o{g B{z fBoXkfos eod/ jB.

fefonk ftt;Ek ftZu d{ik sZs ;kXB ns/ ;kXB iK Nhuk j?. ekoi B{z Nhu/ gqGkfts eod/ jB iK fJj ej' fe Nhu/ d/ nB[;ko jh ekoi dh gqfeosh fBoXkfos j[zdh j?. ;wkiPk;soh fdqPNhe'D d[nkok ekoi NhukftjhB BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh ekoiK dh ftt/uBk d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs ekoiK dk fBo{gD th j't/. Nhu/ d/ Bkb^Bkb ;kXB th ekoi dk fJZe io{oh sZs j?. ;kXB T[j T[geoD j? fi; d/ d[nkok ekoi ;zgkfds j[ zdk j?. nzso^fefonk ftZu ;kXB ns/ Nhuk d'B'A jh wjZstg{oD jB.

fefonk ftt;Ek dk fsZik sZs nkyoh w{b j?. fefonk d/ ;kXB ns/ Nhuk fe;h^Bk^fe;h o{g ftZu fJBQK nkyoh w{bK (ultimate values) Bkb ;zpzXs s/ gqGkfts io{o jh j[zd/ jB. d{i/ o{g ftZu fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe jo/e fefonk fJjBK jh w{bK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh fBod/fPs j[zdh j?. Pqh gko;z; B/ fbfynk j?, “fefonk dh fe;h th m'; nt;Ek ftZu gfotosB dh fJZe gqfefonk, fiZE/ sZe fe T[j ;kX^;kXB d/ ;[Gkfte ;zpzX d/ nXko s/ fBowkDs fefonk d/ sZsK d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftnkfynk :'r j?, e/tb T[;h fdPk ftZu nZr/ tZX ;edh j? fi; gk;/ T[; ftt;Ek ftZu eosktK s/ bkr{ ;wM/ ikD tkb/ soe ;zrs nkdoP dh gqkgsh ;zGt j't/. Gkt ;zy/g ftZu, fefonk dh fJZe nfijh gqfefonk e/tb soe nXkfos w{b ftZu tkX/ dh fdPk ftZu jh nZr/ tX ;edh j?. fJ; eEB dk Gkt fJj j? fe jo/e fefonk ftZu fJZe nkdoP iK w{b nzsofBfjs ofjzdk j? ns/ eosk T[; w{b dh gqkgsh d/ bJh jh nkgDh fefonk B{z ;zgkfds eodk j?. fJj fefonk fizBh finkdk soe^;zrs j't/rh, ftfrnkBe nXko s/ T[; B{z ;wMDk T[Bk jh ;zGt j't/rk.

fefonk ftt;Ek dk u"Dk iK nkyoh sZs „:sB‟ j?. Pqh gko;z; B/ ;t? jh fbfynk j? fe fJj feonk d/ nkdoPkswe ns/ nt;Ekswe B{z ;zpzXs eoB tkb/ ekoe B{z ;{fus eodk j?. fit/A fe j[D sZe dh ftt/uBk s'A ;gPN j? fe fefonk ftZu fJZe nkdoP iK w{b nzsofBfjs j[zdk j?, Bkb jh eosk B{z fttjkfoe ;wki^ftt;Ek d/ nB[;ko fJj S{N edh th BjhA fdZsh ik ;edh fe T[j fi; soQK th ukj/ nkgD/ nkdoPK, w{bK dk NhfunK dh gqkgsh eo eo ;edk j?. jo/e eosk i/eo wzBwkB/ Yzr d[nkok fefonkPhb j' ikJ/ sK ;wki^ftt;Ek fJZe jh fdB ftZu ueBku{o j' e/ jh oj/. fJ; bJh ;wki tZb d/ e[ZM PosK iK nt;EktK (conditions) fBoXkfos eo fdZshnK iKdhnK jB ns/ eosk B{z T[jBK jh nt;EktK d/ ftZu ofjzd/ j'J/ fefonk eoBh g?Adh j?. Bkb jh eosk d/ e'b ;kXB n;hfws BjhA j[zdk. ;kXB dh fJZe fBPfus ;hwk d/ nzdo jh eosk ekoi eodk j?. fJ; soQK ftdwkB „nt;EktK‟ dh ;hwk d/ nzdo jh eosk B{z „nkdoP‟ iK Nhuk gqkgsh d/ bJh „:sB‟ eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; soQK „:sB‟ T[j ekoe j?. fijVk fe nkdoP ns/ ftt;Ek d/ ftZu fJZe ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eodk j?. fJ;h bJh Pqh gko;z; B/ „:sB‟ B{z „fefonk d/ nkdoPkswe ns/ nk;Ekswe sZsK B{z ;zpzXs eoB tkb/ ekoe‟ dk BKt fdZsk j?.

Pqh gko;z; B/ fbfynk j? fe jo/e ;wki ftZu G"fse, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqse go;fEshnK dh fGzBsk d/ nB[;ko ekoi ftt;EktK th nbZr^nbZr soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJZe ftP/P soQK dh ;wkfie go;fEshnK d/ nzsors fefonkPhb eosktK dh nzso^fefonk d/ c;bo{g ;wkfie ftt;Ek gBgkT[Adh j?, gozs{ gBg ikD s/ fJj ftt;Ek jh eosk dhnK fefonktK B{z gqGkfts th eodh j?. feT[Afe ;wkife ftt;Ek d/ nB[;ko jh T[j ;wkfie go;fEshnK j[zdhnK jB fi; ftZu fBtk; eod/ j'J/ ftnesh ekoi eod/ jB. :kd oj/ fe ;wkfie go;fEsh dk fJZe G"fse gZy j[zdk j? (G{r'fbe y/so, fBPfus ekb fBPfus ;w{j nkfd) nkfd ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu ftnesh dk dkfybk d' nXko s/ j[zdk j?^gd (status) ns/ ekoi (role). ;wki ftZu gquZbs wkBsktK d/ nXko s/ fJj fBPfus j[zdk j? fe fJZe ftnesh dh ;fEsh iK gd



j'o ftneshnK d/ ftZu eh j?. fJj j' BjhA ;edk fe ;wkfie ftnesh ;fEsh iK gdftjhB j't/. gfotko ftZu T[; dh ;fEsh fgsk, g[Zso, g[Zsoh gsh dk gsBh j?, ekbi ftZu T[; dh ;fEsh ftfdnkoEh ns/ ekoykB/ ftZu T[; dh ;fEsh wid{o d/ o{g ftZu j?. jo/e ;fEsh iK gd Bkb ;zpzXs e[ZM ekoi (roles) th j[zd/ jB. fgsk d/ ekoi s'A gqEe jB, ftfdnkoEh dk ekoi T[jh BjhA j? i' fe nfXnkge dk j?. fJZe jh ftnesh dhnK fJZe s'A tZX ;fEshnK (statuses) j' ;edhnK jB ns/ T[j T[jBK jh Bkb ;zpzXs ekoiK B{z eodk j?. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe nkgD/ ;w{j Bkb ftnesh B{z fJZe ;fEsh gqkgs j[zdh j? fijVh fe T[;dhnK fefonktK d/ fBoXkoD ftZu wjZstg{oD j[zdhnK jB.

;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu dkfyb eoe/ ftnesh Bk e/tb nkgD/ gdK ns/ ekoiK (roles) dk frnkB gqkgs eodk j?, pbfe j'o ftneshnK d/ gdK ns/ ekoiK d/ ;zpzX ftZu th ikDekoh jkf;b eo b?Adk j?. fJ; Bkb T[j d{finK d/ ;zGkfts ekoiK dk nB[wkB brk b?Adk j? ns/ nkgD/ ekoi dh d{finK s/ j'D tkbh gqshfefonk B{z ikB b?Adk j?. fJ; soQK T[j d{finK dh ;zGkfts gqshfefonk B{z fdqPNh ftZu oZy e/ ;wki d[nkok wzBD:'r ftXhnK iK ;kXBK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb nkgD/ T[d/P iK io{osK dh g{osh eoB dk :sB eodk j?. ;wki d[nkok wzBD:'r ftXhnK, fttjkoK, w{bK ns/ nkdoPK dk frnkB T[; B{z ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu ofj e/ ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk d[nkok j[zdk j?. ;wkfie go;fEsh Bkb ftnesh dh ikD^gfjukD ns/ fefonk d/ ;zgkdB d/ ;zpzX ftZu Pqh gko;z; fBwB fbys rZbK d/ tZb ;kvk fXnkB nkeqfPs eod/ jB^

1H id'A fJZe pZuk T[sgzB j[zdk j? T[d'A T[; ftZu ;wkfie noE ftZu e'Jh th fefonk eoB dh ;woZEk BjhA j[zdh j?. T[j ;woZEk T[; d/ ;kt:t (organism) d/ ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb T[; B{z gqkgs j[zdh j?. gozs{ fJ; soQK d/ wkBf;e ns/ Pohoe ftek; d/ T[; B{z d{i/ ftneshnK dh ;jkfJsk j[zdh j? fijVh fe T[; ftek; gqfefonk d/ bJh io{oh ;kXBK B{z i[NkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ jB. d{i/ ftneshnK d/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[D Bkb ftnesh d/ ftukoK, GktBktK, nkdsK, gq/oDktK ns/ w{bK dk ftek; j[zdk j? fijVk fe j'bh^j'bh T[; d/ wB Pohoe nXkoK ftZu ;wki iKdk j? ns/ T[; d/ ftnefsst dk fBowkD eodk j?. Pqh gko;z; B/ ;kt:t (organism), gq/oDktK (motives) ns/ w{bK (values) d/ Pwfbw o{g B{z jh ftnefsst dk BKt fdZsk j? ns/ fJj ftnefsst T[j nXkoG{s sZs j? fi; d/ fpBK fefonk^ftt;Ek dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

2H ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu, fi; Bkb fe ftnesh ikD^gfjukD ftnefsst d/ ftek; d/ Bkb^Bkb wi{s j[zdk iKdk j?, d' soQK d/ sZs j[zd/ jB^fJZe sK ;wkfie ss ns/ d{ik n;wkfie sZs. ;wkfie sZs d/ nB[;ko ftnesh ns/ ftneshnK s'A pD/ ;w{j nkT[Ad/ jB id'A fe n;wkfie sZs d/ nB[;ko fJZe gk;/ G"fse T[dkjoD ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;z;feqfse ftoks (cultural heritage) fit/A nkdoP, w{b, gqEk nkfd Pkfwb jB. fJ; soQK ftnesh dhnK fefonktK dh gqGkfte go;fEsh fJZe gk;/ ftnesh s/ ;w{jK d[nkok ns/ d{i/ gk;/ G"fse T[geoD, nkdoP w{b nkfd ;z;feqfse sZsK (fi; B{z fe Pqh gko;z; B/ nkgD/ Yzr Bkb n;wkfie sZs fejk j?, Gkt „n;wkfie‟ dk noE r?o^;wkfie iK ;wki^fto'X BjhA j?) d[nkok fBoXkfos j[zdh j?.

3H jo/e ftnesh d/ ;kt:t (organism) dk ;zrmB fJZe gk;/ dk BjhA j[zdk j?, fi; ftZu cb;o{g jh fJZe ;wkfie go;fEsh d/ jo/e ftnesh dh gqshfefonk (response) fJZe ;wkB BjhA j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh fJZe jh ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu Bk sK fJZe ;wkB ftnefsst dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ Bk jh ftnesh d[nkok ehsh rJhnK feofnktK jh fJZe soQK dhnK j[zdhnK jB fJjh ekoB j? fe ;kB{z ftneshrs fGzBsktK ns/ fefonktK ftZu fGzBsktK d/yD B{z fwbdhnK jB.

4H fJZe ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu fJZe io{os dh g{osh d/ bJh e/tb fJZe dh ;kXB iK ;kX T[gbpX j[zdk j?, nfijh rZb BjhA. n;b ftZu ;kXB ns/ ;kXK d/ eJh ftebg j[zd/ jB. T[j ftebg ;wfbs o{g ftZu ftfGzB gqshwkBK (patterns) dh ouBk eod/ jB. Pqh gko;z; B/ fJBQK B{z gqshwkBkswe tZyokgD fejk j?. T[; soQK w{bK ftZu th ftebg gkJ/ iKd/ jB fiBQK dh u'D ftnesh nkgD/ ;w{j dh go;fEsh d/ nB[;ko eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok u[fDnk j'fJnk T[j gqshwkB T[; d/ ekoi d/ ;o{g s/ fdPk B{z gqGkfts eodk j?.

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B'N 5H fefonk d/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh Pqh gko;z; B/ „;zdoG^;zouBk‟ (Frame of Reference) dh XkoDk B{z ftef;s ehsk j?. ;zdoG^;zouBk d/ nB[;ko T[j ;ko/ sZe (eosk, go;fEsh, ;w{j nkfd) nk iKd/ jB fiBQK d/ ;zdoG ftZu fefonk B{z ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. ;kXB^;kX d/ ;zzpzX, g{oD ;zrfms ;w{j ns/ soe nXkfos B{z ;zdoG^;zouBk wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; XkoDk d/ nB[;ko fJj wzfBnk frnk j? fe fefonk d/ fJBQK ftfGzB sZEK ftZu fJZe gko;gfoe ;zpzX j? ns/ fefonk B{z fJ; ;zpzXkswe (relational) ;zdoG ftZu th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJj ftuko Pqh gko;z; B/ Pqh i?B/fBeh (Znaniecki) s'A rqfjD ehsk j?. Pqh i?B/fBeh dk ftuko j? fe ;wki ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftnesh dk nfXnB ;wkfie ekoiK, ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;w{jK ns/ ;wkfie ftnefsst d/ ;zdoG ftZu jh j' iKd j?.

fit/A fe gfjbK jh T[b/y ehsk ik u[Zek j? fe fefonk d/ ;zzpzX ftZu Pqh gko;z; d/ T[go'es ftuko T[jBK dh g[;se dh ;Noeuo nkc ;'Pb J/ePB (1937) ftZu d/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. fJ; d/ pknd ;zB 1952 ftZu T[jBK dh d{ih g[;se dh ;'Pb f;;Nw (The Social System) gqekfPs j'Jh. fJ; g[;se ftZu Pqh gko;z; B/ nkgD/ ;wkfie fefonk d/ f;XKs B{z j'o th ft;Eko o{g ftZu g/P ehsk. ;zy/g ftZu, fJj f;XKs fJ; soQK jB^

Pqh gko;z; d/ nB[;ko ;wki wB[ZyK B{z gko;gfoe ;zpzXK dk T[j ;zg{oD y/so j?. fijVk fe wB[Zyh fefonktK d/ cb;o{g gBgdk j?. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe wB[Zyh iK ;wkfie fefonktK ;wkfie ;zpzXK iK ;wki B{z iBw fdzdhnK jB. gozs{ fJ; „fefonk‟ Ppd s'A ;kvk n;b Gkt j?< ;wkfie fefonk d/ nkgD/ f;XKs dk nozG Pqh gko;z; fJ;h gqPB d/ T[Zso s'A eod/ jB. nkgd/ nB[;ko, „fefonk eosk^go;fEsh ftt;Ek (actor-situation system) ftZu T[j gqfefonk j? fi; dh fJeZb/ eosk (actor) d/ bJh ;w{fje o{g ftZu T[; ;w{j d/ e[ZM ftneshnK d/ bJh gq/oDkswe (motivational) wjZssk j[zdh j?.”

fJ; gfoGkPk s'A ;gPN j? fe fe;h th ;wkfie fefonk d/ fszB nXko jB^gfjbk eosk (actor), d{ik go;fEsh (situation) ns/ fsZik gq/oDk (motive). fefonk B{z eoB tkbk e'Jh e[ZM ftnesh iK eosk j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJ; eosk dh fe;h fefonk dk o{g, ;o{g iK gqfeosh T[; dh n;b go;fEsh s/ fBoGo eo/rh. fco th e/tb go;fEsh jh fefnk B{z T[sgzB BjhA eo ;edh id'A sZe eosk dh fdqPNh s'A T[; fefonk dk e'Jh gq/oDkswe wjZst Bk j't/. „gq/oDkswe wjZst‟ (Motivational Significance) T[j Pesh j? fijVh fe fJZe ftnesh B{z fJZe fefonk B{z eoB dh gq/oDk gqdkB eodh j?. eosk dh n;b go;fEsh T[j „ozrwzu‟ j? fi; s/ fe T[j fefonk xfNs j[zdh j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb ftuko eoB s/ n;hA jo/e fefonk dh fJZe ;XkoD gq/oe Pesh dk gsk uZbdk j? ns/ T[j fJj fe jo/e fefonk jw/PK jh fe;h fJZSs t;s{ B{z gqkgs eoB dk fJZSktK iK fe;h fJZSs t;s{ s'A d{o ofjD d/ :sBK Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ T[jBK s'A gqGkfts j[zdh j?, ukj/ fJj fJZSktK iK :sB eosk^ftP/P d/ ftnefsst dh ;zouBk d/ nB[;ko fe;h th soQK feT[A Bk j't/. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, fJZe ftnesh fJZe fefonk B{z iK sK fJ; bJh eodk j? fe T[j fe;h t;s{ B{z fi; B{z T[j ukj[zdk j?, gqkgs eoBk ukj[zdk j?, iK fJ; bJh eodk j? fe T[j e[ZM uhiK Bkb, fiBQK B{z T[j BjhA ukj[zdk, nkgD/ s'A d{o oZyDk ukj[zdk j? Gkt T[jBK s'A puDk ukj[zdk j?.

T[go'es ftt/uBk s'A ;gPN j? fe ;wkfie fefonk dh Pesh iK gq/oDk ftnesh B{z nkgD/ jh ;kt:t (organism) s'A gqkgs j[zdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu ;kt:t j? fefonk dh gqfefonk B{z T[sgzB eoB tkbk „:sB‟ ekoe (effort factor) dk nkyoh ;o's (ultimate source) j?. Gkt ;kt:t s'A jh T[j „:sB Pesh‟ T[sgzB j[zdh j? fijVh fe ftnesh B{z fJZe ftP/P fefonk eoB dk wip{o eodh j? feT[Afe Poho jh fJZSktK oZydk j? ns/ T[jBK dh sfogsh (gratification) ukj[zdk j?. fJ; soQK fefonk dh gqfefonk Poho s'A jh Pesh b?Adh j?. fJzBk jh BjhA, e[ZM ;hwk sZe ysw fJZSktK dh g{osh iK ng{osh dk fJZe ;kt:th wjZst th j[zdk j?. fJZSktK dh g{osh s/ ftnesh B{z ;zs'P ns/ sfogsh fwbdh j? ns/ fJZSktK dh g{os Bk j'D s/ iK fe;h t;s{ s'A tzfus j'D s/ T[; B{z d[Zy iK ePN j[zdk j?. gozs{ fJ; dk Gkt fJj BjhA j? fe fefonk d/ f;XKs d/ bJh gq/oDk d/ m'; ;zrmB (concrete organization of motivation) B{z e/tb



;kt:t dh ;kt:th io{os d/ ;zdoG ftZu jh ftPb/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. Gkt ;koh fefonk B{z e/tb Pohoe io{os d/ o{g ftZu ;wMDk iK ftnkfynk eoBk rbs j't/rkl fefonk sZsK (action

elements) dk fJj ;zrmB nkyoh o{g ftZu eosk iK T[; dh go;fEsh d/ Bkb ;zpzX dk fJZe gqeko (function) j?, Gkt eosk iK T[; dh go;fEsh d/ ftZu i' gqekokswe ;zpzX j? T[;h ;zdoG ftZu fefonk B{z ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. nfjw dhnK nkPktK (ego‟s expectations) Gkt eosk B{z nkgDh nzdo{Bh nkPktK th fefonk dh gqfefonk ftZu ;wkB o{g s'A wjZstg{oD j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK fefonktK dk ;zpzX fJZe ftnesh d/ d{i/ ftnesh Bkb ;zpzXK ;wkfie go;fEshnK ns/ T[jBK dh ;z;feqsh Bkb th j[zdk j?. nfijk fJ; bJh j[zdk j? feT[Afe ftnesh iK eosk Bk sK Iho' (vacuum) ftZu ofjzdk j? ns/ Bk jh Iho' ftZu fefonk eodk j?, T[j d{finK d/ Bkb ;zpzXs ofj e/ ;wkfie go;fEsh ftZu ns/ nkgDh ;z;feqsh Bkb fxo/ ofjzd/ j'J/ ftek; eodk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ jh nB[;ko T[jBK d/ d[nkok gqGkfts j[zd/ j'J/ fefonk eodk j?. n;b ftZu ftnesh dh fJZSk, nfGbkPk iK nkPk T[; d/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK, ;wkfie gfo;fEshnK ns/ ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ T[jBK s'A gqGkfts j[zdh j? ns/ fJBQK ftZu gfotosB d/ nB[;ko gfotofss j[zdh ofjzdh j?. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe ;wkfie fefonk dk ;zpzX eosk d/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK ns/ ;wkfie go;fEshnK ns/ ;z;feqsh s'A j[zdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e gko;z; d/ f;XKs s/ nkgd/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

fJ; soQK Pqh gko;z; d/ ws nB[;ko ;wkfie fefonk^ftt;Ek jd/ fszB gZy iK nXko j[zd/ jB^ 1H ftnefsst, 2H ;z;feqsh ns/ 3H ;wki^ftt;Ek.

1H fefonk d/ ftnefsst Bkb ;zpzXs nXko dh fijVh ftt/uBk n;hA gfjbK eo u[Ze/ jK^ fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe jo/e ftnesh dhnK fJSktK, GktBktK ns/ nkPktK T[; d/ ftnefsst dh ;zouBk d/ nB[;ko j[zdhnK jB. ftnefsst fJZSktK B{z iBw dzdk j? ns/ T[jBK dh sfogsh iK g{osh ukj[zdk j? ns/ ;wkfie fefonk fJjBK jh fJSktK dh g{osh eoB d/ T[d/P s'A ehs/ rJ/ :sBK dk jh cb j[zdk j?.

2H gozs{ fit/A fe gfjbK jh fejk ik u[Zek j?, fJj ;wkfie fefonktK Iho' (vacuum) ftZu xfNs BjhA j[zdhnK jB. ftnesh nkgDhnK ;kohnK fefonktK B{z fJZe ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek (cultural system) d/ nzsors ofj e/ ns/ T[; ftt;Ek s'A gqGkfts j[zd/ j'J/ jh eodk j?. gozs{ fJj ;z;feqse ftt;Ek eh j?< fJ; gqPB dk T[Zso fdzd/ j'J/ Pqh gko;z; B/ fbfynk j? fe jo/e fefonk dhnK nkgDhnK e[ZM go;fEshnK j[zdhnK jBl fJBQK go;fEshnK dk ftnesh nkgDhnK fJZSktK d/ nB[;ko e[ZM ftfPPN „noE‟ brkT[Adk j?. fJj noE (meaning) finkdk ;gPN j' e/ „fuzBQ‟ (signs) iK gqsheK (symbols) ftZu ftef;s j' iKd/ jB. ;wkfie nzso^fefonktK d/ d"okB fJj „fuzBQ‟ ns/ „gqshe‟ j'o th ftef;s, ;gPN ns/ iBsk d[nkok ;thfeqs j' iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z (fJBQK fuzBQK ns/ gqsheK B{z) e[ZM ;XkoD noE (common meanings) gqkgs j' iKd/ jB fi; d/ cb;o{g T[j eosktK d/ ftZu ndkB^gqdkB d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ezw nkT[Ad/ jB. id'A gqshekswe ftt;EktK (symbolic systems), i' fe nkdkB^gqdkB d/ ;kXB pD ;edhnK jB ftef;s j' iKdhnK jB sK T[; B{z „;z;feqsh‟ dk no zG fejk ik ;edk j? i' fe ;zpzXs eoskt dh ekoi^ftt;EktK dk nze pD iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, id'A fJj ;G fuzBQ ns/ gqshe fJZe nt;Ek ftZu ;z:'fis j' iKd/ jB T[d'A n;hA T[; B{z „;z;feqfse ftt;Ek‟ (Cultural

System) efjzd/ jB. fJj ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek ftnesh dh fefonk B{z nXko ns/ noE gqdkB eodh j?.

3H ;wkfie fefonk dk fsZik nXko iK sZs ;wkfie ftt;Ek j?. ;wkfie ftt;Ek T[d'A T[sgzB j[zdh j? id'A fe noEK tkb/ ;z;feqfse gqsheK dh fJZe ftt;Ek iK go;fEsh (situation) d/ nB[;ko eJh ftnesh nkgDhnK fJZSktK dh tZX s'A tZX iK nkdoP gqkgsh d/ bJh go;go ;wkfie nzso^fefonk ftZu bZr/ j[zd/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, ;wkfie



B'N ftt;Ek dk fBowkD fJZe go;fEsh ftZu go;go nzso^fefonk eod/ j'J/ fJZe s'A tZX ftneshnK d[nkok j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK dh go;fEsh dk xZN^s'A^xZN G"fse iK tksktoD^ ;zpzXh (environment) gfjb{ j[zdk j? ns/ eosktK dk T[d/P nkgDhnK fJZSktK iK io{osK dh nkdoP g{osh j[zdk j? ns/ Bkb jh fJBQK nzso^fefonktK ftZu bZr/ ftneshnK dk gko;gfoe ns/ T[jBK dhnK go;fEshnK d/ Bkb ;zpzX ;z;feqfse o{g ftZu ;zufos ns/ ;thfeqs gqsheK dh fJZe ftt;Ek d[nkok gfoGkfPs ns/ wZX;fEs (mediated) j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK, nfs ;zy/g ftZu, ;wkfie ftt;Ek fJZe go;fEsh^ftP/P ftZu nkgDhnK fJZSktK dh nkdoP g{osh eoB d/ T[d/P ftZu bZr/ j'J/ ftneshnK dhnK T[jBK nzso^ fefonktK dk gqshcb j? fijVk fe fJZe ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek d[nkok ;z:'fis, gfoGkfPs ns/ ;zrfms j[zd/ jB.

T[go'es toDB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe ;wkfie ftt;Ek ;zg{oD fefonk^ftt;Ek dk e/tb fJZe jh Gkr j?. fJj (1) ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ fefonk eoB tkb/ b'eK d/ (2) ftnefsst dh ;zouBk ns/ (3) ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek^fJj fszB'A fwb e/ ;wkfie fefonk dh m'; ftt;Ek dk fBowkD eod/ jB. ;wkfie fefonk^ftt;Ek dhnK fJBQK fszB'A ftt;EktK^Gkt ftnefsst ;zpzXh, ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek^ftZu'A jo/e dk toDB fefonk^ftt;Ek d/ sZsK d/ ;zrmB d/ fJZe ;[szso nzr d/ o{g ftZu eoBh ukjhdh j? ns/ fJ; noE ftZu fe fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h B{z th f;XKse s"o s/ fJZe iK d' ftZu fwbk e/ fJBQK dh ;zfynk xNkJh BjhA ik ;edh. Bkb jh T[jBK ftZu'A jo/e j'o d{i/ d/ bJh fJ; noE ftZu ngfojko (indispensable) j? fe ftnefsst ns/ ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ fpBK ;wki^ftt;Ek dk fBowkD edh th BjhA j' ;edk. fJjh rZb j'o d/ pko/ ftZu th ;Zu j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H t/po B/ nkgDh ;wkfie fefonk dh ntXkoDk ftZu gqshse noE ns/ d{i/ ftneshnK d/ gqGkt s/ pj[s finkdk pb fdZsk j?.

8H fefonk ftt;Ek ftZu d{ik sZs ;kXB ns/ ;kX iK Nhuk j?.

9H ;wkfie fefonk dh Pesh iK gq/oDk Pesh B{z d{i/ ;kt:tK s'A gqkgs jz[dh j?.

10H gko;z; d/ nB[;ko ;wkfie fefonk ftt;Ek d/ fszB gZy iK nXko j[zd/ jB^

1H ftnefsst 2H ;z;feqsh ns/ 3H ;wki^ftt;Ek. 25H3 ;ko nzP (Summary)

Pqh d[oyhw B/ ;wkfie fefonktK B{z ;wkfie sZEK (social facts) s/ jh nXkfos wzfBnk j?. ftnesh d/ bJh nfijhnK fefonktK B{z o'eD iK gq/fos eoB d/ ekoe d/ o{g ftZu ;w{fje gqshfBXhnK dk fezBk wjZst j? fJ; rZb B{z gqwkfDs eoB dk nEe :sB Pqh d[oyhw B/ ehsk j? fijVk fe T[jBK d/ f;XKs dh fJZe d[opbsk pD e/ ofj iKdh j?. Pqh gko;z; d/ nB[;ko ;wki wB[ZyK B{z gko;gfoe ;zpzXK dk T[j ;zg{oD y/so j?. fijVk fe wB[Zyh fefonktK d/ cb;o{g gBgdk j?. fJ; soQK ;gPN j? fe wB[Zyh iK ;wkfie fefonktK ;wkfie ;zpzXK iK ;wki B{z iBw fdzdhnK jB. gozs{ fJ; „fefonk‟ Ppd s'A ;kvk n;b Gkt eh j?< ;wkfie fefonk d/ nkgD/ f;XKs dk nozG Pqh gko;z; fJ;h gqPB d/ T[Zso s'A eod/ jB. nkgd/ nB[;ko, “fefonk eosk^go;fEsh ftt;Ek (actor-situation system) ftZu T[j gqfefonk j? fi; dh fe fJeZb/ eosk (actor) d/ bJh ;w{fje o{g ftZu T[; ;w{j d/ e[ZM ftneshnK d/ bJh gq/oDkswe (motivational) wjZssk j[zdh j?.”




1H ;wkfie xNBktK (Social Phenomena) L ;wki ftZu j'D tkbhnK xNBktK

2H nkswjZfsnk (Suicide) L ;t? dh jZfsnk 25H5 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H d[oyhw d/ f;XKs dk ;ko sZs dZ;'.

2H d[oyhw d/ nB[;ko ftnesh nkswjZfsnk feT[A eodk j?<

3H gko;z; d/ f;XKsK dk T[b/y eo'.

4H „fefonk^ftt;Ek dk u"Ek iK nkyoh :sB j?‟ B{z f;ZXk eo'. T[Zso L ;t?^w[bnzeD (Answer : Self Assessment)

1H ;wkfie sZE 2H ftnesh t?Pf:e 3H (T) 4H (n)

5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh


p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^26L fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Women Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


26H1 fbzr ;wkBsk dk noE (Meaning of Gender Equality)

26H2 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Women Education)

26H3 fpqfNP :[r ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk ftek; (Development of Women Education in British Period)

26H4 ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Women Education After Independence)

26H5 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk gqPk;B ns/ fB:zsoD (Administration and Control of Women Education)

26H6 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum of Women Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


fbzr ;wkBsk dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

fpqfNP :[r ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk ftek; ikDB ;zpzXh.

;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk nfXnB eoB ;zpzXh.

fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk gqPk;B ns/ fB:zsoD ikDB ;zpzXh.


“wfjbk ;PesheoD d/ nzd'bB B/ Gkos ftZu fbzr ;wkBsk dh wzr B{z w[Zyo eo fdZsk. fi; dh g{osh eoBk j[D ngfojko j' frnk j?.”

Gkosh fJ;soh B/ tZy^tZy y/soK ftZu wkordoPB ns/ nrtkJh ehsh j?. bZSwhpkJh (MK;h dh okDh), ;o'fiBh BkfJv{, J/Bh p/;/AN, ewbk Bfjo{, e;s{opk rKXh, fJzfdok rKXh fijhnK ftd[Ph n"osK B/ :[ZXê"Pb, ;wkfie ;[Xko, okiBhfse ;[Xko ns/ nkofEe fB:'iB ftZu Gkoh :'r fdZsk j?. 26H1 fbzr ;wkBsk dk noE (Meaning of Gender Equality)

ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk ftZu fbzr dh ;wkBsk th io{oh j?. wodK d/ ;wkB fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk th io{oh j?,gozzs{ eJh d/PK ftZu fbzr (Gender) d/ nXko s/ n;wkBsk gkJh iKdh j?.


fJekJh^26 L fJ;soh f;Zfynk

pkfbek B{z n;hA ;wki ftZu T[j doik BjhA d/ gkT[Ad/, fijVk pkbe B{z fdzd/ jK. jo/e dwgsh dh bkb;k g[Zso gqkgs eoB dh j[zdh j?. Go{D gqhyD d[nkok e[ZM b'e gfjbK jh gZe/ j' iKd/ jB. e[ZM b'e iBw d/ pknd pkbe^pkfbe ftZu G/d eod/ jB. fJj T[jBK d/ bkbB^gkbB ftZu G/d eod/ jB. T[jBK dh f;Zfynk ftZu th ftPwsk fdqPNhr'uo j[zdh j?, ;wki dk fJZe tor pkfbek B{z gVQkT[Dk BjhA ukj[zdk. nro gVQB G/i fdzdk j? sK ftukb/ jh gVQkJh o'e fdzdk j?.

B'N

B'N; r'gkb feqPB r'yb/ gfjb/ B/sk ;B, fiBQK B/ fpqfNP ;z;d ftZu Gkosh BkrfoeK d/

bJh io{oh f;Zfynk dh wzr ehsh ;h.

26H2 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Women Education)

1H fJ;soh :'fis ns/ ;otgZyh ftnefsst dk ftek;^;[szso Gkos ftZu fJ;soh iksh dk npbk s'A ;pbk pDkT[D d/ bJh T[jBK d/ Pohoe p"fXe, wkBf;e, nfXnksfwe, ;wkfie ftek; eoB d/ bJh T[g:'rh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh. fJ;soh :'fis y/vê[Zd, e;os, nk;BK dh ftt;Ek tZy^tZy p"fXe ns/ wkBf;e PehsnK dk ftek; eoB d/ ftfPnK dh f;ybkJh fdZsh iKdh j?. feT[Afe T[go'es f;Zfynk dk gqpzX fJZe wkso fJ;soh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu jh ;zGt j?, fJ; bJh fJBQK dk ftek; ns/ gq;ko ehsk ik fojk j?.

2H fJ;soh^sZs B{z pDkJ/ oZyD dh dhfynk, f;Zfynk ns/ tksktoD dh ftt;Ek^fJ;soh dk fJ;soh^sZs T[; dh bZikPhbsk, e"wko ns/ ftBwosk gozs{ fBofGesk ftZu Pkfwb j[zdk j?. fJ ;G sK jh ;zGt j?, id'A T[jBK B{z fJ;soh :'fis eosZtK s'A ikD{ eokfJnk ikt/. Gksoh ;z;feqsh ftZu fJ;sohnK dh ;fEsh wjZstg{oD j?. T[j wksk (iBBh) j?, gsBh j?, G?D j?, g[Zsoh j?. T[jBK d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ;EkB s/ eh eosZt jB, eh nfXeko jB, T[jBK B{z ;wki ftZu fet/A fttjko eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z fJBQK rZbK dk frnkB eokT[Dk io{oh j?.

3H :'r, wkso, rqfjDh, gsBh ns/ ekoieosk pDkT[Dk^Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftZu wksk pkbe dh ;G s'A gfjbh nukfonk (r[o{) j[zdh j?. pkbe d/ ;z;ekoK B{z fBoXkfos eodh j? ns/ ;w{fue tksktoD, ;hy, bkbB^gkbB ns/ ;B/j d/ e/ T[; dk ;wkfie ns/ wB[Zyh ftek; eodh j?. rqfj;E ihtB ftZu fJ;soh wksk, rqfjDh ns/ gsBh^fszBK d/ o{g ftZu eosZt gkbB eodh j?. T[jBK dh ftt;Ek nfijh jh j't/ fe fJ;sohnK e[Pb wksk, rqfjDh, gsBh ns/ ;fj:'rh pD ;eD.

4H Xkofwesk, B?fsesk, ufoso^fBowkD ns/ PKsh^;EkgBk dk ;o's pDkT[Dk^Xkofwe GktBktK dk gq;ko eoe/ fJ;soh pkbeK dk B?fse nkuoD ;[Xkodh j?. T[j fdnk dh d/th j?, w[nkch^Phbsk T[; dk Xow j? T[j ;fjPD{, T[dko ns/ ;fjekoh j?. fJ;soh pkbeK ftZu :'r Bkrfoe d/ fJBQK r[DK dh ;EkgBk eodh j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok fJ;soh dk Xkofwe B?fse ns/ ufosoe wkor^doPB eoBk io{oh j?.

5H ;z;feqsh gq;ko dk ;o's pDkT[Dk^;wki ftZu tZy^tZy ;z;feqfse gqzgoktK, fJ;sohnK d[nkok jh ;z;Ekfgs j[zdhnK jB. fJj T[jBK dh oZfyne, g'Pe ns/ gq;koe jB. T[j gfotko s'A b? e/ ;wki d/ y/so ftZu nkgD/ fttjkoK d[nkok ;z;feqsh dk ftek; eoB ftZu :'r fdzdhnK jB. gfjBktk^ftfBnk;, ofjD^;fjD, Xkofwe gqEktK, ohsh^fotki, ;wkfie wkBsktk, wksGkPk^ftek; gfotkfoe f;Zfynk d[nkok ;wkiheoD d/ nkdoP g/P eoe/ T[j jh wod tod dk wkordoPB eodhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ftZu Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk ;wBt? eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[; ;z;feqsh dk gq;ko eoB dk T[ZsodkfJst fBotkj eo ;e/.



B'N 6H eko'pkoe, ihftek T[sgkdB ns/ ebk ftZu wjkosî/eo fe;h gfotko d/ eosZtK d/ fBotkj dh g{osh eoB d/ T[gozs fJ;soh d/ e'b S[ZNh dk ;wK pudk j? sK T[j T[; dk ;dT[g:'r eko'pkoe ns/ ihftek T[sgkdB d/ ekoiK d[nkok eo ;edh j?. fJ; soQK fJ;soh gfotko dh nkofEe ;fEsh ftZu Gkoh :'rdkB d/ ;edh j?. id'A fe;h gfotko dk w[yhnk BjhA ofjzdk sK gfotko d/ bkbB^gkbB dk Gko fJ;soh s/ jh nk iKdk j?. n;s{, fJ;soh iksh B{z ;Pes pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ f;Zfynkêqw ftZu T[g:'rh gkmeqw ;zi'Bk ukjhdk j?.

7H gqikszso dh ;[oZfynk ns/ rDszso ftZu ftPtk; oZyD dh GktBk dk gq;ko^pkbe dh f;ybkJh ns/ f;ybkJh dh ;G s'A gfjbh g'Vh gfotko j?. wksk^fgsk ns/ gfotko d/ b'e pkbe B{z Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk fdzd/ jB. i/eo fJ;soh gqikszso dhnK gqDkbhnK s'A ikD{ j? sK T[j nkgD/ xo dk tksktoD th gqikszso pDk ;edh j?. nfij/ tksktoD ftZu gbD tkb/ pkbe gqikszso ftZu n;kEk oZyD tkb/ ns/ T[; ftZu :'rdkB d/D tkb/ pD ;eDr/. fJ; bJh fJ;soh^f;Zfynk^gkmeqw ftZu Bkrfoesk dh f;Zfynk ns/ gqikszso d/ f;XKsK dh ikDekoh dk ;wkt/P eoBk ukjhdk j?.

8H nrtkJh ns/ T[ZsodkfJst dh ;woZEk dk ftek;^Gkosh fJ;soh B/ tZy^tZy y/soK ftZu wkordoPB ns/ nrtkJh ehsh j?. bZSwhpkJh (MK;h dh okDh), ;o'fiBh BkfJv{, J/Bh p/;/AN, ewbk Bfjo{, e;s{opk rKXh, fJzfdkok rKXh fijhnK ftd[Ph wfjbktK B/ :[ZXê"PbK, ;wkfie ;[Xko, okiBhfse ;[Xko ns/ nkofEe fB:'iB ftZu Gkoh :'r fdZsk j?. nZi th Gkos B{z nfijhnK B/sktK dh io{os j?. fJ; bJh nkX[fBe d[nkok ftfdnkoEDK B{z wodK d/ ;wkB ftek; dhnK ;[thXktK ns/ w"e/ d/ e/ jo/e y/so ftZu nrtkJh dh f;ybkJh d/Dh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb T[j :'r fue;e, :'r nfG:zsk, :'r nfXnkge ns/ ;wki ;[Xkoe pD e/ okPNo dh ;/tk eo ;e/

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' Gkosh ;z;feqsh ftZu wksk pkbe dh ;G s'A gfjbh nukfonk (r[o{) j[zdh j?.



1H ftfdne w"fenK dh ;wkBsk ftZu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH io{oh j?. 2H ;wki ftZu tZy^tZy ;z;feqfse gqzgoktK fJ;sohnK d[nkok jh HHHHHHHHHHHH j[zdhnK jB.

26H3 fpqfNP :[r ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk ftek; (Development of Women Education in British Period)

1H ;[szsosk g{ot ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK “p[v d/ x'PDk gZso” ftZu fJj ;z;s[sh ehsh rJh ;h fe fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ bJh, T[dkoskg{oD Yzr s'A ;jkfJsk nB[dkB d/ e/ gq's;kfjs ehsk ikt/. nkd/P gZso ftZu T[jBK ftneshnK dh ;okjBk ehsh rJh, fiBQK B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk B{z gq's;kfjs eoB d/ bJh XzB fdZsk ;h. Gkos ftZu fJ;soh^ f;Zfynk d/ bJh ;oek s'A g{oh ;jkfJsk gqkgs j'Dh ukjhdh j?. cb;o{g, BtfBofws f;Zfynk ftGkrK B/ eJh ;EkBK s/ pkfbektK d/ bJh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ tZb ;w{fus f;ybkJh dh ftt;Ek dh f;ckfoP ehsh. fJ; soQK ezgBh d[nkok ng/fyns fJ;soh^ f;Zfynk ftZu gqrsh nozG j'Jh.

2H 1882 ftZu fJ;sohnK d/ bJh jo soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK dh ;zfynk 2,697 ;B, fiBQK ftZu 1,27,666 ftfdnkoEDK f;Zfynk gqkgs eo ojhnK ;B. fiZE/ sZe pkfbektK dh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dk gqPB j? 1882 ftZu 1,27,666 f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB tkbhnK e[ZbQ



pkfbektK ftZu'A 1,24,491 pkfbektK gqkEfwe gkmPkbktK ftZu gVQ ojhnK ;B. fJ; ;w/A sZe Gkosh fJ;sohnK d/ bJh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dh io{os dk nB[Gt eo u[Ze/ ;B, gozs{ T[j wZXfwe ns/ T[Zuso f;Zfynk d/ gZy ftZu BjhA ;B.

3H fJ; ekb ftZu fJZe ftP/Psk fJj ;h fe fJ;sohnK gqkEfwe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nfXnkfgektK dk ekoi eoB d/ bJh f;Zfyn b? ojhnK ;B. 1882 ftZu ftfdnkoEDK^ nfXnkfgektK dh ;zfynk 515 ;B. f;ybkJh ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk d/ tZb ;G s'A gfjbK fwPBfonK B/ fXnkB fdZsk. fJBQK dk fBowkD eoB ftZu fwPBohnK d/ d' T[d/P ;B^

(i) fwPB pkfbek ftfdnkfbnK d/ bJh nfXnkfgektK B{z f;Zfyns eoBk. (ii) Xow gfotofss fJ;kJh fJ;sohnK B{z nfXnkfgektK pDk e/ T[jBK d/ ihftek

T[sgkdB dh ;wZf;nk B{z jZb eoBk. fwPB f;ybkJh ftfdnkb/ b'efgq: Bk pD ;e/. ;zGqks ftnesh nkgDhnK e[VhnK B{z T[ZE/ BjhA G/iDk ukj[zd/ ;B, feT[Afe pkJhpb gVQBk io{oh ;h. fwPB f;ybkJh ftfdnkfbnK d/ fJbktk d/P ftZu GkoshnK iK ;oeko d[nkok ;zukfbs fJZe th ftfdnkfbnk BjhA ;h. GkoshnK d/ d[nkok fJ; fdPk ftZu ekoi Bk ehs/ ikD dk ekoB ;h fe Gkosh ;wki ftZu nfijhnK f;Zfyns n"osK dh xkN ;h, fijVhnK gqXkB nfXnkfgektK d/ o{G ftZu ekoi eo ;eD. 1854 ftZu x'PDk^gZso ftZu nfXnkfgektK dh dhfynk d/ bJh nkd/P fdZs/ ikD s/ thj ;woko B/ fJ; gk;/ e'Jh edw BjhA T[mkfJnk ;h.

4H jzNo f;Zfynk nk:'r (1882) B/ Bkoh f;Zfynko B{z finkdk rshPhb pDkT[D d/ bJh io{oh ;[thXktK i[NkT[D dh rZb ejh. e[VhnK d/ bJh ezfBnk Bkowb ;e{bQ y'bD/, T[jBK dh ;zfynk tXkT[D B{z, gkmeqw B{z ;ob ns/ T[g:'rh pDkT[D s/ i'o d/ e/ nk:'r B/ fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ bJh BfoyeK dhnK fB:[eshnK eoB dk ;[Mkn fdZsk. fJ; nk:'r dh ;z;s[sh d/ nXko s/ ;oeko B/ fJ;soh f;ZfynkfbnK B{z nB[dkB d//Dk nozG ehsk. ;zBQ 1892 ftZu 5628 gqkEfwe ftfdnkb/ j' rJ/, fiBQK ftZu 4,47,470 ftfdnkoEDK d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek j' u[Zeh ;h.

5H ;zBQ 1901 ftZu fwPBohnK d/ tXd/ j'J/ gqGkt B{z d/y e/ nkfonk ;wki B/ f;Zfynk d/ ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A pkfbek f;Zfynk d/ bJh f;ZfynkfbnK dh ;EkgBk io{oh ;wMh. gqwZy e/AdoK ns/ BroK ftZu eJh ezfBnk gkmPkbktK ;Ekfgs ehsnK rJhnK. okPNoh nzd'bB d[nkok gqGkfts j' e/ nkfonk gqshfBXh ;Gk gzikp d/ sZstkXkB ftZu jfod[nko ns/ tfozdktB ftZu w[zfvnK d/ r[o{e[bK d/ Bkb^Bkb ezfBnk r[o{e[b th y'b/ rJ/. fJ;h ;w/A 1901 ftZu oftzdoBkE N?r'o B/ PKsh fBe/sB ftZu fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ftGkr dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h. ;zBQ 1904 ftZu Pqhwsh J/Bh p/;/AN B/ pBko; ftZu ;?ANob fjzd{ pkfbek ftfdnkfbnk dh ;EkgBk ehsh. ;zBQ 1882 s'A 1902 sZe pkfbek f;Zfynk dh gqrsh fBozso j[zdh ojh. fJ; ;w//A ekb ftZu gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ;G s'A finkdk T[Bsh j'Jh. 1882 ftZu nfXnB eoB tkbhnK pkfbektK dh ;zfynk 1,24,491 ;h. 1902 ftZu fJj 3,48,410 j' rJh. gqkEfwe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pkbeK ns/ pkfbektK d/ gkmeqw ftZu nzso ehsk frnk. ftfdnkoEDK B{z rfDs, G{r'b ns/ fJfsjk; d/ ;EkB s/ ;zrhs, fusoebk ns/ f;bkJh, eVQkJh dh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikD bZrh. ftP/P o{g s'A fjzdh fJ; dh T[g:'rsk ;wMD bZr/. gzfvs fJPto uzdo ftfdnk;kro ns/ nkroeo fij/ T[s;kjh ;wki ;[XkoeK B/ ezfBnk ftfdnkfbnK d/ fBowkD d/ bJh iBsk s'A XzB fJeZso eoB ftZu nEe :sB ehs/ ns/ d/P d/ ftfGzB GkrK ftZu pkfbek ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk eoe/ f;Zfynk gq;ko ftZu ;okjD:'r :'rdkB fdZsk.

6H r'gkb feqPB r'yb/ gfjb/ B/sk ;B, fiBQK B/ fpqfNP ;z;d ftZu Gkosh BkrfoeK d/ bJh io{oh f;Zfynk dh wzr ehsh. T[jBK dh d{odofPsk d/ ekoB r'yb/ ftX/ne (1911) gq;skfts j'fJnk. ;wkfie e[ohshnK, gqEktK ns/ godk gqEk d/ ekoB io{oh f;Zfynk B{z ngBkT[Dk, w[Pfeb ;h, fco T[jBK B/ ;oeko dk ;[MkfJnk fe T[j 6 s'A 10 ;kb sZe (uko ;kb) d/ bJh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk io{oh eo fdZsh ikt/. gfjbK pkbeK d/ bJh ns/

B'N



B'N pknd ftZu pkfbektK d/ bJh io{oh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/. fJj ftX/ne gk; BjhA j' ;fenk ns/ f;Zfynk io{ohgD rqfjD Bk eo ;eh. ;zBQ 1914 ftZu gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX fSVB d/ ekoB f;Zfynk dh gqrsh nto[X j' rJh. r'yb/ ftX/ne dh w[Zy rZbK fBwB fbys ;B^

(i) io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ nfXfB:w B{z T[jBK ;EkBh p'ovK d/ y/soK ftZu bkr{ ehsk ikt/, T[ZE/ d/ pZfunK dk fJZe fBPfus nozGe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu f;Zfynk gqkgs eo fojk j't/.

(ii) ;EkBe p'ov ;oeko dh g{ot ;thfeqsh gqkgs eoe/ fJ; nfXfB:w B{z bkr{ eo ;ed/ jB.

(iii) gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ you d/ bjh ;EkBe p'ov f;Zfynk eo brk ;ed/ jB. (iv) nfGGkteK d/ bJh 6 s'A 10 ;kb dZe dh T[wo d/ pkbeK B{z gqkEfwe

ftfdnkfbnK ftZu G/iDk io{oh j't/. i/eo T[j fJ; fB:w dk T[bzxB eoB sK T[jBK B{z dzv fdZsk ikt/.

(v) ekbKso ftZu pkfbektK d/ bJh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk io{o eo fdZsh ikt/. (vi) fi; nfGGkte dh nkwdB 10 o[gJ/ wjhBk s'A xZN j't/, T[; s'A f;Zfynk P[be

Bk fbnk ikt/. (vii) io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dk you Gk p'ovK ns/ ;oeko d[nko u[Zfenk ikt/,

;oeko ;zg{oD you dk 2$3 Gkr dJ/. fJ; B{z g/P eod/ j'J/ r'yb/ B/ nfs ftBwo Gkt s'A rtoBo iBob B{z ;zp'fXs eod/ j'J/ fejk^ PqhwkB ih, ;ko nzP ftZu ftX/ne fJj j?, “io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dk PqhrD/P eoB dk fJj bx{ ns/ s[ZS :sB j?.”

ftX/ne B{z iBws ;zrqfj d/ bJh ;EkBe ;oekoK, ftPtftfdnkfbnK ns/ e[ZM ftneshrs ;z;EktK d/ e'b G/fink frnk. 17 wkou, 1912 B{z ;Gk ftZu ftX/ne s/ tkd^fttkd nozG j'fJnk, d' fdB d/ ;zxoP d/ pknd 19 wkou, 1912 B{z fJ; B{z 13 t'NK d/ fto[ZX 38 t'NK s'A frok fdZsk frnk.

7H bkov eoiB d/ ;w/A ftZu ;zg{oD Gkos ftZu e/tb 4,24,000 e[VhnK ftfGzB soQK d/ ;e{bQk ftZu f;Zfynk rqfjD eo ojhnK ;B. fJ; ftZu'A bZr/ Gkt 1$3 n?Arb' fJzvhnB ns/ Gkosh fJ;kJh ;B. eoiB B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk B{z gq's;kfjs eoB dk fBPuk ehsk, gozs{ GkoshnK dh o{VQhtkdsk godk gqEk ns/ pkbftnkj gqEk nkfd w[PfebK ;kjwD/ nkJhnK. pkfbektK d/ bJh e[ZM nkdoP ftfdnkfbnK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ns/ T[jBK ftZu ;[:'r nfXnkfgektK dh fB:[esh eoe/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk B{z ft;Eko eoB dk wkor ngDkfJnk frnk.

8H f;Zfynk Bhsh ;zpzXh ;eoko gq;skt ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ tZb fXnkB fdZsk frnk. fJ; ftZu ;theko ehsk frnk fe GkoshnK dhnK ;wkfie gqEktK fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk ftZu o[ektN gkT[AdhnK jB. ;wki d/ fJBQK pzXBK B{z fso;efos eoe/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk gq;ko ehsk ikDk ;zGt BjhA j?. gqKsh ;oekoK B{z fbfynk frnk fe T[j ;EkBe ;wkfie go;fEshnK B{z nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ftZu oZy e/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk B{z gq's;kfjs eoB d/ bJh nkgDhnK :'iBktK G/iD. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ;oeko gq;skt ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; d/ bJh fBwB fbys ;XkoD f;XKs fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/^

(i) pkfbektK B{z ihtB T[:'rh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikt/ ns/ T[j nfijh j't/, fi; Bkb T[j ;wkfie ihtB ftZu nkgdk T[fus ;EkB rqfjD eo ;eD.

(ii) pkfbektK B{z pkbeK s'A fGzB f;Zfynk fdZsh ikt/ ns/ T[jBK ftZu gqhfynktK B[{z e'Jh wjZst BjhA fdZsk ikt/.

(iii) pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk ftZu f;js ftfrnkB dk ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk ikt/ ns/ ;EkBe ;wkfie tksktoD B{z fXnkB ftZu oZfynk ikt/.



(iv) pkfbek ftfdnkfbnK ftZu f;ybkJh ns/ BohyD dk ekoi eoB d/ bJh fJ;sohnK jh fB:[es ehshnK ikD.

;zBQ 1921 ftZu gqkEfwe ftfdnkfbnK ftZu gVQB tkbhnK pkfbektK dh ;zfynk 11,98,550 ;h, id'A fe 1910 ftZu fJj ;zfynk 3,48,510 ;h. fJ; ekb ftZu f;ybkJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu dhfynk tkbh ftfdnkoEDK dh ;zfynk ftZu j?okBhiBe tkXk j'fJnk. 1881 ftZu fJ; soQK dhnK ftfdnkoEDK dh ;zfynk 515, 1901 ftZu 1,412 ns/ 1921 ftZu 4,391 ;h. pzrkb ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk gq's;kfjs eoB d/ bJh 1907 ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk ;fwsh dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh.

9H “joNkr ;fwsh 1927” B/ pkfbek f;Zfynk ;zpzXh tZy^tZy fBwB ;z;shnK g/P ehshnK^

(i) Pkfbek ftfdnkfbnK d/ Bohy ;zpzXh BohyDeosktK dh ;zfynk tXkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

(ii) g/Av{ y/soK ftZu tZX s'A tZX pkfbek ftfdnkb/ ;Ekfgs eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. (iii) pfbektK d/ bJh rqfj ftfrnkB, ;zrhs, ebk, f;js ns/ gfouo:k dh f;Zfynk

ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. 10H 1921 s'A 1937 sZe pkfbek f;Zfynk ftZu ftneshrs ns/ ;oeko :sBK d[nkok T[Bsh

j'Jh 1929 ftZu niw/o “joftbk; Pkodk” d[nkok „pkb ftnkj‟ gq;skfts ftX/ne d[nkok pkb ftnkj s/ o'e brkJh rJh ns/ „Pkodk nfXfB:w 1929‟ dk fBowkD ehsk frnk. fJ; fB:w d[nkok xZN T[wo dhnK pkfbektK B{z f;Zfynk rqfjD eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk. fJ;sohnK B{z wsdkB dk nfXeko fwfbnk. T[go'es ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;[XkoK d[nkok fJ;soh iksh ftZu nksw;zBwkB ikfrqs j'fJnk. fJzBk jh BjhA fJ;sohnK B/ 1926 ftZu „nfyb Gkosh wfjbk ;zx‟ dk fBowkD ehsk ns/ 1927 ftZu nfyb Gkosh fJ;soh f;Zfynk ;zw/bB nk:'fis ehsk, fi; ftZu T[jBK B/ wodK d nB[o{g tZy^tZy soQK dh f;Zfynk dh nfXekfoDh j'D dh wzr dk Bkok p[bzd ehsk.

11H 1937 s'A 1947 sZe ftP/P o{g s'A fJ;soh f;Zfynk ftZu s/i gqrsh j'Jh. d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ d{okB Gkos d/ ftfGzB ;oekoh ftGkrK ns/ tgkoe dcsoK ftZu f;Zfyns ftneshnK dh wzr tXh. cb;o{g eJh fJ;sohnK T[jBK ftZu ekoi eoB bZrhnK. B"eoh eoB Bkb fJ;sohnK B/ fi; nkofEe ;[szsosk nBzd dk T[g:'r ehsk, T[; ftZu T[jBK B{z f;Zfynk rqfjD eoB dh finkdk gq/oDk gqkgs j'Jh. :[ZX ekb ftZu wfjzrkJh finkdk j' ikD d/ ekoB wZXw tor d/ ftnesh nkofEe ;zeN ftZu ;B. fJ; bJh T[jBK ftZu'A fijV/ T[dko ftuko d/ ;B T[jBK B/ nkgDhnK fJ;sohnK B{z xo s'A pkjo ik e/ B"eoh eoB ftZu fe;h soQK dh Pze BjhA ehsh. fJ; gfotofss fdqPNhe'D B/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ T[B:B ftZu nfs :'r fdZsk. 1947 ftZu fJ;sohnK d/ bJh ;XkoD ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk d/ bJh 16,951 ;z;EktK ;B, fiBQK ftZu 3,55,05,503 e[VhnK f;Zfynk dk bkG T[mk ojhnK ;B.



3H fJ;soh iksh B{z pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?^ (T) ;Pes (n) n;Pes (J) f;Zfyns (;) nf;Zfyns

4H pkbe dh f;ybkJh ns/ f;Zfynk dh ;G s'A gfjbh g'Vh j?^ (T) gfotko (n) gqDkbh (J) wksk (;) fgsk

5H ;zBQ 1882 ftZu fJ;sohnK d/ bJh jo soQK d/ ftfdnkfbnK dh ;zfynk ;h^ (T) 3500 (n) 2697 (J) 3697 (;) 4000

6H f;Zfynk Bhsh ;zpzXh gq;skt ftZu fXnkB fdZsk frnk^ (T) fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ tZb (n) wod f;Zfynk d/ tZb (J) wfjzrkJh d/ tZb (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

B'N



B'N 26H4 ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;soh f;Zfynk (Women Education After Independence) Gksoh ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d ftZu fbfynk j? fe fe;h th Bkrfoe d/ Bkb fbzr d/ nXko s/ G/dGkt BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. Gkosh ;zftXkB dh Xkok 15 d/ nB[;ko, oki fe;h th Bkrfoe d/ fto[ZX e/tb Xow, iksh, fbzr, iBw ;EkB iK fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h d/ nXko s/ e'Jh G/d BjhA eo/rk. ;oeko B/ Bkoh T[EkB d/ bJh Pqhwsh i:zsh gNBkfJe dh gqXkBrh ftZu B?PBb ewhPB nkc thw/B dh ;EkgBk ehsh. nfijh T[whd ehsh rJh fe fJ;sohnK d/ T[EkB d/ bJh ewhPB fJZe uzrk n;so ;kfps j't/rk.

;[szsosk d/ pknd fJs;soh f;Zfynk d/ ;zdoG ftZu nk:'rK ns/ ;fwshnK B/ fBwB ekoi ehs/^

1H okXkfeqPDB ewhPB (1948^49)^fJ;soh f;Zfynk s/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ fejk fe “f;Zfyns ekoiK dh fpBK f;Zfyns ftnesh BjhA j' ;ed/.” fJ; nk:'r B/ fJ;soh d/ ftek; ;zpzXh e[ZM ;[Mkn fdZs/^

(i) Bkoh B{z tXhnk^wksk ns/ tXhnk^rqfjDh pDkT[D dh f;Zfynk fdZsh ikt/. (ii) fJ;sohnK d/ bJh f;Zfynk ;[thXktK dk ft;sko ehsk ikt/. (iii) fJ;sohnK B{z rqfj gqpzX nfXnB dh gq/oDk ns/ w"e/ fdZs/ ikD. (iv) nfXnkfgektK B{z ;wkB ekoiK d/ bJh j'o nfXnkgeK d/ pokpo sBykj fdZsh

ikt/. (v) nfijk gkmeqw pDkfJnk ikt/, fijVk pkfbektK B{z ;wki ftZu ;wkB ;ekB d/

;e/. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd okPNoh ;oeko B/ Bkoh f;Zfynk d/ gq;ko d/ bJh finkdk T[s;kj dk gqdoPB ehsk. Bt/A ;zftXkB dk T[d/P Gkos ftzu fJZe nfij/ ;zftXkB dh ;zouBk eodh j?, fijVk BkrfoeK B{z fpBK Xow, iksh iK fbzr G/d d/ fBnk ns/ ;wkBsk s/ nXkfos j't/. fJ;h bJh ;oeko d[nkok fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ bJh gqGktPkbh edw T[mkJ/ rJ/. ;kb 1949^50 d/ gqkEfwe ;e{bQk ftZu pkfbektK dh ;zfynk dk gqshPs f;oc 28 ;h.

2H :'iBk nk:'r^gfjbh gzi ;kbk :'iB^fJ; ekb ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk B{z ftek; ;zpzXh Nhuk fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/ T[; d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;e{bQ ftZu ikD tkbh 6^11 ;kb T[wo tor dh pkfbektK dh ;zfynk dk gqshPs ;kb 1955^56 ftZu 40 gqshPs sZe gj[zu frnk i'fe ;kb 1950^51 ftZu f;oc 3 gqshPs ;h. :'iBk nk:'r d[nkok pj[s finkdk fgSVh pkfbektK ns/ n"osK B{z f;Zfynk gqdkB ehs/ ikD dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh io{oh Nhuk fBoXkfos ehs/ ns/ ftfGzB ;wkfie ;z;EktK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb T[jBK B{z f;Zfyns eoB ;zpzXh g{o/ :sB ehs/ rJ/.

fJ; ntXh ftZu pkfbek f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dh ;zfynk 61 bZy s'A tZX e/ 81 bZy j' rJh. fJ; ;zfynk ftZu nqfsnkfPs tkX/ d/ ekoB pkfbektK dk ;fjf;Zfynk ftZu dkfybk b?Dk ;h. e/tb pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk d/D tkbhnK ;z;EktK dh ;zfynk fJ; ;w/A d"okB 16H814 sZe gj[zu rJh id'A fe nfXnB ;zpzXh pkfbektK dh ;zfynk fJ; ntXh ftZu eqw nB[;ko 64H7 bZr s'A 93 bZy sZe gj[zu rJh, i'fe brGr 42H6 gqshPs ;h.

;kb 1951^1956 :'iBk ekb ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ;zpzXh ;oeko d[nkok gkfos ekB{zBK dk PkdhP{dk fizdrh ftZu wX[osk ns/ ;wo;sk pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh 1955 ftZu pfDnk “fjzd{ ftnkj nfXfB:w 1952 ftZu pfDnk ftP/P ftnkj nfXfB: w[Zy j?, fi; ftZu nzsoiksh ftnkj B{z t?X x'fPs ehsk frnk ns/ to ns/ ezfBnk d/ ftnkj dh fBT{Bsw T[wo 21 s/ 18 ;kb fBPfus ehsh rJh. 1954 ftZu :{HihH;hH fpb ;z;d ftZu g/P ehsk frnk sK fw; i?Pqh ns/ Pqh vhH Powk B/ n"osK B{z th wodK



d/ ;wkB jh ftfdne ;[thXktK T[gbpX eokT[D s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk. T[jBK B/ fejk fe wodK d/ ;wkB fJ;sohnK B{z th ftfdnkfbnK ftZu dkfybk, nfXnkgeK dh Gosh nkfd ;ko/ gfjb{nK s/ ;wkB o{g s'A Bkfws ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

d{ih gzi ;kbk :'iBk^fJ; ekb ftZu fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk frnk. fJ; :'iBk ekb ftZu nfXnkgeK B{z f;ybkJh ;zpzXh ftP/P ftt;Ek ehsh rJh, feT[Afe n"os f;Zfyn dh xkN ftZu f;Zfynk dk ftek; mhe soQK Bkb BjhA gk fojk ;h. fJ; :'iBk ftZu g/Av{ y/soK ftZu ofjD tkbhnK fJ;sohnK d/ bJh wekB nkfd dhnK ;[thXktK fdZs/ ikD s/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk frnk. pkfbektK B{z f;Zfynk d/ bJh tihc/ ns/ ftfGzB okiK ftZu fJ;sohnK B{z fBwB fbys nB[dkB gqdkB ehs/ ikD dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh^

(i) g/Av{ y/soK ftZu fJ;soh nfXnkgeK d/ bJh fBP[be ntk;h ftt;Ek. (ii) ;e{bK ftZu nkfJnK dh fB:[esh ;zpzXh. (iii) f;Zfynk f;ybkJh ;zpzXh fJ;soh nfXnkgeK B{z tihc/ gqdkB eoBk. (iv) foco/Po e'o; dh ftt;Ek.

fJ; :'iBk ekb ftZu ;oeko d[nkok gk; ekB{z fjzd{ wkJhB'foNh n?Av rkofiUBfPg n?eN (nbgftn;esk ns/ nfGGktesk nfXfB:w) 1956 ftZu pfDnk. fJ; fB:w B/ fJ;soh d/ ftek; ftZu ;fj:'r ehsk.

3H okPNoh fJ;soh f;Zfynk ;fwsh (1958)^fJ; B{z d[orkpkJh d/Pw[y ;fwsh d/ Bkw Bkb th iDd/ jB. fJ;soh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P fXnkB d/D d/ T[d/P Bkb d[orkpkJh d/Pw[y dh gqXkBrh ftZu ;fwsh rfms ehsh rJh, fi; dk T[d/P fJ;soh f;Zfynk dhnK ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eoB d/ ;[Mkn d/Dk ;h. 1959 ftZu ;fwsh B/ fBwB fbys ;[Mkn g/P ehs/^

(i) e[ZM ;kbK sZe pkfbek f;Zfyn d/ tZb ftP/P fXnkb d/D dh io{os ns/ fJ;sohnK d/ bJh nbZr s'A gqPk;fBe ftt;Ek th ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

(ii) g/Av{ y/soK ftZu fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ;zpzXh nBw'dB ehs/ ikD dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

(iii) T[gbpX, XzBokPh dk T[g:'r pkfbektK d/ fwfvb ns/ wZXfwe ;so d/ ftfdnkb/ nfXnkge f;ybkJh, ;e{bK, ftfdnkoEh fBtk; ns/ fJ;soh nfXnkfgektK ;zpzXh ftfdnkoEh fBtk; pDkJ/ ikD d/ io{oh o{g s'A ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(iv) okiK ftZu pkfbektK ns/ fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh oki gfoPdK dk fBowkD ehsk ikt/.

(v) pkbe ns/ pfbek f;Zfynk d/ bJh ftPwsk B{z ibd ysw ehsk ikt/. 4H okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh 1986^fJBQK ftZu fBwB fbys T[gkn ;[MkJ/ rj/^

(i) pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh dkfyb/ dk fBowkD eoBk. (ii) n"gukfoe ns/ nDn"gukfoe d'jK soQK dh f;Zfynk d/ bJh ;[thXktK tXkT[Dk. (iii) toswkB ekoieow dk ftek; ns/ eJh ;jkfJsk ekoieow B{z nozG ehsk ikt/,

f; Bkb pkfbektK dk ;so tXkfJnk ik ;e/. (iv) io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh nB[g{oe gkmeqw fsnko eoBk. (v) fBonZyo fJ;sohnK d/ bJh :[ZX ;so s/ ekoi eoe/ fBonZyosk d{o eoB d/

T[gkn ehs/ ikD, T[; B{z ;t? ;/th ;zrmB, ;zg{oD wB[Zyh Pesh dk ;fj:'r fbnk ikt/.

5H gq'c/;o okww{osh ;fwsh (1991)^pkfbek f;Zfynk s/ fJ; d/ ;[Mkn fBwB fbys jB^

(i) nfXnkfgektK dh tZX s'A tZX fB:[esh ehsh ikt/.

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B'N (ii) ftfdnkfbnK ftZu g'PD, f;js ns/ pkb ftek; dk ;wkt/P ehsk ikt/. (iii) ftfGzB ;soK s/ n"os y'i e/AdoK dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikt/. (iv) fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ bJh nbZr s'A XzB dk gqktXkB ehsk ikt/. (v) tihfcnK, w[cs gkm g[;sek dh tzv ns/ j'o gq's;kjB findk s'A finkdk fdZs/

ikD. 6H BkwKeB (Enrolment) ftZu tkX/ dhnK :'iBktK^pkfbektK d/ BkwKeB ftZu tkXk eoB

d/ T[d/P s'A ;oeko d[nkok ftfGzB ftfGzB dhnK :'iBktK bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK. ;kb 1978^79 ftZu 6 s'A 14 ;kb d/ tor d/ pZfunK ftZu BkwKeB Bk eokT[D tkbhnK e[VhnK dh ;zfynk 66 gqshPs ;h.

7H okPNoh ;fwsh dk rmB (Organisation of National Committee)^Gkos ;oeko d[nkok fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh rfms okPNoh ;fwsh B/ 1974 ftZu nkgDh 13thA ftZu fBwB fbys f;coPK ehshnK^

(i) e/Ado d[nkok oki ;oekoK ns/ ;tkfJs ;/tk ;z;EktK B{z nB[dkB d/ o{g ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk ftek; ;zpzXh ftP/P XzBokPh gqdkB ehsh ikt/.

(ii) e[VhnK d/ BkwKeB ftZu tkX/ ;zpzXh ftP/P ;[thXktK T[gbpX eokJhnK ikD. (iii) fJ;sohnK B{z f;Zfynk^f;ybkJh e'o; d/ d[nkok gqdkB ehsh ikt/. (iv) ;EkBe fJ;sohnK B{z nfXnkge d/ o{g ftZu ekoi eoB ;zpzXh gq/fos eoB dk

:sB ehsk ikt/. (v) nfijhnK pkfbektK d/ bJh fijVhnK ftukb/ jh nkgDh gVQkJh SZv fdzdhnK

jB, nfijk gkmeqw fsnko eoBk ukjhdk j?, fi; B{z T[j nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk d/ o{g ftZu rqfjD eo ;eD.

(vi) fJ;soh nfXnkgeK d/ bJh PfjoK ns/ BroK ftZu ;Nkc etkNo; pDkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ T[jBK B{z ;[oZfynk gqdkB ehs/ ikD dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

e/Ado ;oeko B/ d/fynk fe finkdkso fJ;sohnK j[D th ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe n;wkBsktK s'A gqGkfts jB, gozs{ fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ bJh pDkJhnK rJhnK :'iBktK mhe soQK s'A bkr{ BjhA j' gkJhnK ns/ pkfbektK d/ ihtB ns/ f;Zfynk ftZu e'Jh ;ekokswe gqrsh Bk j' ;eh.

8H Gkosh fJ;sohnK d/ ftfdne ;so ;zpzXh ;fwsh dh fog'oN^18 wJh, 1975 B{z fJj fog'oN oki ;Gk d/ gNb s/ oZyh rJh. fJ; s/ p'bd/ j'J/ ssekbhB f;Zfynk wzsoh j;B B/ fejk^“fgSb/ 28 ;kbK ftZu fJ;sohnK dh dPk ftZu ftnkge ;[Xko nkfJnk j?. T[jBK B{z fJ;sohnK B/ g{oh ;[oZfynk d/ Bkb^Bkb eJh ftfdne :'iBktK ftZu th ;fjGkrh pDkfJnk j? ns/ wkgdzv th T[jBK dh gqrsh ftZu ;jkfJe j'J/ jB.”

pj; ftZu Gkr b?Ad/ j'J/ ssekbhB gqXkB wzsoh Pqhwsh fJzdhok rKXh B/ fejk fe, “fe;h th ;wki dk ;so T[ZE'A dhnK fJ;sohnK d/ ;so s'A nKfenk iKdk j?. fJ;sohnK nZi th wod gqXkB ;wki ftZu ofj ojhnK jB.” T[jBK B{z iBW s'A b? e/ ihtB Go jo y/so ftZu fJ; wkBf;e ePN s'A r[ioBk g?Adk j?, Gkt/A T[j f;Zfynk dk y/so j't/ iK ;wki ftZu ofjD dh rZb. n"osK dk fBwB ;so iK T[jBK B{z ftek; dh xZN ;[thXktK T[gbpX eokT[Dk ;wki B{z ftebKr pDk fdzdk j?. ;z;d ftZu fJ;sohnK dh dPk dh ;jh s;tho g/P eod/ j'J/ okik d/PgKv/ B/ fejk fe, “fJj ;kb fJ;soh ;kb j?. w?A ikDB ukjKrh fe ;oeko fJ;sohnK d/ pko/ ftZu ;'u ojh j?. i/eo s[jvk T[Zso fJj j? fe s[;hA T[jBK wodK d/ ;wkB jh ;so gqdkB eo oj/ j' sK w?A s[jkv/ gqsh nGkoh jK. w?A d/fynk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ ;EkBK s/ nfij/ ;e{bQ, j';Nb jB, fiZE/ pkfbektK ;t? ofje/ gVQ^fby ;edhnK jB, gozs{ i/eo fgzvK ftZu n;hA pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk d/ pko/ ftZu d/yhJ/ sK ;fEsh g{oh soQK T[bN j?. T[Ze/ pkfbektK B{z ftfdnkb/ G/iDk fe;h s/ T[geko ;wMd/ jB. ;kB{z fJj ;fEsh pdbBh j't/rh. nfij/ ftZu ;kB{z



ftfdnkb/ ns/ tihfcnK dh ;zfynk B{z tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?, fiZE/ pkfbektK B{z ;[thXktK T[gpX j'D. ftP/P o{g s'A fJ; wfjbk ;kb ftZu ;kB{z pkfbektK dh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P fXnkB d/D dh io{os j?.”

9H okPNoh fJ;soh nk:'r (National Women Commission)^;zBQ 1990 ftZu fJ;soh nk:'r nfXfB:w gk; ehsk frnk. fJ; ftZu fJZe gqXkB, fJZe ;fus ns/ gzi g{oD w?Apo ;B. fJj nk:'r 31 iBtoh, 1992 s'A gqGkth j'fJnk. fJ; nk:'r B{z fBwB ekoi ;"Ag/.

(i) fJ;sohnK B{z ekB{zBh ;[oZfynk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. T[jBK B{z ekoro Yzr Bkb bkr{ eoB d/ bJh ;[MkT[Dk.

(ii) fJ;sohnK B{z gqGkfts eoB tkb/ ekB{zBK ftZu ewh, nDio{oh iK so[Nh s/ ;zP'XB ;[Mkn d/Dk.

(iii) fJ;sohnK dhnK fPekfJsK s/ fXnkB d/Dk ns/ fiZE/ ekB{zBK dk T[bzxB j[zdk j?. B{z ;zpzXs nfXekoh sZe gj[zukT[Dk.

(iv) fJ;sohnK B{z nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ftek; d/ bJh :'iBktK pDkT[D d/ bJh gqfefonk ftZu Gkr b?Dk.

(v) ;[Xko rqfjK, i/bQykfBnK s/ j'o ;EkBK s/ T[jBK d/ g{Bo ntk; ns/ dPk ;[XkoB d/ pko/ ftZu f;ckfoPK eoBk.

10H nk:'r B/ 7^8 neN[po, 1992 B{z pkfbektK Bkb pbkseko ftP/ s/ fJZe ;zr'Pmh nk:'fis ehsh ;h, fi; ftZu fxoDk:'r ngokX dhnK xNBktK dh o'eÊkw d/ T[gkfJnK s/ ftuko ehsk frnk ;h. wkou 1993 ftZu fJb/eNo'fBe whvhnk d/ bJh fJ;soh gfogq/y s/ r'Pmh j'Jh, fi; Bkb ;wkuko^gZsoK s/ w{dfos ;wZroh d/ pko/ ftZu ikro[esk g?dk eoBk ;h.

fJ;soh ns/ wodK dk ;kyosk gqshPs

T[go'es ;{uh s'A ;gPN j? fe fiZE/ 1951 ftZu 7H9 gqshPs fJ;sohnK ;kyo ;B. 50 ;kbK pknd 2001 ftZu 54H16 gqshPs n"osK dh izB;zfynk jh ;kyo j' ;ehnK Gkt nZXhnK fJ;sohnK j[D sZe fBonZyo jB.

B'N





7H Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d ftZu fbfynk j? fe fe;h th Bkrfoe d/ Bkb fbzr d/ nXko s/ G/dGkt BjhA ehsk ikt/rk.

8H d{ih gzi ;kbk :'iBk ftZu fJ;sohnK dh f;Zfynk s/ ftP/P fXnkB BjhA fdZsk frnk. 9H Pqhwsh fJzdhok rKXh d/ nB[;ko, fe;h th ;wki dk ;so T[ZE'A dhnK fJ;sohnK d/

;so s'A nKfenk iKdk j?. 10H ;zBQ 1990 ftZu fJ;soh nk:'r nfXfB:w gk; ehsk frnk ;h.

26H5 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk gqPk;B ns/ fB:zsoD (Administration and Control of Women Education) Gkos ftZu f;Zfynk okiK d/ T[ZsodkfJst dk ftPk j?. fJ; dk ftek; okiK B{z jh eoBk j[zdk j?. e/Adoh ;oeko okiK B{z jo ;kb ftek;kswe nB[dkB fdzdh j?. fJ; soQK gqkEfwe ;so s'A T[Zu f;Zfynk ;so sZe fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ftfdnkb/ uko gqPk;eK d/ fB:zsoD ftZu jB^

(i) e/Adoh ;oeko d/ gqPk;B, (ii) oki ;oeko d/ gqPk;B, (iii) ;EkBe gfoPdK d/ gqPk;B, (iv) Ftneshrs iK ;wkfie gqPk;B.

e/Adoh ;eoko fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dh e'Jh gqEe ftt;Ek BjhA eodh. T[j fJ; f;Zfynk B{z th f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh soQK ftt;fEs eodh j?, gozs{ okPNoh fJ;soh f;Zfynk gfoPd s/ T[j ftfPPN nk:'r iK ;fwsh fB:[es eoe/ T[; dh ;fEsh dk ;ot/yD eok b?Adh j?. fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ ftek; dh ;z;s[shnK ;theko eoe/ fJZe okPNo ftnkgh Bhsh pDk b?Adh j?, fijVh oki ;oekoK B{z d/ fdZsh iKdh j?. oki ;oekoK T[; Bhsh dk gkbD eoe/ fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk Nhuk gqkgs eodhnK jB.

oki ;oekoK gqd/P ftZu f;Zfynk ftGkr ;jkfJsk Bkb ;ko/ ;soK dh f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek, gqPk;B fB:zsoD eodhnK jB. gqd/P dh wZXfwe f;Zfynk dk ;zukbB f;Zfynk ftGkr (gqKsh) eodk j?. f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek d/ bJh gqd/P d/ f;Zfynk ftGkr ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk fBd/Pe T[ZsodkJh j[zdh j?. fJ;sohnK f;Zfynk fBd/Pe nkgDh ;jkfJsk bJh wzvb dh ;hwk fBoXkfos eoe/ „ftfdnkfbnK dh Bohyek‟ dh fB:[esh eokT[Adh j?. fJZe wzvb d/ ;ko/ ezfBnk ftfdnkfbnK dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek Pk;fBe ns/ nkofEe T[ZsodkfJst T[go'es Bohye d/ wkfXnw d[nkok g{ok j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ;so sZe d'jo/ Pk;B ftZu ofjzdh j?. gqPk;fBE ns/ fB:zsoD dh fdqPNh s'A jh ;edh j?. ;z;EktK ftZu wod ftfdnokEh ftfdnkfbnK d/ ;wkB fibQk ftfdnkb/ Bohye d/ nkd/PK dk gkbD eodk j?l ns/ d{i/ gk;/ nkofEe ns/ ftt;Ekge fB:zsoD dh fdqPNh s'A T[jBK B{z fibQ/ dh ;fj^Bohye d/ nkd/P dk th gkbD eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; Bkb fJ;soh^f;Zfynk d/ ftek; ftZu d'joh o[ektN T[sgzB j[zdh j?.

1958 JhH ftZu e/Adoh ;oeko B/ „okPNoh Bkoh ;fwsh‟ d/ fB:[esh ehsh ;h ns/ ;[Mkn nB[;ko 1959 JhH ftZu „okPNoh fJ;soh f;Zfynk gfoPd‟ dk rmB ns/ fB:[esh ehsh rJh. fJ; ftZu ;[Mkn fdZsk frnk fe e/Adoh^f;Zfynk wzsokfbnk ftZu fJZe gqEe fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ftGkr y[Zb/ fijVk fe ftek; dh :'iBk ns/ ekoieow ns/ Bhsh fBoXkfos eo/. fJ; soQK okiK ftZu th f;Zfyn d/ nB[;ko fJ;soh^f;Zfynk T[gftGkr ;Ekfgs ehsk ikt/ n/s ;z:[es f;Zfynk fBd/PeK dh fB:[esh ehsh ikt/. fJZe „fJ;soh^f;Zfynk ;bkjdksoh ;fwsh‟ pDk e/ oki Go d/ bJh fJZe fJ;soh^fJ;soh f;Zfynk dh Bhsh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJj :'iBk e/Adoh ;oeko d/ ftuko nXhB j?.



Nk;e ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;soh f;Zfynk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

B'N

26H6 fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum of Women Education)

n;b ftZu, fJ;soh^f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy T[d/P fJ;sohnK B{z :'r rqfjDh, :'r wksk pDkT[Dk jh j?. fJ;d/ fJbktk T[j Gkos d/ ;XkoD BkrfoeK dh soQK wodK d/ ;wkB nkgD/ nfXekoK dk fBotkj eo ;edhnK jB. Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu fJ;sohnK B{z wodK d/ ;wkB jh nfXeko gqkgs jB.

;ko/ f;Zfynk nk:'rK B/ nkgDhnK ;z;shnK ftZu fejk j? fe fJ;sohnK d/ bJh wodK d/ ;wkiB gkmeqw ns/ gqEe ftfPPN gkmeqw fBoXkfos eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftfPPN gkmeqw ftZu rqfj^ noEPk;so ns/ rqfj gqpzX fij/ ftP/, bfbs ebktK, ;zrhs, fuZsoebk ns/ Bku nkfd j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

e'mkoh nk:'r B/ ;[Mkn fdZsk j? fe fJ;sohnK B{z fJ;soh nk:'fis gkmeqw io{o fwbD/ ukjhd/ jB gozs{ T[j fJ; rZb ftZu ;[szso j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB fe T[j fe; gkmeqw dh u'D eodhnk jB. T[jBK s/ rqfj^gqpzX ns/ rqfj^noEPk;so bZfdnk BjhA ikDk ukjhdk. jkJh;e{bQ ;so sZe rqfj^ftfrnkB ;zpzX d/ wkfXnw d[nkok rqfj^ftt;Ek ikDB io{oh j?. fJ; ;so sZe fJBQK ftfPnK B{z io{oh eo ;edk j?.

T[Zu wZXfwe ;so ns/ T[Zu f;Zfynk ;so s/ T[jBK fJ;oshnK d/ bJh xo ftZu ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fijVhnK fB:fws o{g s'A f;Zfynk rqfjD BjhA eo ;edhnK, fJ; d/ bJh „gZso ftt;Ek‟ ns/ „;/tk ekbhB‟ f;Zfynk ftt;Ek T[fus oj/rh. fJ;sohnK B{z ftneshrs o{g s'A p?mB dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. wodK d/ gkmeqw rqfjD eoe/ fJ;sohnK th e[ZM e[Pb fufes;e, :'r nfG:zsk, B/sk ns/ ;wki ;[Xkoe pD ;edhnK jB. fJ; soQK T[jBK B{z jo/e ekoi eoB dh g{oh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 26H7 ;ko nzP (Summary)

Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d ftZu fbfynk j? fe fe;h th Bkrfoe d/ Bkb fbzr d/ nXko s/ G/dGkt BjhA ehsk ikt/rk. Gksoh ;zftXkB dh Xkok 15 d/ nB[;ko, oki fe;h Bkrfoe d/ fto[ZX e/tb Xow, iksh, fbzr, iBw ;EkB iK fJBQK ftZu'A fe;h d/ nXko s/ e'Jh G/d BjhA eo/rk. ;oeko B/ Bkoh T[ZEkB d/ bJh Pqhwsh i:zsh gNBkfJe dh gqXkBrh ftZu B?PBb ewhPB nkc thw/B dh ;EktBk ehsh. nfijh T[whd ehsh rJh fe fJ;sohnK d/ T[EkB d/ bJh ewhPB fJZe uzrk n;so ;kfps j't/rk. 26H8 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H f;Zfynk dk ftek; (Development of Education) L f;Zfynk dk c?bkn

2H ;wkBsk (Equality) L ;wkB j'D dk Gkt 26H9 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H fbzr ;wkBsk s'A eh noE j?< ;gPN eo'. 2H fpqfNP :[r ftZu fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; s/ fNZgDh eo'. 3H ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJ;soh f;Zfynk dk toDB fdU. 4H fJ;soh f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.




1H fbzr dh ;wkBsk 2H ;z;Ekfgs 3H (T) 4H (T)



p[e;









fJekJh^27 L t?PtheoD L XkoDk ns/ ;wekbhB go;fEsh ftZu fJ; dh gq;zfresk

fJekJh^27L t?PtheoD L XkoDk ns/ ;wekbhB go;fEsh ftZu fJ; dh gq;zfresk

(Globalization : Concept and its Relevance in

Contemporary Situation)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


27H1 nkofEe t?PtheoD (Economic Globalization)

27H2 t?PtheoD d/ gqGkt (Impact of Globalization)

27H3 okPNotkd pBkw t?Pftetkd (Nationalism Versus Globalization)

27H4 ;zuko eqKsh ns/ t?PtheoD (Communication Revolution and Globalization)

27H5 t?PtheoD dk tkje L wZXw tor (Middle Class : Carrier of Globalization)





T[d/P (Objectives)


nkofEe t?PtheoD d/ pko/ ftZu ikDB ;zpzXh.

t?PtheoD d/ gqGkt B{z ikDB ;zpzXh.

;zuko eqKsh ns/ t?PtheoD ikDB ;zpzXh.

;z;feqfse pj[btkd ikDB ;zzpzXh.


t?PtheoD nZi dh fJZe ;ZukJh j?. fJ; gqfefonk d[nkok wB[ZyhîhtB d/ ;ko/ gZy gqGkfts j' oj/ jB. fJ; gqfefonk d[nkok Xow, ;z;feqsh ns/ okPNo B{z u{D"sh fwb ojh j?. nZi dh T[dk;hBsk ftPfte ftt;Ek B/ Xow, ;z;feqsh ns/ okPNo B{z g{Borfms eoB ;zpzXh ;'uD s/ wip{o eo fdZsk j?. ;wkiK ns/ ;w[dkfJnK dh nkofEe rshftXhnK ns/ Pesh d/ ;zpzXK B{z th g{Bo;z:'fis eoB ;zpzXh fJ; gqfefonk B/ wip{o ehsk j?.

t?PtheoD fJZe d'Xkoh sbtko j?. fJZe gk;/ t?PtheoD B/ T[s;kjiBe ;zGktBktK T[g;fEs ehshnK jB. d{i/ gk;/ t?PtheoD d[nkok nG{sg{ot d[odPktK B{z th T[g;fEs ehsk ik fojk j?. t?PtheoD d[nkok gzEfBogZy ns/ T[dko ;z;feqsh s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. fJj d/Ph ns/ nzso^ okPNoh ;zpzXK d/ ftZu fJZe ePNdkfJe ;zpzX T[sgzB eodk j?.

t?PtheoD fJZe ifNb gqfefonk j?. fJ; ftZu nkofEe, ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ ;z;feqfse



B'N ;zpzXK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok d[BhnK pj[s finkd nzso;zpzXs j' ojh j?. fJ; ftZu t?Pfte nzso;zpzXsk dk s/iheoD, nzd'bBK ns/ fwPoD d[nkok gfog{oD ftPt dh dbhb, ;zpzX n/s ;zgoe, fuo;EkJh ;z;feqse nzsofefonk ns/ ftfB:w s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?.

fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;w/A ns/ d{oh d/ ;zpzX ftZu d[BhnK ;[zrV ojh j?. gfoPefos ssekfbe ;zukoK ns/ s/i :ksk:ks ns/ gfotjB B/ fJ; gqfefonk dh s/ih B{z j'o finkdk tXkfJnk j?. t?Ptheod B{z fJZe gqshekswe ;o{g ftZu gqfsPfms ehsk ik fojk j?, fi; ftZu gfotosBPhb d[BhnK ftZu wB[Zy pDB dk fJZe BtK sohek T[gbpX eokT[D dh tekbs ehsh ik ojh j?. t?PtheoD okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktK B{z bzxdk j?. fJj ;wkBK d/ gqtkj, g{zih, bkG, ;{uBk, ftuko, gqshwktK ns/ ysfonK B{z okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktK ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ ;wkfie B/Ntoe ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK d/ Bkb ;zpzX eoB tkbh fJZe gqfefonk j?. d{i/ noEK ftZu Bt/A ;EkB ns/ ;w/A ftZu ;z;feqshnK ns/ ;w[dkfJnK d/ J/eheoD ns/ T[; Bkb i'VB tkb/ ns/ d[BhnK B{z fJZe jehes ns/ finkdk nzso;zpzXs pDkT[D tkb/ noE ftZu t?PtheoD B{z d/fynk ik ;edk j?.

e[ZM ftdtkB wzBd/ jB fe t?PtheoD e'Jh BthA gqfefonk BjhA j?. T[gfBt/Ptkd d/ Bkb^Bkb t?Ptheod dk th P[ZG nozG j' frnk ;h. T[gfBt/Ptkd d/ nXhB d/PK s'A eZukwkb (Raw

materials) T[gfBt/Ptkdh d/PK ftZu ikfJnk eodk ;h. T[jBK s'A T[d:'fre T[gkdBeosk eZuk wkb gqkgs eod/ ;B. fJ; Bkb pD/ wkbK dh ygs T[jBK jh T[gfBt/Ptkd d/ nXhB d/PK ftZu j'fJnk eodh ;h. T[gfBt/PB d[nkok d[BhnK d/ ftfGzB d/PK B{z Bidheh nkT[D dk w"ek fwfbnk ;h.

e[ZM ftdtkB nkX[fBesk ftZu nkJh s/ih B{z t?PtheoD d/ o{g ftZu d/yd/ jB. nZi th ;zg{oD d[BhnK ftZu nkX[fBesk d/ gqGkt dk ft;sko j' fojk j? fi; Bkb d[BhnK ;[zrV ojh j?. fJ; ftZu T[d:'freh y'iK ns/ T[d:'fre eqKsh dk ;wBt? j[zdk j?.

e[ZM ftdtkB nkX[fBeheoD dh rsh B{z s/i eoB tkbh gqfefonk d/ o{g ftZu t?PtheoD B{z d/yd/ jB. nkX[fBeheoD dk ;zpzX seBheh y'iK ns/ T[d:'freh eqKsh s'A j?. t?PtheoD nkX[fBeheoD Bkb i[fVnk j?, fijVh ;zg{oD ftPt s/ nkX[fBesk d/ gqGktK d/ ft;sko d/ wkfXnw d[nkok d[BhnK B{z ;ze{fus eo fojk j?.

fJZe ftukoXkok nfijh j? fijVh wzBdh j? fe Gkt/A fe t?PtheoD g{oh soQK fJZe BthA gqfefonk BjhA, sK th fJ; B{z T[gfBt/Ptkd ns/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;wkB BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko t?PtheoD dh XkoDk BthA j?. 1980 d/ djke/ s'A d'nk:kwh ftPt dk gfofdqP pdbD bZrk.

;z:[es ;'ftns ;zx d/ ftxNB d/ pknd s'A fJZe nfijh nfB:zsfos g{zihtkd dk ftek; j'fJnk, fi; B{z e'Jh u{D"sh d/D tkbk BjhA fojk. fJ; Bkb fJZenk:kwh ftPt gqGkt j' frnk. g{zihtkd B/ ftPt d/ wkBfuZso s/ nG{sg{ot ;wkfie, okiBhfse gfotosBK B{z g/P ehsk. fJ; BthB gfotofss ftt;Ek d/ Bkb nkgD/^nkg B{z g{Bo;wk:'fis eoB dk d[BhnK B/ :sB ehsk. 27H1 nkofEe t?PtheoD (Economic Globalization)

pq/NB t[v; ;zw/bB (Bretton Woods Conference) d[nkok BthA nkofEe Bhsh dk gfouk (NEP) ns/ T[dkoheoD ekoieqwK (Liberalisation Programmes) dk gfouk d/D tkbk u"Ek ;zouBkswe ;wk:'iB ekoieqw (SAP) ehsk frnk. fJ; d"okB ;{uBk T[d:'freh (I.T.) ftP/P o{g s'A fJzNoB?N B/ t?Pfte ;zpzXK ns/ ;zgoeK dh s/ih B{z j'o finkdk tXk fdZsk. ftfGzB G{r'fbe y/soK ftZu p/jso ;zGktBk dh sbkP ftZu b'e T[sgqtkf;s j'D bZr/. fJ; ;G d/ uZbd/ fJZe BthB nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse p[fBnkdh g{Bo;zouBk d/ fBowkD dh t?Pfte go;fEsh T[sgzB j'Jh. T[d:'fre eqKsh d/ ;w/A s'A jh fJZe soQK d/ t?Pfte J/eheoD dk ftek; j'fJnk. fJj ftek; okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ j'fJnk. cohvw?B d/ nB[;ko



t?PtheoD n;b ftZu pikoK, ftZs ns/ T[d:'frehnK dk J/eheoD j?. fJ; J/eheoD ftZu d[BhnK wZX neko s'A ;[yw neko ftZu ;[zrV ojh j?, fi; Bkb d[BhnK d/ fJZe e'B/ s'A d{i/ e'B/ ftZu ssekb ns/ xZN s'A xZn bkrs ftZu n;hA ;ko/ gj[zu ;ehJ/. g{ot dhnK ;kohnK nzso^ okPNoh ftt;EktK dh soQK fJj gqsZy iK go'y o{g s'A xo/b{ okiBhshnK, nkofEe BhshnK ns/ ;ko/ okPNoK B{z ;o{g gqdkB eo ojh j?.

B'N

B'N; fJ; soQK t?PtheoD fJZe pj[nk:kwh ifNb gqfefonk j?. fJ; d/ nzsors pikoK,

ftZs ns/ T[d:'frehnK dk J/eheoD j' fojk j?.

ftPt dk nfijk ;zrVB j' fojk j? fe fi; d/ jo/e e'B/ ftZu n;hA fJzBh ibdh ns/ ;;s/ ftZu gj[zu ikJhJ/ fizB/ ftZu gfjbK edh ;zGt jh BjhA ;h. g{ot dhnK ;kohnK nzsoôkPNoh ftt;EktK dh soQK fJj gqsZy iK ngqsZy o{g ftZu xo/b{ okiBhshnK, nkofEe BhshnK ns/ ;ko/ d/PK d/ ftd/Ph ;zpzXK B{z ;o{g gqdkB eo fojk j?.

nkofEe, ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ ;z;feqfse nkfd t?PtheoD d/ tZy^tZy gZyK dk wB[ZyhîhtB ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j?.

nkofEe t?PtheoD d/ noE B{z fJ; soQK Bkb ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j? L nzsoôkPNoh nkofEe pikoK ftZu uZbD tkb/ nzd'bBK d[nkok fe;h d/P dh okPNoh ;oeko dh nkofEe BhshnK dk fBoXkoe j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu okPNoôki dh nkofEe ;tk:ssk ftZu ewh nkT[Adh j?. t?PtheoD ;zg{oD ftPt B{z fJZe ;wro nkofEe fJekJh d/ o{g ftZu ns/ piko B{z fJ; d/ fJZe T[geoD d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eodk j?. fJZe t?Pthe d[BhnK ftZu noE ftt;Ek dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK fJ; soQK jBl y[Zbk, T[dko, w[es piko ns/ w[es tgko. fJ; B{z nzsoôkPNoh fBt/P ns/ ssekfbe g{zih d/ gqtkjK d[nkok do;kfJnk iKdk j?. okPNoh noE ftt;ektK T[Zu nkofEe gfoXhnK ftZu nk ojhnK jB ns/ fJBQK dk nzsoôkPNoh eko'pko ns/ ftZsh pikoK dh d[BhnK Bkb J/eheoD j' fojk j?, fijVk ssekb ezfgT{No d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zgzB j' fojk j?. ftd/Ph f;ZXk fBt/P dh rsh ns/ fJ; d/ ft;sko ns/ d[BhnK d/ ftfGzB fjZf;nK ftZu ssekfbe g{zih d/ gqtkj B{z nkofEe t?PtheoD d/ o{g ftZy d/fynk ik ;edk j?.

Bshi/ ti'A, nzsoôkPNoh ezgBhnK T[; d/P ns/ y/so ftZu gj[zuD d/ bJh :sBPhb jB fiZE/ ;;sh fwjBs T[gbpX j?. ftfGzB okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktk s'A b'e pkjo fBeb oj/ jB ns/ nkgDk ekoi^y/so ns/ fBtk; gfotofss eo oj/ jB ns/ nkgD/ nkg B{z fJZe Bt/A ;z;feqfse gfot/P ftZu ;wk:'fis eo oj/ jB.

t?Pfte ftZsh ;z;EktK d[nkok nwho ns/ rohp d/ ftZu dh ykJh B{z tXkfJnk iKdk j?. t?PtheoD d[nkok ;z;feqsh, okPNohnsk, tksktoDe ;zpzXK ns/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ j'o ftfGzB y/soK d/ gqsh fJZe BthA ;wM B{z ftef;s ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk ;kv/ ihtB d/ gqzgokrs sohfenK ns/ d[BhnK s'A i[V/ tZy^tZy w[ZfdnK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?.

;z;feqfse ;zdoG ftZu t?PtheoD ;zg{oD ftPt ftZu tXh j'Jh ;z;feqfse nzso;zpzXsk dk ;{ue j?. b'eK d/ T[sgqtk;, go:NB, t?Pfte noE ftt;Ek ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK d/ ekoB d[BhnK d/ ftfGzB GktK ftZu ;fdqP ihtB^gZXsh d/ o{g ftZu T[; B{z d/fynk ik ;edk j?. t?PtheoD y/soh ;z;feqsh d/ bJh ftebg T[gbpX eokT[Adk j?. wB[Zyh nfXekoK, iBszso, piko noE ftt;Ek, T[sgkdB d/ Bt/A sohfenK, T[gG'r ;zpzXh Bt/A T[sgkdK ns/ nkokw dhnK nkdsK nkfd d/ ftukoK B{z y/soh ;z;feqsh d/ BthB fdqPNhe'D d[nkok T[g;fEsh ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb nkftoGkt j[zdk j? ns/ BthA ;z;feqsh dh ;wM, okPNohnsk, d[BhnK ftZu „;t?‟, fJZe ftd/P ;zpzXh eh j?< fJZe Bkrfoe ;zpzXh eh j?< fe; soQK d' b'eK dh okiBhfse Gkrhdkoh j't/< ns/ j'o ;wkfie ihtB d/ tZy^tZy gZyK nkfd dk.

t?PtheoD BthA XkoDk j?. fJ; dh e'Jh ;otwzBD:'r gfoGkPk BjhA pD ;eh j?. fco th fJ;B{z e[ZM ftdtkBK B/ gfoGkfPs eoB dk :sB ehsk j?^



B'N cokJhvw?B d/ nB[;ko^t?PtheoD n;b ftZu pikoK, noEftt;Ek ns/ T[d:'frehnK dk J/eheoD j?. fJ; ftZu ftPt dk wZfXnw s'A S'N/ o{g ftZu nfijk ;zrVB j' fojk j? fi; Bkb n;hA d[BhnK d/ jo e'B/ ftZu fJzBh ibdh ns/ ;;s/ ftZu gj[zu ikJhJ/ fizB/ ftZu gfjbK edh ;zGt BjhA ;h. g{ot dhnK nzsoôkPNoh ftt;EktK dh soQK fJj gqsZy iK gqsZy o{g ftZu xo/b{ okiBhshnK, nkofEe BhshnK ns/ ;ko/ d/PK d/ ftd/Ph ;zpzXK dk ;o{g gqdkB eo fojk j?.

fJzvk ns/ o';kbv' d/ nB[;ko^t?PtheoD fJZe ifNb gqfefonk j?. fJ; ftZu nkofEe, ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ ;z;feqfse ;zpzXK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftPt pj[s finkdk nzso;zpzXs j' fojk j?. fJ; ftZu t?Pfte nzso;zpzXsk dk s/iheoD, nzd'bBK ns/ fwPoD Bkb Gfonk ftPt, ;zpzX ns/ ;zgoe, fuo;EkJh ;z;feqfse nzso^fefonktK ns/ ftfB:w s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ;ko/ d/PK dh fJZe ;XkoD w[dok :{o' j?. 2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu ;koe d/PK dk ;zw/bB j'fJnk ;h. 3H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ Bekokswe Bshi/ th pj[s finkdk jB. 4H T[dkoheod dh Bhsh B/ HHHHHHHHHHHHH B{z tXkfJnk j?. 5H t?PtheoD d/ d"okB w[dok dk HHHHHHHHHHHHH j' fojk j?.

27H2 t?PtheoD d/ gqGkt (Impact of Globalization)

t?PtheoD ftZu ;ekokswe ns/ Bekokswe d'jK soQK dh T[oik j?. t?PtheoD fJZe d'Xkoh sbtko j?. t?PtheoD d/ Bshi/ ti'A tZy^tZy y/soK ftZu ;ekokswe gfotosB j' oj/ jB. id'Afe, fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'A tZy^tZy y/soK ftZu Bekokswe gfotosB th j' oj/ jB. fJ; Bkb jkBh ns/ ftBkP dh ;fEsh th ;kjwD/ nk ojh j?. fJBQK d'jK gZyK d/ toDB d[nkok jh t?PtheoD d/ BshfinK B{z ;wMDk soe nXkfos ns/ ftfrnkBe w[bnzeD j't/rk.

ftfrnkBe, fuefs;eh ns/ fJ;h soQK d/ j'o nftPeko ;kfonK d/ bJh T[gbpX j'J/ jB. nZi finkdkso y/soK ftZu r?od/Ph (Transnational) ;zrmBK dk s/ih Bkb fBowkD j' fojk j? jfos eqKsh (Green Peace), Bkohtkdh nzd'bB (Women‟s Movements), ;EkBe ;w[dkfJnK ns/ d/Ph b'eK d/ ;PesheoD Bkb ;zpzXs (Concern for Empowerment of Local

Communities and Indigenous People) nkfd nzd'bBK d/ wkfXnwK Bkb d[BhnK Go d/ b'e nkg; ftZu J/esk dk nB[Gt eo oj/ jB. nzsoôkPNoh ;oekoh ;zrmBK d/ ftnkge ikb Bkb n?BH ihH UH (NGO‟s) d/ wkfXnw d[nkok nZi d[BhnK d/ Bkb i'V oj/ jB ns/ fJZe nzsoôkPNoh Pk;B ftt;Ek B{z ftef;s eoB dk wkor gqP;s eo oj/ jB.

t?PtheoD dh gqfefonk d[nkok wB[Zysk ns/ XowkoE fefonkPbh d/ ftZu dh nzsofefnk B{z ftnkge;so s/ tXktk fwbk fojk j?. fJ; soQK Ue;c/w (Oxfam) nB[dkB, wB[Zyh nfXeko, fJ;kJh nB[dkB nkfd. fJ;h d/ Bkb^Bkb fJzNoB?PBb n?;'f;J/PB nkc fBT{NfoPBb (International Association of Nutritional Sciences) ns/ fJzNoB?PBb ;'fP:'fieb n?Av n?AEo'bkfieb n?;'f;J/PB (International Sociological and Anthropological Association) fij/ ftfrnkBe ns/ eko'pkoe ;zrmBK d[nkok nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ ;zpzXK dk t?Pfte ;so s/ ft;sko ehsk ik fojk j?.

t?PtheoD d/ Bekokswe Bshi/ th pj[s finkdk jB. p/o'irkoh B{z tXktk fwb fojk j?. BkE B/ nkofEe t?PtheoD d/ d[PbshfinK B{z o/yKfes ehsk j?. dbhb fdZsh iKdh j? fe pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK T[Zso T[gfBt/Ptkdh fwjBs dh tzv B{z poeoko oZy/ j'J/ jB, i' w[Zy o{g s'A ftef;s d/PK d[nkok ;zukfbs j[zd/ jB ns/ d[BhnK d/ nftef;s d/PK dh ;;sh fwjBs ns/ eZu/ wkb dk



Gog{o T[g:'r eod/ jB. ftef;s okPNoK d/ e'b nzefVnK dk ;zebB ns/ ;{uBk T[d:'freh g{oh wksok ftZu ftdwkB j?. fJ; dk ftef;s okPNoK d[nkok T[sgkdB ns/ ftZsh ftfB:'r ftZu fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?. bzph d{oh sZe ssekb ;zukoB ;Ekfgs eoB, ;wz[dogko d/ d/PK dhnK ezgBhnK dhnK ftZsh ftt;EktK B{z ;zukfbs eoB ns/ pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK d/ gqpzXB B{z nzikw d/D ftZu fJ;s/wkB ehsk iKdk j?.

;?N/bkJhN, N/bhftIB, fJzNoB/N, Jh^w/b fij/ d{o;zuko d/ wkfXnwK d[nok god/ s/ jo ;kb fJZE BthA gqshwk go';h ik ojh j?. c?PB dh fJZe BthA d[BhnK g/P ehsh ik ojh j?. fJ; d/ wkfXnw d[nkok fJZe BthA t?Pfte gq;fEsh fBofws ehsh ik ojh j?. ;z;feqfse t;s{nK, ykB^gkB, t/P^ G{Pk, ;zrhs, ;Ekgs ebk, fcbw nkfd d/ wkfXnw d[nkok fJZe BtK ;tkd T[sgzB ehsk ik fojk j? fijV/ Bt/A t?Pfte fttjko B{z tXktk d/ fojk j? ns/ ;EkBe gfjukD B{z BPN eo fojk j?.

t?PtheoD d/ gqGktK B{z w[Zy o{g d[nkok fBwB fbys fpzd{nK s/ ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j?^

ftPt noEftt;Ek dk J/eheoD (Integration of world Economy)^nZi d[BhnK ftZu T[dkoheoD, y[[ZbQh noEftt;Ek ns/ w[es piko gqDkbh bkr{ j?. T[; dk f;ZXk noE j? ftPt noEftt;Ek dk J/eheoD.

ftPtp?Ae, vpb:{H NhH UH (ftPt tgko ;zrmB) ;fjs ftfGzB nkofEe ns/ tfDie ;zrmBK d[nkok ftek;Phb ns/ nftef;s okPNoK dh noEftt;Ek B{z fB:zsfos ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; ftZu ftef;s okPNoK dh noEBhsh gqGkth G{fwe fBGk ojh j?.

;XkoD w[dok (Common Currency)^t?PtheoD d/ d"okB w[dok dk J/eheoD j' fojk j?. ;kb 2001 ftZu :{o'g d/ ;ko/ d/PK dh fJZe ;XkoD w[dok (A Common Currency) j' rJh j?. „fJ; dk Bkw j? :{o'‟. fJ; Bkb ;zg{oD :{o'g d/ d/PK B{z w[dok^ftfB:w ftZu ;fjisk j' rJh j?. w[dok d/ ftfB:w (Exchange of Currency) dh ;wZf;nk s'A S[Nekok fwb frnk.

Btzpo 2003 ftZu ;koe d/PK dk ;zw/bB ;zgzB j'fJnk. fJ; ftZu J/PhnkJh d/PK dh fJZe ;XkoD w[dok (Common Currency) pDkT[D dh ntkI T[Zmh. i/eo GftZy ftZu nfijk ;zGt j'fJnk sK ftek;Phb d/PK d/ bJh fJZe BthA T[whd dh feoB fdykJh gJ/rh.

ftek;Phb ns/ nftef;s okPNoK dh noEftt;Ek w[Zy o{g s'A y/sh y/so s/ fBoGo j[zdh j?. ftPkb wB[Zyh g{zih fJ;h s/ fBoGo j?. ftPt ;zpzXh y/sh y/so B{z w[es eoBk fJBQK d/PK d/ bJh nkswxksh j't/rk. id'Afe, nfijk eoB d/ bJh dpkn g? fojk j?. fJj noE ftt;Ek d/ bJh J/eheoD dk Bekokswe gZy j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu sZE fJ; soQK jB. fd;zpo 2003 ftZu dZyD J/PhnkJh d/PK d/ ;zgzB ekBe[B ;zw/bB ftZu ftek;Phb ns/ nftef;s okPNoK s/ nkgD/ y/sh y/soK B{z th w[es oeB ;zpzXh dpkn gkfJnk. Dbhb fdZsh rJh fe fJ; Bkb ;eb xo/b{ T[sgkdB (ihHvhHghH) ftZu tkXk j't/rk. y/sh y/so, T[d:'freh y/so ns/ o'irko d/ y/so, fJj fszB'A y/soK d/ :'rdkB Bkb ;eb xo/b{ T[sgkdB (ihHvhHghH) dh do fBoXkfos ehsh iKdh j?. T[d:'freh ns/ o'Irko d/ y/so ftZu finkdkso d/PK B/ T[dkoheoD ns/ y[ZbQh noEftt;Ek eo bJh j?. gozs{, Gkos fij/ y/sh gqXkB d/P B/ j[D sZe y/sh y/so B{z ftPt bJh BjhA y'fbnk j?. fJ; d/ bJh brksko nkofEe dpkn g? oj/ jB.

ftPt piko dk J/eheoD (Integration of World Market)^20thA ;dh ftZu d[BhnK ftZu T[gfBt/fPe Pk;BszsoK d/ yksw/ dh ;dh j?. fJ; ftZu eJh okPNoôki B{z T[gfBt/fPe Pk;Bszso ysw j'J/. fJ; d/ bJh ;[szsosk ;zrokw ub/. fJ;h ;dh B/ gfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX th ;fjD ehs/. fJ; soQK 20thA ;dh B{z okPNoôki d/ okPNoh ;zxoPK dh ;dh d/ o{g ftZu d/fynk ik ;edk j?. okPNoh ;zxoPK d/ roG s'A s/i okPNohnsk B/ iBw fbnk. okPNohnsk, okPNo^fBowkD dh g{otrkfwBh j[zdh j?. okPNo^fBowkd d/ eqw ftZu s/i okPNohnsk B/ okPNoh pikoK dh g{Bo;EkgBk ehsh.

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B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' t?PtheoD n;b ftZu pikoK, noEftt;Ek ns/ T[d:'frehnK dk J/eheoD

j?.

1980 d/ djke/ ftZu okiBhfse T[gfBt/Ptkd B/ nkofEe T[gfBt/Ptkd d/ o{g ftZu g{BoiBw b? fbnk. fJ; B{z t?Pfte ftt;Ek dk Bkw fdZsk frnk. w[es piko ftt;Ek, w[es noE ftt;Ek, T[dkoheoD dh Bhsh, BthB ;{uBk T[d:'freh nkfd B/ fJ;B{z g[Pfgs gbfts j'D d/ bJh T[otok G{wh T[gbpX eokJh. nZi ftPt piko dk J/eheoD j' fojk j?. finkdkso d/Pk d/ wkB dh ygs ;zpzXh finkdk d/PK d/ piko y[Zb/Q jB. fJ; d/ ;ekokswe ns/ Bekokswe d'B'A Bshi/ ;kjwD/ nk oj/ jB. ftPt piko d/ J/eheoD s'A ;G d/ bJh ;ko/ pikoK d/ d[nkok y[Zb/ jB. fJ; Bkb tgko ns/ tfDi dh g{ohnK ;zGtkBktK T[gbpX j'JhnK jB. nftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/Pk dh wB[Zyh g{zih B{z ekoi d/ Bt/A w"e/ T[gbpX j'J/ jB ns/ ftd/Pjh w[dok d/ Gzvko ftZu tkXk j'fJnk j?.

fJ; d/ Bekokswe Bshi/ th jB. piko d/ dpkn Bkb okPNoôki dhnK BhshnK fBoXkfos j' ojhnK jB. okPNoh w[fdnK ftZu piko dk f;ZXk dyb tZX fojk j?. pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK ns/ NoK;B?PBb ezgBhnK d/ wip{s nkofEe fPezi/ ftZu piko c; u[Zek j?. pikotkd d[nkok bx{ ns/ e[Nho T[d:'r B{z jkfPJ/ s/ ehsk ik fojk j?. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A ewi'o b'eK dh piko ftZu Gkrhdkoh wjZstjhD j' ojh j?. fJ; Bkb ;'PD ns/ p/ekoh fijhnK ;wkfie ;wZf;nktK B{z tXktk fwb fojk j?. pikotkd jkth j' fojk j?. ftfrnkgB nkfd d/ wkfXnw Bkb T[sgkdB d/ nB[;ko piko g?dk ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; Bkb T[gG'esktkd ftZu s/ih Bkb tkXk j' fojk j?. Bshi/ ti'A wB[Zyh u/sBk ;[[;[gs j' ojh j?.

ftPt piko d/ Bkb Gkos d/ piko d/ J/eheoD dh gqfefonk ftrs djke/ ftZu s/i j'Jh. gozs{, 26 wJh, 2004 B{z fJ; B{z srVk MNek bZfrnk j?. Gkos ;oeko ftZu fdB 26 wJh, 2004 B{z ftfBt/P wzsokfbnk ysw eo fdZsk. fco fdB 8 i[bkJh, 2004 dh ;z;d ftZu piN g/P eod/ j'J/ ftZs wzsoh B/ finkdk ftd/Ph fBt/P dk gqktXkB ehsk. fJ; Bkb piko d/ J/eheoD dk fJZe BtK ;o{g ;kjwd/ nk fojk j?. 27H3 okPNotkd pBkw t?Pftetkd (Nationalism Versus Globalization)

j'o ;wkfie sZEK dh soQK okPNotkd th fJfsjkf;e sZE j?. b'e ihtB d/ ftek;êqw ftZu t;s{fBPm ns/ GktfBPm d'jK soQK d/ fJfsjkf;e sZsK dh gq'VQsk d/ pknd okPNotkd dk T[dGt j'fJnk. fit/A JhH n?uH eko B/ fbfynk j?, „;jh noEK ftZu okPNo dk iBw wZX :[r d/ yksw/ s/ jh j'fJnk j?. J/H nkoH d/PkJh wzBd/ jB fe ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse ftek; d/ yk; d"o ftZu okPNoK dk iBw j'fJnk.‟ ;wkfie ti{d d/ g{otosh ekbK d/ nokPNfoe iB;w[dkfJnK Bkb nkX[fBe :[r d/ okPNo nkgD/ fBwB fbys r[DK d/ ekoB fGzB jBL okPNo d/ ;ko/ w?Apo fe;h fBPfus G{^Gkr ftZu fJZe jh noEszso d/ nB[;ko go;go i?fte o{g s'A ;zgqes j[zd/ jB, fi; d/ cb;o{g T[jBK ftZu Pkfwb nkofEe ti{d dh xkN j[zdh j?, T[j brGr fJZe jh GkPk dk gq:'r eod/ jB, T[[jBK dh fJZe' fijh wB'ftfrnkBe fJ;h eVh ftZu Gkos ftZu dfbs ;w[dkfJ d[nkok wB[Zyh nfXekoK d/ T[bzxB ;zpzXh gqeoDK ftZu okPNoôki s'A itkp wzrD dk nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk. 2001 ftZu vopB ftZu ;zzgzB „tobv ekBco?A; nr/A;N o/f;iw, ihB'c'fpnk n?Av fvf;eqhw/PB‟ (World conference against

racism, xenophobia and discrimination) c'ow ftZu nfij/ dfbs d[nkok nkgDh nkgZsh doi eokT[D dk th gqktXkB ehsk frnk.

okPNoôki dk ufoso pdb fojk j? (Characteristics of Nation-State are Changing)^ t?PtheoD dh gqfefonk B/ okPNoôki d/ ufoso B{z p[fBnkdh s"o s/ gqGkfts ns/ gfotofss ehsk j?. f;Zfynk, f;js ns/ o'Irko fijhnK Bkrfoe ;[thXktK B{z T[gbpX eokT[Dk



efbnkDekoh okPNoôki dk dkfJst j?. fpibh, g/ib, ;Vqe, g[b fijhnK nXkoG{s ;[thXktK B{z w[jZJhnk eokT[Dk okPNoôki dh gfjb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gozs{ nfijk BjhA j?.

T[dkoheod dh Bhsh B/ fBZiheoD B{z tXktk fdZsk j?. ;t?fJZSe ;zrmBK dh G{fwek th tXh j?. n?BHihHUH d[nkok okPNo d/ dkfJstK d/ fBotkj dh gqftosh B{z pb fwfbnk j?. f;Zfynk, f;js ns/ o'irko d/ y/so ftZu fBZiheoD d/ Bshi/ ti'A okPNoôki nkgD/ T[go'es p[fBnkdh dkfJstK s'A d{o ik fojk j?. fBZih y/soK dh gfjb w[Bkck ewkT[Dk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk, f;js ns/ o'irko fijhnK p[fBnkdh Bkrfoe ;[thXktK dh ;wZf;nk ftZu tkXk j' fojk j?.

fpibh, g/ib g{osh ns/ ;VQe, g[b nkfd nXkoG{s ;[thXktK dh T[gbpXsk fBZih y/soK d[nkok fBPfus eokT[D dh Bhsh ubB ftZu nk u[Zeh j?. fJ; d/ ekoB okPNoôki nkgD/ fJ; dkfJst s'A th d{o ik fojk j?.

T[dkoheoD ns/ fBZiheoD dh Bhsh d[nkok tZv/ T[d:'fre xofDnK B{z nkgD/ ;woki dk ft;sko eoB dh g{oh S{N fwb rJh j?. okPNoôki dh efbnkDekoh BhshnK B{z nkgD/ eko'pkoe fjsK d/ nB[;ko pDkT[D d/ bJh tZv T[d:'fre xokB/ okPNoôki s/ nfij/ dpkn pDkT[Ad/ jB fijV/ iB;XkoD d/ fjsK d/ T[bN j[zd/ jB.

;z:[es okPNo ;zx, ftPtp?Ae, ftPt tgko ;zrmB, ftPt f;js ;zrmB fijhnK nzsoôkPNoh ;z;EktK s/ ftef;s okPNoK dk gqG{st j?. fJBQK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftef;s okPNoK d[nkok ftek;Phb ns/ nftef;s okPNoK s/ soQK^soQK d/ dpkn gk e/ T[jBK d/ w{b ufoso B{z gfotofss ehsk ik fojk j?. 27H4 ;zuko eqKsh ns/ t?PtheoD (Communication Revolution and Globalization) ;zuko eqKsh B/ d[BhnK ftZu Bth ikB c{e fdZsh j?. iB;zuko d/ nfs nX[fBe ;kXB t?PtheoD d/ gqw[Zy fBotkjd jB. fJj d[BhnK d/ fJZe e'B/ s'A d{i/ e'B/ sZe ssekb ;{uBktK T[gbpX eok oj/ jB. fJ; eqw ftZu okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktk r"V j' rJhnK jB. ftPt fJZe fgzv pD frnk j?. ;zuko eqKsh d[nkok :[rKsoekoh gfotosB dk wkor gqP;s j'fJnk j?.

;{uBk T[d:'freh d/ J/eknfXeko gq:'r ns/ „fJzNoB/N‟ d/ s/i rsh Bkb ft;sko d/ ekoB, wB[ZyhîhtB dh ftfGzB y/soK dhnK rshftXhnK ftZu eqKshekoh gfotosB nkJ/ jB. fJ; dk gqGkt ;wki, noEftt;EktK ns/ gqPk;fBe ftt;EktK s/ ftnkge o{g s'A fgnk j?. tgkoe ns/ tfDie rshftXhnK ftZu fJ; T[d:'freh B/ fJZe ftP/P ;EkB nofis eoe/ fJZe BthA noEftt;Ek dk ;{sogks „Jh^tfDi‟ iK „Jhêkwo;‟ d/ o{g ftZu ehsk j?. ;{uBk T[d:'freh dh ;otG"fwesk, fJzNoB/N, fJzNokB/N ns/ n?e;NokB/N B{z ;z:[es o{g ftZu gq:'r ftZu fbnk e/, Jhêkwo; B/ tgko B{z fJZe BthA fdPk, rsh ns/ T[oik gqdkB ehsh j?. ;zg{oD ftPt dh noE ftt;Ek d/ J/eheoD ftZu Jhêkwo; dh G{fwek T[b/y:'r j?. okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktK B{z fPfEb eod/ j'J/ fJ; dh G{r'fbe ;hwktK B{z bzxd/ j'J/ tgko d/ Bt/A wkBdzv ;Ekfgs j' oj/ jB. fJ; ftPt^tgko ftZu Jhêkwo; dk :'rdkB wjZstg{oD j?. ;zouBk ns/ T[; ftZu ftef;s ;otiBe b'e ;z;feqsh j[zdh j?. nfijk nkdoP okPno fijVk g{oh soQK ftef;s j't/ ns/ fi; ftZu fJj ;G r[D Pkfwb j'D, Gktkswe ebgBk wkso jB, feT[Afe jo/e okPNo d/ noEszso, ;wkfie ;zrmB, fuzsB gqfeosh ns/ ;z;feqsh ftZu nshs d/ sZs ftfGzB nzPK ftZu T[Zsoihth oj/ jB. fco th ;'bQthA ;dh s'A wB[Zyh^fJfsjk; d/ ftPkb ozrwzr s/ okPNo ;zpzXh ;w/eB dh ftfGzB nftt;EktK ftZu okPNoh iB ;w[dkfJnK B{z nkftoGkt j[zdk fojk j?. jo/e d/P ftZu okPNotkd dk nkgDk ftfPPN, nB:B o{g j?.

;skoQthA, nkmthA ns/ T[BhthA ;dhnK ftZu ;z;ko d/ finkdkso y/soK ftZu okPNoK dk fBowkD j'fJnk, g{oh soQK ftef;s j'D d/ bJh Btiks okPNo nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh o[ektNK d/ fto[ZX ;zxoPPbh oj/, ns/ nkswoZfynk ns/ nkswfttoXb d/ bJh okPNoK d/ ftZu xwk;kB bVkJh bVh rJh. okPNo^fBowkD dh gqfefonk thjthA ;dh ftZu th ikoh ojh. 1980 d/ djke/ s'A

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B'N t?PtheoD dh gqfefonk B/ t?Pftetkd B{z tXktk fdZsk. fJj okPNotkd d/ ftek; dk fJZe BtK gVkn j?. nZi t?Pftetkd B/ okPNotkd B{z jkfPJ/ s/ fbnk fdZsk j?. okPNotkd r"D j' fojk j?, id'A fe ftPttkd B{z gqyosk fwb ojh j?.

okPNotkd ewi'o j'fJnk j? (Declination of Nationalism)^y[ZbQh noEftt;Ek, w[es piko ftt;Ek, T[dkoheoD, pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK ns/ NoK;B/PBb ezgBhnK dk ft;sko s/ ftek; ns/ ;zuko eqKsh nkfd B/ fJZe BthA ftPt ftt;Ek B{z gqGkth pDkfJnk j?. fJj ftt;Ek tZy^ tZy okPNoK dhnK ;hwktK B{z bzx e/ fBofws j[zdh j?. ;zuko d/ nfsnkX[fBe ;kXB fJZe t?Pfte ;z;feqsh dk gquko^gq;ko eo oj/ jB. fJj th okPNoK dhnK ;hwktK B{z bzx e/ jh ;zGt j' gk fojk j?. ftPt p?Ae, ftPt f;js ;zrmB, ftPt tgko ;zrmB, ftPt wB[Zyh nfXeko nk:'r fijhnK eJh ;z;EktK B/ th okPNo dhnK ;hwktK B{z r"D eo fdZsk j?. Bshi/ ti'A okPNotkd ewi'o j' fojk j? ns/ T[; d/ T[Zgo t?Pftetkd jkth j' fojk j?. ftd/Ph g{zihfBt/P, n?BhnkoHnkJhH nkfd B{z gq's;kjB, ftPtpiko dk J/eheoD, ftPt T[d:'freh dk J/eheoD, Jh^p?Afezr, Jhêkwo;, JhîoBfbIw, Jh^bofBzr fijhnK tZy^tZy gqfefonktK B/ okPNoôki dhnK ;hwktK B{z fPfEb ehsk j?.

Brfoesk ewi'o j'Jh j? (Declination of Citizenship)^Bkrfoesk okPNotkd dh gfjbh Pos j?. okPNotkd ewi'o j'D Bkb Bkrfoesk th ewi'o j'Jh j?. ftd/Ph gzihfBt/P dh S{N d[nkok fBt/Peosk B{z ;zpzXs okPNoôki ftZu Gkrhdkoh dk w"ek fwfbnk. BthA t?Pfte ftt;Ek d/ ekoB T[sgzB o'irko d/ Bt/A w"fenK B/ d[BhnK d/ fe;h th d/P ftZu ekoi eoB d/ w"e/ T[gbpX eokJ/. Piko, noEftt;Ek ns/ T[d:'freh d/ J/eheoD B{z nwbh ikwk gfjBkT[D ;zzpzXh :{oth ;zx pfDnk. fJ; d/ sfjs :{o'g dk e'Jh ftnesh :{o'g d/ fe;h th d/P ftZu fBop'X o{g d[nkok nktkwB eo ;edk j?. Gkos fij/ ftek;Phb d/P B{z g{zihfBt/P dh ;fEsh ftZu n?BhnkoHnkJh (nfBtk;h Gkosh) B{z d'joh Bkrfoesk dh ;thfeqsh gqdkB ehsh. fJ; ;G ekoBK s'A Bkrfoesk ewi'o j'Jh j?.

tZy^tZy^ftt;Ek dk J/eheoD (Intergration of Legal System)ê[ZM d/PK ftZu ftdwkB d'Pg{oD ekB{zBK B{z nzsoôkPNoh B/ u{D"sh fdZsh j?. T[dkjoD ti'A n;hA d/y ;ed/ jK fe fBT{o/wpor NfofpT{Bb (Nurembert Tribunal) ekB{zB pfDnk. fJ; ftZu gqktXkB j? fe fiZE/ th wB[Zyh w{bK d/ oZfynk bJh nzsoôkPNoh ekB{zBK ns/ oki d/ ekB{zBK d/ ftZu dtzd dh ;fEsh j't/ sK nfijh ftZu fntesh B{z t?ebfge o{g s'A nzsoôkPNoh ekB{zBK dk gkbB eoB ;zpzXh gfjb T[gbpX j't/rh. wB[Zyh nfXekoK ns/ w{bG{s ;[szsosk B{z ;[oZfyns eoB tkbh :{ogh ;Gk (1950) d[nkok oki dh gqG{;Zsk ftZu ewh ehsh rJh. fJ; d/ sfjs ftnesh nkgDh ;oeko s'A ekB{zBh d;skt/I gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

N/bhc'B N/b/e;, N/ghfgqzNo, N/bhftiB, o/vhU, fvfiNb wkJheo';'cN, nkgfNeb ckJhpo, e/pb, vkNekw, fJzNoB/N, ;kcNt/no, jkovt/no Gkt BthBsw ;zuko T[geoD g[okDhnK seBheK s'A ehs/ finkdk gqGktekoh jB. fJ; dk gqGkt y/so th eJh r[Dk finkdk ft;sfos j?. nkX[fBe ;zuko seBhe dk w{b nXko j?êzfgT{No. fJzNoB/N ftPt dk ;G s'A tZvk ezfgT{No B/etoe j?, fijVk g{oh d[BhnK d/ e'B/ê'B/ ftZu c?fbnk j?. fJ; Bkb d[BhnK d/ fdqPNhe'D ftZu p[fBnkdh gfotosB nk fojk j?. Jh^p?Afezr, Jh^bofBzr dk gq:'r XVZb/ Bkb j' fojk j?. e'Jh ftnehs d[BhnK d/ fe;h e'B/ ftZu p?m e/ jikoK whb d{o d{i/ e'B/ s'A XzB okPh iwk eo ;edk j? ns/ eZY ;edk j?. fJ;h soQK Bkb e'Jh ftnesh fJZe ;EkB s/ p?m/^ p?m/ jikoK whB d{o s'A f;ybkJh gqkgs eo ;edk j?.

ftfGzB NhHthH u?Bb; d[nkok gqshgb ;kv/ xo d/ nzdo d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ e'B/ d/ ;wkukoK dk ;iht gq;koD ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftPt fJZe gfotko ftZu f;wN fijk frnk j?.

;?N/bkJhN B/ d[BhnK d/ sko B{z fJZe ftZu go' fdZsk j?. nkJhHNhH Gkt ;{uBk T[d:'freh (Information Technology) d/ finkdkso T[geoD ftek; dk wkor gqPs eo oj/ jB ns/



frnkB dk toXB eo oj/ jB. t?PtheoD ns/ ;{uBk T[d:'freh d/ ftZu ;fj ;zpzX j?. fiBQK d/PK ftZu t?PtheoD dh s/ih dh do T[Zu j? T[; ftZu ;{uBk T[d:'freh d/ ;{ueK d/ gq:'r dh do th T[Zu j?.

JhîoBfbIw^;zuko eqKsh B/ t?PtheoD B{z rsh ns/ T[oik gqdkB ehsh j?. whvhnk ftP/PZr w?eb[jB dh g[;se „d whfvnw fJI w?;/i‟ (The Medium is Message), wkfXnw jh ;zd/P j? d[nkok ;gPN j[zdk j? fe ;{uBk dh s[bBk ftZu ;{uBkszso dk ftP/P wjZst j?. ;{uBk nZi fBoDkfJe skes d/ o{g ftZu T[Goh j?. fJ; dk szso nZi Bk e/tb ftukoXkok d/ fB:zsoD s'A w[es j? pbfe ftukoXkok jh ;{uBk szso d/ iohJ/ fB:zsfos j' ojh j?. nkofEe, ;wkfie, okiBhfse nkfd jo y/so ftZu ;{uBk szso dh fBoDkfJe G{fwek j?. P/no piko dk fwiki s/i ;{uBk wkfXnw s?n eod/ jB, Bk fe rshPhb ftek;^do. ;{uBk ns/ ;{uBk szsoK dk nZi t?Pfte ;so s/ J/eheoD j' fojk j?.

;{uBk d/ gq;koe, N/bhc'B, N/bhrqkc ns/ N/b/e; j[D g[okD/ g?Ad/ ik oj/ jB. Jh^w/b (fJb/eNo'fBe vke), Jh^c?e;, ;?b:{bo c'b, g/io, N/bhN/e;N ns/ ezfgT{No v/Nk p?Ae nZr/ tZX oj/ jB. wkJheo'fug;, T[grqfjK, wkJheo' sozrK, o'p/N P'X gquZbs jB. ezfgT{No B/Ntofezr B/ g?o iwkBk nozG eo fdZsk j?. ftd/P ;zuko fBrw fbfwN/v, B?PBb fJzBckow/fNe; ;?Ano, ;h^v'N (;?Ano cko vtbgw?AN nkc N/bhe'fwT{Bhe/PBI) d[nkok ;{uBk dk gqtkj pj[s finkd s/i rsh Bkb uZb fojk j?. fJzNoB/N dh pj[nk:kwh ;eohnsk ns/ seBheh e"PB B{z ;wkukoK dh ftPkb d[BhnK Bkb i'V e/ ;{uBk irs ftZu T[; eqKsh dk ok;sk n;kB ehsk ik fojk j? fiZE/ ypo d/D ns/ b?D tkb/ fJZe d{i/ B{z uzrh soQK ;wMd/ jB, fiZE/ T[gG'esktkd B{z wfji e{Vkgkso BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk pbfe T[; B{z T[; dh o{uh d/ w[skfpe m'; ;{uBktK g/P ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

;zgqsh, JhîoBfbIw ihtB ns/ irs dk fJZe io{oh nzr pD u[Zek j?. fJ; B/ nkgDh T[g:'rsk ns/ r[Dtsk f;ZX eo fdZsh j?. d[BhnK d/ bJh fJj fJZe todkB f;ZX j' fojk j?. gozs{ fJ; dk d{ik gZy th j?.

;zuko eqKsh B/ fi; t?PtheoD d/ fPP{ B{z B"itkB pDkfJnk j? T[; s/ pj[s ;ko/ nko'g th bZr oj/ jB. gq'c/;o jopoN fPbo d/ nB[[;ko whvhnk dk okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;Zsk d/ Bkb v[zxk ;zpzX j?. „wk; efwT{fBe/PB n?Av nw/foeB n?gkfJno‟ (1969) ns/ „fd wkJhAv w?B/io;‟ (1973) Bkwe g[;se ftZu fPbo B/ G{wzvbh tou;t dh ftnkfynk g/P edo/ j'J/ whvhnk dh G{fwek B{z fdykfJnk j?. T[j wzBd/; jB fe „;[go jkJht/‟ d/ Bkw Bkb fizB/ th gfotosB nk oj/ jB T[j ;G iBsk dh ;zgsh dh ehws s/ nk oj/ jB. „o/vhU ;g?eNow cfoet?A;h‟ dk ekog'o/N fjsK d/ ft;sko d/ bJh fJ;s/wkB j' fojk j?. fJ; s/ e'Jh pfj; iK uouk BjhA j' ojh j?. „o/vhU ;g?Now cfoet?A;h‟ okPNoh ;zgsh j?. gqfeofse ;z;kXB j?. o/vhU dk nozG ftZu iBsk d/ ;z;kXB d/ o{g ftZu fJ;s/wkB P[o{ j'fJnk ;h. gozs{, pknd ftZu fJ; dk d[oT[g:'r j'fJnk. fiBQK B{z o/vhU gq;koD d/ bJh bkJh;?A; fdZs/ rJ/ T[j iBsk B{z fdZs/ rJ/ tkfdnK B{z G[Zb rJ/. T[j w[Bkc/ d/ ft;sko d/ bJh o/vhU dk fJ;s/wkB eoB bZr/. „o/vhU ;g?Now cfoet?A;h‟ dk iBsk dh ;thfeqsh d/ pr?o tgkoe T[d/PK d/ bJh fJ;s/wkb ehsk ik fojk j?. fJjh ;fEsh nkofEe T[dkoheod d/ ekoB ;kv/ d/P ftZu th j?. o/vhU ;g?Now cfoet?A;h dk fBZih tkoge fjsK d/ bJh fJ;s/wkB j' fojk j?. yk; eoe/ whvhnk ns/ d{o;zuko d/ y/so ftZu. whvhnk ns/ d{o;zuko d/ ftfGzB wkfXnwK d[nkok iBsk B{z T[gG'esk pDkfJnk ik fojk j?. iBsk d/ fus ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe B{z pdfbnk ik fojk j?. nkX[fBe T[gG'r d/ ;kXBK d/ gqsh G[Zy g?dk ehsh ik ojh j?. T[gG'esktkdh ;z;feqsh dk gquko^gq;ko iw e/ ehsk ik fojk j?. fPbo d/ ftukoK d/ eqw ftZu fJZe wjZstg{oD gqPB T[g;fEs j[zdk j?. ;zuko eqKsh B/ d[BhnK d/ ckfJd/ bJh ngko ;zGkBktK T[g;fEsh ehshnK jB. id'Afe, ;zuko d/ nfs nkX[fBE ;kXBK dk nkgD/ ;tkoE^g{osh ;zpzX ftnkge d[oT[g:'r th ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; soQK gqPB fJj yVk j[zdk j? fe nkfyo d'P fe; dk j? eqKsh dk< iK fJ; dk d[oT[g:'r eoB tkfbnK dk fJj ftuko^wzEB ek ftPk j?.

;z;feqsh pj[btkd (Cultural Pluralism)îd'A fe;h ;wki ftZu fJZe s'A tZX ;z;feqshnK d/ b'e Bkb^Bkb ofjzd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ fJ; soQK d/ ;fj ti{d dk ;woEB th ehsk iKdk j?, T[d'A fJj

B'N



B'N ;fEsh ;z;feqfse pj[btkd d/ Bkw s'A ikDh iKdh j?. fJ; dk tXhnk T[dkjoD Gkos j?. fJZE/ ftfGzB ws^wsKso tkb/ ;w[dkfJnK B{z Gkosh ;wki dh wjs gqzgoktK ftZu ;fjGkrh ofjzd/ j'J/ nkgDh^nkgDh ;z;feqfse gqzgooktK d/ gkbB dh ;t?SKdsk ofjzdh j?.

t?PfteoD d/ d"o ftZu fJZe ;z;feqsh d/ ftensh dh d{i/ ;z;feqsh tkb/ ftnesh d/ Bkb nzso^ fefonktK ngfojko jB. fJBQK nzso^fefonktK B{z ftPt ;w[dkfJ dh ;thfeqsh j[zdh j?. fJ;h d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe d/P d/ ftnesh dk d{i/ d/P ftZu nktkrwB th tfXnk j?. eko'pko, tkfDi, okiBhfse, ;wkfei iK eJh ekoBK s'A nktkrwB tfXnk j?. fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;z;feqfse pj[btkd B{z tXktk fwb fojk j?.

nZi ;z;feqfse nzdo{Bh ;zpzXsk B{z tXktk fwb fojk j?. fJ; dk w[Zy ekoB j?? iB;zuko, T[sgqtk;, go:NB, ftd/Ph ezgBhnK nkfd. t?PtheoD d/ ekoB ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK d/ tZv/ BroK d/ tZb T[sgqtk; s/ih Bkb tZX fojk j?. fJ; Bkb b'eK d/ ;kjwD/ fJj ;wZf;nk yVh j' ojh j? fe T[j nkgD/ jh w{b fBtk; ;EkB s/ nkgDh gqzgokrs ns/ b'e;z;feqsh, okPNohnsk, Bkrfoesk ns/ ;wkfie ihtB d/ j'o gZyK d/ Bkb ;wk:'iB eoe/ fe; soQK s'A ihtB pshs eoB.

e[ZM ;wkiftfrnkBe fJj wzBd/ jB fe t?PtheoD d/ cb;o{g pj[;z;feqshtkd (Multiculturism) B{z tXktk fwb fojk j?. ykB^gkB, ofjD^;fjD, t/P^G{Pk ;fjs ihtB dhnK ftfGzB io{osK dh ;wZroh ns/ fJZe d/P d/ T[sgkdB dh d{i/ d/P ftZu nZi ygs j' ojh j?. fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb th fJZe d/P dh ;z;feqsh d{i/ d/P ftZu gj[zu ojh j?. nekPh wkor s'A ftd/Ph ;z;feqsh ;kv/ xoK ftZu dkfyb e ojh j?. ftfGzB NhHthH u?Bb; ftd/Ph ;z;feqsh d/ tkje jB. e[ZM b'e fJ; B{z ;z;feqsh jwbk dk BKt th gqdkB eod/ jB.

GkPkJh tou;t (Linguistic Dominance)^t?PfteoD dk fJZe d'P g{oD Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe ewi'o d/PK dhnK GkPktK wko yk rJhnK. Fjzdh T[Bh wko BjhA ykJ/rh. feT[Afe, fjzdh d/P dh nkgDh nzdo{Bh Pesh j?. gozs{ i' ewi'o d/P jB, rohp d/P jB, fiBQK dh npkdh xZN j?, T[jBK dhnK GkPktK i/eo Bk th j'D sK th pj[s d[opb j' ikDrhnK. i/eo T[jBK B{z d[BhnK d/ w[ekpb/ ftZu nkT[ADk j? sK fJzNoB/N ftZu nkT[Dk j't/rk. fJzNoB/N ftZu nkT[D d/ bJh nzro/Ih f;ZyDh gJ/rh. ;kok dk ;kok nX[fBesw frnkB i/ ;kB{z fe;h fJZe GkPk s'A ibdh fwb ;edk j? sK T[j nzro/Ih j?. t?PtheoD dk ;G s'A gqGkth ns/ T[dh:wkB T[geoD fJzNoB/N nzro/Ih dk ;G s'A tZvk tkje pD frnk j?. pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK ns/ NoK;B/PBb ezgBhnK th nzro/Ih dh tkje jB. nzro/Ih dk jwbk nekPh wkor Gkt ftd/Ph NhHthH u?BbK d[nkok th j' fojk j?.

nZi G{wzvbheoD d/ ekoB okPNohnsk ns/ GkPk fBogZysk, okPNo fBogZysk ns/ GkPk fBogZysk d'jK d/ nZr/ fJZe GftZy pD fojk j?. n;hA t?PtheoD d/ ;z;feqfse gZy s'A th ;o'eko oZyhJ/ sK ;wokitkdh ;z;feqsh iK ;wokitkd d/ ;z;feqfse w'ou/ ;zpzXh fttkd ssekb fXnkB nkeqfPs eod/ jB. fJ; ;zdoG ftZu GkPktK d/ ftb'gheoD dk w[Zdk, fi; Bkb :{B/;e' th fuzsk Bkb Gfonk j?, Bt/ o{g ftZu nk yVk j[zdk j?. eh t?PtheoD d/ ekoB e[ZM dk iK nyo ftZu nzro/Ih dk tou;t ekfJw j' ikJ/rk ns/ j'o GkPktK r"D s'A r"Dso j[zdhnK j'JhnK ftb[gs j' ikDrhnK< fJj gqPB ftP/P eoe/ nftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK dhnK GkPKtK d/ pko/ ftZu ykb s"o s/ gq;zfre j[zdk ik fojk j?.

nzsoôkPNoh T[d:'r^ftt;Ek dh GkPk pj[s finkd nzro/Ih j[zdh ik ojh j?. co?Au nzso^ okPNoh e[NBhsh ftZu ;wkfBs ojh ns/ coK; d/ ;z;feqfse gq:'rK dk e/Ado j'D d/ ekoB co?Au dk d[BhnK ftZu ftP/P nkdo fojk. gozs{ t?PtheoD d/ Bt/A d"o ftZu nzro/Ih d/ jVQ B{z o'eD ftZu n;oZE j[zdh ik ojh j?. j[Dh d' fszB djke/ gfjbK coK; ftZu nzro/ih f;oc ikDB tkfbnK B{z w[Pfeb j[zdh ;h. g/fo; ftZu ;ko/ ;kJhBp'ov iK fpb p'ov e/tb co?Au ftZu j[zd/ ;B. nZi gqw[Zy ;VqeK s/ nzro/Ih gquko dh Gowko j?. ykVh d//PK ftZu th fJjh jbks jB. noph, T[od{, cko;h i[pkB tkb/ d/PK d/ eko'pkoe gqfsPmkBK d/ ;kJhp'ov d'GkPh j' rJ/ jB. nzro/Ih ftZu th gquko^gq;ko io{oh j' frnk j?. gkfe;skB ns/ pKrbkd/P th fJ; o'r s'A nS{s/ BjhA jB.



Gkos ftZu t?PtheoD d[nkok nzro/Ih dk tou;t tfXnk j?. Gkos dh izB;zfynk fJZe nop s'A finkdk j?, fJ; ftZu ;Zso gqshPs b'e fjzdh p'bd/ ns/ ;wMd/ jB. gkfe;skB ftZu fijVh GkPk p'bh iKdh j?, fi; B{z n;hA T[od{ efjzd/ jB, T[j th fjzdh dk jh fJZe d{ik o{g j?. w/om, fdZbh dh yVh p'bh s'A jh fjzdh ns/ T[od{ d'B'A ftef;s j'J/ jB. fjzdh T[od{ dh fwPfos iBGkPk B{z wjkswk rKXh B/ fjzd[;skBh Bkw fdZsk ;h. gkfe;skB d/ fJbktk p'bukb dh fjzdh iK fjzd[;skB E'V/ o{g ftZu ncrkfB;skB ns/ ykVh d/PK ftZu p'bh iKdh j?. gV';h d/P B/gkB ns/ pKrbkd/P d/ fJbktk f;zrkg[o, wkohP;, sfofBdkd, r[fBnkBk nkfd ftZu fjzdh p'bh iKdh j?. ftPt ftZu brGr 80 eo'V b'e fjzdh p'bd/ jB. ;Zu g[ZS' sK izB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A ftPt ftZu fJzB/ b'e fe;h fJZe GkPk B{z p'bD tkb/ BjhA. uhB dh w[Zy GkPk w?vfoB j?, gozs{ ;ko/ uhBh w?AvfoB BjhA p'bd/. fBofttkd o{g s'A fjzdh p'bD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk ftPt ftZu ;G s'A tZX j?. fco th, fjzdh irs ftZu nzro/Ih dk tou;t tZX fojk j?. T[geoD fJzNoB/N nzro/Ih dk ;G s'A tZvk tkje pD frnk j?. fJj t?PtheoD dk Bshik j?.

nkT{N;'of;zr (Outsourcing)^t?PtheoD dk fJZe gqw[Zy J/izN j? nkT{N;'of;zr. nw/foek ns/ :{o'g d/ d/PK ftZu nZi nkT{N;'of;zr s/ rowkrow pfj; uZb ojh j?. fJ; dh P[o{nks nw/foek B/ jh ehsh ;h. gozs{, nZi T[jh fJ; B{z pzd eoB d/ bJh :sBPhb j?. feT[Afe, fJ; Bkb ftek;Phb okPNoK B{z ckfJdk gj[zu fojk j?. nw/foeh y[chnk ftGkr dh fJZe wjZtg{oD Pkyk j? n?BHNhH;hH (B?PBb fJzN/fbi/A; ekT{Af;b). fJj nw/foeh ;oeko B{z y[chnk ikDekohnK ns/ ;bkj T[gbpX eokT[Adh j?. n?BHNhH;hH gqw[Zy Pqh okpoN n?bH fjfee; B/ wkou 2004 ftZu nw/foeh ;oeko B{z fog'oN ;"Agh j?. fdB 21 wkou, 2004 B{z fJj fog'oN d[BhnK d/ nypkoK ftZu Sgh. fog'oN d/ nB[;ko eko'pko ;zpzXh nkT{N;'of;zr fJZe BthB o{MkB j?. fJj ezgBhnK B{z nkgDh T[sgkdB do B{z xNkT[D ftZu wdd eodk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok GftZy ftZu nkT[D tkb/ ysfonK s'A nw/foehnK B{z nrkj eod/ j'J/ fog'oN ftZu fejk frnk fe tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ ftd/Ph ezgBhnK nkT{N;'of;zr d[nkok nw/foh ;{uBktK ns/ T[d:'freh u[ok ojhnK jB. fJ; Bkb ftd/PK s'A ezfgT{No e'v; ns/ jkovt/no d/ nk:ks ;zpzXh ;[oZfynk dk rzGho ;zeN nkT[D tkbk j?.

fog'oN ftZu y[chnk gqw[Zy B/ nkofEe ns/ j'o r'gBhnsK dh nkT{N;'of;zr d[nkok ehsh ik ojh u'oh s'A ;ktXkB eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe nkT[D tkb/ gzdQK ;kbK ftZu f;oc ;'cNt/no d/ y/so ftZu fszB bZy o'irko nw/foek s'A pkjo ub/ ikDr/. fJ; ftZu'A 70 gqshPs Gkso ftZu, 20 gqshPhs fcbhghA; ftZu ns/ 10 gqshPs uhB ftZu o'Irko ub/ ikDr/.

t?PtheoD d/ Bshi/ ti'A nkT{N;'of;zr s/ih Bkb nkT{N;'fozr d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftek;Phb d/PK ftZu bZyK okirko dk nkrwB. fJj ;wkuko ftek;Ph d/PK d/ bJh T[s;kjiBe j? ns/ ftef;s d/PK d/ bJh fBokPkiBe j?. fJ; bJh nZi nw/foek ftZu ftd/PhnK d/ bJh nkT{N;'of;zr s/ gqshpzX brkT[D dh gfjb ikoh j?.

B'N

Nk;e ;zuko eqKsh ns/ t?PtheoD s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

gqtoiB iK d/Pkso (Migration)^fe;h fJZe G{r'fbe$okPNoh y/so s'A d{i/ G{r'fbe okPNoh y/so ftZu ;kg/y o{g s'A rwB dh gqfefonk gqtoiB iK d/Pkso d/ Bkw s'A ikDh iKdh j?. GowD ns/ gqtoiB ftZu nzso j?. GowD g{oh soQK n;EkJh j[zdk j?, id'A fe gqtoiB dh ;fEsh ftZu ;EkfJst dk sZs ftdwkB j[zdk j?.

fJ;h Bkb fwbdhnKî[bdhnK d' j'o XkoDktK gkt T[sgqtk; n/s nktoiB jB. fe;h ftnesh d[nkok nkgd/ d/P B{z SZv e/ d{i/ d/P ftZu ikD dh gqfefonk „T[sgqtk;‟ (J/fwrq/PB) ejkT[Adh j?. fJ; d/ T[bN, d/P ftZu nkT[D dh gqfefonk B{z „nktoiB‟ iK ngqtk; (fJwkJhrq/PB) efjzd/ jB. fJ; d/ T[bN gqtoiB dk fJZe d{ik o{g th j? fi; B{z „nzdo{Bh gqtoiB‟ efjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK d/ gqtoiB ftZu fJZe jh d/P ftZu fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB fit/A fgzv s'A Pfjo d/ tZb fBPqwD iK Pfjo d/ wZX y/so s'A T[gBroK d/ tZb rwB dh gqfefonktK th Pkfwb ehshnK iKdhnK jB.



B'N t?PtheoD d[nkok gqtoiB dh gqfefonk s/i j'Jh j?. fJZe d/P d/ Bkrfoe d[nkok d{i/ d/P ftZu g{zihfBt/P ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; d/ bJh T[; dk d{i/ d/P ftZu nkT[DkîkDk tZX fojk j?. nftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK d/ :'r b'e o'irko dh sbkP ftZu nw/foeh ns/ :{o'r ftZu s/ih Bkb tZX ;zfynk ftZu ik oj/ jB. T[E/ jh fBtk; eo oj/ jB. t?PtheoD B/ fJ; gqfefonk B{z rsh gqdkB ehsh j?. fJ; Bkb T[sgqtk; (J/fwrq/PB) dh rsh s/i j'Jh j?.

ngqtk;h GkoshnK (n?BHnkoHnkJhH) B{z Gkos ftZu g{zihfBt/P d/ bJh ih nkfJnK ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; d/ bJh ngqtk;h GkoshnK B{z ;oekoh ns/ ekB{zBh ;so s/ ;kohnK ;j{bhnsK wj[ZJhnk eokJhnK rJhnK jB. d/P ftZu n?BhnkoHnkJhH d[nkok g{zih fBt/P B{z tXkT[D bJh T[jBK B{z d'joh Bkrfoesk dh tekbs ehsh rJh. fJ; soQK nkfeqfPs j' e/ ngqtk;h Gkosh tZvh ;zfynk ftZu Gkos nk oj/ jB. T[j fJZE/ g{zihfBt/P d/ bJh fsnko jB. fJj gqfefonk d[BhnK d/ ftfGzB d/PK ftZu ikoh j?. fJ; Bkb nktoiB iK ngqtk; (fJwkJhrq/PB) dh gqfefonk s/i j'Jh. Gkt/A fe Gkos ;oeko d[nkok fwsh 26 wJh, 2004 B{z fBt/P wzsokfbnk ysw ehs/ ikD ns/ fwsh 8 i[bkJh, 2004 B{z ;z;d ftZu piN g/P eod/ j'J/ ftd/Ph fBt/P B{z tXkT[D ;zpzXh gqktXkB eoB d/ pknd GftZy ftZu fJ; dk eh gqGkt gJ/rk fJj ftuko:'r ftPk j?.

gqtoiB, T[sgqtk;, nktoiB iK ngqtk; d/ pj[nk:kwh Bshi/ ;kjwd/ nkT[Ad/ jB. Bt/A d/P dh BthA ;z;feqsh ftZu ;wk:'iB dh ;wZf;nk. Bt/A soQK d/ gqeko:kswe ;zpzXK (Functional

Relationships) dk iBw. fJZe ;z;feqsh d/ b'eK dk d{ih ;z;feqsh d/ b'eK d/ Bkb w{b, wkBe, ihtB^gZXsh, fttjko, nzso^fefonktK nkfd d/ ;so s/ fJZek iK dtzd. iBKfeeh (Demography) ;zpzXh ;wZf;nk. fJj w[Zd/ t?PtheoD d/ Bshi/ti'A ;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB. fJBQK w[ZfdnK dk ;wkiPk;soh nfXnB io{oh j?. fJ; Bkb t?PtheoD d/ gqGkt dk nfXnB ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


6H t?PtheoD fJZe gqfefonk j?^

(T) ifNb (n) ;ob (J) w[Pfeb (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

7H t?PtheoD d/ d"okB j' fojk j?^

(T) w[dok dk ntw[bB (n) w[dok dk J/eheoD (J) w[dok dk ubB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

8H T[dkoheoD dh Bhsh B/ tXktk fdZsk j?^

(T) fBZiheoD B{z (n) T[dkoheoD B{z (J) ftek; B{z (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

9H okPNotkd dh gqkEfwe Pos j?^

(T) w[dok (n) Bkrfoesk (J) noEftt;Ek (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

10H ;zuko eqKsh B/ t?PtheoD B{z gqdkB ehsk j?^

(T) rsh ns/ T[oik (n) w[dok (J) BthA Pesh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA



27H5 t?PtheoD dk tkje L wZXw tor (Middle Class : Carrier of Globalization) fe;h ;wki dh nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;soheoD dh ftt;Ek dk T[j Gkr fi; dk ;so Bk sK pj[s finkdk fBwB j[zdk j? ns/ Bk jh pj[s finkdk T[Zuk. fJj ;wkfie tor e[bhB tor s/ ;otjkok d[nkok pD/ ;wkfie wkg d/ d' S'o fpzd{nK jd/ wZX ftZu ;fEs j[zdk j?. fJ; tor ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A ;c/dg'P ns/ fBwB gqpzXeh eko'pkoK ftZu ekoios ftneshnK B{z Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.

:{ogh g[BoikroD d/ cb;o{g fJZe BthA ;wkfie ftt;Ek ;kjwD/ nkJh. fJ; ftZu nkX[fBesk B/ pj[nk:kwh gfotosB ehs/. Gkosh g[BoikroD fJ;h dh fJZe eVh j?. o'irko ns/ eko'pko d/ Bt/A w"e/ T[gbpX j'J/. eowukoh szso (Bureaucracy), seBheh szso (Technocracy), tehb, vkeNo, fJzihBhno, nfXnkge, wM'b/ tgkoe gqfsPmBK d/ gqpzX fBd/Pe, y/soh ns/ gqKsh okiB/sk, fij/ eJh tor Bk f;oc ti{d ftZu nkJ/ pbfe j'bh^j'bh gqGktPkbh tor d/ w?Apo pD rJ/. wZXw tor d/ Bkw s'A ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ; B/ gfotosB d/ fBotkje dh G{fwek ndk ehsh j?.

nZi t?PtheoD dk w[Zy tkje wZXw tor j?. fJjh pikotkd ftZu w[Zy T[gG'esk j?. nZi ftfGzB NhHthH u?Bb; B{z ;G s'A finkdk wZXwtor d/y fojk j?. pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK d/ wkb dh ygs eoB tkfbnK ftZu wZXw tor nrKtX{ j?. 27H6 ;ko nzP (Summary)

Gkos ftZu t?PtheoD d[nkok nzro/Ih dk tou;t tfXnk j?. Gkos dh iB;zfynk fJZe nop s'A finkdk j?, fJ; ftZu ;Zso gqshPs b'e fjzdh p'bd/ ns/ ;wMd/ jB. gkfe;skB ftZu fijVh GkPk p'bh iKdh j?, fi; B{z n;hA T[od{ efjzd/ jB, T[j th fjzdh dk fJZe d{ik o{g j?. w/om, fdZbh dh yVh p'bh s'A jh fjzdh ns/ T[od{ d'B'A ftef;s j'J/ jB. fjzdh T[od{ dh fwPfos iBGkPk B{z wjkswk rKXh B/ fjzd[;skBh Bkw fdZsk ;h. gkfe;skB d/ fJbktk p'bukb dh fjzdh iK fjzd[;skBh E'V/ o{g s'A ncrkfB;skB ns/ ykVh d/ d/PK ftZu p'bh iKdh j?. gV';h d/P B/gkb ns/ pKrbkd/P d/ fJbktk f;zrkg[o, wkohP;, sfofBdkd, r[:kBk nkfd ftZu fjzdh p'bh iKdh j?. ftPt ftZu brGr 80 eo'V b'e fjzdh p'bd/ jB. ;Zu g[ZfSnk ikt/ sK iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A ftPt ftZu fJzB/ finkdk b'e fe;h fJZe GkPk B{z p'bD tkb/ jB jh BjhA. uhB dh w[Zy GkPk w?AvfoB j?, gozs{ ;ko/ uhBh w?AvfoB BjhA p'bd/. fBofttkd o{g s'A fjzdh p'bD tkfbnK dh ;zfynk ftPt ftZu ;G s'A finkdk j?. fco th, fjzdh irs ftZu nzro/Ih dk tou;t tZX fojk j?. T[geoD fJzNoB/N nzro/Ih dk ;G s'A tZvk tkje pD frnk j?. fJj t?PtheoD dk Bshik j?. 27H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H J/eheoD (Integration)^fJZe j'D dh ;fEsh

2H ;XkoD w[dok (Common Currency)^g{o/ d/P ftZu uZbD tkbh w[dok 27H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H nkofEe t?PtheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ;gPN eo'.

2H t?PtheoD d/ gqGktK dk toDB eo'.

3H „okPNotkd pBkw t?PtheoD‟ s'A eh Gkt j?<

4H ;zuko eqKsh ns/ t?PtheoD dk T[b/y eo'.

B'N




1H :{o'g 2H Btzpo 2003 3H Bekokswe 4H fBZiheoD 5H J/eheoD

6H (T) 7H (n) 8H (T) 9H (n) 10H (T) 27H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;









fJekJh^28 L wB[ZyhnfXeko ns/ f;Zfynk

fJekJh^28 L wB[ZyhnfXeko ns/ f;Zfynk (Human Rights and Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


28H1 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; dh XkoDk (Concept of Human Resource Development)

28H2 ftfB:'r d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk (Education as an Investment)

28H3 f;Zfynk wB[Zyh g{zih d/ o{g ftZu (Education as Human Capital)

28H4 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB (Man Power Planning)

28H5 nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek (Role of Education in Economic Development)

28H6 ftfdne :'iBk (Educational Planning)

28H7 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXB (Sources of Human Resource Development)

28H8 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu gfotosB dh io{os (Need for the Change in Education for Human Resource Development)





T[d/P (Objectives)


wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; dh XkoDk ikDB ;zpzXh.

wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB ikDB ;zpzXh.

ftfdne :'iBk ikDB ;zpzXh.

nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek ikDB ;zpzXh.


f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ e[Pbsk dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ nfijk :'r, ;woZE ns/ e[Pb wB[Zy jh ;wki dk, d/P dk ns/ nkofEe irs dk ftek; eo ;edk j?. fi; soQK dk XzB fJZe g{zih j?, fJZe ;kXB j?, T[;h soQK wB[Zy th fJZe g{zih j?, fJe ;kXB j? ns/ T[; B{z f;Zfynk d/ e/ n;hA d/P d/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. j[D ;ko/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; dh rZb B{z ;thek eo fbnk frnk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu th gfjbK f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzXs ;ko/ y/soK ns/ nzrK d/ ;zrmB, ftt;Ek, :'iBk n/s gqPk;B nkfd d/ bJh f;Zfynk wzsokfbnk T[ZsodkJh ;h, gozs{ okiht rKXh ekb ftZu fJ; dk Bkw pdb e/ ns/



B'N fJ; d/ y/so B{z ftnkge pDk e/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; wzsokfbnk eo fdZsk frnk j?, fi; Bkb ng/fyns NhfunK B{z gqkgs ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ f;Zfynk ;Zu/ noEK ftZu wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK dk ftek; eo ;e/. 28H1 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; dh XkoDk (Concept of Human Resource Development) nZi dk :[r fB:'fis ftek; dk :[r j?. ;z;ko dk jo/e d/P :'iBkpZX j' e/ nkofEe gqrsh d/ tZb tZX fojk j?. ftek; d/ fJ; o{g ftZu jo/e d/P nkgD/ gqfeofse, wB[Zyh ns/ j'o ;z;kXBK dk fB:'iB fJ; soQK s'A eodk j? fe T[jBK dk g{ok^g{ok bkG T[mkfJnk ik ;e/. f;Zfynk fJ; ekoi ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?. fi; d/P dh f;Zfyn ftt;Ek fizBh fB:'fis ns/ nkofEe ihtB Bkb ;zpX j[zdh j?, T[j d/P T[Bh jh s/ih Bkb nkofEe ftek; eodk j?. fi; d/P dh wB[Zyh Pesh fizBh finkdk e[Pb, fBg[zB ns/ f;ybkJh gqkgs j[zdh j?, T[; d/P dh gqrsh T[Bh jh finkdk s/ih Bkb j[zdh j?. wB[Zyh Pesh B{z e[Pb pDkT[D dk ekoi f;Zfynk jh eodh j?. io{os fJ; rZb dh j[zdh j? fe f;Zfynk nkgDk ekoi nkofEe ftek; d/ Bkb ;zpzX j' e/ eo/. i/eo f;Zfynk dk ekoi e/tb frnkB noiB sZe iK gVQBk^fbyDk ns/ rfDs f;ykT[D sZe iK e/tb p"fXe ;woZEk tXkT[D sZe jh ;hfws fojk sK fJ; dk d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; s/ T[gbNk gqGkt gJ/rk. fJ; d/ ekoB nkofEe ftek; d/ pj[s ;ko/ y/soK ftZu e[Pb ftnesh BjhA fwb gkT[Dr/ ns/ T[jBK d/ bJh iK sK n;hA ftd/Pk s/ nkPfos j'tKr/ iK ;kvk ftek; ekoi o[e ikt/rk. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z nkofEe ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A fB:'fis eoBk io{oh j?. nZi f;Zfynk e/tb frnkB noiB d/ bJh Bk j' e/ d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh th j?. f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ e[Pbsk dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ nfijk :'r, ;woZE ns/ e[Pb wB[Zy jh ;wki dk, d/P dk ns/ nkofEe irs dk ftek; eo ;edk j?. fi; soQK XzB fJZe g{zih j?, fJZe ;kXB j?, T[; soQK wB[Zy th fJZe g{zih j?, fJZe ;kXB j? ns/ T[; B{z f;Zfynk d/ e/ n;hA d/P d/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. j[D ;ko/ d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; dh rZb B{z ;theko eo fbnk frnk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu th gfjbK f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzX ;ko/ y/soK ns/ nzrK d/ ;zrmB, ftt;Ek, :'iBk ns/ gqPk;B nkfd d/ bJh f;Zfynk wzsokfbnk T[ZsodkJh ;h, gozs{ okiht rKXh ekb ftZu fJ; dk Bkw pdb e/ ns/ fJ; d/ y/so B{z ftnkge pDk e/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; wzsokfbnk eo fdZsk frnk j?, fi; Bkb ng/fyns NhfunK B{z gqkgs ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ f;Zfynk ;Zu/ noEK ftZu wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK dk ftek; eo ;e/.

B'N; f;Zfynk fe;h th d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?,

fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z g{zih fejk iKdk j?.

28H2 ftfB:'r d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk (Education as an Investment)

ftfB:'r dk noE nfij/ g{zih ;zpzXh ;kXBK s'A j?, fijV/ fe;h bkGekoh T[sgkdB ftZu bZr/ jB Gkt fijV/ you s'A finkdk bkG gqdkB eod/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ftZu, n;hA fJj efj ;e/d jK fe id'A XzB B{z fe;h ezw ftZu fJ; T[d/P s'A brkfJnk iKdk j? fe GftZy ftZu T[; d[nkok j'o finkdk XzB gqkgs j't/, sK T[; B{z ftfB:'r efjzd/ jB. f;Zfynk B{z ftfB:'r fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk s/ i' XzBokPh you ehsh iKdh j?, T[j T[sgkde j[zdh j? ns/ T[; Bkb finkdk wksok ftZu T[sgkdB j[zdk j?. ;XkoD o{g s'A fe;h T[d:'r ftZu fijVh g{zih brkJh iKdh j?, T[; Bkb'A finkdk g{zih GftZy ftZu fwb iKdh j?. fJ;h soQK f;Zfynk ftZu ftfdnkb/ GtB, coBhuo, f;ybkJh^T[geoD, nfXnkgeK dh sBykj nkfd s/ fijVh g{zih brkJh iKdh j?, T[; d[nkok f;ybkJh gqkgs ns/ e[Pb fwjBsh gqkgs j[zd/ jB, uzr/ gqPk;e ns/ seBheh^ ftP/Pr fsnko j[zd/ jB, BthnK^BthnK ftXhnK^gqftXhnK dh y'i j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb T[sgkdB



ns/ bkGnzP ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?, okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb gqsh ftnesh nkwdB ftZu th tXdh j? ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk s/ brkJh rJh g{zih go'y o{g s'A tZX e/ d/P B{z gqkgs j' iKdh j?. f;Zfynk ftZu fizBh g{zih brkJh iKdh j?, d/P dk ftek; T[Bk jh finkdk j[zdk j?.

wkoPb (Marshall) B/ fejk ;h fe ;G s'A tZX w{btkB g{zih T[j j?, fijVh wB[Zy s/ ftfB:'fis ehsh iKdh j?. ;kwtkdh ftukoXkok d/ gqw[Zy gqtose ekob wkoe; (Karl Marx) B/ wid{oK B{z ;w{fus wksok ftZu f;Zfyns eoB dh rZb ejh ;h. nw/foek ftZu gq:'iBtkdh f;Zfynk d/ ftek; d/ Bkb jh Bkb f;ZfynkPk;sohnK dk fXnkB f;Zfynk d/ noEPk;so d/ tZb frnk ns/ T[j ;ko/ ftfdnke :sBK d/ gqshcbK dk w[bnzeD nkofEe T[[gbpXhnK d/ o{g ftZu eoB bZr/. o{; d/ gqf;ZX f;Zfynk Pk;soh ;No[fwfbB (Strumilin) B/ gqdsK d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJj f;ZX ehsk fe wid{oK B{z gqkEfwe f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB s/ T[sgkdB ftZu 44 gqshPs tkXk gfJnk frnk. fJ;h soQK fpqN/B d/ noEPk;so c?pohe?AN (Fabricant) ns/ i'B p/ih (John Baji) ns/ coK; d/ wkJhp/i v/tkB/P (Maybaj Dewanesh) B/ fJj dZf;nk fe f;Zfynk dk okPNo d/ T[sgkdB s/ T[b/y:'r gqGkt g?Adk j?. d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ pknd fJ; ftP/ s/ eJh P'X^nfXnB j'J/ ns/ T[jBK d[nkok fJj Bshik fBefbnk fe f;Zfynk s/ ehsk frnk you T[sgkde j[zdk j?. :{B/;e' (UNESCO) B/ „ftfB:'r d/ o{g ftZu f;Zfynk‟ dk pj[s wip{shj d/ Bkb ;woEB ehsk ns/ fejk fe „f;Zfynk ftZu ftfB:'r j?‟ (Education is an Investment in Itself). nZi ;ko/ noEPk;soh, ;ko/ f;Zfynk Pk;soh, ;ko/ T[d:'rgsh ns/ ;ko/ okPNo fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe f;Zfynk s/ you eoBk T[Bk jh bkGekoh j?, T[Bk jh T[g:'r j? ns/ T[Bk jh wjZstg{oD j?, fizBk T[d:'rK s/ you eoBk. nZi ;ko/ fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe T[Bs f;Zfynk ftt;Ek fpBK T[d:'freh, eko'pkoe, seBheh ns/ ftfrnkBe T[Bsh ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; bJh nZi ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/PK B/ f;Zfynk s/ tZX s'A tZX you nozG eo fdZsk j?.

f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ ikD tkb/ you ns/ T[; d/ gqshcb s/ eJh nfXnB ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK nfXnBK s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe f;Zfynk s/ ehsk ikD tkbk you ftfB:'r j?.

1H f;Zfynk s/ you eoB Bkb okPNoh nkwdB tZXdh j?. fijVk okPNo, ;wki, seBheh ns/ ftfrnkB dh f;Zfykn s/ fizBk finkdk you eodk j?, T[; dh okPNoh nkwdB T[Bh jh finkdk j[zdh j?.

2H f;Zfynk dk fB:'iB eod/ ;w/A ;wki dh wzr ns/ T[; d/ nB[e{b f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek eoB dk fizBk finkdk :sB ehsk iKdk j?, T[jBK ftZu T[Bk jh finkdk gqshcb gqkgs j[zdk j?.

3H nkgDh f;Zfynk s/ ehs/ ikD tkb/ you s'A ftnesh dh nkwdB gqGkfts j[zdh j?, fit/A T[d:'rK ftZu ;XkoD f;ybkJh gqkgs ftnesh B{z xZN sBykj fwbdh j?, fvgb'wkXkohnK B{z T[jBK s'A finkdk sBykj fwbdh j? ns/ fJzihBhnoK B{z T[jBK s'A th finkdk sBykj fwbdh j?.

4H fe;h th ekoi ftZu finkdk f;Zfyns ftnesh xZN f;Zfyns ftnesh dh s[bBk ftZu finkdk ;woZEk, e[Pbsk ns/ :'rsk s'A ekoi eodk j? ns/ T[; d/ nB[;ko finkdk sBykj s/ ;[thXktK th gqkgs eodk j?.

5H T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs ftnesh ftZu Bt/A^Bt/A ftukoK ns/ ;kXBK B{z rqfjD eoB dh Pesh ng/fynk s'A finkdk j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb t[j fBozso nkofEe gqrsh eoB ftZu ;cb j[zdk j?.

6H XzB T[sgkdB Bkb frnkB dk f;ZXk T[sgkdB j?. y/sh Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB gqkgs ftnesh T[; fe;kB dh ng/fynk finkdk T[sgkdB eodk j?, fi; B/ y/sh ;zpzXh frnkB gqkgs BjhA ehsk j?. fJZe vhHn?wHn?wHn?;H, n?wHvhH iK fues;k y/so ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs fues;e finkdk XzB T[sgkdB eodk j?, ng/fynk ti'A fJZe xZN fvroh gqkgs fues;e dh s[bBk ftZu. fJ; soQK fJBQK dh f;Zfynk s/ ehsk frnk you nkgD/ ftZu ftfB:'r j?.

B'N



B'N f;Zfynk s/ brkJh ikD tkbh g{zih s'A uko soQK d/ gqshcb gqkgs j' ;ed/ jB^(1) w[dok d/ o{g ftZu gqshcb, (2) w[dfos gqshcb, (3) ftneshrs gqshcb, (4) ;wkfie gqshcb. i/eo ftnesh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ XzB T[sgkdB eodk j?, sK fJ; B{z w[dok d/ o{g ftZu gqshcb fejk iKdk j?. f;Zfyns ftnesh dh fJj nkwdB T[; dk ftneshrs gqshcb j?, gozs{ id'A T[; dh T[Zuh f;Zfynk dk e[ZM bkG B"eoh eoB tkbh ;z;Ek iK ;wki B{z th fwbdk j? sK T[j bkG ;wkfie gqshcb ejkT[Adk j?. fJj th ;zGt j' ;edk j? fe f;Zfynk gqkgs ftnesh dh nkwdB finkdk Bk j't/, gozs{ T[; B{z ;zs'P pj[s finkdk j't/, T[; B{z T[; d[nkok ;zs[PNh fwbdh j't/ sK fJj ;zs'P ns/ ;zs[PNh w[dokofjs gqshcb ejkJ/rh. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H f;Zfynk d[nkok wB[Zy dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk ftek; j[zdk j?.

2H f;Zfynk HHHHHHHHHHHH dk pj[s jh :'r ;kXB j?. 28H3 f;Zfynk wB[Zyh g{zih d/ o{g ftZu (Education as Human Capital)

f;Zfynk fe;h th d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?, fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z g{zih fejk iKdk j?. wkoPb (Marshall) d/ nB[;ko ;kohnK g{zihnK ftZu ;G s'A tZX w{btkB g{zih T[j j[zdh j?, fijVh ;G gqkDhnK ftZu fBt/fPs ehsh iKdh j?. t;s{ o{g s'A f;Zfynk wB[Zyh g{zih j?, feT[Afe fJj wB[Zy dh :'rsk ns/ ekoi ;woZEk ftZu tkXk eodh j?. f;Zfynk B{z g{zih wzBD d/ gZy ftZu fBwB soe fdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB^

1H f;Zfynk nkofEe ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe j?. 2H f;Zfynk s/ you eoe/ f;Zfyns ns/ e[Pb ftnesh dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fJj

iBPesh okPNoh T[sgkdB B{z tXk e/ okPNoh nkwdB B{z tXkT[D ftZu ;fj:'r fdzdh j?.

3H g{oh soQK f;Zfynk ns/ ftfGzB eko'pkoK ftZu f;Zfyns ftnesh d/ ekoi d/ Yzr ftZu nf;Zfyns ns/ fpBK f;ybkJh gqkgs ftnesh dh s[bBk ftZu finkdk gqGkt j[zdk j?.

4H f;Zfyns ftnesh dh :'rsk ns/ ekoi ;woZEk fJzBh finkdk tZX iKdh j? fe T[; dh f;Zfynk s/ T[; dk XzB you j[zdk j?, T[j T[; s'A finkdk nofis eoB dh ;woZEk oZydk j?.

5H wB[Zyh g{zih fBowkD d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;kXBK ftZu n"gukfoe f;Zfynk Bkb ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?, feT[Afe fJj wB[Zyh g{zih d/ nkofEe w{b B{z tXk fdzdh j?. fJ; Bkb ftensh dh GftZy ftZu nofis eoB dh ;woZEk ftZu tkXk j' iKdk j?.

6H wB[Zyh g{zih fiZE/ Pohoe fwjBs d/ o{g ftZu g{zih j?, T[ZE/ d{i/ gk;/ p"fXe Pesh d/ o{g ftZu th g{zih j?.

fJ; soQK f;Zfynk io{oh wB[Zyh g{zih j?. fJj gqsZy o{g s'A wB[Zy dk r[Dkswe ns/ :'rkswe ftek; eodh j? ns/ ;wkfie g{zih dk fBowkD eodh j?. 28H4 wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB (Man Power Planning)

fe;h th okPNo dh T[Bsh ns/ ftek; T[; d/ G"fse ;kXBK s/ jh fBoGo BjhA eodk, pbfe e[Pb wB[Zyh Pesh th nkofEe ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB fdzdh j? ns/ fJ; wB[Zyh Pesh B{z nkgD/ ekoi ftZu e[Pb pDkT[D dk ekoi f;Zfynk jh eodh j?. fJ; ftZu e'Jh Pze BjhA fe fpibh, gfotjB, fJ;gks, e'fJnbk nkfd G"fse ;kXB nkofEe ftek; ftZu ;jkfJe sZs jB, gozs{ fJBQK ;kXBK dk gfoukbB eoB tkbk sK wB[Zy jh j?. id'A sZe T[; ftZu ng/fyns frnkB, e"Pb ns/ nfGgq/oDk BjhA j't/rh, T[d'A sZe fJBQK T[gbpX ;kXBK dk ;jh



Yzr Bkb ;dT[g:'r BjhA j' gkJ/rk. nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ftneshnK B{z ekoi eoB d/ ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh YzrK dh ikDekoh j'Dk gfjbh io{os j? ns/ fJj ekoi f;Zfynk jh ;zgzB eodh j?. f;Zfynk y/sh T[sgkdB ns/ bx{ ns/ ftnkge T[d:'rK B{z eoB dh BthA ftfrnkBe seBheh ns/ YzrK s'A ftneshnK B{z ikD{ eokT[Adh j? ns/ wB[Zyh Pesh B{z e[Pb pDk e/ nkofEe ftek; dk dotkik y'bdh j?. wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB dk noE j?^wB[Zy dh ekoi ;woZEk B{z tXkT[Dk, T[; B{z BthA seBheh dh ikDekoh d/Dk ns/ d/P^ftd/P ftZu y/sh ns/ T[d:'rK ftZu j'D tkb/ gfotosBK s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk. wB[Zy ;t? fJZe Pesh j?^nkofEe fdqPNh s'A g{zih d/ o{g ftZu ns/ nkofEe ;wfoXh d/ ;pb ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' ftfB:'r dk noE nfij/ g{zih ;zpzXh ;kXBK s'A j?, fijV/ fe;h bkGekoh

T[sgkdB ftZu bZr/ jB.

28H5 nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek (Role of Education in Economic Development) nkofEe ftek; dk noE fe;h d/P dh P[ZX okPNoh nkwdB (Net National Income), ;ob okPNoh bkG (Gross National Profit) ns/ gqsh ftnesh n";s nkwdB (Per-capita Income) ns/ ;wZroh T[sgkdB dh wksok s/ ;/tktK d/ Bshi/ dh T[Zso'so tkXk j'D s'A j?. fJ; d/ bJh g{zih, ;kXB, wid{oh, ;zrmB ns/ ;kj; dh io{os j[zdh j?. T[sgkdB ftZu gqfeofse ;z;kXB ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXB d'B'A jh io{oh j[zd/ jB. gqfeofse ;z;kXB d/ nzsors eZuk wkb, yfDi gdkoE ns/ T[fus tksktoD n/s wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftZu wB[Zy dh Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e fJSktK nkT[AdhnK jB wB[Zy fe;h t;s{ d/ T[sgkdB d/ bJh fwjBs eod/ jB, gqfeosh s'A eZuk wkb gqkgs eoe/, eb :zsoK B{z ubk e/ T[; B{z ;wki T[g:'rh ;wZroh ftZu gfotofss eod/ jB ns/ T[; ;wZroh B{z T[gG'esktK sZe gj[zukT[D d/ bJh tfDi^tgko dk ;zrmB eod/ jB. fJ; soQK nkofEe ftek; dh jo/e gqfefonk ftZu wB[Zyh Pesh dh io{os j[zdh j? t;s{ o{g s'A fe;h d/P dk nkofEe ftek; d' rZbK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. gfjbh^d/P d/ e'b T[gbpX gqfeosh ;z;kXB fe; wksok ftZu jB ns/ d{ih^fJBQK ;kXBK dk d'jB eoB d/ bJh fezBk ns/ fej' fijh fwjBs T[gbpX j?, fijVk d/P e[Pb ns/ ;jh fwjBs d/ d[nkok gqfeofse ;z;kXBK dk finkdk s'A finkdk T[g:'r eod/ jB, T[j d/P dh nkofEe ftek; d/ ok;s/ s/ nZr/ tXd/ jB. gqfeofse ;z;kXBK dk finkdk s'A d'jB ns/ T[gG'r fe; soQK Bkb ehsk ikt/, fJj e[Pbsk e/tb f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh fwjBshnK ftZu g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j?.

f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok d/P dh P[ZX okPNoh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?, ;eb okPNoh bkG ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ gqsh ftnesh n";s nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk fwjBshnK dh ekoi e[Pbsk ftZu tkXk eoe/ T[sgkdB bkrs B{z xZN eodh j? ns/ T[sgkdB B{z T[Zsw n/s tZX eodh j?, fJ; Bkb ;eb okPNoh bkG s/ pj[s jh nB[e{b gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ ;eb okPNoh bkG (GNP) tZXkT[Adk j? ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; j[zdk j?. f;Zfynk ftnesh B{z Bk e/tb T[sgkdB eoBk f;ykT[Adh j?, pbfe T[j fJ; d/ d[nkok ;w{fus o{g s'A T[g:'r eoBk th f;Zy iKdk j? ns/ T[sgkdB ns/ T[g:'r d/ f;XKsK ns/ fB:wK dk gkbD eod/ j'J/ T[j nkgDh nkwdB ftZu tkXk eodk j?, fi; Bkb ;wki ns/ d/P dh nkwdB ftZu tkXk j[zdk j? ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK fe;h d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh wjZstg{oD G{fsek j?. ;z;ko ftZu eJh d/PK d/ nfij/ T[dkjoD jB, fiBQK B/ f;Zfynk d/ ;jko/ jh nkgDk s/i nkofEe ftek; ehsk j?. igkB B/ e/tb f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok jh d{i/ ftPt :[ZX ftZu Xtz; j'Jh nkgDh noE ftt;Ek B{z E'V/ ;w/A ftZu jh Bk e/tb ;[ftt;fEs ehsk pbfe nkgd/ d/P B{z ftPt d/ ftef;s d/PK dh Pq/Dh ftZu fbnk e/ yVk eo fdZsk. ;z:[es oi nw/foek B/ eko'pkoe, gqkftfXe, ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok nkgD/ gqfeofse ;kXBK dk tZX s'A tZX T[g:'r eoe/ ;z;ko ftZu ;otT[Zu ;EkB gqkgs eo fbnk j?. v/Bwkoe B/ f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh d[ZX eko'pko



B'N B{z ngDkfJnk, ftef;s ehsk ns/ fPyo s/ gj[zuk e/ nkgD/ d/P dk j?okBhiBe nkofEe ftek; ehsk. o{;, iowBh, eBkvk nkfd d/PK B/ th f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw s'A jh nkgDk nkfEe ftek; ehsk j?.

f;Zfynk nkofEe ftek; dk pj[s jh :'r ;kXB j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu nw/foeh noEPk;soh P{bi (Schultz) dk efjDk j/, “ebgBk eo' fe fJe noEftt;Ek ftZu ;jh wksok ftZu G{wh j?, uzrhnK G"fse go;fEshnK jB, uzrh wksok ftZu g{zih j?, T[sgkdB dh seBheh th j?, gozs{ f;ybkJh gqkgs fwjBsh BjhA jB, fiBQK B/ fe;h ftfdnkb/ ftZu f;Zfynk gqkgs ehsh j't/, fijV/ ;EkBe noEftt;Ek d/ fJbktk fe;h j'o noEftt;Ek dk frnkB Bk oZyd/ j'D. fJj fBPfus j? fe fJ; soQK dh ;fEsh ftZu T[d'A sZe T[sgkdB xZN j't/rk, nkofEe ;zrmBK ftZu em'osk j't/rh, id'A sZe fe wB[Zy ftZu ftfB:'r eoe/ T[jBK dhnK ;woZEktK ftZu ;jh wksok ftZu tkXk BjhA eo fdZsk iKdk.” fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d[nkok fe;h d/P d/ ftneshnK dh :'rsk, ;woZEk ns/ fB[gzBsk ftZu fizBk finkdk ftek; ehsk ikt/rk, T[jBK B{z T[sgkdB d/ gqsh fizBk finkdk ;u/s ehsk ikt/rk ns/ T[sgkdB d/ eo^fteo ftZu fizB finkdk us[o pDkfJnk ikt/rk, T[Bk jh T[; d/P dk nkofEe ftek; finkdk j't/rk. fJ; y/so ftZu ehs/ rJ/ P'X ekoiK s'A fJj Bshik fBefbnk j? fe fe;h d/P dk nkofEe ftek; gqfeofse ;z;kXBK dh ng/fynk wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK s/ finkdk fBoGo eodk j? ns/ wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK dk ftek; f;Zfynk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. wB[Zyh ;z;kXBK d/ ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk j/m nB;ko nkgDh G{fsek fBGkT[Adh j?^

1H f;Zfynk gqfeofse ;z;kXBK dk ;dT[g:'r eoe/ nkofEe ftek; dk wkor doPB eodh j?. ;z;ko d/ e[ZM d/P fit/A nop, pokihb, w?ef;e' nkfd ftZu gqfeofse ;zgdktK dk ftPkb Gzvko j?, gozs{ ftfdne ;[thXktK dh ewh ftZu T[j fJBQK dk g{ok ;dT[g:'r BjhA eo gkJ/, fi; Bkb T[jBK dk ;jh wksok ftZu nkofEe ftek; BjhA j' gkfJnk j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk iowBh, ;ftNiob?Av, v/Bwkoe nkfd d/PK B/ nkgD/ ;hfws gqfeofse ;kXBK dk Gog{o ;dT[g:'r eoe/ gqPz;kiBe nkfEe ftek; ehsk j?.

2H f;Zfynk d[nkok seBhe y/so ftZu eqKsh fbnkJh iKdh j?. seBheh eqKsh dk gqGkt d/P dh T[sgkdB ;woZEk s/ g?Adk j? ns/ T[; ftZu tkXk j[zdk j?.

3H f;Zfynk d[nkok g/Av{ y/soK ftZu ;wfoXh d/ Bt/A^Bt/A wkor ;[bG j[zd/ jB. y/sh frnB dk T[g:'r eoe/ fgzvK d/ tk;h nkgD/ T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk eod/ jB ns/ ;jkfJe T[d:'r^XzfdnK B{z ngBkT[Ad/ jB.

4H f;Zfynk wid{oK dh ekoiê[Pbsk ftZu tkXk eodh j?. T[jBK ftZu finkdk ekoi eoB dh neKfynk dk ftek; eodh j?.

5H f;Zfynk d/P dh nkofEe ftt;E/ d/ d'PK B{z d{o eoe/ T[; B{z finkdk gqGkth pDkT[Adh j?.

6H f;Zfynk ftnesh ftZu ;'uD^ftuoB, nzso eoB, soe eoB, ebgBk eoB ns/ ftPb/PD eoB dh ;woZEk dk ftek; eodh j?, fi; Bkb ftnesh d/ ofjD^;fjD, ekoi eoB d/ Yzr ns/ T[sgkdB ;woZEk s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?.

7H f;Zfynk ftnesh d/ fdqPNhe'D ns/ fuzsB B{z BthA fdPk fdzdh j?, fi; Bkb T[sgkdB, ftt;Ek, ;zrmB g{zih fBowkD nkfd d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[; dhnK XkoDktK ftZu gfotosB j[zdk j?.

8H f;Zfynk ftfrnkBe seBheh ns/ y'iK s/ pb fdzdh j?, fi; Bkb Bth^Bth seBhe dk ftek; ;zGt j' gkT[Adk j?.

9H f;Zfynk T[d:'freh gqPk;eK B{z fsnko eoB ftZu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB fdzdh j?.

10H f;Zfynk seBheh ftP/PZrK ns/ y/sh ftP/PZrK B{z fsnko eodh j?.

11H f;Zfynk you th j'o g{zihrs ftfB:'rK d/ jh ;wkB j?.



12H f;Zfyn fwjBshnK B{z BthnK^BthnK gqftXhnK dk frnkB eoke/ T[jBK dh T[sgkdBPhbsk ftZu tkXk eodh j?, fi; Bkb ;eb T[sgkdB s/ nB[e{b gqGkt g?Adk j?.

13H f;Zfynk fwjBshnK dk r[Dkswe ftek; eodh j?. T[jBK ftZu ufosfoe r[DK dk ftek; eoe/ ns/ T[jBK B{z nB?fse ekoiK s'A puk e/ T[jBK dh f;js dh oZfynk eodh j?. uzrh f;js Bkb T[j finkdk fwjBs eo ;ed/ jB ns/ ;[yh ofj ;ed/ jB.

nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh ;XkoD ns/ ftfPPN d'jK soQK dh f;Zfynk dh io{os j[zdh j?. ;XkoD f;Zfynk pkbeK d/ Pohoe, wkBf;e, ;wkfie ns/ B?fse ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk eodh j?. fJ; ftZu GkPk frnkB, nGhftnesh e"Pb, ;wk:'iB n/s gfotosBPhbsk s/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk j?. fJBQK r[DK ns/ ;woZEktK dk T[sgkdB ns/ tzv e[Pbsk s/ brGr T[Bk jh gqGkt g?Adk j? fizBk T[sgkdB ns/ tzv ;zpzXh sZEK d/ frnkB ns/ e"Pb dk g?Adk j?. fJ; soQK ftfPPN seBheh frnkB ns/ e"PbK dh f;ybkJh s'A gfjbK Pesh d/ bJh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh io{os j[zdh j?. ftfPPN f;Zfynk ftneshnK B{z ftfPPN y/soK ftZu ekoi eoB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j? fit/A y/sh, Gkoh T[d:'r, e[Nho T[d:'r, f;Zfynk, f;js fBowkD, fBnk nkfd. fJ; dk T[d/P fJBQK y/soK ftZu fe;kB, eoweko, fJzihBhno, vkeNo, seBhPhnB, gqPk;e nkfd B{z fsnko eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok uzr/, :'r, fwjBsh, eqwm, ekoie[PB fntesh fsnko eoe/ T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk ehsh ik ;edk j?, tzv dhnK dPktK B{z T[Zsw pDkfJnk ik ;edk j? ns/ ftt;Ek s/ gqpzXB B{z T[Zu o{g fdZsk ik ;edk j? ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK fJj ;gPN j? fe fe;h th d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk dh pj[s finkdk wjZstg{oD G{fsek j[zdh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


3H f;Zfynk nkofEe ftek; ftZu j[zdh j?^

(T) ;jkfJe (n) o[ektN (J) pkXe (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H f;Zfynk s/ you eoB Bkb okPNoh nkwdB ftZu j[zdh j?^

(T) ewh (n) tkXk (J) jkBh (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H XzB T[sgkdB s'A frnkB dk j?^

(T) f;ZXk ;zpzX (n) bkG (J) T[sgkdB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H f;Zfynk s/ brkJh ikD tkbh g{zih s'A gqshcb gqkgs j' ;ed/ jB^

(T) S/ soQK d/ (n) uko soQK d/ (J) d' soQK d/ (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 28H6 ftfdne :'iBk (Educational Planning)

ftfdne T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ;[fB:'fis ekoieowK d[nkok jh j' ;edh j?. fe;h th ;wki ftZu :'iBk gqDkbh d/ d[nkok w{bG{s w{bK ns/ T[d/PK s/ nXkfos ;wki szso dh ;zouBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. :'iBk ftZu ;wkfie gfjb{nK d/ fJbktk nkofEe, ;z;feqfse ns/ okiBhfse gfjb{nK s/ th fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?. Gkos fJZe ftPkb okPNo j?. fJZE/ ftfGzB soQK d/ ;z;kXB (wB[Zyh Pesh, yfDi ;zgdk nkfd) T[gbpX jB, fco th fJ; dh frDsh ftek;Phb d/PK ftZu jh ehsh iKdh j?. d/P d/ ftek; ekoieowK B{z tkXk d/D d/ bJh ;wkfie gfotosB fbnkT[Dk io{oh j?. f;Zfynk B{z fJZe uzr/ fBt/P d/ o{G ftZu wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. ;kv/ bJh nZi seBhe dh io{os j?, fi; Bkb n;hA gqfeofse ns/ iB ;z;kXBK dk ;w{fus T[g:'r eo ;ehJ/. fJj ;G ekoi eoB d/ bJh d/P ftZu uzrh :'iBk pDkT[Dk dk nkgDk fJZe nbZr wjZst j?. :'iBk ftZu th ftfdne :'iBk s/ ftfPPN fXnkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. uzrh ftfdne :'iBk d[nkok n;hA wB fJZSs ;wkfie gfotosB fbnk ;ed/ jK, jo/e Bkrfoe B{z ;kyosk d/ fJZe ;so sZe ftef;s eo ;ed/ jK, iBszso d/ bJh :'r Bkrfoe fsnko eo/ ;ed/ jB ns/ d/P d/ bJh io{oh

B'N



B'N ftfrnkB ns/ f;ZfynkPk;so dk ftek; eo/ ;ed/ jB. ftef;s d/PK ftZu ftfdne :'iBk B{z pj[s wjZstg{oD wzfBnk iKdk j?. ;kB{z th nkgD/ Gkosh ;wki d/ T[ZEkB d/ bJh ;[fB:'fis ekoieowK dh io{os j?, fi; Bkb nZi d/ pdbd/ j'J/ nkofEe s/ ;wkfie gfot/P ftZu d{i/ d/PK s'A j'V b? ;ehJ/. :'iBk dk noE (Meaning Planning)

Ppde'P d/ nXko s/ nk:'iBk iK fB:'iB iK :'iBk dk noE ouBk s'A iK ;wki s'A g{ot eqwpZX eoB s'A j?. :'iBk ftZu fe;h gq:'iB d[nkok ekoi eoBk, u"D eoBk, d'B'A jh rZbK dk ;wkt/P j' iKdk j?. :'iBk fJZe soQK dh gqfefonk j?, fi; ftZu ftfGzB soQK d/ fBoD/ bJh iKd/ jB. fBofDnK d/ ;w{jK s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j?, fi; d/ d[nkok GftZy ftZu T[d/P gqkgsh d/ bJh fBod/fPs ekoi fJZSe ;z;kXB d[nkok ehs/ ik ;eD. fJ; gfoGkPk ftZu fBwB fbys sZs Pkfwb jB^(1) fJj fJZe gqfefonk j?l (2) fJ; ftZu gqkgs T[d/PK s/ gfjbK s'A jh ftuko ehsk iKdk j?l (3) fefonk eoB d/ bJh nt;EkB (Orientation) s/ wjZst j?l (4) GftZy d/ pko/ ftZu nt;EkB s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?l (5) fJ; ftZu T[jBK fBofDnK d/ ;w{j B{z bZfGnk iKdk j?, fijV/ T[d/P gqkgsh ftZu ;jkfJe f;ZX j[zd/ jBl (6) fBnk;zrs u'D d[nkok ftfGzB ftebgK s/ ftuko ehsk ik ;edk j?l (7) ftfGzB gqdko d/ ;zi'rK (;zGkfts) d[nkok d[obG ;z;kXBK (Resources) dk pNtkok eoB dh gqfefonk dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdne :'iBk dk noE ns/ ftP/PsktK (Meaning and Characteristics of Educational Planning)

ftfdne :'iBk fJZe soQK dh gqfefonk j?, fi; ftZu g{ot fBoXkfos ftfdne T[d/PK B{z fJZe fBPfus ;wK ekb ftZu gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftfGzB soQK d/ fBofDnK d/ ;w{jK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?, fi; Bkb fe T[jBK B{z ;obsk Bkb ekoi o{g ftZu fbnkfJnk ik ;e/. i/H ghH BkfJe d/ PpdK ftZu, “ftfdne :'iBk dk noE GftZy dhnK fefonktK d/ d/ pko/ ftZu fBoDk b?Dk j?, fJj fXnkB ;zpzXh eoe/ fe g{ot fBoXkfos T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d[obG ;z;kXBk dk ;w{fus T[g:'e eod/ j'J/ eoBh j?.”

g{ot fBoXkfos T[d/PK d/ bJh ftfGzB gZyK dk ftPb/PD eoBk io{oh j' iKdk j?, fi; ftZu f;Zfynk B{z okPNoh ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs eoBk f;Zfynk dh ftPk^t;s{, ftfdne wkgdzv, ftfdne fPgbPk;so, ftfdne ;[thXktK dk gq;ko, d/P dh ;z;feqsh, ;wkfie gqDkbh ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB nkfd Pkfwb jB. d[obG ;z;kXBK ftZu ;w//A, G"fse ;kXB (GtB, ;wki, ftfrnkBe T[geoD nkfd), XzB ns/ :'r wB[Zyh Pesh (Able man power) nkfd s/ v[zxk nfXnB ehsk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;kfonK d/ Bkb fBoDk b?D dh gqfefonk dk nkgDk fJZe ftP/P wjZst j?.

ftfdne :'iBk ftZu fBwB fbys ftP/PsktK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB^

1H ftfdne :'iBk nt;fEs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk szso B{z fpBK fe;h d[oT[g:'r d/ ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ; dk ekoi th ;[uko{ o{g s'A uZbDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftZu fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe f;Zfynk gqDkbh fJZe soQK dh :zsoe gqDkbh j?, fi; d/ d[nkok fJZSs Bshi/, ;cbskg{oD Yzr d[nkok gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

2H ftfdne :'iBk ftek; nt;fEs j'Dh ukjhdh j?. d/P dk ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse tksktoD T[sgkdB s/ th nkgDk gqGkt gkT[Adk j?. fJ;h soQK Bkb f;Zfynk dk th gqGkt T[sgkdBPhbsk Bkb ;zpzXs j?. f;Zfynk szso d/ d[nkok okPNoh ;zgdk ftZu tkXk j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H fJ; ftZu ;wkebB (Integration) eoB dh ftP/Psk j'dh ukjhdh j?. ftfdne :'iBk fJ; soQK dh j't/, fi; Bkb ftek; ;zpzXs ftfGzB gZyK dhnK :'iBktK dk ;obsk Bkb ;wkebB ehsk ik ;e/.



4H fJj ;wki dhnK io{osK s/ nXkfos j'Dh ukjhdh j?. jo/e ;wki ftZu ftek; gqfefonk uZbdh ofjzdh j?. fJ; ftek; fefonk dk f;ZX ;zpzX io{osK Bkb j[zdk j?. ftfdne :'iBk th fJ; soQK dh j't/, fi; Bkb fJBQK io{osK dh g{osh j' ;e/.

5H ftfdne :'iBk ftZu GftZy dhnK io{osK s/ th fXnkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. frnkB dk ft;c'N (Knowledge explosion) s/i rsh Bkb j' fojk j?. fJ; d/ ekoB ;wki ftZu gfotosB nk oj/ jB. ftfrnkB s/ fPbg Pk;so dk gqGkt wB[Zyh ihtB s/ s/ih Bkb tZX fojk j?. fJBQK ;kfonK dk ftPb/PD eoe/ GftZy dh f;Zfynk gqDkbh s/ th fXnkB fdZsk ikDk io{oh j?.

6H fJ; ftZu ;wkfie s/ B?fse w{bK d/ ftek; s/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk ikDk io{oh j?. nZi d/ wB[Zy dk ftek; :zsoe j[zdk ik fojk j?. ;wkfie s/ B?fse w{bK dk wkgdzv th :zsoe j[zdk ik fojk j?. nZi wB[Zyh fjz;k, dt/P, fJoyk, ;zxoP nkfd Bkb Go/ jB. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ;wkfie s/ B?fse w{b ;w{fus o{g Bkb ;Ekfgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

7H ftfdne :'iBk ftZu ;[yh ihtB phskT[D d/ gZy B{z th fXnkB ftZu oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?. nZi wB[Zy G"fse ;[thXktK B{z gqkgs eoB ftZu jh nkgDk ihtB BPN eo fdzdk j?. T[j G"fsesk B{z jh ;[yh ihtB wzBdk j?. fJZe ;so s/ gj[zu e/ T[; B{z n;bhns dk frnkB j[zdk j? fe ;[yh ihtB e/tb G"fsesk jh BjhA j?. fJ; rZB dk th fXnkB ftfdne :'iBk ftZu oZfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

8H ftfdne :'iBk ftZu buhbkgD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK dk gqktXkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe fJ; ftZu ;w/A^;w/A s/ io{os nB[;ko c/o^pdb ehsk ik ;e/. gozs{ fJ; c/o^pdb dk w{b o{g s'A ftfdne :'iBk s/ gqGkt BjhA g?ADk ukjhdk.

ftfGzB ;soK s/ ftfdne :'iBk (Educational Planning at Different Levels)

ftfdne :'iBktK ftfGzB ;soK s/ pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu ;wBt? eoBk io{oh j[zdk j?. fJj uko ;so jB^(1) okPNoh ;so (National level), (2) oki ;so (State level), (3) fibQk ;so (District level), (4) ;z;Ek ;so (Institutional level). jo ;so s/ :'iBk pDkT[D ftZu wjZstg{oD fBoD/ bJ/ iKd/ jB. ;kv/ f;Zfynk szso ftZu pj[s^;ko/ fBoD/ okPNoh ;so s/ bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ d{i/ e[ZM nfij/ jB, fijV/ oki ;so s/ ftP/P wjZst oZyd/ jB. ;kv/ f;Zfynk szso ftZu e[ZM rZbK dk fBoDk oki ;so s/ fbnk iKdk j?, fit/A ftfGzB iwksK dk gkmeqw, nfXnkgeK dhnK sBykjK nkfd. fJ; soQK fJBQK gfjb{nK s/ ftuko eoBk fibQk ;so dh :'iBk ftZu p/eko j?. fibQk ;so s/ ftfdne :'iBk (Educational Planning at District Level)

fibQK ;so s/ ftfdne :'iBk pDkT[D dk ekoi jo gZy'A BtK BjhA j/. fibQk ;so dh ftfdne :'iBk ftZu T[j jh ftfdne fefonktK Pkfwb ehsh ikDrhnK, fiBQK ftZu fibQ/ d/ ;so s/ ;w/A^ ;w/A ftZu gfotosB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fibQK ;so s/ gfjbh ftfdne :'iBk pDkT[D ftZu fJBQK ;kohnK fefonktK dk fXnkB oZyDk g?Adk j?. fJj n;bhns s/ nXkfos j't/ ns/ fttjkfoe gfjb{ s/ T[fus o{g s'A ftukfonk frnk j't/. oki f;Zfynk fBd/Pkfbnk d/ nfXekohnK B{z ukjhdk j? fe T[j fibQk ;so dh ftfdne :'iBk ftZu T[fus fBod/P fdzd/ ofjD. i/H ghH BkfJe B/ ;[Mkn fdZsk j? fe fJ; soQK dh :'iBk ftZu fibQk ;so d/ f;Zfyn nfXekohnK B{z ;zpzXs ftfdnkfbnK, nfXnkgeK dk th ;fj:'r b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fibQk ;so dh ftfdne :'iBk ftZu fBwB fbys ekoi Pkfwb ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB^

(1) ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfdne ;[thXktK dk ftek;^ftfdnkb/ GtB, y/v d/ w?dkB, gq:'rPkbktK, g[;sekb/, fdqP^Pot ;wZroh nkfd. (2) ekoi^nB[Gtl (3) ;wkfie ;/tk ekoieqwl (4) ;w[dkfJ e/Adfos ekoeqwl (5) ;wkfie ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk ekoeqwl (6) ;w[dkfJ d/ ;z;kXBK dk T[g:'rl (7) ftfdnkfbnK B{z y'bD d/ bJh ;EbK dk fBoXkDl (8) f;Zfynk B{z fibQ/ ftZu T[gbpX o'irkoK Bkb ;zpzXs eoBkl (9) fBod/P ;/tktK ftek; eoBkl (10) ;z;EktK dk nkgD/

B'N



B'N nk;^gk; d/ tksktoD B{z ;w{fus ;/tk gqdkB eoBkl (11) fibQ/ ftZu tXd/ j'J/ BkwkeBK dk ftPb/PD eoBkl (12) gqt/yD ekoieqwl (13) ftfdnkbk BohyDl (14) nfXnkgeK d/ eko'pkoe ftek; ekoieqwl (15) uzr/ wB[Zyh ;zpzXK dk ftek; nkfd. ;z;Ekrs :'iBk (Institutional Planning)

i/HghH BkfJe d/ nB[;ko ;z;Ekrs :'iBk fJZe soQK s'A GftZy ftZu ehs/ ikD tkb/ ekoiK d/ bJh fBoDk b?Dk j?, fi; d/ g{ot fBoXkfos ftfdne T[d/PK B{z, ftfGzB soQK d/ ;z;kXBK dk io{oh ns/ ;w{fus T[g:'r eod/ j'J/ gqkgs ehsk ik ;e/. ;z;Ekrs :'iBk d/ T[d/P ftfdne :'iBk d/ T[d/PK s'A nbZr BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/ e/tb g{ot tofssktK ns/ Bshi/ ftZu e[ZM nzso ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;z;Ekrs :'iBk pDkT[D ftZu fBwB gfjb{nK s/ fXnkD d/Dk io{oh j?^ (1) f;Zfynk fBod/P ftZu ;[Xko, (2) ftfdnkb/ dhnK ;[thXktK ftZu ;[Xko, (3) ;z;kXBK dk io{oh s/ ;w{fus T[g:'r, (4) ;EkBe ;w[dkfJ dk ftfdnkb/ d/ ftfGzB ekoieqwK ftZu ;fj:'r, (5) ftfdnkb/ B{z ;w[dkfJê/Adfos pDkT[D Bkb ;zpzXs ftfGzB ekoieqwK dk ftek; fit/A^ ;wkfie ;//tk, gq'VQ f;Zfynk ekoieqw, B"itkB^;/tk nkfd, (6) ftfdnkb/ GtB dk oZyoykt, (7) gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB, (8) ftfdnkfbnK dhnK io{osK B{z gfjukDBk, (9) ;EkBe ;z;XkBK dk T[fus wksok ftZu T[g:'r, (10) gqhfynk ns/ w[bnzeD ftXhnK ftZu ;[Xko, (11) fBod/P ;/tktK d/ Bkb ;wBt?, (12) fibQk ;so dh :'iBk d/ Bkb ;wBt?, (13)ftfdnkfbnk BkwKeB, (14) ftfdnkbk gqt/yD ekoieqw, (15) ftfdnkfbnk BohyD s'A gqkgs ;[MktK B{z bkr{ eoBk, (16) ftfdnkb/ d/ tksktoD B{z f;jswzd oZyDk. ftfdne :'iBk Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK (Problems Related to Educational Planning)

Gkos fij/ ftek;Phb d/P B{z jo/e ftfdne :'iBk ftZu finkdk piN dk gqktXkB eoBk g?Adk j?. d/P dh noEftt;Ek s/ iB;zfynk d/ ft;c'N dk, d{i/ d/PK d/ Bkb bV/ rJ/ :[ZXK dk ns/ tXdh j'Jh wfjzrkJh dk pj[s gqGkt g?Adk j?. nkofEe fdqPNh s'A f;Zfynk fJZe pj[s tZvk T[d:'r j?, fi; ftZu ;oeko B{z piN dh oew jo/e tko tXkT[Dh g?Adh j?. gozs{ fJj th n;bhns j? fe d/P dk ;wkfie, nkofEe s/ ;z;feqfse ftek; f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh ;zGt j?. fJj ;G ekoi eoB d/ bJh fJZe ftfdne :'iBk pDkT[Dk dk wjZst tX iKdk j?, fi; B{z pDkT[D ftZu iK fefonkPhb eoB ftZu ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?, fi; Bkb f;Zfyn ftek; ekoieqwK dk gqGkt g?Adk j?.

e[ZM ;wZf;nktK fJ; soQK jB^

(1) ftZs^ftt;Ek s/ gqGktl (2) ;w/A^;w/A s/ gqkEfwesktK iK g{ottofssktK ftZu nzso ehsk iKdk j? iK eoBk g?Adk j?l (3) f;Zfynk d/ gqkg T[d/PK dh T[fus ftnkfynk Bk j'D d/ ekoB ftfGzB ;soK s/ w[PfebK, (4) f;Zfynk ftek; B{z g/Av{ y/soK d/ ftek; Bkb Bk i'fVnk ikDkl (5) fe; gfjb{ d/ bJh :'iBk dh fe; gZXsh B{z ngDkfJnk ikt/l (6) fe; soQK nfXnkgeK, nfGGkteK dk :'iBk gqfefonk ftZu ;fj:'r fbnk ikt/l (7) y/soK d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[fus Bhsh dk Bk j'Dkl (8) :'iBk ekoi d/ bJh f;Zfyns eowukohnK dh ewhl (9) BkwKeB dh ;wZf;nkl (10) ;z;Ekrs ftfdne :'iBk B{z fe; soQK fibQk ;so s/ okPNo ;so dh ftfdne :'iBk Bkb i'fVnk ikt/l (11) f;Zfynk ftGkrK B{z fe; soQK fefonkPhb eoB d/ bJh T[s;kfjs ehsk ikt/l (12) fe; soQK uzr/ eowukoh tor B{z f;Zfynk ftGkrK ftZu ekoi eoB d/ bJh nfGgq/fos ehsk ikt/ ns/ T[jBK dh u'D ehsh ikt/l (13) pj[s ;ko/ G{r'fbe, ;wkfie s/ wB'ftfrnkBe ekoeK dh tiQk s'A :'iBk dh fefonkPhb eoB ftZu ;wZf;nktK nk iKdhnK jB. ;[Mkn (Suggestions)

;oeko B{z ftfdne :'iBk d/ ekoi B{z wjZstg{oD wzBDk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk d/ nB[Gth s/ :'r ftP/PZrK B{z fJ; gk;/ nfGgq/fos eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ekoi d/ bJh ftfGzB ftPtftfdfbnK ftZu ftfdne :'iBk Bkb ;zzpzXs ekoieqw y'bD/ ukjhd/ jB. ftfdne :'iBk Bkb ;zpzXs y'i



ekoi BzrB fijk jh j?. fJ; ekoi B{z nZr/ tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ekoi B{z f;Zfynk ftP/PZr ;wki Pk;so d/ ftP/PZrK d/ Bkb fwb e/ eo ;ed/ jB ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK B{z d{o eoB d/ :sB eoB/ ukjhd/ jB, fijV/ fJ; ekoi ftZu o[ektN gkT[Adh j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H ftfdne T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ;[fB:'fis ekoieqwK d[nkok jh j' ;edh j?. 8H gfjb/ nZm ;kbK d/ ;w/A ekb dh ;e{bQh f;Zfynk, fijVh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ejkT[Adh j?,

;G s'A wjZstg{oD j?. 9H okPNofgsk wjkswk rKXh fBonZyosk B{z Gkos dk ebze wzBd/ ;B. 10H Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek BjhA ehsh ikDh ukjhdh.

28H7 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXB (Sources of Human Resource Development) gqkEfwe f;Zfynk (Primary Education)

gfjb/ nZm ;kbK dh ;w/A ekb dh ;e{bQh f;Zfynk, fijVh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ejkT[Adh j?, ;G s'A wjZstg{oD j[zdh j?, feT[Afe fJj ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ftnefsst, wB'ftosh, ;wkfie ftPtk;, nkdsK, nfXnB e"Pb ns/ ;zuko :'rsktK dh Bhj oZyD dk ekoi eodh j?. fJ; ;so s/ gVQB^fbyD ns/ rfDs dk p[fBnkdh frnkB gqgks ehsk iKdk j?, w{bK B{z nksw;ks ehsk iKdk j? ns/ tksktoD ;zpzXh ikro[esk ftZu s/ih nkT[Adh j?. fJj fJZe nfijh nftt;Ek j[zdh j?, fi; ftZu Pohoe ftek; ftZu ;jkfJsk ehsh ik ;edh j?, y/vK ns/ ;kjf;e ekoiK ftZu o{uh g?dk ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ j;se"Pb dk th ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; nt;Ek ftZu T[jBK dhnK wB'ftoshnK gfoPefos j[zdhnK jB, T[jBK ftZu ;jkB[G{sh, GkJhukok, ;fjPD{sk, wB[Zysk, ;fjekosknkfd GktBktK T[sgzB ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB, fijVhnK T[jBK B{z okPNo ns/ ;wki dk T[g:'rh w?Apo pDkT[D ftZu ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. i/eo e'Jh pkbe fJ; nt;Ek ftZu uzrh f;Zfynk gqkgs eo b?Adk j? sK T[j ihtB ftZu fgZS/ tZb w[V e/ edh BjhA d/ydk, feT[Afe T[; B{z sK w[PfebK s/ fiZs gqkgs eoB d/ T[d/P s'A :sB eoB d/ bJh fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. wZXfwe f;Zfynk (Secondary Education)

wZXfwe f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk dk T[j ;wK j?, fijVk w[Zy o{g s'A pkoK s'A s/oK ;kb d/ ftZu dh T[wo tkfbnK dk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu nfXnkgB d/ w[Zy T[geoBK d/ ;tkwh Gkt, nfGftnesh, ftuko y/so ns/ ihtB ftZu T[jBK d/ gq:'r ns/ ft;sko, ikDekoh gqkgs eoB, p"fXe ftek;, nfGo{uh, nkdoPK ns/ nkdsK B{z pDkT[D s/ i'o fdZsk iKdk j?. wZXfwe f;Zfynk, f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu ohVQ dk ekoi eodh j?. fi; soQK ohVQ wB[Zy d/ ;ko/ Poho B{z ;zGb e/ oZydh j?, mhe T[;h soQK pkbe d/ ihtB fBowkD ftZu fJ; f;Zfyn dk wjZst j[zdk j?. fJj nfijh nt;Ek j?, fi; ftZu pkbe d/ Pohoe ns/ wkBf;e ftek; d/ y/so ftZu eqKshekoh gfotosB jz[zd/ jB. fJj T[Zu f;Zfynk dh nXkoPhbk ns/ fsnkoh dk ekoi eodh j?. fJ; o{g ftZu T[Zu f;Zfynk dk ;so ;jh wksok ftZu fJ; d/ ;so d[nkok jh fBoXkfos j[zdk j?. wZXfwe f;Zfynk g{oD ns/ nkgD/^nkg ftZu ;[szso fJekJh j?, feT[Afe fJ; f;Zfynk B{z g{oD eoe/ pkbe nkgD/ fttjkfoe ihtB ftZu dkfyb j[zdk j?. fJ; soQK wZXfwe f;Zfynk pkbe B{z Gkth ihtB d/ bJh fsnko eodh j?.

wZXfwe f;Zfynk g{oh eoB d/ pknd e[ZM pkbe T[Zu f;Zfynk ftZu dkfybk b?Ad/ jB ns/ ;XkoD iK ftfPPN T[Zu f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ T[j finkdk e[Pb ns wB[Zyh Pesh d/ o{g ftZu T[sgkdB iK gqPk;B ekoiK d/ bJh T[gbpX j[zd/ jB,gozs{ fJ; f;Zfynk B{z g{oD eoB d/ pknd finkdkso

B'N



B'N pkbe fe;h Bk fe;h ekoi ftZu bZrd/ jB. Gkt/A T[j y/sh ekoi ftZu bZrD, Gkt/A fe;h eb^ ekoykB/ iK dcso ftZu ekoi eoB, Gkt/A nkgD/ ;t? d/ Xzd/ iK o'irko ftZu bZrD/ ns/ Gkt/A fbfge, :zsoe iK wid{o d/ o{g ftZu e'Jh B"eoh eoB. fJ; soQK gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ;G s'A finkdk ;zfynk ftZu fBg[zB iK noX^fBg[zB wid{oK B{z fsnko eodh j?. fJ; soQK d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu wZXfwe f;Zfynk dh wjZstg{oD G{fwek j?. T[Zu f;Zfynk (Higher Education) T[Zu f;Zfynk B{z ftP/P wjZst fdZsk iKdk j?, feT[Afe fJj nfij/ B"itkB w[zv/ ns/ e[VhnK fsnko eodh j? ns/ nfij/ ftuko gqdkB eodh j?, fijV/ GftZy B{z w{os o{g gqdkB eo ;eD. fe;h th okPNo d/ ihtB dh r[Dtsk ns/ T[; d/ ftek; dh rsh, t?ukfoe tksktoD, fJfsjk;, ;z;feqsh, gqzgok ns/ w{bK d/ ftnkge frnkB ns/ ihtB dh G"fse, ;wkfie ns/ nfXnksfwe ;wZf;nktK s/ fiZs gqkgs eoB d/ bJh wB[Zyh ;woZEk ftZu T[; d/ ftPtk; dh GktBk d/ fBoGo eodh j?. ;ko/ tksktoD dh r[Dtsk B{z fBoXkfos eoB d/ bJh T[Zu f;Zfynk ns/ fJ; d[nkok ftef;s gqp[ZX tor dh G{fwek dk ftP/P wjZst j[zdk j?. T[Zu f;Zfynk T[d:'r, y/sh, gqPk;B ns/ ;/tktK d/ bJh ng/fyns ftnkge o{g s'A tXdh j'Jh ns/ fBozso gfotosBPhb io{osK dh g{osh d/ bJh gfoPfeqs wB[Zyh Pesh gqdkB eodh j?.

T[Zu f;Zfynk d' soQK dh j[zdh j?^fJZe ;XkoD ns/ d{ih ftfPPN. ;XkoD f;Zfynk ;zmrB ns/ gqPk;B d/ bJh nfXekoh gqdkB eodh j? ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk Bkb T[Zu :zsoe ns/ seBheh nfXekoh gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; soQK ;XkoD f;Zfynk ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk nfij/ nfXekohnK dk fBowkD eodh j?, fiBQK d/ T[Zgo ftfGzB eko'pkoe ;z;EkBK, tZv/^tZv/ T[d:'rK eb ekoykfBnK ns/ j'o ;z;EktK d/ ;zukbB dk T[ZsodkfJst j[zdk j?. T[Zsw ;wk:'iB d/ bJh j[D fJj nB[Gt ehsk ik fojk j? fe ftfPPN f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB tkfbnK d/ bJh ;XkoD f;Zfynk dh th ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. gq'VQ f;Zfynk (Adult Education) d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu gq'VQ f;Zfynk dh th wfjsh G{fwek j?. gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ ;otiBheoD dh fdPK ftZu j'D tkbh n;cbsk d/ ekoB ;kv/ d/P ftZu nf;ZfynsK dh ;zfynk pj[s j' rJh j?. okPNofgsk wjkswk rKXh fBonZyosk B{z gkos dk ebze wzBd/ ;B. Gkos d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[; fdB dk fJzsiko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, id'A Gkos ftZu jo/e pkbe d/ bJh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j' ;e/rh ns/ T[j pkbe f;Zfynk gqkge eoe/ d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu ;fj:'r eoBr/. nZi d/ Gkos dk ftek; sK fJjBK jh fBonZyo ftn;eK s/ fBoGo eodk j? fJ; bJh ;koysk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk d/ ;xB :sBK d[nkok fJBQK B{z :'r pDkT[Dk j't/rk fe T[j y/sh ns/ T[d:'r XzfdnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gkqgs eo ;eD, T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk nfXnB eo ;eD ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ y/sh ns/ d{i/ eko'pkoK ftZu gqrsh eo ;eD. gq'VQ f;Zfynk d[nkok fiZE/ T[jBK B{z ftfGzB ftfPnK ns/ y/soK dk frnkB gqkgs j't/rk, T[ZE/ jh T[jBK ftZu nkswftPtk; ns/ ;kj; g?dk j't/rk. fBPu/ jh fJ; Bkb T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk j't/rk ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; j't/rk.

Nk;e ftfdne :'iBk s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

28H8 wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu gfotosB dh io{os (Need for the Change in Education for Human Resource

Development) . fJ; ftZu e'Jh PZe BjhA fe Gkos ftZu ;e{bQ, ekbi n/s ftPtftfdnkb/ dh f;Zfynk B/ nkgD/ nfs T[sw Yzr Bkb ftdtkBK, fJzihBhnoK, vkeNoK, seBhPhnBK, gqpzX ekfwnK ns/ T[Zu



nfXekohnK B{z fsnko ehsk j?, fiBQK dh s[bBk ftPt d/ T[Zuso ftPtftfdnkfbnK s'A fsnko j'J/ uzr/ ftdtkBK Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. gozs{ fJj th y[Zbk ;Zu j? fe fJ; e'fN d/ E'V/ fij/ b'eK dh s[bBk ftZu pj[s tZvh ;zfynk ftZu fJBQK f;Zfynk ;z;EktK s'A nfij/ b'e fBebd/ jB, fiBQK d/ e'b E'Vk pj[s g[;seh frnkB ns/ gqwkD gZso iK fvroh sK j[zdh j?, gozs{ T[jBK ftZu fttjkfoe frnkB ns/ ;t?^nfXnB dh pj[s xZN ;woZEk j[zdh j?. T[jBK dh GkPk ewI'o ns/ ;zuko ;zoEk ;hfws j[zdh j?, T[jBK dk fdqPNhe'D ;ze{fus j[zdk j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu fe;h soQK dh ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh fizw/dkoh ;theko eoB dh gqftosh dh xkN j[zdh j?. d/P ftZu ;XkoD f;Zfynk dk ;so fBwB j? ns/ ftfPPN f;Zfynk ftZu gq:'rkswe ns/ fttjkfoe gZy s/ io{o i'o BjhA j?. T[d:'rK dk gq;ko Bk j'D ekoB efsg y/soK ftZu fJj f;Zfynk gqkgs ftneshnK dh ygs j'D ftZu th w[Pfeb j' ojh j?. f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;soK s/ youk ns/ nto'XB tZX fojk j?, fJ; Bkb f;Zfynk ftZu ftfB:'fis XzB dk jh youk BjhA j[zdk, pbfe wB[Zyh Pesh dh ewh g?Adh j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk ftZu r[Dkswe ftek; ehs/ ikD dh io{os j?, f;Zfynk s/ ftfB:'fis XzB dk finkdk s'A finkdk bkG gqkgs eoB d/ bJh you/ B{z xZN eoB dh io{o j? ns/ f;Zfynk B{z nkofEe ftek; d/ T[fus pDk e/ d'jK d/ ftZu B/V/ d/ ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dh io{os j?, sK jh ;kvh f;Zfynk d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu g{ok ;fj:'r d/ ;e/rh.

wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ bJh f;Zfynk ftZu nZr/ fbfys gfotosB ehs/ ikD dh io{os j?^

1H Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. ;kv/ ;zftXkB dh gq;sktBk ftZu do;kJ/ uko ;ze/s Ppd jB^fBnk, ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ GkJhukok. ;zftXkB ;ko/ Gkosh BkrfoeK B{z fJBQK B{z gqkgs eokT[D d/ bJh ;zegbpZX j?. iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ, toD, XBh^fBoXB nkfd d/ G/dGkt d/ fpBK d/P d/ ;ko/ BkrfoeK B{z ;wkB w"e/ T[gbpX eokJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh ;jh ;zfynk ftZu ;z;EktK y'bhnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB.

2H Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu e/tb ;z;feqfse fGzBsktK jB, Gkt ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe n;kwBsktK th jB. nZi dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek ftZu fJj n;wkBsktK j'o th jb. XBtkB ns/ finkdk XBtkB ns/ roh finkdk rohp j' frnk j?. fJ; soQK f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek fJ; soQK Bkb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fe f;Zfyns torK ftZu ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;zeN xN/ ns/ ;wkBsk tX/.

3H f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok d/P d/ BkrfoeK ftZu „fJZe GkPk, fJZe Gkt ns/ fJZe okPNo‟ dh nB[G{sh eokJh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fjzdh B{z ;zgqe GkPk d/ o{g ftZu ;ko/ d/P ftZu gq:'r ftZu fbnkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb ;zg{oD d/P d/ b'eK ftZu gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;kjB[G{sh, ngBkgD, d/Pgq/w ns/ gko;gfoe ftPtk; dh GktBk T[sgzB j't/.

4H nZi dh f;Zfynk gqDkbh g{oD o{g s'A :zsoe j?. pkbeK d/ ftukoK ns/ tkDh dh nfGftnesh dk fJ; ftZu g{ok nGkt j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk ftZu pkbeK B{z ftuko^ ftwoP eoB, tkd^fttkd eoB, ftuko ftnes eoB, ftnkfynkB d/D, fBnk eoB ns/ ;t?fuzsB eoB d/ finkdk s'A finkdk w"e/ T[gbpX j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh gkmeqw ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu gfotosB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

5H jo soQK d/ ftukoPhb b'e w{bK d/ s/ih Bkb j' oj/ jok; n/s T[; d/ Bshi/ti'A ;otiBe ihtB ftZu ftnkgs gqd{PD s'A pj[s d[yh jB. w{bK dh fJj ;zeNrq;s ;fEsh fi; soQK ihtB d/ j'o y/soK ftZu ftnkgs j?, T[;h soQK f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZu th ftnkgs j?. fJ; soQK ftfdnkEhnK ns/ nfXnkgeK B{z fJj dZ;/ ns/ nB[Gt eokJ/ ikD eh io{os j? fe fJ; soQK Bk sK P'PD, n;[oZfynk ns/ fjz;k B{z o'fenk ik ;edk j? ns/ Bk jh fe;h ;zrfms ;wki B{z e[ZM ;wkfie, okiBhfse ns/ wkBdzvK B{z ;theko ehs/ ns/ gkbD ehs/ fpBK pDkfJnk oZfynk ik ;edk j?.

B'N



B'N 6H d/P ftZu fJj GktBk xo eodh ik ojh j? fe f;Zfynk ;z;EktK s'A fBebD tkb/ ftfdnkoEh jZE d/ ezwK ns/ eko'pkoe o'irko B{z eboeh d/ ezw dh ng/fynk finkdk xNhnk wzBd/ jB. nkX[fBe T[d:'freh ftZu dkfyb eoB tkb/ fe;h th ;wki fJj ;kwzsh gqftosh pj[s tZvh o[ektN j' ;edh j?. ftef;s d/P nfij/ nto'Xe GktK s'A pj[d d{o ub/ rJ/ jB ns/ GkoshnK B{z th nfijhnK g[okDhnK XkoDktK s'A d{o ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; B{z e/tb fJj fBPfus eoB s/ jh gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? fe e'Jh th nkgD/ jZEK Bkb T[g:'rh ekoiK d/ bJh fpBK fwjBs d/ wjZst B{z nksw;ks ehs/ nkgDk ;e{bQh ihtB g{ok BjhA eo ;e/rk.

f;Zfynk ftZu gfotosB eoB d/ ;zpzX ftZu okXkfeqPDB nk:'r (1949), w[dkfbno nk:'r (1953), e'mkoh nk:'r (1966), BthA f;Zfynk :'iBk (1986), okww{osh ;fwsh (1990) nkfd B/ eJh wjZstg{oD ;[Mkn fdZs/ jB. fJBQK d/ eJh ;[Mkn ;theko ehs/ rJ/ jB, gozs{ fco th e'Jh ftP/P T[b/y:'r gfotosB ;kvh f;Zfynk ftZu BjhA j'fJnk j?. ftneshrs ns/ okiBhfse ;tkoEK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm e/ fJ; gk;/ nftbzp fXnkB fdZs/ ikD dh io{os j?^fJj d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; d/ bJh, wB[Zyh ;z;kXB d/ ftek; d/ bJh ns/ gqikszsoe ftt;Ek d/ ;cbskg{oD yzr Bkb ;zukbB d/ bJh wjZstg{oD j?, io{os j?, io{oh j?. 28H9 ;ko nzP (Summary)

Gkos d/ ftek; d/ bJh T[; fdB dk fJzsiko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, id'A Gkos d/ jo/e pkbe d/ bJh io{oh ns/ fBP[be f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek j' ;e/rh ns/ T[j pkbe f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/ d/P d/ nkofEe ftek; ftZu ;fJ:'r eoBr/. nZi d/ Gkos dk ftek; sK fJBQK jh fBonZyo ftn;eK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJ; soQK ;kyosk ns/ gq'VQ f;Zfynk d/ ;xB :sBK d[nkok fJBQK B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk j't/rk fe y/sh ns/ T[d:'r XzfdnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eo ;eD, T[jBK Bkb ;zpzXs ;kfjs dk nfXnB eo ;eD ns/ T[jBK d/ nXko s/ y/sh ns/ d{i/ eko'pkoK ftZu gqrsh eo ;eD. gq'VQ f;Zfynk d[nkok fiZE/ T[jBK B{z ftfGzB ftfPnK ns/ y/soK dk frnkB gqkgs j't/rk, T[ZE/ jh T[jBK ftZu nkswftPtk; ns/ ;kj; g?dk j't/rk. fBPu/ jh fJ; Bkb T[sgkdB ftZu tkXk j't/rk ns/ d/P dk nkofEe ftek; j't/rk. 28H10 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H gq'VQ (Adult) L ftn;e

2H gfotosB (Change) L pdbkn


1H wB[Zyh Pesh fB:'iB s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'.

2H ftfdne :'iBk s'A eh Gkt j?< dZ;'.

3H wB[Zyh ;z;kXB ftek; d/ ;kXBK dk T[b/y eo'.

4H ftfB:'r d/ o{g d[nkok f;Zfynk s/ fNZgDh eo'


1H e[Pbsk 2H nkofEe ftek; 3H (T) 4H (n) 5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H ;jh 10H rbs




p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^29L T[gG'rsk nfXeko ns/ f;Zfyn dk nfXeko (Consumer Rights and Right to Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


29H1 io{oh ns/ w[cs f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBnkfbnk dk ws (Opinion of Court about Compulsory and Free Education)

29H2 f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko Bkb ;zpzXs ;zftXkBe gqktXkB

(Constitutional Provision about Right to Education)

29H3 nfXfB:w dhnK ewhnK ns/ ;[Mkn (Shortcomings and Suggestions of Act)





T[d/P (Objectives)


io{oh ns/ w[cs f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBnkfbnk dk ws ikDB ;zpzXh.

f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko Bkb ;zpzXs ;zftXkBe gqktXkB ikDB ;zpzXh.

nfXfB:w dhnK ewhnK ns/ ;[Mkn ikDB ;zpzXh.


;[szsosk d/ S/ djkfenK pknd pZfunK d/ fB:[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk ;gBk “pZfunK B{z fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko nfXfB:w, 2009” d/ o{g ftZu g{ok j'fJnk. fJ; nfXfB:w d/ 1 ngq?b, 2010 s'A bkr{ j'D d/ pknd 6 ;kb s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ jo/e pZu/ B{z nkgD/ Bifdeh ftfdnkb/ ftZu fBP[be ns/ io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk gkT[D dk ekB{zBh nfXeko fwb frnk j?. nfXfB:w dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe rohp gfotkoK d/ T[j pZu/ fijV/ gqkEfwe f;Zfynk s'A tzfus jB, d/ bJh fBZih ftfdnkfbnK ftZu 25 gqshPs okytKeoD dk gqktXkB oZfynk frnk j?. ftXh nk:'r B/ fBZih ftfdnkfbnK ftZu f;Zfynk s'A tzfus pZfunK d/ bJh okytKeoD dh ;hwk 50 gqshPs eoB dk ;[Mkn fdZsk ;h.

fJj ftfXne e?phB/N d[nkok 2 i[bkJh, 2009 B{z ;theko ehsk frnk, oki ;Gk B/ fJ; fpb B{z 20 i[bkJh, 2009 B{z s/ b'e ;Gk B/ 4 nr;s, 2009 B{z gk; ehsk ns/ 26 i[bkJh, 2009 B{z okPNogsh dh ;thfeqsh fwbD d/ pknd 27 nr;s, 2009 B{z Gkos d/ okigZso ftZu gqekfps ehsk frnk, 1 ngq?b, 2010 s'A fJ; s'A fJ; B{z bkr{ eo fdZsk frnk j?.

;zftXkB fBowksk f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko B{z ;zftXkB ftZu fJZe w{b nfXeko d/ o{g ftZu Pkfwb eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, gozs{ Gkos dh ssekbhB gq;fEshnK fJ; d/ nB[e{b BjhA ;B fJ; bJh T[BQK


fJekJh^29 L T[gG'rsk nfXeko ns/ f;Zfynk dk nfXeko

B/ fJ; B{z oki dh Bhsh d/ fBod/Pe sZsK ftZu nB[S/d 45 d/ nXhB ;EkB fdZsk ns/ fJ; B{z oki dh fJZSk s/ SZv fdZsk fijV/ fe fBnkfbnK ftZu gfotosB:'r BjhA ;B. ;z;d B/ fJ; nfXeko dh io{os B{z ;wMd/ j'J/ ;kb 2002 ftZu ;zftXkB d/ 86t/A ;zftXkB ;zP'XB nfXfB:w 2002 d[nkok BtK nB[S/d 21^T i'V e/ fJ; B{z w{b nfXeko d/ o{g ftZu nfXnkfJ 3 ftZu Pkfwb eoe/ gfotosB:'r pDk fdZsk. T[es nB[S/d 21^T B{z ;zftXkB ftZu ;wkftPN eoB d/ ekoB nB[S/d 45 B{z th ;zP'fXe eoe/ fJ; soQK dk ehsk frnk^“oki 6 ;kb dh T[wo gqkgs eoB sZe ;ko/ pkbeK B{z pkbekb dh d/yGkt ns/ f;Zfynk d/ bJh w"e/ gqdkB eoB d/ bJh w"ek T[gbpX eo/rk”, fJ; soQK fJ; nB[S/d 45 ftZu ;zP'XB d[nkok fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk T[gbpX eotkT[Dk oki dk dkfJst s?n ehsk frnk. T[go'es d'jK ;zP'XBK d/ Bkb jh Gkr^4 w{b eosZtK ftZu th ;zP'XB eoe/ nB[S/d 51 (T) (N) i'fVnk frnk, fi; d/ nB[;ko, “6 ;kb s'A 14 ;kb dh T[wo d/ pZfunK d/ wksk^fgsk ns/ gqfsgkb d/ ;zoZfyneK dk fJj eosZt j't/rk fe T[jBK B{z f;Zfynk dk w"ek gqdkB eoB.”

f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko B{z w{b nfXeko dk doik d/D d/ Bkb jh fJ; B{z Bhsh fBod/Pe sZsK ns/ w{b eosZtK ftZu Pkfwb eoe/ oki ns/ nfGGkteK dk eosZt pDkfJnk frnk, gozs{ fJBQK eosZtK dk gkbD eokT[D d/ bJh e'Jh ;ekokoswe ;kXB BjhA ;B, fJ; bJh fJ; io{os dh g{osh d/ bJ fJ; nfXfB:w d[nkok oki ;oeko, pZfunK d/ wksk^fgsk iK ;zoZfyne ;kfonK dk dkfJst s?n ehsk frnk j? ns/ T[bzxB eoB s/ noEdzv dk th gqktXkB ehsk frnk j?. 29H1 io{oh ns/ w[cs f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBnkfbnk dk ws (Opinion of Court About Compulsory and Free Education) w'fjBh i?B pBkw eoBkNe oki (1992) 3 SCC 666 d/ wkwb/ ftZu T[Zu ndkbs B/ nB[S/d^21 d/ nB[;ko f;Zfynk jkf;b eoB d/ nfXeko B{z jo/e Bkrfoe dk w{b nfXeko dZ;d/ j'J/ fJfsjkf;e fBoDk fdZsk. nB[S/d^21 d/ nB[;ko gqkD s/ d?fje ;[szsosk d/ nfXeko ftZu f;Zfynk jkf;b eoB dk nfXeko th Pkfwb j? ns/ fBZih ekbi d[nkok e?ghN/PB P[be b?Dk BkrfoeK d/ fJ; nfXeko dk T[bzxB j?. jo/e Bkrfoe B{z f;Zfynk T[gbpX eotkT[Dk oki dk ;zftXkBe dkfJst j?.

:{Bh feqPDB pBkw nKXo gqd/P (1993) 4 SCC 645 d/ wkwb/ ftZu fBZih ekbi ;zukbeK B/ fBnkfbnk s'A w'fjBh i?B tkd ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ fBoD/ s/ g{Boftuko eoB d/ bJh p/Bsh ehsh, T[jBK dk soe ;h fe fBoD/ B{z bkr{ ehsk frnk sK T[jBK B{z ekbi pzd eoB/ g?Dr/, ftdtkB fBnkw{oshnK B/ f;Zfynk B{z w{b nfXeko wzfBnk ns/ fJ; B{z 14 ;kb d/ pZfunK sZe ;hfws eod/ j'J/ fejk fe T[Zu f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJj oki dh nkofEe ;woZEk s/ fBoGo eo/rk, n?wH;hH wfjsk pBkw sfwbBkv{ oki (1996) 6 SCC 756 d/ wkwb/ ftZu ;otT[Zu fBnkfbnk B/ oki B{z nkd/P fdZsk fe nB[S/d^45 d/ nB[;ko pkb wid{oK B{z f;Zfynk dk g{ok w"ek gqdkB eo/, fJj th fBod/P fdZsk frnk. ;zoZfyne dk dkfJst j't/rk fe T[j pkbe B{z f;Zfynk d/ bJh G/i/ ns/ ;zpzXs ;oeko fJj d/y/ fe T[jBK d/ ezw dh ;w/A ;hwk 4 s'A 6 xzN/ s'A finkdk Bk j't/ ns/ jo/e fdB ftZu 2 xzN/ f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB ns/ T[jBK dh f;Zfynk dk ;zgoD you fB:'ie tfjB eo/.

B'N

B'N; gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ftZu gfjbh iwks s'A nZmthA iwks sZe dh f;Zfynk Pkfwb j?.



1H fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[D d/ T[d/P s'A HHHHHHHHHHHHHH gk; ehsk frnk. 2H nZi th eJh fgzv nfij/ jB, fiZE/ d{o^d{o HHHHHHHHHHHHHH BjhA j?.



B'N 29H2 f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko Bkb ;zpzXs ;zftXkBe gqktXkB (Constitutional Provision About Right to Education) nB[S/d 21^T^86t/A ;zftXkB ;zP'XB nfXfB:w, 2002 d[nkok ;zftXkB ftZu nB[S/d 21 d/ pknd BtK nB[S/d 21^T i'fVnk frnk, fijVk fJj T[gpzXs eodk j? fe “oki nfijh ohsh s'A fit/A fe ftXh pDk e/ fBoXkfos eo/, 6 ;kb dh T[wo s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ ;ko/ pkbeK d/ bJh fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfyk d/ bJh T[gpzX eo/rk”.

nB[S/d 41ê[ZM nt;EktK ftZu ezw, f;Zfynk ns/ b'e ;jkfJsk jkf;b eoB dk nfXeko, oki nkgDh ;woZEk ns/ ftek; dhnK ;hwktK d/ nzdo jo/e ftnesh d/ bJh ezw jkf;b eoB, f;Zfynk jkf;b eoB ns/ p/ekoh, p[Ykgk, phwkoh ns/ nPessk dhnK dPktK ns/ ;otiBe ;jkfjsk jkf;b eoB d/ nfXeko B{z gqkgs eoB dk ekoi;kXB T[gpzX eo/rk.

nB[S/d 45^T[gpzXs eodk j? fe “oki 6 ;kb dh T[wo d/ ;ko/ pkbeK d/ g{ot pkbekb dh d/yo/y ns/ f;Zfynk d/ bJh w"ek gqdkB eoB d/ bJh T[gpzX eo/rk.”

nB[S/d 46^;kwi d/ ewi'o torK d/ f;Zfynk ns/ noE ;zpzXh fjsK dh nfGftoXhôki iBsk d/ ewi'o torK d/ ftP/P o{g s'A nB[;{fus iksh ns/ nB[;{fus iBikshnK dh f;Zfynk ns/ noE;zpzXh fjsK dh ftP/P ;ktXkB d[nkok nftftoXh eo/rk ns/ ;wkfie nfBnk ns/ ;G soQK d/ P'PD s'A T[jBK dh ;[oZfynk eo/rk.

pZfunK B{z fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko nfXfB:w 2009 d/ w[Zy gqtkXkB

gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ftZu gfjbh iwks s'A nZmthA iwks sZe dh f;Zfynk Pkfwb j?.

io{oh f;Zfynk^;oeko dk dkfJst j? fe^

(i) 6 s'A 14 ;kbe sZe d/ jo/e pZu/ B{z fBP[be gqkEfwe f;Zfynk T[gbpX eotkJ/,

(ii) 6 s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ jo/e pZu/ dk io{oh dkfybk, T[g;fEsh ns/ f;Zfynk dh ftt;Ek fBPfus eo/.

* fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko

6 ;kb s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ jo/e pZu/ B{z nkgD/ Bidheh ;oeko ftfdnkb/ ftZu gqkEfwe f;Zfynk g{oh eoB sZe fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko j't/rk ns/ fJ; d/ bJh T[; B{z fe;h soQK dk P[be iK j'o you/ BjhA fdZs/ d/D/ j'Dr/ (Xkok 3).

i/eo 6 s'A 14 ;kb sZe e'Jh pZuk fe;h ftfdnkb/ ftZu dkfyb Bk j'D d/ ekoB gqkEfwe f;Zfynk s'A tzfus j?, sK T[; B{z T[; dh T[wo d/ nB[;ko T[fus iwks ftZu dkfybk fdZsk ikt/rk ns/ nfij/ pZu/ 14 ;kb sZe dh T[wo g{oh eoB d/ pknd th gqkEfwe f;Zfynk g{oh j'D sZe fBP[e f;Zfynk gkT[D d/ nfXekoh j'Dr/ (Xkok 4).

pZfunK B{z dkfyb eoB d/ d"okB fJZe ftfdnkb/ s'A d{i/ ftfdnkb/ ftZu (fJZe oki ftZu iK pkjo) ;EkBKsoD dk nfXeko j't/rk ns/ nfij/ ;EkBKsoD ukj[D tkb/ pZfunK B{z T[; ftfdnkb/ dk gqXkB nfXeko s[ozs ;EkBKsoD gZso ikoh eo/rk ns/ fJ; gqfefonk ftZu ehsh rJh d/oh j'o ftfdnkb/ ftZu dkfybk Bk d/D dk nXko BjhA wzfBnk ikt/rk, ;EkBKsoD gZso ikoh oeB ftZu d/oh eoB tkbk gqXkB nfXnkge iK j'o ;zpzXs ftnesh ikDp[Me/ d/oh eoB dk d'Ph j'D dh ;{os ftZu T[; s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/ fB:wK d/ nB[;ko io{os nB[Pk;Bkswe ekoitkjh d/ bJh dkfJstnXhB j't/rk (Xkok 5).

* ;oeko, ;EkBe gqkfXekohy s/ wksk^fgsk dk eosZt

fJ; nfXfB:w d/ gqktXkBK d/ nrq;B ftZu ;oeko ns/ ;EkBe gqkfXekoh nkgD/ y/so nfXeko d/ nzdo fiZE/ ftfdnkb/ BjhA j?, fJ; nfXfB:w d/ gqGkt j'D d/ fszB ;kb d/ nzdo nkgD/ y/so nfXeko dh ;hwktK ftZu ftfdnkb/ ;Ekfgs eoBr/ (Xkok 6).



e/Ado ;oeko^

(T) ftfdne gqkfXekoh dh wdd Bkb fJZe okPNoh Ykuk ftef;s eo/rh, fijVh fBwB fbys s/ fXnkB dJ/rh^

(a) pZfunK dk pj[w[Zy ftek;. (b) ;zftXkB ftZu ;wkfjs w{bK dk ftek;. (c) finkdkso ;so sZe wkBf;e s/ Pohoe ;woZEktK dk ftek;. (d) pkbeK B{z pkbe e/Adfos s/ pkbe fwZsoe sohe/ Bkb rshftXhnK d[nkok

f;ykT[Dk. (e) fBod/PK dk wkfXnw fiZE/ sZe j' ;e/ pZfunK dh wksGkPK ftZu j't/rk. (f) pZfunK B{z G?nw[es pDkTDk ns/ nkgD/ ftuko ;[szsoskg{oD Yzr d[nkok

ftnes eoB ftZu wdd eoBk. (g) pZfunK dh ;wMD dh ;woZEk dk brksko ftPb/PD ns/ T[; B{z T[; dh

;woEk s/ bkr{ eoBk (Xkok 29) (n) nfXkgeK dh f;ybkJh d/ wkBdzv ftef;s eoe/ bkr{ eoBk. (J) oki ;oekoK B{z GtBk dh ;woZEk d/ bJh seBheh ns/ ;z;kXBK d[nkok ;fj:'r

T[gbpX eoktkJ/rh (Xkok 7)

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' io{oh f;Zfynk d/ nzsors 6 s'A 14 ;kb sZe d/ jo/e pZu/ B{z fBP[be ns/

gqkEfwe f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokJh ikt/rh.

;w{fus oki ;oeko^

(T) jo/e pZu/ B{z fBP[be ns/ io{oh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk T[gbpX eotkJ/rh. (n) Bidhe ;e{bQ dh T[gbpXsk fBPfus eo/rh. (J) fJj th fBPfus eo/rh fe rohp tor dk e'Jh th pkbe fe;h th ekoB s'A gqkEfwe

f;Zfynk s'A tzfus Bk oj/. (;) Ykukrs ;[thXktK, fi; ftZu GtB, nfXnkge ;Nkc ns/ f;ZyD d/ ;kXB Pkfwb

jB, T[gbpX eotkJ/rh. (j) jo/e pZu/ d/ dkfyb/, T[g;fEsh ns/ gqkEfwe f;Zfynk d/ yksw B{z fBPfus eo/rh. (e) r[Dtsk:[es gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dh fBPfussk. (y) nfXnkgeK d/ bJh f;ybkJh ;[XhXk (Xkok 8)

;EkBe gqkfXekoh^

(T) jo/e pZu/ B{z fBP[be s/ io{oh f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[Dr/. (n) nkgD/ y/sok nfXeko ftZu 14 ;kb sZe d/ pZfunK dk foekov oZyDr/. (J) Bidheh ftfdnkb/ dh T[gbpXsk fBPfus eoBr/. (;) nkgD/ y/so nfXeko ftZu jo/e pZu/ dk gqkEfwe f;Zfynk ftZu dkfybk, T[g;fEsh

s/ yksw/ B{z fBPfus eoBr/.\ (j) ftfdne e?bzvo fBoXkfos eoBr/ (Xkok 9)

wksk^fgsk iK ;zoZfyne dk dkfJst^

(T) nkgD/ pZfunK B{z Bidheh ftfdnkb/ ftZu gqkEfwe f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[Dk (Xkok 10)



B'N pZfunK B{z 6 ;kb sZe dh T[wo g{oh eoB s'A gfjbK ;e{bQ (Pre-school) g{ot f;Zfynk dh io{os ftt;Ek eoBk (Xkok 11).

* ftfdnkb/ s/ nfXnkgeK dk dkfJst

nfXfB:w d/ T[d/PK d/ bJh ftfdnkb/^

dkfybk fdZs/ ;ko/ pZfunK B{z fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk d/Dr/.

fi; ftZu 25 gqshPs ewi'o ns/ tzfus tor d/ pZu/ Pkfwb j'Dr/. (Xkok 12)

e'Jh th ftfdnkfbnk iK ftnesh pZfunK s'A dkfyb/ d/ ;w/A fe;h th soQK dh e?ghN/PB ch; BjhA bJ/rk ns/ pZu/ s/ T[jBK d/ wksk^fgsk fe;h soQK dh ;eqhfBzr gqfefonk d/ ftP/ BjhA j'Dr/. fJ; dk T[bzxB eoB s/ e?ghN/PB ch; d/ dZ; r[Dk sZe noEdzv s'A dzfvs ehsk ikt/rk. pZfunK dh ;eqhfBzr gqfefonk eoB tkb/ B{z gfjb/ T[bzxB s/ 25,000 o[gJ/ dk noEdzv ns/ gSsktk ;zpzX joe/ T[bzxB s/ 50,000 o[gJ/ sZe d/ noEdzv s'A dzfvs ehsk ikt/rk (Xkok 13)

fe;h th ftfdnkb/ ftZu dkfybk fdZs/ rJ/ pZu/ B{z gqkEfwe f;Zfynk g{oD eoB s'A gfjbK fBPekf;s BjhA ehsk ikJ/rk (Xkok 16)

fe;h th pZu/ B{z Pohoe iK wkBf;e dzv d/ e/ gq/PkB BjhA ehsk ikJ/rk ns/ i' e'Jh fJ; gqktXkB dk T[bzxB eo/rk, T[; s/ T[; d/ ;/tk fB:wK d/ nB[;ko nB[Pk;Bkswe ekotkJh ehsh ikt/rh (Xkok 17)

1H (nfXfB:w gqGkth j'D d/ pknd ;Ekfgs ftfdnkb/ d/ bJh wkBdzv)

ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;zfynk nfXnkgeK dh ;zfynk (T) iwks 1 s'A 5 sZe (n) iwks s'A 6 s'A 8 sZe

60 sZe 61 s'A 90 sZe 91 s'A 120 sZe 121 s'A 200 sZe 150 s'A finkdk j'D s/ 200 s'A finkdk j'D s/ 35 s/ fiZE/ 100 s'A finkdk j?

2 3 4 5 5 nfXnkge s/ fJZe gqXkB nfXnkge ftfdnkoEh nfXnkge nB[gks 40 L 1 s'A finkdk Bk j't/ jo/e iwks d/ bJh fJZe nfXnkge fi; ftZu fBwB fbys ftZu'A jo/e d/ bJh fJZe nfXnkge^

(i) rfDs s/ ftfrnkB (ii) ;wkfie nfXnB

(iii) GkPktK 1 1 g{oDekbe gqkXkB nfXnkge fBwB fbys ;zpzXh fJZe nzP ekfbe fBod/Pe^

(i) ebk f;Zfynk (ii) f;js s/ Pohoe f;Zfynk

(iii) ekoi f;Zfynk d/ bJh

2H GtB^ (i) jo/e nfXnkge d/ bJh fJZe gZy

(ii) fJZe nkfc; gZy ns/ fJZe ;N'o ewok ns/ fJZe gqXkBnfXnkge ewok 438 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


(iii) nto'Xw[es gj[zu j't/, (iv) ftfdnkoEhn s/ ftfdnkoEDK d/ bJh tZy^tZy P'uxo (v) jo/e ftfdnkoEh d/ bJh ;kc s/ ;tZS gkDh

(vi) d[gfjo dk G'iB nkgD/ gekT[D d/ bJh fJZe o;'Jhxo (vii) y/v dk w?dkB

(viii) ftfdnkb/ GtB dh ;[oZfynk d/ bJh ftfdnkb/ dh dhtko. 3H fBT{Bsw ekoifdt;^fJZe ftfdne t;kb ftZu fBT{Bsw ekoifdt;$xzN/^

(T) iwks 1 s'A 5 sZe fJZe ftfdne ;so ftZu 200 ekoifdt; ns/ 800 xzN/ (n) iwks 6 s'A 8 sZe fJZe ftfdne ;so ftZu 220 ekoifdt; ns/ 1000 xzN/ (J) nfXnkge d/ bJh jcs/ ftZu ekoi xzN/^fsnkoh xzfNnK ;fjs e[ZbQ 45 xzN/.

4H g[;sekfbnk^jo/e ftfdnkfbnk d/ g[;sekb/ ftZu gZsfoek, ;wkuko^gZso, ejkDh dhnK feskpK ;fjs ;ko/ ftfPnK dhnK feskpK T[gbpX j'D.

5H y/v s/ J/Eb/fNe; ;wZroh^jo/e iwks dh io{os nB[;ko (Xkok 19 ;gfms nB[;{uh)

fJ; nfXfB:w d/ bkr{ j'D d/ gfjbK ;Ekfgs ftfdnkfbnK d/ bJh wkBdzv^fJ; nfXfB:w d/ bkr{ j'D d/ fszB ;kb d/ nzdo ;t? d/ yofunK s/ T[es wkBdzvK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftfdnkbk io{oh edw T[mkT[Dr/ BjhA sK T[jBK dh wkBsk tkfg; b? bJh ikJ/rh. wkBsk tkfg; bJ/ ikD s/ th fijVk ftnesh ftfdnkb/ dhnK rshftXhnK ikoh oZydk j?, T[j 1 bZy o[gJ/ sZe d/ noEdzv Bkb dzfvs ehsk ikJ/r ns/ T[bzxB ikoh ofjD dh dPk ftZu 10,000 o[gJ/ gqshfdB d/ fj;kp Bkb noEdzv Bkb dzfvs ehsk ikJ/rk (Xkok 19).

6H nfXnkgeK dh :'rskê/tb T[j ftnesh nfXnkge j'D d/ gkso j'Dr/, fijV/ e/Ado ;oeko iK ;EkBe gqfXeoD d[nkok fBoXkfos :'rsk oZyd/ j'Dr/. nfij/ nfXnkge^

;wKpZX fB:fws o{g s'A ftfdnkb/ nkT[Dr/.

fBPfus ;w/A s/ fBoXkfos gkmeqw g{ok eotkT[Dr/.

wksk fgsk iK ;zoZfyne d/ Bkb fB:fws o{g s'A p?meK (Meetings) eoBr/. T[es fB:wK dk T[bzxB eoB s/ nfij/ nfXnkge s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/ ;/tk^fB:wK d/ sfjs nB[Pk;Bkswe ekotkJh ehsh ikt/rh (Xkok 23 s/ 24). nkgdk ;jkfJsk iK u'D ;zpzXh ekoiK d/ fJbktk j'o ekoiK ftZu BjhA brkfJnk ikJ/rk (Xkok 27).

e'Jh th nfXnkge gqkJht/N fNT{PB ftZu ;zrbB BjhA j't/rk (Xkok 28).

B'N

Nk;e io{oh ns/ w[cs f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.


pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions)-

3H nZi th eJh fgzv nfij/ jB, fiZE/ d{o^d{o sZe BjhA jB^ (T) ftfdnkfbnk (n) j;gskb (J) ;futkfbnk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA



B'N 4H nZi th d/P ftZu jikoK pZfunK B{z ekoykfBnK ftZu eoBk g?Adk j?^ (T) nokw (n) ezw (J) nzd'bB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H fBZih s/ ;oeko ftfdnkfbnK ftZu th fJ; nfXfB:w ftZu ehsk frnk j?^ (T) gfotosB (n) G/dGkt (J) ;wM"sk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H nfXfB:w d/ nzsors dkfybk fdZsk rJ/ ;ko/ pZfunK B{z d/Dr/^ (T) fBP[be s/ io{oh f;Zfynk (n) tihck (J) G'iB (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

29H3 nfXfB:w dhnK ewhnK ns/ ;[Mkn (Shortcomings and Suggestions of Act) fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[D /d T[d/P s'A fJj nfXfB:w gk; ehsk frnk. fJ; d/ nB[;ko 6 ;kb s'A 14 ;kb d/ jo/e pZu/ B{z r[Dtsk:[es f;Zfynk fdZsh ikJ/rh, gozs{ nfXfB:w d/ ;[yw ntb'eB d[nkok fJ; dh ;cbsk s/ PZe j? ;zy/g ftZu nfXfB:w dhnK ewhnK ns/ ;[Mkn fBwB soQK jB^

1H pZfunK d/ nB[gks ftZu iwksîwksK dh ewh, fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A ftfdnkfbnK B{z d' iK fszB gkfo:K ftZu ubkfJnk iKdk j?, g[okD/ ftfdnkfbnK d/ GtB th ioio nt;Ek ftZu jB, fijVh edh th d[oxNBk dk ekoB pD ;ed/ jB, fJ; bJh fJBQK dh ;zfynk tXkT[D d/ Bkb^Bkb w"i{dk ftfdnkb/ GtBK dh wows th eotkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

2H nZi th eJh fgzv nfij/ jB, fiZE/ d{o^d{o sZe ftfdnkb/ BjhA jB, fJ; soQK nfij/ fgzvK dk ;ot/ eoe/ ftfdnkb/ pDkJ/ ikD.

3H ftfdnkb/ s/ ntk;h y/soK ftZu d{oh r[Dtks:[es f;Zfynk gqkgsh ftZu pkXe j?, fJ; d/ bJh d{otosh y/soK ftZu ftfdnkb/ y'b/ ikD ns/ nfij/ y/soK ftZu ;oeko d[nkok T[fus gfotjB ;kXBK dh th ftt;Ek T[gbpX eotkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.

4H fBZih ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fiZE/ tksktoD nB[;ko iwksêwo/, ;thfwzr g[b ns/ e;os ewo/ j[zd/ jB, T[ZE/ jh ;oekoh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nXkoG{s ;thXktK dk th xkN gkJh iKdh j?, ;oekoh ftfdnkfbnK d/ pZu/ nZi th ;{oi dh sgB s/ Ngedh Ss ftZu gVQkJh eod/ d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB, fJ; Bkb fJ; Bkb „f;Zfynk irs‟ d/ d/P ftZu d' fGzB ;fEshnK gqrN j[zdhnK jB.

5H nfXfB:w d/ nB[;ko e/tb e[ZM gkmg[;seK s/ gZso^gZsfoektK d[nkok fJZe uzrk g[;sekfbnk pDdk j?, gozs{ fJ; ftZu nkX[fBe f;Zfynk dh io{os d/ nB[;ko ezfgT{No, fJzNoB/N nkfd ;[thXktK th io{oh jB.

6H nfXfB:w ftZu e[ZbQ nfXnkge gdK ftZu'A 10 gqshPs s'A tZX fe;h th nt;Ek ftZu ykbh BjhA oZy/ ikDr/, gozs{ 10 gqshPs nfXnkgeK d/ gd ykbh ofjD dk ykfwnkik ftfdnokoEhnK B{z jh G[rsBk gJ/rk Gkt nfij/ ftZu r[Dtsk:[es f;Zfynk dh rZb eoBk e'oh ebgBk j?, feT[Afe r[Dtsk:[es f;Zfynk d/ bJh :'r s/ ;wofgs nfXnkgeK dh io{os j[zdh j?.

7H g{ot^gqkEfwe (Pre-primary) f;Zfynk B{z nfXfB:w ftZu ;EkB BjhA fdZsk frnk, id'A fe d/P d/ eo'Vk pZfunK B{z fJ; f;Zfynk dh nXkoG{s io{os j?.

8H d/P ftZu jikoK pZfunK B{z ysoBke ekoiK ns/ ekoykfBnK ftZu ezw eoBk g?Adk j?. nfXfB:w ftZu d/P d/ GftZy d/ fJBQK pZfunK d/ g{Botk; s/ f;Zfynk dh e'Jh ftt;Ek BjhA ehsh rJh j?.



9H fBZih s/ ;oekoh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu th fJ; nfXfB:w ftZu G/dGkt ehsk frnk j?. fBZih ftfdnkfbnK B{z wkBsk d/ bJh nfXfB:w dZ;/ rJ/ fdPk^fBod/PK B{z g{ok eoB s/ wkBsk fwb/rh, id'A fe ;oekoh ftfdnkfbnK B{z fpBK Pos wkBsk ;t? fwb ikJ/rh.

10H ftebKr pZfunK B{z f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu nfXfB:w w"B j?. ftebKr pZfunK B{z f;Zfynk T[gbpX eokT[D ;zpzXh nfXfB:w ftZu „n;woZEk‟ dh gfoGkPk „ftnesh n;woZEk nfXfB:w 1995‟ d/ nB[;ko wzBh rJh j?, i' fe „okPNoh fBnk nfXfB:w, 1999‟ d[nkok dZ;h rJh „nw;oZEk‟ dh gfoGkPk dhnK PosK B{z g{ok BjhA eodhnK.

;G s'A tZX fuzsk dk ftPk fJj j? fe Gkos ftZu eJh ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzXs T[fus s/ T[Zu nfXfB:w pDkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ T[jBK dk gqGkt fefonkPhb fBPfus BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; nfXfB:w dk fefonkPhb fe; ;so sZe j' gkT[Adk j?, fJj efjDk w[Pfeb j?. ;w{fus d{oh s/ ftfdnkb/ dh ;EkgBk ns/ T[; ftZu T[fus nfXnkge ns/ ;w{fus ftt;EktK T[gbpX eokT[Dk jh fJZe w[Pfeb ekoi j?. fJ; d/ bJh pj[s finkdk XzB ns/ j'o ;z;kXBK dh io{os j't/rh. oki dhnK ;oekoK jw/PK XzB dh xkN dk okr nbgkT[AdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. id'A fe XzB d/ ;zpzX ftZu e/Ado ;oeko 65 gqshPs you T[mkT[D B{z fsnko j?, gozs{ fco th fJj fet/A j'trk< fejVh ;oeko eo/rh< ed'A sZe eo/rh< nkfd gqPBK d/ T[Zso fe;h th EK s/ BjhA fdZs/ rJ/ jB. io{os j? nfXfB:w B{z gqGkth pDkT[D d/ bJh fJZe ;w{fus ;wKpZX ekoi^:'iBk fsnko eoe/ bkr{ eoB dh, fi; Bkb fJ; nfXfB:w dk ;ekokswe Bshik pj[s ibd nk ;e/. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)

fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False)-

7H iwks 1 s'A 5 sZe fJZe ftfdne ;so ftZu 200 ekoifdt; ns/ 800 xzN/ j[zd/ jB. 8H iwks 6 s'A 8 sZe fJZe ftfdne ;so ftZu 220 ekoifdt; ns/ 1000 xN/ j[zd/ jB. 9H nfXnkge d/ bJh jcs/ ftZu ekoi xzN/^fsnkoh xzfNnK ;fjs e[ZbQ 45 xzN/ j[zd/ jB. 10H e/tb T[j ftnesh jh nfXnkge j'D d/ gkso j[zd/ jB, fijV/ e/Ado ;oeko iK ;EkBe

gqkfXeoD d[nkok fBoXkfos :'rsk BjhA oZyd/ jB. 29H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

fJj nfXfB:w f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu T[mkfJnk frnk ;kojD:'r edw j?. f;Zfynk s'A tzfus pZfunK B{z f;Zfyns eoBk ;kohnK b'eszsoh ;oekoK dk dkfJst j?. fJ; B{z d{o eoB ftZu fJj fJZe edw j?. nfXfB:w d/ nXhB pZfunK d/ f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko B{z ;[fBPfus eoB d/ bJh okPNoh s/ oki ewhPB B{z ft;Ekog{oD nfXeko gqdkB ehs/ rJ/ jB. pZfunK dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh fe;h th fPekfJs d/ bJh nfXekfosk:[es ;EkBe gqkfXeoD dh th ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. pZfunK d/ ftnefsst ftek; d/ bJh gqkEfwe f;Zfynk dh ihtB ftZu wjZstg{o G{fwek j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu pZfunK dh fJzBh ;zfynk B{z gqGkfts eoB tkbk fJj fJZewkso nfXfB:w j?. fBPfus o{g s'A fJj ftXh dk ;koEe ;kXB f;ZX j't/rk. d/P d/ jo/e Bkrfoe dk ;fj:'r gqkgs eoB d/ ekoB fJj nfXfB:w nkgD/ ng/fyns Nhu/ gqkgs eoB ftZu io{o ;cb j't/rk. 29H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ewhnK (Shortcomings) L d'P

2H nfBtko: (Compulsory) L pj[sio{oh

B'N



B'N 29H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H io{oh ns/ w[cs f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fBnkb/ dk ws dZ;'. 2H f;Zfynk d/ nfXeko Bkb ;zpzXs ;zftXkBe gqktXkBK dk toDB eo'. 3H „fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk dk nfXeko‟ s/ fNZgDh fby'. 4H „fBP[be ns/ io{oh f;Zfynk nfXfB:w, 2009‟ dhnK ewhnK dZ;'.


1H nfXfB:w 2H ftfdnkfbnk 3H (T) 4H (n) 5H (n) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H ;jh 10H rbs 29H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;









fJekJh^30 L PKsh f;Zfynk

fJekJh^30L PKsh f;Zfynk (Peace Education)

B'N


T[d/P (Objectives)


30H1 PKsh dh XkoDk (Concept of Peace)

30H2 PKsh f;Zfynk dk noE (Meaning of Peace Education)

30H3 PKsh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Peace Education)

30H4 PKsh f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum of Peace Education)

30H5 Gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK$fttjjkfoe nB[Gt (Co-Curriculum Activities/Practical Experiences)

30H6 nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk gZXsh ftZu PKsh f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum for Peace Education Through Non-Formal Education System)

30H7 PKsh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB d/ ;kXB (Ways and Means of Peace Education)





T[d/P (Objectives)


PKsh f;Zfynk dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

PKsh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P ikDB ;zpzXh.

PKsh f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw ikDB ;zpzXh.

gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK ikDB ;zpzXh.


n?vtov p/ANtoE p?Nh, uK;bo w?efrb ftPtftfnkbk, eBkvk B/ ftPtftfdnkb/ d/ ;BkseK d/ ;kjwD/ 26 wJh, 1929 B{z nkgD/ GkPD ftZu fejk ;h^“n;hA T[jBK nfXnksfwe w{bK s/ fXnkB d/Dk brGr pzd eo fdZsk j?, fiBQK d/ d[nkok jh wB[Zy dh ;zg{oD gqrsh B{z nKfenk ik ;edk j?. gfjb/ ftPt:[ZX B/ wB[Zysktkd dh gqrsh d/ ;otT[sfeqPN :[r dk nzs eo fdZsk ns/ :[ZX dk ekoB fJzBk jh ;h fe n;hA G"fsesk d/ gqsh nkgDh bkb;k B{z fB:zsfos eoe/ finkdk T[Zu/ Bk T[Zm ;e/. w?B{z fJj Bk dZ;' fe :[ZX iowBh dh fiZs^bkb[gsk iK nzro/iK dh ;wokitkdsk iK coKf;;h ;zrqkfwesk iK bkG gqkgs eoB dh g{zihtkdh bkb;k d/ rbs Bshi/ s'A finkdk e[ZM BjhA ;h. fpqN/B B/ ;z;ko B{z ftt;Ek ns/ G"fse ;ZfGnsk gqdkB ehsh. iowBh ns/ coK; B/ ebk ns/ ;zrhs Bkb ;z;ko dh P'Gk tXkJh, ftfrnkB ns/ ;kfjs Bkb T[; dk e'P Gfonk. g{zihtkdhnK B{z i' bkG :[ZX d/ ekoB fwfbnk^T[j nkg :[ZX d/ ekoB BjhA ;B. ;kB{z j'o v[zxkJh ftZu T[soBk jh



B'N ukjhdk j?. fi; gkrbgB B/ ;z;ko B{z wjK:[ZX d/ oewgks ns/ ftGhfPektK ftZu v[p' fdZsk, “T[j nkswk dk fteko j?^fdwkr dk BjhA.” fJBQK PpdK d/ ej/ ikD d/ pknd th fJZe j'o ftPt:[ZX j' u[Zek j? ns/ n;hA GftZy d/ gqsh PZe ftZu jK.

vkH ;otgZbh okXkfeqPDB B/ fejk, fe p?Nh d/ fJ; eEB, fe „;kvh nkswk ftZu fteko j?, fdwkr ftZu BjhA‟ dk noE j? fe Pohoe, fdwkr ns/ nkswk fszBK d/ ;[Gkfte ;kwzi; d/ fBotkj s'A jh ftnesh ns/ okPNo ;[yh j' ;ed/ jB. nZi d/ :[r ftZu nfXnksfwe w{bK B{z G{bk e/ n;hA fdwkr dhnK T[gbpXhnK s/ finkdk i'o fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ;h ekoB n;hA d[yh jK. nksfwe PeshnK xZN j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB ns/ fdwkr dhnK T[gbpXhnK dk nB[gks G?nT[sgkde ;hwk sZe gj[zu u[Zek j?. gqsZy o{g s'A n;hA Xosh ns/ nekP B{z nkgD/ nfXeko ftZu ehsk j'fJnk j? n/s gowkD{ ns/ skoK d/ w?ApoK B{z ;wMD ftZu bZr/ jK. fco th n;hA PZe Bkb fxo/ j'J/ jK. fJ; PZe B/ ftPt B{z PKsh f;Zfynk (Peace education) d/ bJh wzr eoB B{z wip{o eo fdZsk j?. 30H1 PKsh dh XkoDk (Concept of Peace)

brGr fJj efjzd/ oj/ jB fe jkJhvo'iB pzp PKsh^;EkgBk dk n;so pD ;edk j? feT[Afe T[; dh ftBkP^;woZEk :[ZX B{z o'eD ftZu ;woZE j?. t;s{ o{g s'A :[ZX dh nDT[g;fEsh jh PKsh BjhA j?. fJj fJZe wip{s GkJhukok^GktBk dk ftek; j?, j'o b'eK d/ ftukoK ns/ w{bK B{z fJwkBdkoh Bkb ;wMD dk :sB j?. p?Nh B/ nkgD/ ;w/A d/ B"itkBK B{z ;bkj fdZsh ;h fe T[j eq'X xZN eoB d{finK dhnK Gos;Bk Bk eoB, d{finK d/ T[sfeqPN nzP s/ ftPtk; eoB B{z fsnko ofjD, ;fji frnkB ns/ eo{Dk fij/ r[DK dk ftek; eoB. fJj ;ko/ r[D PKsh ns/ ;zs'P d/ nXko jB.

PKsh f;Zfynk B{z 1980 d/ nozG ftZu t/b; d/ nzsoôkPNoh ekbi ftZu g/P ehsk frnk. brGr PKsh f;Zfynk B{z fszB o{gK ftZu g/P ehsk frnk j? Gkt^

(T) PKsh d/ ftP/ ftZu f;Zfynk (Education About Peace)^fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A PKsh f;Zfynk :[ZX dh ;wkb'uBk (Criticism of war) j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D dk fBowkD fwspe n'ekw'N' (Mitbuc Occamoto) B/ ehsk.

(n) PKsh d/ bJh f;Zfynk (Education for Peace)^fJj fJZe ;ekokswe XkoDk j?. fJ; d[nkok ftnesh ftZu nfjz;k dh nXkoPhbk dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. fJj noE fJ; sZE s/ ntbzfps j? id'A :[ZXK B{z wB[Zyh fdwkrK ftZu iBw fdZsk iKdk j? T[d'A T[jBK ftZu PKsh B{z feT[A BjhA fBofws ehsk ikDk ukjhdk. fJ; soQK PKsh f;Zfynk dk fJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A Gkt j? fe wB[Zy d/ fdwkr ftZu PKsh dhnK dhtkoK dk fBowkD ehsk ikt/.

(J) ;ekokswe PKsh (Positive Peace)^fJ; dk Gkt j? fe nfjz;kswe ;wkfie gZXsh (A

non-violent social system) Gkt nfijk ;wki fi; ftZu fjz;k, P'PD, n;wkBsk nkfd Bk j'D pbfe T[j P'PD ns/ nfBnk s'A w[es j't/. fJ; fdqPNh s'A PKsh f;Zfynk fJZe ;fj:'rh ;wki dh ;EkgBk j?.

vkH ;otgZbh okXkfeqPDB dk efjDk j?, “n;hA ;otG"w wB[Zysktkdh Bt/A :[r d/ T[Pkekb ftZu jK. T[whd dh T[s/iBk j?, neKfynktK dh jbub j?, fit/A gqGks ;w/A ftZu, id'A G'o dhnK feoBK iwhB B{z irkT[AdhnK jB, j[zdk j?. n;hA ukjhJ/ iK Bk ukjhJ/ ofjzd/ fJZe ;z;ko ftZu jh jB ns/ ;kB{z wB[Zy d/ T[d/P ns/ Gkr dh ;XkB XkoDk ngBkT[Dh j?. ftfGzB okPNoK B{z wB[Zy iks d/ w?ApoK d/ o{g ftZu Pso{^fJekJhnK d/ ;wkB BjhA pbfe ;ZfGnsk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ :sB ftZu ;zrbB fwZso^Gkrhdkok d/ ;wkB ofjDk j't/rk. PeshPkbh okPNo ewi'o dh ;jkfJsk eo/rk ns/ ;ko/ wB[Zy ;[szso okPNoK d/ ftPtftnkgh ;zrmB d/ w?Apo j'Dr/. i/eo n;hA r?o fizw/dko ftneshnK d/ fB:zsoD ns/ j[D sZe nebgBe Pesh^;o'sK d/ yso/ s'A pu rJ/ sK n;hA ;kohnK ikshnK B{z fJeZmk eoe/ fJZe T[dko, ftPkb, ;fj:'rh ;wki dh ;EkgBk eo ;eKr/. PKsh f;Zfynk fJBQK ysfonK s'A pukT[D ftZu wB[Zy dh ;jkfJsk eodh j?.”



T[go'es toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe PKsh dh XkoDk d/ ftfGzB noE jB^

1H :[ZX dh nDT[g;fEsh 2H wB dh PKsh 3H P'PD ns/ nfBnk s'A w[esh.

B'N

B'N; PKsh f;Zfynk PKshgq/wh b'eK d/ bJh f;Zfynk j? fijVh fe fJ; Xosh s/ PKsh ekfJw

eoe/ :'r j'Dr/.

30H2 PKsh f;Zfynk dk noE (Meaning of Peace Education)

PKsh f;Zfynk T[j ftfrnkB j? fijVk wB[Zy dhnK w"fbe io{osK ns/ ;wki dh ftnoE gqfesh iK ;o{g dk nfXnB eodk j? fi; ftZu fJBQK io{osK dh g{osh j[zdh j?. fJj f;Zfynk iK ftfrnkB b'eK B{z wB[Zyh nfXekoK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikro[e pDkT[Adk j?. PKsh f;Zynk T[j f;Zfynk j? fijVh nP'fPPs (Non-exploitative) nfjz;e (Non-violent) ns/ fBnkgq/wh (Just) ;wki dk fBowkD eodh j?.

e/H n?;H pk;toki d/ nB[;ko^“PKsh f;Zfynk fJZe ekoieow ns/ gqfefonk j? fi; Bkb b'eK (B"itkBK ns/ gq'VQK) ftZu PKsh d/ w{b dh ;okjBk ns/ ;wMdkoh dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. fJj T[jh fsnkoh j? fi; Bkb ;w[dkfJe ihtB B{z fBnkgq/wh, ftt;fEs ns/ ;kwzi;g{oD pDkfJnk iKdk j?.”

vkH wo;h npqkjw^“PKsh f;Zfynk PKshgq/wh b'eK d/ bJh f;Zfynk j? i' fe fJ; Xosh s/ PKsh ekfJw eoB d/ :'r j'Dr/. fJj ftP/P o{g s'A GktBkswe (Affective) f;Zfynk j?. fJj Xkofwe f;Zfynk j?. Bkb jh fJj nkgD^nkg ftZu f;Zfynk j?.”

PKsh f;Zfynk d/ uko G/d ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB, Gkt^ (T) :[ZX^fBtkoe f;Zfynk (Antiwar Education) (n) PKsh f;Zfynk w[esh j? (Peace Education as Liberation) fJ; f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok wB[ZyhnfXekoK dh gq'Bsh, wB[Zyh io{osK dh g{osh ns/ ;wkfie rohph, ;wkfie G/dGkt, e[g'PD, fBonZyosk ns/ o'rK dhnK ;wZf;ntK dk ;wkXkB ehsk iKdk j?. (J) PKsh f;Zfynk f;ZyD dh gqfefonk (Learning Process) j?. fJj f;Zfynk ftfdne tksktoD d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftneshnK ftZu ;fjPD{sk ns/ f;oiBksfwesk (Creativity) dk ftek; eodh j?. (j) PKsh f;Zfynk fJZe ihtB^P?bh (Life style) j?. fJj b'eK dh ihtB^P?bh ftZu gfotosB fbnk e/ nzsoôkPNoh ;wki ftZu PKsh dh ;EkgBk eodh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' PKsh f;Zfynk f;ZyD dh gqfefonk j?.

30H3 PKsh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Peace Education)

vkH ghHthH BkfJo B/ PKsh f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys fszB T[d/PK s/ i'o fdZsk j?^

1H ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Xkofwe ;fjPD{sk, j'o gqikshnK dk nkdo ns/ Xkofwe ns/ B?fse w{bK B{z nkdo dh BIo Bkb d/yD d/ :'r pDkT[Dk.



B'N 2H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[dko fdwkr (Open Mindedness), ftt/eg{oD fuzsB ns/ ftPtftnkgh frnkB dh y'i d/ bJh o{uh ftef;s eoBk.

3H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;fj^ti{d (Co-existence) dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk.

gq'H e/H n?;H pk;toki B/ PKsh f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys T[d/PK s/ i'o fdZsk j?^

1H PKshgq/wh wB[Zy d/ gqsh ;ekokswe fdqPNhe'D ftef;s eoBk.

2H wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu PKsh d/ w{b B{z ;wMD ns/ T[; dh ;okjBk eoB d/ bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fsnko pDkT[Dk.

3H Bt^B"itkBK ftZu PKsh d/ nfXnksfwe w{bK B{z ftef;s eoBk fi; Bkb T[jBK B{z nzdo{Bh PKsh iK wB dh PKsh gqkgs j' ;e/.

4H pZfunK ftZu T[fus ns/ nDT[fus fBnk ns/ nfBnk d/ ftP/ ftZu ikro[esk ftef;s eoBk.

5H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nzsoôkPNoh ;dGtkBk ns/ GkJhuko/ dk ftek; eoBk. 6H :[ZX, fjz;k, ;zxoP nkfd d/ BshfinK s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk fi; Bkb T[jBK s'A puD d/ bJh

edw T[mkT[D ftZu ;woZE j' ;eD. 7H ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gfotko, d/P, ns/ ftPt ftZu PKsh ekfJw oZyD ftZu T[jBK dh

G{fwek d/ gqsh ikro[e eoBk. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H PKsh f;Zfynk B{z 1980 d/ nozG ftZu t/b; d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftZu g/P ehsk frnk. 2H PKsh f;Zfynk fJZe ekoieqw ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

30H4 PKsh f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum of Peace Education)

gq'H e/Hn?wH ;kJhwB B/ ftfdnkb/ d/ ftfGzB ;soK d/ bJh PKsh f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw B{z fJ; soQK fBoXkfos ehsk j?^ gqkEfwe ;so

1H ihtB d/ B?fse w{bK Bkb ;zpzXs ejkDhnK, eftsktK ns/ BkNe. 2H ftfGzB XowK, y/soK ns/ ;z;feqshnK Bkb ;zpzXs ejkDhnK.

i{Bhno ;so 1H wjkswk rKXh, gzH itkjobkb Bfjo{, ftB'pk Gkt/, npqkjw fbzeB, wkofNB b{Eo fezr,

ekob wkoe;, B/b;B wzv/bk, wdo N/o/;k, ih;; eqkfJ;N, r"sw p[ZX dhnK ihtBhnK ns/ PKsh ;EkgBk ftZu T[jBK d/ ekoi.

2H fJ;kJh Xow, fjzd{ Xow, fJ;bkw ns/ p"X Xow dh ftPt PKsh dh ;EkgBk ftZu G{fwek.

jkJh;e{bQ ;so

1H PKsh dh XkoDk. 2H PKsh dh io{os ns/ wjZst. 3H gfotko, ;wki ns/ ftPt ftZu PKsh ekfJw eoB d/ ;kXB. 4H ;z:[es okPNo ;zx, :{B/;e', o/veqk;, ;ekT{N ns/ rkJhv nzd'bB, nzsoôkPNoh

;zXhnK ftPt PKsh ftZu ftfGzB doPBK dh G{fwek. 5H :[ZX ns/ fjz;k d/ ekoB ns/ T[jBKd/ BshfinK dh ;wkb'uBk.





3H PKsh f;Zfynk f;ZyD dh eh j?^ (T) gqfefonk (n) ebk (J) ;fjPD{sk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA.

4H ;ko/ r[D PKsh ns/ ;zs'P d/ jB^ (T) nXko (n) e'P (J) Gkt (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA.

5H PKsh f;Zfynk ftfdne tksktoD d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftneshnK ftZu ftek; eodh j?^ (T) GktK dk (n) ;fjPD{sk ns/ f;oiBkswesk dk (J) f;Zfynk (;) PKsh dk

6H PKsh f;Zfynk B{z g/P ehsk frnk j?^ (T) d' o{gK ftZu (n) fszB o{gK ftZu (J) uko o{gK ftZu (;) gzi o{gK ftZu

30H5 gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK$fttjkfoe nB[Gt (Co-Curriculum Activities/Practical Experiences)

1H :{Hn?BHUH fdt;, Xosh fdt; (Earth Day), PKsh fdt; (Peace Day) nkfd dk wBkT[Dk.

2H i{Bhno o/veqk; ns/ ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rkfJfvzr dhnK fefonktK ftZu Gkr b?Dk. 3H ;wkfieh tkfBeh (Social Forestry), PowdkB nkfd ftZu Gkr b?Dk. 4H g/B^fwsosk ekfJw eoBk. Bkb jh pZfunK d[nkok c'N', fuZso, ebzvo, ;NKg, f;Ze/

nkfd dk ndkB^gqdkB. 5H ftfdne fcbwK dk gqdoPB fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK d/ wkBf;e n;wkB B{z T[Bs

pDkfJnk ik ;e/. 6H wjkB ftG{shnK d/ iBw fdt; wBkT[Dk. 7H nzsoôkPNoh wjZst d/ wkwfbnK s/ f;wg'finw, tkd^fttkd gqsh:'rsk, ;z;d nkfd dk

nk:'iB eoBk. 8H ftfGzB ftfPnK s/ d/P ns/ ftd/P d/ ftihfNzr gq'c/;oK d/ GkPDK dk nk:'iB eoBk. 9H PKsh d/ d{sK dh n?bpw fsnko eoBk.

30H6 nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk gZXsh ftZu PKsh f;Zfynk dk gkmeqw (Curriculum for Peace Education Through Non-Formal Education

System) . nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu PKsh f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw ftZu nrKj fbfys y/soK B{z ;EkB gqdkB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

1H PKshtkd dh XkoDk (Concept of Pacifism)^fJj f;XKs PKsh ftZu nk;Ek ns/ :[ZX d/ gqsh fxoDk s/ nXkfos j?. fJj wB[Zyh ihtB dh gftZsosk ftZu n;kEk oZydk j?.

2H PKsh^Pesh (Power of Peace)^rKXh ih dk „;Zfsnkrqfj‟ ns/ ftB'pk Gkt/ dk G{dkB nzd'bB fJ; f;XKs s/ nXkfos j?. fJ; bJh fJjBK dk frnkB fdZsk iKdk j?.

3H ftPt wB[Zy dh XkoDk (Concept of Vishva Manav)^fJj f;XKs ftPt Bkrfoesk ns/ ftnkge nzsoôkPNohnsk s/ nXkfos j?. fJ; ftZu ;ze{fus okPNotkd d/ d'PK ns/ rbs BshfinK B{z dZ; e/ ftPt Bkrfoesk dh ;EkgBk s/ i'o fdZsk j?.

4H nkofEe nkswfBoGosk ns/ T[sgkdB dk ftd/AdoheoD (Economic Self-sufficiency

and Decentralization of Production)^fJ; ftZu rKXh ih d/ nkofEe doPB dk frnkB

B'N



B'N eokfJnk ikt/ ns/ T[jBK d/ ;otT[d/ ;wki dh ebgBk B{z dZf;nk ikt/. Bkb jh „ngforqj‟ d/ f;XKs s'A ikD{ eokfJnk ikt/.

5H Bkrfoe f;Zfynk (Civic Education). 6H Pesh dk b'eszsoe fte/AdoheoD (Democratic Decentralization of Power)^fJ; ftZu

gb/N' d/ BroôkiK, rKXh ih d/ „fgzv oki‟ ns/ ftB'pk Gkt/ d/ „fgzvdkB‟ dhnK XkoDktK s'A ftneshnK B{z ikD{ eokfJnk ikt/.

Nk;e PKsh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB d/ ;kXBK s/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

30H7 PKsh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB d/ ;kXB (Ways and Means of Peace Education) ftfGzB ftukoeK ns/ f;ZfynkftdK dk ws j? fe PKsh f;Zfynk B{z ftfdnkfbnK, ekbiK ns/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu fJZe tkX{ ftP/ d/ o{g ftZu fBowkDs BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk. pbfe ftfGzB ftfPnK ftZu gkmeqwK dk nfij/ Yzr Bkb g{BormB ehsk ikJ/ fe ftPtPKsh ftfdnkb/ d/ gkmeqw gkm ;fjrkwh fefonktK ns/ ekoinB[GtK dk fJZe nfGzB nzr pD ikt/. fJBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftfdnkoEh ngD/^nkg B{z ftPt dk fJZe nfGzB nzr wzBDk f;Zy ikDr/, gkmeqw ftZu Pkfwb PKsh ftfPnK dk nfXnkgB n"gukfoe Yzr Bkb ehsk ik ;e/rk. fJ; d/ fJbktk ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftPt PKsh, ftPt^GkJhukok, GkJhukok^GktBk nkfd d/ gqsh ;ir pDkT[D d/ bJh iB^;zuko d/ ;kXBKô/vhU, NhHthH, nkfvU, e?;/N, ubufoso, ;wkuko^gZso ns/ gZsohektK nkfd dk th gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

iB^;XkoD B{z PKsh^;zd/P gqdkB eoB d/ bJh fJZSe ;zrmBK dk th gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh PKsh gquko e/AdoK dh ;EkgB, PKsh^;/Bk dk ;zrmB, „PKsh :ksok‟ nkfd dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. ;wki d/ ;zxoPK ns/ sBkntK B{z d{o eoB d/ bJh nfjz;e ;kXBK dk gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. iB;XkoD B{z PKsh^;zd/P d/D d/ bJh B[ZeV ;GktK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikt/. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H PKsh f;Zfynk d[nkok ftnesh ftZu nfjz;k dh nXkoPhbk dk fBowkD ehsk iKdk j?. 8H PKsh f;Zfyk fJZe Bekokswe XkoDk j?. 9H PKsh f;Zfynk T[j f;Zfynk fijVh, nP'fPs, nfjz;e ns/ fBnkgq/wh ;wki dk fBowkD

eodh j?. 10H Pksh f;Zfynk ftP/P o{g s'A GktBkswe ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk j?.


nzs ftZu, n;hA vkH ;otgZbh okXkfeqPDB d/ PpdK ftZu efj ;ed/ jK fe^“;ko/ Xow gV';h Bkb gq/w eoB dk T[gd/P fdzd/ jB, gozs{ gq/w eoB dh ;woZEk jkf;b eo ;eDk w[Pfeb ezw j?. nfXnksfwe ihtB dk ftek; jh T[j Pesh j? fijVh gV';h B{z gq/w dh ;woZek gqdkB eodh j?, fco Gkt/A n;hA ;zGt s"o s/ T[; soQK Bk eoBk ukjhJ/. „J/fgf;b nkc ;/AN i/w;‟ ftZu fejk frnk j?, „s[jkv/ ftZu :[ZX ns/ ;zxoP feE'A nkT[Adk j?< s[;hA ukj' th sK s[jkv/ fJE'A BjhA (fJPto d/ fJZE'A) nkTAd/.‟ wB[ZyK dh go;go fto'Xh neKfynktK s'A jh wB[ZyK



ftZu sBksBh ns/ ;zxoPK dk iBw j[zdk j?. fJ; s'A puD d/ bJh ;kB{z nkgD/ nzso ftZu nB[o{gsk oZyDh io{oh j?. wB[Zy d/ nzdo{Bh ihtB d/ frnKB s'A jh ;zg{oD wB[Zysk d/ J/e/ dh nB[G{sh ehsh ik ;edh j?.” fJ; soQK PKsh f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftneshnK B{z fJj nB[G{sh eokJh ikJ/ fe ;ZfGnsk d/ ftek; ftZu fe;h iksh iK iksh^;w{j dk J/ekfXeko BjhA fojk j?. pbfe ;ko/ okPNoK dk :'rdkB fojk j?. T[jBK B{z T[jBK dhnK T[gbpXhnK B{z wkBsk gqdkB eoBk f;ykfJnk ikt/. fJ; soQK ;otG"w GkJhuko/ d/ bJh edw T[mkJ/ ikD. T[jBK B{z Xkofwe wkwfbnK ftZu d{i/ d/PK ns/ :[rK d/ wBhfPnK d/ :'rdkB B{z io{o ;wMDk ukjhdk j?. 30H9 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H nfjz;e (Non-Violent)^fjz;k s'A ofjs 2H ihtB^P?bh (Life Style)îhT[D dk Yzr


1H PKsh dh XkoDk s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'. 2H PKsh f;Zfynk dk noE ;gPN eo'. 3H PKsh f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P dZ;'. 4H PKsh f;Zfynk gqdkB eoB d/ ;kXBK dk toDB eo'.


1H nzsoôkPNoh ekbi 2H gqfefonk 3H (T) 4H (T) 5H (n) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs 9H ;jh 10H ;jh 30H11 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;








B'N



B'N fJekJh^31L w{b f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ io{os (Meaning and Needs of Value Education)


T[d/P (Objectives)


31H1 w{b dk noE ns/ gfoGkPktK (Meaning and Definitions of Value)

31H2 w{bK dk torheoD (Classification of Values)

31H3 w{b f;Zfynk dk noE (Meaning of Value Education)

31H4 w{b f;Zfynk dh io{os (Need of Value Education)

31H5 pkbe B{z w{b f;Zfynk d/D d/ ;kXB (Ways of Inculcating Values of the Child)

31H6 gfotko ns/ w{b f;Zfynk (Family and Value Education)

31H7 gfotko L w{bK dk ftek; eoB dh ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftZu (Family : An Agency for the Development of Values)

31H8 GkPk f;ybkJh d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; (Development of Values through Language Teaching)





T[d/P (Objectives)


w{b f;Zfynk dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

gfotko ns/ w{b f;Zfynk ikDB ;zpzXh.

ftfdnkb/ ns/ w{b f;Zfynk ikDB ;zpzXh.

GkPk f;ybkJh d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; ikDB ;zpzXh.


w{b f;Zfynk eh j?< i/eo n;hA ;XkoD s"o s/ fJ; T[Zs/ ftuko eohJ/ sK fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe fijVh f;Zfynk w{bK Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?, T[j w{b f;Zfynk ejh iKdh j? gozs{ fJZE/ ;[Gkfte o{g s'A fJZe gqPB T[Zmdk j? fe w{b eh jB< i/eo n;hA s[jkB{z g[ZShJ/ fe s[jkv w{b eh jB< sK j' ;edk j? fe s[jkv/ ftZu'A fJZe ej/^n;hA sK g{ik^gkm ftZu ftPtk; oZyd/ jB Gkt s[jkvk gqw[Zy w{b nfXsfwe w{b j?, fe;h d{i/ ftnesh s'A i/eo fJjh gqPB g[ZfSnk ikt/ ns/ fJ; dk gqshT[Zso j't/ fe T[j sK ;wki ;/tk ftZu ftPtk; oZydk j? sK fJ; dk Gkt fJj j'fJnk fe T[; dk gqw[Zy w{b ;wkfie w{b j? ns/ j[D fsZi/ ftnesh s'A g[ZShJ/ fe s[jkvk gqwZy w{b eh j?


fJekJh^31 L w{b f;Zfynk dk noE ns/ io{os

ns/ T[j efjzdk j? fe XzB^d"bs s/ n?Pg{oDk ofjDk. fJ; dk Gkt fJj j'fJnk fe T[j ftnesh nkofEe w{b B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdzdk j?. fJjh gqPB i/eo n;hA fJ; o{g ftZu eohJ/ fe s[jkvh w[Zy g;zd (Liking) eh j? sK th ;kB{z fJj gqshT[Zso ftfGzB ftneshnK s'A gqkgs j't/rk. fJ; dk Gkt fJj j'fJnk fe w{b ftnesh dh g;zd iK Bkg;zd d/ tZb fJPkok eod/ jB. T[dkoD ti'A, i/eo e'Jh ftnesh nfXnksfwe rZbK B{z wjZst fdzdk j? s/ XzB T[sgkdB T[Zs/ fXnkB BjhA fdzdk. fJ; dk Gkt j'fJnk fe nkofEe w{b B{z iK sK T[j Iho' ftZu oZydk j? iK fco T[; d/ gqsh Bekokswe fdqPNhe'D oZydk j?. Bkb jh fJZe ftnesh T[j th j' ;edk j? fijVk XzB T[sgkdB B{z nkgD/ ihtB dk nfjw Nhuk wzBdk j? gozs{ fJPto iK ;wki ftZu T[; dh e'Jh nk;Ek BjhA. fJ; dk Gkt fJj j'fJnk fe T[j nkofEe w{b s/ i'o fdzdk j? ns/ nfXnksfwe s/ ;wkfie w{bK d/ gqsh T[g/fynkswe iK Bekokswe fdqPNhe'D oZydk j?. n;b ftZu i/oe d/fynk ikt/ sK fe;h th ftnesh dk g{oD fttjko T[jBK w{bK dh gfofX d/ nB[;ko ;zukfbs j[zdk j? fiBQK B{z T[j wjZstg{oD ;wMdk j?.

w{b

ftnesh

w{b w{bK dk wB[Zy d/ ihtB ftZu pj[s jh wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. fJ; ekoB ;G s'A gfjbK n;hA fJ; rZb dh uouk eoKr/ fe w{b eh j?< iK w{b fe;B{z efjzd/ jB< 31H1 w{b dk noE ns/ gfoGkPktK (Meaning and Definitions of Values)

Pkpfde o{g ftZu i/eo d/fynk ikt/ sK w{b B{z nzro/Ih ftZu value efjzd/ jB ns/ Value b?fNB GkPk dk Ppd Valere (t?fbno) s'A pfDnk j? t?fbno dk nzro/ih ftZu noE j? ability, utility,

importance ns/ gzikph ftZu noE j?^:'rsk, T[g:'rsk ns/ wjZst. Pkpfde noE d/ nXko s/ n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe ftnesh iK t;s{ dk T[j r[D fi; d/ ekoB T[; dk wjZst, nkdo iK T[g:'r ;wfMnk iKdk j?, T[j w{b j?. w{b s'A Gkt T[j t;s{nK iK rZbK jB fiBQK ftZu ftnesh o{uh b?Adk j?. w{b dh uouk ftfGzB ftukoeK B/ ftfGzB soQK s'A ehsh j?^

1H ;[ytkdh ftukoe fJj efjzd/ jB fe w{b T[j j? fijVk wB[Zy dh fJZSk B{z sfogs eod/ jB.

2H ftek;tkdh ftukoeK dk fJj wzBDk j? fe w{b T[j fijV/ ihtBtoXe j[zd/ jB. 3H g{oDsktkdh ftukoeK dh XkoDk j? fe w{b T[j j/ fi; Bkb nkswbkG j[zdk j?.

T[go'es toDB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe ;[ytkdh w{b dk Gkt ;[y GktBk B{z wzBd/ jB id'A fe ftek;tkdh ns/ g{oDsktkdh eqw nB[;ko ihtB ns/ nksw B{z. gozs{ fszB'A jh ftukoXkoktK w{b B{z fJZe u/sB gqfefonk (Conscious Process) d/ o{g ftZu ;theko eod/ jB iK fJjBK dk wzBdk fJj j? fe w{b dk ;zpzX wB[Zy d/ fdwkr d/ u/sBk d/ ;so s'A j[zdk j?.

ftfGzB ftukoeK B/ w{bK d/ ;zzpX ftZu eJh gfoGkPktK fdZshnK jB. fJBQK gfoGkPktK B{z n;hA fszB Pq/DhnK ftZu tzv ;ed/ jK^

(T) dkoPfBe ftukoXkok, (n) wB'ftfrnkBe ftukoXkok, (J) ;wkiPk;soh ftukoXkok. (T) dkoPfBe ftukoXkok^doPBPk;so w{b d/ ;zpzX (Philosophical View) ftZu fJj XkoDk

oZydk j? fe w{b fJZe P[ZX ;[yw sZs j?. fJ; d/ nB[;ko n;hA w{b dhnK gfoGkPktK B{z fszB GkrK ftZu tzv ;ed/ jK^

1H ftneshrs gfoGkPktK (Subjective Definitions)^ftneshrs ;zdoG ftZu w{bK dk ;zpzX ;kvhnK GktBktK ns/ ;zt/rK, g;zd iK Bkg;zd s'A j[zdk j?. JhH n?;H pokJhNw/B

B'N



B'N (E. S. Brightman) d/ nB[;ko, “nozGe noE ftZu w{b s'A Gkt j? fijVk ftnesh n;b ftZu g;zd eodk j?, ;thfeqs eodk j? ns/ T[; dk nBzd T[mkT[Adk j?.” (In

primary sense value means what the individual likes, accepts and enjoys.) fJ; fdqPNh s'A i/eo n;hA d/yhJ/ sK w{b ;kvhnK fJZSktK ns/ GktBktK B{z ;zs[PN eoB dk wkfXnw j?. fJjBK dk ;zpzX soe s'A BjhA j[zdk. fvePBhoh nkc n?i{e/PB (r[v) (Dictionary of Education) (Good) d/ nB[;ko, “w{b fJZe nfijh ftP/Psk j? fi; B{z wB'ftfrnkBe, ;wkfie, B?fse iK ;"Ado:kswe ftukoK d/ gfogq/y ftZu tXhnk ns/ wjZstg{oD ;wfMnk iKdk j?HHHHHHHHHHHHHns/ fJj T[; ftnesh iK ftnesh ftZu nzsofBfjs ofjzd/ jB fijV/ T[; d/ ftPtk; d/ nB[;ko ;[oZfynk ns/ B?fse ;jkfJsk gqdkB eod/ jB.” (Any characteristic deemed important because of psychological,

social, moral or aesthetic consideration..........to refer to built in inner system of

beliefs from which one can gain security of support.) 2H t;s{fBPm gfoGkPktK (Objective Definitions)^fJ; noE s'A Gkt j? fe w{b dk noE

ftnesh iK T[; dhnK nzdo{Bh GktBktK s'A BjhA j? iK T[j nzdo{Bh irs dh t;s{ BjhA j? pbfe w{b dk noE t;s{ s'A j[zdk j?. i'v (Joad) d/ nB[;ko w{b T[B/ jh ;Zu j[zd/ jB fit/Aôzr, rzX, ;[Gkn, neko s/ nkfeqsh. go;h (Percy) d/ nB[;ko, “fe;h ftnesh d/ bJh T[j o{uhg{oD t;sPnK w{b ejhnK ik ;edhnK jB fiBQK d/ nXko s/ ftnesh dh o{uh ns/ t;s{ ftZu fJZe ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?.” (An Object of interest to

some one for it emanates from particular relation between the interest and its

object.) 3H soe nXkfos gfoGkPktK (Logical Definitions)^fJ; nXko s/ b'eK dk ftuko j? fe

w{b dk ;zpzX wB[Zy ns/ T[;d/ tksktoD d'jK s'A jh j[zdk j?. fJ; ekoB T[j ftneshfBPm th j[zd/ jB, t;s{fBPm th. vkH okXkewb w[yoih (Dr. R. K.

Mukharjee) d/ PpdK ftZu, “;wki ftZu ;kohnK fJZSktK iK nfGbkPktK w{b ejhnK iKdhnK jB fijVhnK fe nB[pzXB dh gqfefonk d[nkok ftnesh ftZu nzsofBfjs j' iKdhnK jB i' fe ;wkiheoD dh gqfefonk d[nkok th T[; ftnesh dhnK gqkEfwesktK, o{uhnK, wjZsteKfynktK d/ o{g ftZu gqrN j[zdhnK jB.” (Socially

approved desires or goals that are internalized through the process of conditioning

learning or socialization and that became subjective preference, standards and

aspirations.) (n) wB'ftfrnkBe ftukoXkok (Psychological View)^woch s/ fBT{ekw (Murphy and

Newcombs) d/ nB[;ko w{b dk noE j? Nhuk gqkgs d/ tZb tXDk (To proceed towards

goal attainment). ikB; (Jones) d/ nB[;ko, “w{b T[j gq/oDk j? fijVh ftnesh B{z :sBK B{z ;zs[PN eodh j? fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eo ;e/ (Values are the

inspiration that satisfies the efforts of individual so that he can achieve his goals.) wB'ftfrnkBe ftukoXkok fJj wzBdh j? fe w{b ftnesh dh wB'ftfrnkBe io{os j? ns/ fJ; fdqPNh s'A w{b T[j t;s{, go;fEsh iK fefonk j? fi; ftZu ftnesh ;zs[PNh wfj;{; eodk j?. nkbg'oN (Allport) d/ nB[;ko, “w{b ftnefsst dh gqw[Zy o{uhnK d/ tZb fJPkok eod/ jB.” (Values tell the interests of personality) n?uH wkorhB' (H.

Margenau) B/ wB'ftfrnkBe fdqPNh s'A w{b B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ 1H n;b (Factual) w{b, 2H nkdoPkswe (Normative) w{b.

n;b w{b T[j jB fiBQK B{z ftnesh ftZu d/y ;ed/ jB. feT[Afe fJj ftnesh d/ ftukoK, fJZSktK ns/ fttjko ftZu fdykJh fdzd/ jB ns/ Gkt ftnesh d/ w{b jh T[; B{z jo ;EkB s/ fdPk fBod/Ps eod/ jB id'Afe nkdoPkswe w{b T[j j? fiBQK B{z ftnesh ukj[zdk j? iK fiBQK d/ tZb nkgD/ fttjko B{z tXkT[Adk j?. eb:{ekB (Kluckkohn) B/ fejk j?, “w{b gq/oDktK d/ ftfPPN w{b jB fijV/ fe wkB[Zy ;zpzXh ;z;fesh dh Mbe fdzd/ jB. fJj fJZedw fe;h go;fEsh iK io{osK dh ;zs[PNh d/ nXko s/ gqkgs BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. w{b jw/PK Pkpfde ns/ gq/oe fttjkoK ftZu fdqPNhr'uo j[zd/ jB ns/ ftnesh B{z eh



eoBk ukjhdk j? iK eh BjhA eoBk ukjhdk, dk frnkB eokT[Ad/ jB.” (Values are the

aspect of motivation which is referable to a standard personal or clutural, that does not

arise solely out of an immediate situation and satisfaction of needs and primary drives,

values are always manifested in the verbal or motor behaviour of individuals including

what is not said or what is not done.) (J) ;wkiPk;soh ftukoXkok (Sociological View)^;wkiPk;soh ftukoXkok w{bK B{z ;wkfie

ftukoK, wkBsktK, gqzgoktK ns/ ftPtk;K s/ nXkfos wzBd/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu BBbh (Nunnally) dk ftuko j?, “ihtB d/ NhfunK ns/ ihtB gqfefonk d/ gqsh w{b gqkEfwesk oZyd/ jB pikfJ fe;h ftfPPN ekoi d/ gqsh o{uh oZyD d/.” (Values concern preference

for „life goods‟ and “ways of life” in contrast to interest which concern preference for

particular activities.) fJ; soQK d/ ftuko cfbze (Flink) B/ fdZs/ jB, “w{b T[j gqwkfgeqs wkBe j? fi; Bkb ftnesh nkgDhnK o{uhnK s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j? ns/ nkgD/ gqsZyheoD d/ nB[o{g ftfGzB fefonktK dh u'D eodk j?.” (Value area normative standards by which

human being are influenced in their choice among the alternative courses of action

which they perceive.) n;b ftZu i/eo d/fynk ikJ/ sK w{b T[j j? fijV/ ;kohnK rZbK dk fBoXkoD eod/ jB. n;b ftZu fJj w{b jh jB fijV/ fJ; irs B{z noE gqdkB eod/ jB. Bkb jh jo/e ftnesh, xNBk, fefonk B{z noE gqdkB eod/ jB. fJ; irs ftZu j'D tkbk S'Nk fijk th gfotosB w{bK d/ gfotosB d/ cb;o{g jh j[zdk j? ns/ T[; B{z w{bK d/ nXko s/ jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

B'N

B'N; w{b gq/oDktK d/ ftfPPN gfjb{ jB fijV/ fe wB[Zyh ;z;feqsh dh Mbe fdzd/ jB.

31H2 w{bK dk torheoD (Classification of Values)

nkbg'oN ns/ toBB (Allport and Vernon) d/ w{bK B{z ;gq/Aro (Spranger) d/ torheoD d/ nXko s/ 6 Pq/Dhnk ftZu tzfvnk j?^

1H f;XKse w{b (Theoretical Value), 2H nkofEe w{b (Economic Value), 3H ;wkfie w{b (Social Value), 4H okiBhfse w{b (Political Value), 5H ;"Ado:kswe w{b (Aesthetic Value), 6H Xkofwe w{b (Religious Value).

i/H JhH NoBo (J. E. Turner) B/ w{bK B{z d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ 1H w{os w{b (Abstract Value), 2H nw{os w{b (Concrete Value).

r/bkJhNbh (Galightly) B/ w{bK B{z d' GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^ 1H io{oh w{b (Essential Value), 2H ekoikswe w{b (Operational Value).

vpfbT{H nopB (W. Aurban) B/ fejk j? fe w{bK d/ fBwB o{g j[zd/ jB^ 1H i?teh w{b (Biological Value)^

(T) Pohoe (Physical), (n) nkofEe (Economic), (J) wB'oziBkswe (Recreational).



B'N 2H ;wkfie w{b (Social Value)^ (T) ufoso (Character), (n) ;fjuko (Association).

3H goki?fte w{b (Hyper Organic Value)^ (T) p"fXe (Intellectual), (n) Xkofwe (Religious), (J) ;"Ado:kswe (Aesthetic).

T[Zgo n;hA e[ZM ftdtkBK d[nkok w{bK dk fijVk torheoD fdZsk frnk, T[; dh uouk ehsh. i/eo n;hA f;Zfynk d/ fJfsjk; s/ fdqPNhrs dohJ/ sK fJj d/yKr/ fe ftfGzB d/PK ftZu f;Zfynk dh fijVh uouk ehsh rJh j?, T[; T[jBK d/ d/P dh ftdwkB go;fEshnK s/ nXkfos j?. Gkso d/P ftZu th ftfGzB ;wZf;nktK ftZu w{bK d/ torheoD d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ ftfGzB soQK d/ ftuko g/P ehs/ jB. okPNoh ftfdne y'i ns/ f;ybkJh gfoPd, BthA fdZbQh (NCERT) B/ f;Zfynk ftZu ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK s/ d;skt/i ftZu 83 w{bK dk T[b/y ehsk j? i' fJ; soQK jB^(1) d{finK d/ ;z;feqfse w{bK dh ;okjBk (2) n;gqPsk fto'X (3) Bkrfoesk (4) d{finK dh fuzsk (5) d{finK dk fXnkB oZyDk (6) ;fj:'r (7) ;XkoD uzfrnkJh (8) gqikszsoe fBoDk b?Dk (9) ftnesh dh wjZssk (10) Pohoe ekoi dk nkdo (11) ;kEh GktBk (12) uzr/ nkuoD (13) okPNoh ;wkebB (14) nkfrnkgkbB (15) ;w/A dk ;dT[g:'r (16) frnkB dh y'i (17) ;ziw (18) eo{Dk (19) ;XkoD Nhuk (20) fPPNkuko (21) Grsh (22) f;jswzd ihtB (23) nyzvsk (24)P{fusk (25) fBPegNsk (26) nkswfB:zsoD (27) ;kXB ;zgzBsk (28) fB:fwssk (29) d{finK dk nkdo (30) p[Ykg/ dk nkdo (31) ;kdk ihtB (32) ;wkfie fBnk (33) ;t?nB[Pk;B (34);t?^;jkfJsk (35) ;t??^nkdo (36) nkswftPtk; (37) ;t?^;woEB (38) ;tkfXnkfJ (39) nkswfBoGosk (40) fuzsB (41) ;wki^;/tk (42) wB[Zyh iksh dh fJekswesk (43) uzr/ s/ p[o/ ftZu G/d (44) ;wkfie T[ZsodkfJst dh Gkt (45) ;tZSsk (46) ;kj; (47) fifrnk;k (48) Xow (49) nB[Pk;B (50) ;fjDPhbsk (51) ;wkBsk (52) fwZsosk (53) tckdkoh (54) ;[szsosk (55) d{odofPsk (56) ;ZiBsk (57) efosfrnksk (58) fJwkBdkoh (59) ;jkfJesk (60) wB[Zysktkd (61) fBnk (62) ;ZukJh (63) ;fjPD{sk (64) ;kotG"fwe ;Zu (65) ;kotG"fwe gq/w (66) okPNoh s/ iB ;zgs dk wjZst (67) gfjb (68) fdnkb{sk (69) ihtK d/ gqsh fdnk (70) Xowgok:Dsk (71) nrtkJh (72) okPNoh J/esk (73) okPNoh ;u/sBsk (74) nfjz;k (75) PKsh (76) d/PGrsh (77) ;wkitkd (78) ;jkB[G{sh (79);z;feqsh (80) uzrk gqGkt (81) db GktBk (82) ;w/A dh gkpzdh (83) db fB:'iB. T[go'es torheoD d/yD d/ pknd n;hA w{bK B{z ftnkge fdqPNh s'A fBwB torK ftZu tzv ;ed/ jB^

1H ftneshrs w{b (Personal Value)^ftneshrs w{b T[j jB fijV/ ftnesh d/ ftneshrs ihtB Bkb ;zpzX oZyd/ jB. fJBQK w{bK d/ gfogq/y ftZu ftnesh nkgD/^ nkg B{z oZydk j?. ;{fusk, ;ckJh, fB:fwssk, ;w/A dh gkpzdh, frnkB dh y'i s/ ;kdk ihtB nkfd w{bK B{z n;hA fJ; Pq/Dh ftZu oZyd/ jB.

2H ;wkfie w{b (Social Value)^;wkfie w{b T[j jB fi; ftZu ftnesh ;wki B{z wjZstg{oD ;EkB fdzdk j?. fJBQQK w{bK ftZu tkXk ftneshnK dk nkdo, ;wki ;/tk, ;z;feqsh dk oZfynk nkfd Pkfwb eod/ jB. fJj w{b T[j j[zd/ jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok ftnesh ;wki d/ efbnkD dh ebgBk eodk j?. ftnesh d/ bJh ;wkfie w{bK dk frnkB j'Dk pj[s jh io{oh j?. feT[Afe T[j fJZe ;wkfie gqkDh j?.

3H ftfdne w{b (Educational Value)^p[ZXh dk ftek;, fifrnk;k, fuzsB nkfd T[j w{b jB fiBQK B{z n;hA ftfdne w{bK dh P/qDh ftZu Pkfwb eod/ jB. f;Zfynk dk T[d/P pkbe d/ p"fXe frnkB dk ftek; eoBk sK j? jh Bkb jh T[j pkbe B{z nksw^fBoGo th pDkT[Adh j?.



4H okiBhfse w{b (Political Value)^d/PGrsh, okPNoh J/esk, okPNoh ;u/sBsk nkfd T[j w{b jB fiBQK B{z n;hA okiBhfse w{bK dh P/qDh ftZu oZyd/ jK. fJBQK dk T[d/P ftnesh B{z :'r Bkrfoe pDkT[Dk j[zdk j? fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ eosZtK d/ gqsh ikro[e j' ;eD.

5H ufosoe w{b (Character Value)^;dkuko, eo{Dk, ;jkB[G{sh, fdnkb{sk, ;fjPD{sk nfd T[j w{b jB fijV/ ufosoe w[b ej/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dk T[d/P ftnesh B{z ufosoe fdqPNh s'A T[Zuk pDkT[Dk j[zdk j?. nZi d/ :[r ftZu fJBQK w{bK dk pj[s wjZst j?.

6H nfXnksfwe s/ Xkofwe w{b (Spiritual or Religious Value)^Grsh, XowfBogZysk, ;ko/ XowK dk nkdo eoBk fJ; dk Gkt j? fe ftnesh d/ nzdo nfXnksfwe ns/ Xkofwe w{bK B{z ;wkfjs ehsk frnk j?. Gkos fij/ XowfBogZy oki ftZu ftnesh dk nfXnksfwe s/ Xkofwe ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. Bkb jh T[; d/ nzdo pj[s eZNo Xkofwe fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.

7H ;"Ado:kswe w{b (Aesthetic Value)^gqfeosh gq/w, ;zz[zdosk dh gqPz;k, tBK dh oZfynk nkfd ;"Ado:kswe w{b jB. ftnesh s'A fJj ng/fynk ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ;[zdo t;s{ Bkb gq/w eo/ s/ fi Xoksb s/ T[j ofjzdk j?, T[; B{z ;[zdo pDkJ/ oZyD dk :sB eo/.

w{b eh jB< ns/ w{bK d/ gqeko fJj d/yD d/ pknd j[D n;hA fJ; rZb dk ftuko eoKr/ fe fJBQK w{bK dk ftek; f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok fet/A ehsk ik ;edk j? iK w{b f;Zfynk fe; B{z efjzd/ jB. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


1H doPBPk;so w{b d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJj XkoDk oZydk j? fe w{b fJZe HHHHHHHHHHHHH j?. 2H ftek;tkdh ftukoeK dk wzBDk j? fe w{b T[j jB fijV/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j[zd/ jB.

31H3 w{b f;Zfynk dk noE (Meaning of Value Education)

T[j f;Zfynk fijVh pkbe B{z w{bK d/ gqsh f;Zfyns eodh j?, T[; B{z w{b f;Zfynk efjzd/ jB. w{b f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu vkH n?;H ghH o{j/bk (S.P. Ruhela) dk ftuko j?^

1H „wB[Zyh w{bK ftZu f;Zfynk‟ fJj fe;h gqEe ftP/ d/ o{g ftZu ftfdnkb/ ftZu BjhA gVQkJh ik ;edh j?.

2H w{b f;Zfynk B{z ;kB{z B?fse f;Zfynk ftZu th Pkfwb BjhA eodk ukjhdk j?. 3H w{b f;Zfynk d/D d/ pknd T[; dk j'o ftfPnK dh soQK w[bnzeD eo ;eDk ;zGt BjhA. 4H fJ; B[{z w{btfjB, ;wogsjhB nfXnkgeK d[nkok ntj/bBkswe fdqPNhe'D s'A BjhA

gVQkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk. 5H fJj e/tb n"gukfoe f;ybkJh ;z;EktK ftZu jh BjhA gVQkJh ikt/ pbfe nDn"gukfoe

o{g ftZu th fJ; dh f;bykJh d/Dh ukjhdh j?. 6H fJ; B{z Xkofwe wzsoK, gqkoEBk, ;zGktK, ;zsK dhnK rkEktK nkfd d/ o{g ftZu jh BjhA

d/Dk ukjhdk. 7H fJ; f;ybkJh B{z wB[Zy fBowkD d/ fJZe ;woZE s/ fttjkfoe ftfrnkB dk o{g rqfjD

eoBk j? fi; ftZu nfXnksfwes, ftfrnkB, T[d:'freh, BhshPk;so, ;wkfie ekoi, nkX[fBesk, GftZyPk;so, nzsoôkPNoh wB[Zysktkd nkfd B{z Pkfwb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJj th io{oh j? fe jo/e nfGGkte s/ Bkrfoe nkgD/ ;zgoe ftZu nkT[D tkb/ jo pkbe, ftfdnkoEh s/ BkrfoeK B{z w{bK d/ gqsh ;u/s eo/ ns/ nkgD/^nkg th fJ; d/ gqsh ;u/s j't/.

w{b f;Zfynk d/ ;zpzX ftZu vkH o{j/bk d/ ftukoK dk nfXnB eoB s/ ;gPN j[zdk j? fe w{b f;Zfynk Bk sK e'Jh fJZe nbZr ftP/ d/ o{g ftZu gkmeqw ftZu Pkfwb ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk

B'N



B'N jh f;XKse o{g ftZu fJ; dh f;ybkJh ;zGt j?. fJj fJZe fttjkfoe ftPk j? fijVk ftfdnkb/ d/ gqKrD s/ T[; d/ pkjo nDn"gukfoe o{g ftZu fJ; dk ekoB gVQkfJnk ikJ/rk fi; Bkb fe f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fttjkoe B{z ;jh fdPk gqdkB ehsh ik ;e/. w{b f;Zfynk dk gqko{g (Form of Value Education)

T[Zgo n;hA uouk ehsh fe w{b f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEhnK B{z d/Dk n;kB j? gozs{ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z w{b f;Zfynk gkT[Dk fJZe pj[s jh w[Pfeb gqfefonk j?. fJ; ekoB ftfdnkb/ dh n"gukfoe ns/ nDn"gukfoe rshftXhnK B{z ;kB{z fJ; soQK ;zrfms eoBk j't/rk fi; Bkb n;hA gqsZy iK ngqsZy o{g s'A ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzdo w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ehJ/. ftfdnkb/ ftZu gqw[Zy o{g s'A uko torK d/ b'e j[zd/ jB. fJjBK b'eK d/ ftukb/ go;go ehsh ikDh tkbh nzsofefonk fJ; soQK s'A j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe w{bK dh Mbe fwb ;e/. i/eo fJBQK b'eK d/ fttjko ftZu t?wB;, eN[sk, nB[Pk;BjhDs, fJoyk nkfd dh Mbe fwb/rh sK ftfdnkb/ dk tksktoD ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzso w{bK dk ;ekokswe ftek; edh th BjhA eo ;edk.

fJ; d/ fJbktk ftfdnkb/ ftZu gVQkJ/ ikD tkb/ e[ZM ftP/ th nfij/ jB fijV/ w{bK dk T[fus ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'A, BkrfoePk;so fJZe nfijk ftPk j? fi; d/ nfXnB d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu io{oh ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. GkPk f;ybkJh d{ik nfijk ftPk j? fijVk ;kB{z fJ; fdPk ftZu nkgDk ;fj:'r d/ ;edk j?.

ftfdnkb/ ftZu nk:'fis ehsh ikD tkbh gkmeqw ;fjrkwh gqfefonk ftZu th w{bK dk T[fus ftek; eok ;ed/ jB, GktêohVk;Eb d/ fefonkebkgK ftZu, ftfGzB y/vK B{z y/vd/ ;w/A fyvkoh d/ o{g ftZu fttjko eoB d/ fBod/P s/ fB:wK ftZu, wjkB ftneshnK d/ ihtB d/ wkfXnw Bkb, ftfGzB ;wkfie s/ Xkofwe T[s;tK dk nk:'iB eoe/ ns/ nfXnkge s/ nfGGkteK d/ ftukb/ go;go nzsofefonktK ftZu.

fJ;d/ Bkb jh ;kB{z w{b f;Zfynk fdzd/ ;w/A e[ZM rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fijVhnK fJ; soQK jB^

1H w{b f;Zfynk Xkofwe f;Zfynk BjhA j?. 2H fJj f;Zfynk f;XKse Bk j' e/ fttjkfoe j?. 3H w{b f;Zfynk s/ fe;h ftP/P nfXnkge dk gqXkBrh BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh pbfe fJj

;kfonK d/ d[nkok fdZsh ik ;edh j?. 4H w{b f;ZyD ;zpzXh ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;t?gq/oDk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; f;Zfynk B{z

ftfdnkoEhnK s/ gqsho'fgs BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. 5H w{bK dk frnkB ftfdnkoEhnK d/ g'qVQsk ;so d/ nB[;ko jh fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 6H w{b f;ybkJh s/ ;wki dh ftdwkB ftfGzB go;fEshnK ftZu go;go fto'XkGk; BjhA

j'Dk ukjhdk pbfe T[jBK ftZu fJZeo{gsk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 456 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


7H ftfdnkb/ ftZu w{b f;ybkJh d/D ;zpzXh T[; Bkb ;zpzXs ;wZf;nktK s/ ftuko^ftwoP iK tkd^fttkd j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

8H w{b f;Zfynk d/D ;zpzXh Pot s/ fdqP ;wZrohnK dk gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 9H eEBh s/ eoBh ftZu pj[s nzsokb BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. 10H nfXnkgeK d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fttjko dk fBozso ntb'eB s/ w[bnzeD ehsk ikDk

ukjhdk j?. 31H4 w{b f;Zfynk dh io{os (Need of Value Education)

i/eo n;hA Gkos d/P d/ ftfdne fJfsjk; B{z fJZe Bio d/yhJ/ sK n;hA fJj fpBK PZe efj ;ed/ jK fe ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'freh d/ y/so ftZu Gkos d/P B/ ;zs'PiBe gqrsh ehsh j?. nZi n;hA rot d/ Bkb efj ;ed/ jK fe Gkos d/P B/ :ksk:ks, ;zuko s/ fufes;k ftZu ;zs'PiBe T[gbpXhnK ehshnK jB. gozs{ fJ; d/ Bkb jh d{i/ gk;/ id'A n;hA nkgDh ;z;feqsh s/ w{bK s/ ftuko eod/ jK sK ;kB{z pj[s jh Pow dk nB[Gt j[zdk j? feT[Afe w{bK dh fdqPNh s'A ;kvk fdB^ gqshfdB gsB j[zdk ik fojk j?. nZi ;kv/ ;kjwD/ pj[s jh ftPw go;fEshnK jB. fJZe sK fJj fe ;kB{z fJj gsk BjhA fe ;kv/ Gkosh w{b eh jB< ns/ fJ; ekoB n;hA w{b nBfGr j' e/ fttjko eod/ ik oj/ jB. d{ik, ;kB{z Gkosh w{bK dk frnkB sK j? gozs{ n;hA T[jBK d/ gqsh nk;Ek BjhA oZyd/ ns/ w{btjhB fttjko dk gqdoPB eod/ jB. fsZik, ;kB{z w{bK dk frnkB j? ns/ T[; s/ uZbDk n;hA fgSV/gD dk gqshe ;wMd/ jB ns/ nkX[fBesk dh d"V ftZu n;hA fJzBh s/i rsh Bkb uZbDk ukj[zd/ jK fe ;kv/ w{b T[; d"V ftZu ehs/ b[gs j' iKd/ jB. w{b goy fttjko Bk eoB d/ bJh ;kB{z nkswrbkDh s'A io{o j[zdh j? gozs{ nkX[fBe pDB dh bbe d/ nZr/ n;hA r'v/ N/e fdzd/ jK. fJj fszB'A jh T[j go;fEshnK jB fiBQK B{z n;hA w{b nzsodtzd (Value

Crisis) dk BKt d/ ;ed/ jK. fJ; ekoB nZi ;kv/ bJh fJj pj[s jh io{oh j? fe n;hA w{b f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z jh ;jh w{bK dk frnkB eokJhJ/.

w[;bwkB s/ nzro/iK d/ Pk;Bekb s'A gfjbK Gkos d/P dh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek ;z;feqfse w{bK s/ nXkfos ;h gozs{ w[;bwkBK d/ Pk;Bekb ftZu f;Zfynk dk ;o{g pdb rnk s/ f;Zfykn w[;fbw ;z;feqash s/ fJ;bkw Xow d/ gquko dk fJZe wkfXnw pD rJh T[; s'A pknd nzro/i Pk;B ftt;Ek dk iBw j'fJnk ns/ nzro/iK B/ f;Zfynk B{z nkgDh io{os nB[;ko gfotofss ehsk ns/ g{oh Gkosh gqDkbh B{z fPfEb pDk fdZsk. nzro/iK dk T[d/P th Gkos d/P ftZu nkgDh ;z;feqsh s/ GkPk dk gquko eoBk ;h T[j nfij/ GksohnK dk ftek; eoBk ;h fijVk Poho s'A Gkosh j'D, fttjko s/ wB s'A nzro/i. T[; ;w/A s'A Gkosh ftukoeK d/ wB^fdwkr ftZu fJZe ;wZf;nk B/ iBw fbnk fe ehs/ nfijk Bk j't/ fe nkT[D tkb/ ;kbK ftZu Gkosh ;z;feqsh s/ w{b nkgDk g{oD ti{d jh y'j d/D s/ nzXeko d/ jB/o/ ftZu ftbhB j' ikD. fJ;h ekoB 1937 ftZu wjkswk rKXh B/ fJzvhnB n?i{e/PB ekBco?A; p[bkJh ns/ f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok wB[Zyh w{bK B{z g{Bo;Ekfgs eoB s/ i'o fdZsk. 1974 ftZu Gkos d/P ;[szso j'fJnk ns/ 1950 ftZu n;hA nkgDk BtK ;zftXkB gk; ehsk. fJ; ftZu th Gkosh w{bK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 21 ftZu fejk frnk, “iB;XkoD s'A gqkgs eo B{z fe;h th Xow d/ efbnkD ;zpzXh T[g:'r BjhA ehsk ikJ/rk.” (The public fund raised by taxes shall not be utilized for the benefit of

any religion.) fJ; d/ Bkb jh ;zftXkB ftZu Xow^fBogZy Gkos dh ebgBk th ehsh rJh j? gozs{ Gkosh ;zftXkB ftZu e[ZM gqikszsoe w{b dZ;/ rJ/ jB ns/ fJBQK dk ftek; eoBk io{oh dZf;nk frnk j? feT[Afe fJBQK d/ fpBK gqikszso dk ti{d ekfJw oZy ;eDk n;zGt j?.

fJ; d/ pknd 1948^49 ftZu vkH okXkfeqPDB dh gqXkBrh ftZu ftPtftfdnkbk f;Zfynk nk:'r dk rkmB j'fJnk. fJBQK dh th okfJ fJj ;h fe^

1H ;kohnK f;ybkJh ;z;EktK dk nozG gqkoEBk ;GktK d[nkok j't/ fi; ftZu ftfdnkoEh d' fwzN dk w"B oZyD.

2H ;Bkse ;kb d/ gfjb/ ;kb, d{i/ ;kb s/ fsZi/ ;kb ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z eqw nB[;ko Gkso d/ ftfGzB XowK d/ gqw[Zy B/sktK, ftPt d/ ftfGzB XowK d/ B/sktK s/ ;kfjs ns/

B'N



B'N Xkofwe ;wZf;nktK s/ doPB dk frnkB ftfdnkoEhnK B{z eokfJnk ikt/. nk:'r d[nkok fdZs/ rJ/ fJj ;[Mkn ngqsZy o{g s'A w{b f;Zfynk d/D s/ i'o fdzd/ jB.

fJ; d/ pknd 1959 ftZu vkH Pqh gqekP dh gqXkBrh ftZu fJZe ;fwsh dk rmB j'fJnk fi; B{z Xkofwe s/ B?fse f;Zfynk ;fwsh (Committee on Religious and Moral Education-Dr. Shri

Prakash) fejk frnk. fJBQK B/ th ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[fus nkuoD dh f;Zfynk ;zpzXh fBwB ;[Mkn fdZs/^

1H f;Zfynk d/ jo ekoieqw ftZu gfotko B{z T[fus ;[Mkn fdZsk ikt/ ns/ T[; d/ d'PK dk T[Bw{bB ehsk ikt/.

2H ftPt ftfdnkb/ dk nozG fJP ftB/ s'A ehsk ikt/. 3H gqkEfwe ;so s'A ftPtftfdnkb/ ;so sZe gkmeqw ftZu e[ZM nfij/ rqzE oZy/ ikD

fijV/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Xkofwe w{bK dk frnkB d/D. 4H f;Zfynk d[nkok uzr/ nkuoD dhnK rZbK s/ gqpbsk fdZsh ikt/ ns/ fJ;h nXko s/

ftfdnkoEhnK dk w[bnzeD j't/. 5H ;wki ;/tk gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nfGzB nzr j't/. 6H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu tkd^fttkd, ;[szso fuzsB ns/ nkb'uBkswe fuzsB d/ r[D dk

ftek; ehsk ikt/. 7H ftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfGzB XowK d/ fsUjkoK dk ;w{fje nk:'iB j't/ fi; d/ d[nkok

ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJZSe B?fse s/ nfXnkfwe w{b ftef;s j'D. T[; s'A pknd 1964^66 ftZu e'mkoh f;Zfynk nk:'r (Kothari Education commission) dk rmB j'fJnk ns/ nk:'r B/ fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdZsk fe f;Zfynk d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;wkfie T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJ; :'r pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j B?fse ns/ nfXnksfwe w{bK d/ gqsh gqPz;kswe fdqPNhe'D oZy ;eD. nk:'r B/ fJj th fejk fe nZi d/ B"itkBK ftZu ;wkfie s/ B?fse w{bK d/ gqsh fijV/ ntj/bDkswe fdqPNhe'D j?, T[; d/ ekoB jh ;wkfie s/ B?fse ;zxoP T[sgzB j' oj/ jB. fJ;h ekoB ;kv/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe n;hA f;Zfynk ftt;Ek B{z w{b goy (Value oriented) pDkT[D. nk:'r B/ fijV/ ;[Mkn fdZs/, T[j fJ; soQK jB^

1H e/Ado s/ oki ;oeko d/ nXhB ;ko/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu B?fse, ;wkfie s/ nfXnksfwe w{bK s/ nXkfos f;Zfynk fdZsh ikt/ s/ fBZih ;z;EktK s'A th fJ; dk nB[gkbB eoB dh ng/fynk ehsh ikt/.

2H ;w/A ;koBh ftZu fJBQK w{bK Bkb ;zpzXs f;Zfynk d/ e[ZM ekbKP fBoXkfos ehs/ ikD fijV/ fe;h ftfPPN ftneshnK d[nkok Bk bJ/ ikD pbfe ftfdnkb/ d/ ;XkoD nfXnkge fJ; T[ZsodkfJst dk fBotkj eoB.

3H ftPtftfdnkb/ ;so s/ Xow f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzXs fijVk ftGkr j?, T[j ftfdnkoEhnK s/ nfXnkgeK dh fdqPNh s'A ftfPPN ;kfjs fsnko eo/ fiBQK d/ d[nkok fJBQK w{bK dk ;ekokswe ftek; j' ;e/.

4H ;ko/ XowK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh nfijhnK gkm^g[;seK dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/ fijVhnK ftfGzB XowK d/ nfXnksfwe s/ B?fse w{bK dk s[bBkswe frnkB eok ;eD.

1958^86 ftZu okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh ftZu th w{b uouk d/ ;zpzX ftZu fszB rZbK ejhnK rJhnK jB fijVhnK fJ; soQK jB^

1H w{bK (;wkfie s/ B?fse) d/ ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A gkmeqw ftZu ;zP'XB ehsk ikt/ fi; Bkb T[j fJBQK w{bK dk ftek; eoB dk ;woZE ;kXB pD ;e/.

2H f;Zfynk d[nkok ;otG"fse s/ PkPs w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ikt/ fi; Bkb T[j Xkofwe eZNosk, nfjz;k, nzXftPtk;K dk dwB eo/.

3H w{b f;Zfynk ;zpzXh nfijk gkmeqw pDkfJnk ikt/ fijVk w{bK dk ;ekokswe ftek; eo/. fJ; ftZu okPNoh ftok;s s/ okPNoh NhfunK s/ i'o fdZsk ikt/.



eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' n;b w{b T[j jB fiBQK B{z ftnesh d/y ;ed/ jB.

B'N

31H5 pkbe B{z w{b f;Zfynk d/D d/ ;kXB (Ways of Inculcating Values in the Child) ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzdo T[fus w{bK dk ftek; fet/A ehsk ikt/< fJj fJZe rzGho ;wZf;nk j?. fJ; d/ ekoB fJj jB fe e[ZM ftukoe sK fJj wzBd/ jB fe w{b ftef;s eoB dk ekoi gfotko s/ ;wki dk j?, ftfdnkb/ dk BjhA. T[jBK dk wzBDk j? fe ftfdnkb/ dk ekoi sK pkbe dh frnkBkswe y/so ftZu nGhftoXh eoBk wkso jh j?. d{i/ gk;/ e[ZM ftukoe fJj wzBd/ jB fe ftfdnkb/ ftZu w{bh f;Zfynk d/D dk eh Gkt j?. feT[Afe id'A sZe n;hA gfotko s/ ftfdnkb/ d/ tksktoD B{z w{bK s/ nXkfos BjhA pDktKr/, T[d'A sZe w{b f;Zfynk gqkGktjhB jh oj/rh pbfe fJ;dk th vo oj/rk fe f;Zfynk ftfdnkb/ s/ gfotko s/ ;wki d/ tksktoD ftZu fJZe nzsokb ;Ekfgs eo dt/. gozs{ fJBQk d'jK jh ftukoXkoktK s/ i/eo n;hA fXnkB fdzd/ jK sK nZr/ nkT[D tkb/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu ;kv/ ;kjwD/ w{bjhBsk dh ;wZf;nk fJZe fteokb o{g b? e/ yVh j' ikJ/rh. fJ; ekoB ftfGzB f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ w{bK dk ftek; eoB d/ ftfGzB sohe/ dZ;/ jB. fJBQK sohfenK ftZu fJ; rZb dk fXnkB oZfynk frnk j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK d/ w{b nXkfos ftukoK B{z ikfDnk ikt/ T[; s'A pknd T[jBK B{z w{b s/ nXkfos fttjkfoe eoB d/ bJh gq/fos ehsk ikt/. w{bK dk ftek; eoB ;zpzXh ftfGzB f;ZfynkPk;sohnK B/ fBwB sohfenK dh uouk ehsh j?^

1H G{fwek fBotjB f;ybkJh ;kXB (Role Playing Method of Teaching)^fJ; ftZu nfXnkge d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfGzB gksoK dh G{fwek eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB, Gktôkik, ozr, ;kX{, fGykoh, vkeNo, wohi, pkbe, pkfbek, fBnkXhP, u'o, fiwhAdko, B/sk, nfXnkge, fwZso. jo/e pkbe B{z fe;h Bk fe;h gkso dh G{fwek fBGkT[D bJh u'D eoB B{z fejk iKdk j?. ikfJ;, po{; s/ thb, n?wH (Joyce, B. and

Weil, M.) B/ fJ; dhnK eJh nt;EktK dZ;hnK jB fijVhnK fJ; soQK jB^ (i) nt;Ek gfjbh^;w{j ftZu T[s;kj GoBk

(T) ;wZf;nk g/P eoBk (n) ;wZf;nk ;gPN eoBk (J) ;wZf;nk dh ejkDh dZ;Dk (;) G{fwek dk frnkB eokT[Dk.

(ii) nt;Ek d{ih^gqfsGkrhnK dh u'D (T) G{fwektK dk ftPb/PD eoBk (n) G{fwek fBotkj eoB ;zpzXh gksoK dh u'D

(iii) nt;Ek fsZih^wzu dh fsnkoh eoBk (T) fefonk ;zpzXh fdPktK fBPfus eoBk (n) G{fwektK dk d[[kok eEB (J) ;wZf;nk dh v[zxkJh ftZu gj[zuDk

(iv) nt;Ek u"Eh^gq/fyneK dh fsnkoh (T) wzuB ehshnK ikD tkbhnK rZbK s?n eoBk (n) ;ko/ ftneshnK ftZu ekoi dh tzv eoBk

(v) nt;Ek gzithA^nfGB? eoBk (T) G{fwek dk nfGB? P[o{ eoBk (n) G{fwek dk nfGB? ikoh oZyDk (J) G{fwek d/ nfGB? B{z o'eDk



B'N (vi) nt;Ek S/thA^ftuko^ftwoP ns/ w[bnzeD (T) G{fwek wzuB dk g[Bontb'eB (n) w[Zy rZbK s/ ftuko^ftwoP eoBk (J) nrb/ nfGB? dh fsnkoh eoBk

(vii) nt;Ek ;ZsthA^nfGB? dk ;[Mkn (T) ;zP'fXs G{fwek gqdoPB (n) fttjko ;zpzXh ;[Mkn

(viii) nt;Ek nZmthA^ftuko^ftwoP ns/ w[bnzeD (T) nfGB? dk w[bnzeD (n) w[Zy rZbK s/ ftuko^ftwoP eoBk (J) Gkth nfGB? dh fsnkoh eoBk

(ix) nt;Ek B'thA^nB[Gt dh ;fjGkfrsk ns/ ;wkiheoD (T) ;wZf;nk s/ n;b go;fEsh ftZu ;wk:'iB eoBk (n) fttjko d/ ;XkoD fB:wK B{z y'iDk

fJ; gqko{g B{z d/yD s/ ;kB{z gsk bZrdk j? fe w{bK dk ftek; gqsZy o{g s'A Bk eoe/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfGzB G{fwektK B{z fBotkj eoB d/ w"e/ gqdkB eoe/ ehsk ik ;edk j? gozs{ fijVh w[Zy rZb nfXnkge B{z fXnkB oZyDh j? T[j j? fe fijV/ th ufoso nkgDh G{fwek G{fwe fBGkT[D, T[; d/ ftZu nfXnkge gqPB eoe/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ w{bK dk frnkB eo/ ns/ io{os nB[;ko T[jBK B{z fdPk^fBod/P th eo/.

2H w{b ;gPNheoD ftXh (Value Clarification Method)^fJj i'B v:{th d/ “fET{oh nkc t?b:{J/PB” (John Dewey-Theory of Valuation) s/ nXkfos j?. fJ;B{z ftef;s eoB dk ;fjok f;vBh ;kJhwB (S. Simon) B{z iKdk j?. ;kJhwB B/ fejk j? fe w{b ;gPNheoD d/ ftfPPN T[d/P jB fijV/ fJ; soQK jB^

(i) fJj ftnesh B{z finkdk T[d/Pg{oD j'D ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzdh j?. (ii) fJj ftnesh B{z finkdk T[sgkdB pDB ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzdh j?.

(iii) fJj nkb'uBkswe fuzsB ftef;s eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzdh j?. (iv) fJj uzr/ s/ wX{o ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu ;jkfJsk fdzdh j?.

oE, jofwB s/ ;kJhwB (Raths, Harmin and Simon) B/ w{b ;gPNheoD ;zpzXh nfXnkge d/ bJh shj fBwB fefonktK B{z T[g:'rh dZf;nk j?^

(i) eh fJj T[j rZb j? fi; B{z s[;hA wjZstg{oD wzBd/ j'< (ii) eh s[;hA fJ; s'A gq;zB j'<

(iii) id'A fJj xfNs j'fJnk sK s[jkB{z fe; soQK wfj;{; j'fJnk< (iv) eh s[;hA fe;h j'o ftebg s/ ftuko ehsk ;h< (v) eh s[;hA pj[s fdBK s'A fJ;h soQK ;'u oj/ j'<

(vi) eh fJBQK dh u'D s;hA nkg ehsh ;h< (vii) eh s[jkvh u'D ;[szso ;h<

(viii) eh s[;hA fJ; ftuok d/ pko/ ftZu e[ZM ehsk j?< (ix) eh s[;hA fJ; ftuko d/ T[dkjoD d/ ;ed/ j'< (x) eh s[;hA fJ; Ppd B{z ;gPN eo ;ed/ j'<

(xi) fJ; ftuko dk eh Bshik j't/rk< (xii) eh s[;hA n;b ftZu nfijk eo'r/<

(xiii) eh s[;hA fJj efj oj/ j' fe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH< (eEB d[pkok ej') 460 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY


(xiv) eh s[;hA fJj fejk j? fe HHHHHHHHHHH< (eEB B{z ftefos o{g ftZu d[pkok ej') (xv) eh s[;hA fJ; ftuko d/ ;zzpzX ftZu fuzsB ehsk j?<

(xvi) fJ; ftuko d/ ;zpzX ftZu uzrhnK rZbK eh jB< (xvii) fJj rZbK eoB ;zpzXh s[jkvh okfJ ftZu fejVhnK go;fEshnK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK

jB< (xviii) eh s[jkv/ ftuko HHHHHHHHHHHHHH (ftfdnkoEh d[nkok gqdofPs rbs fttjko) d/

;wkBo{g jB< (xix) j'o ;zGktBk eh jB< (xx) eh s[;hA fJj ;'ud/ j' fe finkdkso b'eK B{z fJ; T[Zs/ ftPtk; eoBk ukjhdk j?<

(xxi) w?A eh s[jkvh wdd eo ;edk jK< (xxii) eh s[;hA fJj fefonk T[d/PK d/ Bkb ;wofEe eo oj/ j'<

(xxiii) eh fJj s[jkv/ bJh wjZstg{oD j?< (xxiv) eh s[;hA brGr nfijk eod/ j'< (xxv) eh s[;hA nkgD/ ftuko d/ pko/ ftZu d{finK Bkb rZb eo'r/<

(xxvi) eh s[;hA tko^tko nfijk jh eo'r/< (xxvii) s[;hA fet/A efj ;ed/ j' fe fJj rZb ;jh j?<

(xxviii) eh s[;hA nkgDhnK fefonktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu gZy ftZu soe d/ ;ed/ j'< (xxix) eh s[;hA fJ; B{z wjZst fdzd/ j'< (xxx) eh s[;hA fJj ;'ud/ j' fe b'e jw/PK fJ; s/ ftPtk; eoBr/<

w{bK d/ ;gPNheoD ;zpzXh w{b gsoe, w{b ;gPNheod uouk, ebgs xNBk, y[ZbQ/ gqPB, jcsktko vkfJoh, nwseEk, gqPBktbh, fefonkswe gfo:'iBk nkfd fsnko eo ;edk j? gozs{ fJ; ftZu ;G s'A ;ob s/ T[g:'r w{b^gsoe ;wroh j?. w{b gsoe^gfjb/^;w/A dk wjZst

PkB{z d/ fgsk ih jw/PK T[; B{z fejk eod/ ;B fe T[j ftnesh fijVk nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;w/A dk gkpzd ofjzdk j?, pj[s ;kohnK go/PkBhnK s'A nkgD/^nkg B{z d{o oZydk j? gozs{ PkB{z B{z nkgD/ fgsk ih dh fJj rZb edh th uzrh BjhA bZrdh ;h. T[j sK ;[szso ihtB pshs eoB d/ gZy ftZu ;h ns/ T[;dk ftuko ;h fe ;w/A dh gkpzdh ;[szsos s/ fJZe nxks j?. fJZe fdB PkB{z B{z nkgD/ fwso d/ ftnkj ftZu ikDk ;h. T[j w[es Yzr Bkb ikD dh fsnkoh eo fojk ;h. T[; d/ fgsk ih B/ fejk p/Nk, ibdh fsnko j' ikU No/B ikD ftZu f;oc 1 xzNk pkeh j?. PkB{z B/ fejk fgskih, fJj Gkos j? fJZE/ edh th e'Jh ezw ;w/A s/ BjhA j[zdk sK No/B fet/A ;w/A s/ nk ikJ/rh ns/ T[j w;sh ftZu M{wdk j'fJnk gj[zfunk sK T[; B{z gsk bZrk fe No/B ;jh ;w/A s/ nk e/ ubh rJh. PkB{z pj[s jh fBokP wB Bkb xo nkfJnk. fgsk ih B/ g[ZfSnk p/Nk, eh No/B finkdk b/N j? sK T[; B/ Pow Bkb fejk, fgskih, No/B ;jh ;w/A s/ nk e/ ubh rJh, j[D w?A eh eoK<

(i) PkB{z ih d/ fgsk ih B/ T[; B{z eh fejk< (ii) ;w/A dk gkpzd ftnesh B{z feT[A j'Dk ukjhdk j?<

(iii) PkB{z dh nkgD/ fgsk ih dh rZb s/ eh gqfsfeonk ;h< (iv) ;w//A dk gkpzd Bk j'Dk rbs rZb feT[A j?< (v) fe;h th ;EkB s/ ;w/A s'A gfjbK gj[zuDk fe;h rZb dk gqshe j?<

(vi) fe;h th ;EkB ;w/A s'A pknd gj[zuDk fe;h rZb dk gqshe j?< (vii) pkB{z ;w/A dk gkpzD j'D d/ fto'X ftZu feT[A ;h<

(viii) s[jkvh ;w/A d/ gkpzd j'D d/ ;zpzX ftZu eh okfJ j?< (ix) PkB{z B{z ;w/A d/ gkpzd j'D dk frnkB ed'A fwfbnk<

B'N



B'N (x) PkB{z d/ ihtB dh fJ; xNBk s'A s[jkB{z eh f;Zfynk fwb ojh j?< (xi) fJ; nXko s/ s[;hA nkgD/ fttjko ftZu eh gfotosB eoBk ukj'r/<

(xii) s[;hA fJj gfotosB feT[A eoBk ukj'r/< w{b gsoe^d{ik^rohpK s/ fdnk

feosh gVQB ftZu pj[s uzrh ;h. fJ; ekoB iwks d/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh T[; Bkb rZb eoBk g;zd eod/ ;B. fJZe fdB feosh d/ fgskih dk d/jkt;kB j' frnk ns/ T[; dh gVQkJh ftukb/ jh ysw j' rJh. T[; dh xDh fwZso ;[o{uh B{z id'A fJj gsk bZrk sK T[j feosh s/ xo rJh. T[; d/ Bkb T[; dh wK ns/ d'jK B/ jh feosh B{z gVQkJh ikoh oZyD dh p/Bsh ehsh. feosh B/ T[jBK d/ efjDd s/ nkgDh gVQkJh d[pkok nozG eo fdZsh ns/ fJZe fdB T[j pj[s jh e[Pb vkeNo pD e/ fsnko j'Jh. T[j ihtB Go ;[o{uh ns/ T[; dh wK dh sK efosr ojh ;h, Bkb jh T[; B/ fJj th gqfsfrnk ehsh fe T[j th ;[o{uh dh soQK jh jw/PK rohp ftfdnkoEh s/ ftfdnkoEDK dh ;jkfJsk efonk eo/rh.

(i) iwks d/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh feosh B{z fgnko feT[A eod/ ;B< (ii) feosh B{z nkgDh gVQkJh ftukb/ feT[A SZvDh gJh<

(iii) eh feosh B/ gVQkJh SZv e/ mhe ehsk< (iv) feosh dh gVQkJh ftZu wdd fe; B/ ehsh< (v) feosh dh wdd eoe/ ;[o{uh B/ mhe ehsk<

(vi) i/eo s[;hA feosh d/ ;EkB s/ j[zd/ sK eh eod/< (vii) feosh B{z ;[o{uh dh wdd ;theko eoBh ukjhdh j? iK BjhA<

(viii) i/eo s[;hA ;[o{uh dh irQk j[zd/ sK eh eod/< (ix) feosh B/ eh gqfsfrnk ehsh< (x) feosh B/ fJj gqfsfrnk feT[A bJh<

(xi) feosh B/ rohpK dh wdd eoB dk ;zebg b? e/ mhe ehsk iK BjhA< 3H fBnkfJe ;whfynk f;ybkJh (Jurisprudental Inquiry Model of Teaching)^fJ; dk

ftek; eoB dk ;fjok n"fbto s/ P/to (Oliver and Shaver) B{z iKdk j? fJj ftXh fJ; rZb s/ i'o fdzdh j? fe fJ; ;wki ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftneshnK d/ ftuko ns/ wkBsktK fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzBsk bJhnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ jo/e ftnesh nkgD/ ftuko B{z T[fus wzBdk j?. fJ;h ekoB ftukoK ftZu go;go dtzd dh ;fEsh T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fJjBK B/ fJ; soQK d/ w{bK dk ftek; eoB ;zpzXh 6 nt;EktK dZ;hnK jB^ (i) nt;Ek gfjbh^;wZf;nk nB[;EkgB

(T) ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ w"fye, fbfys s/ fdqP o{g ftZu ;wZf;nk g/P eoBk.

(n) fJBQK ;wZf;nktK s/ uouk eoBk fi; Bkb w{b fusoD j' ;e/. (J) ;wZf;nk gq;s{sheoD d/ pknd sZEK dk g{Bontb'eB eoBk fi; Bkb tkd^

fttkd dh ;fEsh T[sgzB j' ;e/. (ii) nt;Ek d{ih^fttkd eEBK dh gfjukD

(T) ;wZf;nk dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok T[jBK s/ gqPB ;{uh fsnko eoBk fi; ftZu sZEkswe s/ gfoGkPkswe d'jK jh soQK B{z Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.

(n) nfXnkge ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok gqPBK dk T[Zso Ppde'P dh ;jkfJsk s'A gsk eoBk.

(J) tkd^fttkd d[nkok fJBQK gqPBK dk ;otwkB T[Zso s? eoBk. fJ; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe T[; T[Zso s/ ;w{j d/ finkdkso w?ApoK dh ;fjws j't/.



(iii) nt;Ek fsZih^fBoDk b?Dk (T) gqPBK d/ jZb d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;XkoD fBoD/ s/ gj[zuDk. (n) fJBQK fBofDnK dk ti{d dZ;Dk. (J) fBoD/ s/ BshfinK B{z fbfys o{g d/Dk.

(iv) nt;Ek u"Eh^fBoD/ dh SkBphB (T) nfXnkge d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK d/ fBoD/ s/ soe eoBk. (n) soe dh ;fEsh ftZu fe;h th w{b d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJZSs iK nDfJZSs

BshfinK B{z g/P eoBk. (J) w{b dtzd dh ;fEsh T[sgzB eoBk. (;) ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;jkfJsk d[nkok w{b^gqkEfwesktK fBoXkfos eoBk.

(v) nt;Ek gzithA^g{ot fBoD/ dk ;zP'XB s/ Bt/A fBoD/ dk ti{d fBoXkoD (T) ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/ fBoD/ ftZu ;zP'XB eotkT[Dk. (n) Bt/A fBoD/ dh ;EkgBk s/ nkw ;fjwsh ;Ekfgs eoBk.

(vi) nt;Ek S/thA^Bt/A fBoD/ dh nXkoG{s wkBsktK dk gqhyD (T) Bt/A fBoD/ dh gq;zfresk dh iKu eoBk. (n) Bt/A fBoD/ dh ftPt go;fEshnK ftZu gq:'r s/ ti{d mfjokT[Dk. (J) Bt/A fBoD/ d/ ;zGkfts Bshi/ gsk j'Dk. (;) Bt/A fBoD/ dh sZEkswe t?Xsk ikDBk.

T[dkjoDôkPNoGkPk d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D

Gkosh ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko Gkos d/P ftZu 22 GkPktK B{z wzBi{oh fdZsh rJh gozs{ fjzdh B{z okPNo GkPk dk ;so gqdkB ehsk frnk. 1950 ftZu fjzdh B{z okPNo GkPk pDkJ/ ikD d/ fto'X ftZu dZyD Gkos ftZu pj[s finkdk gqdoPB ehsk frnk ns/ fJ; B{z fttjkfoe o{g ftZu fefonkPhb Bk eoB dk ;zebg ehsk frnk. e[ZM dZyD GkoshnK B/ sK fjzdh d/ fto'X ftZu nkswdkj th ehsk ns/ woB s'A gfjbK T[jBK B/ fejk fe fjzdh B{z bZdD s'A gfjbK sK uzrk j? fe n;hA nkgD/ gqkDK dh nkj{sh d/ dJhJ/ ns/ ;[szsosk d/ 43 ;kb pknd th n;hA fjzdh B{z okPNo GkPk dk ;so gqdkB eoB ftZu n;woZE oj/ jK. e[ZM b'eK dk ftuko j? fe ;ko/ GkoshnK B{z fjzdh dk io{oh o{g s'A nfXnB eokfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ i/eo io{os gJ/ sK ;zftXkB d/ nXko s/ ;kB{z fJ; d/ bJh ftXkBe ekotkJh th eoBh ukjhdh j?.

fJ; go;fEsh s/ fBwB gqPB ftfGzB nt;EktK ftZu g[ZS/ ikDr/^

(i) Gkos d/P dh okPNoh GkPk fejVh j?< (ii) fJ; GkPk d/ fto'X ftZu feZE/ gqdoPB j'fJnk<

(iii) dZyD GkoshnK B/ fJ; dk fto'X feT[A ehsk< (iv) eh GkPk B{z io{oh pDkT[D ;zpzXh ;kB{z ekB{zB dh wdd b?Dh ukjhdh j?< (v) eh dZyDh GkoshnK B{z fjzdh dk nfXnB BjhA eoBk ukjhdk<

(vi) fJZe GkPk dk nfXnB d/P d/ b'eK ftZu fe; soQK dh GktBk T[sgzB eodk j?< (vii) i/eo e'Jh nf;Zfyns ftnesh fjzdh GkPk Bk f;Zy ;e/ sK eh fJ; Bkb T[; d/

okPNo gq/w dk frnkB BjhA j't/rk< (viii) fjzdh GkPk dk frnkB j'D s/ eh e'Jh ftnesh d/P d/ Bkb rZdkoh BjhA eo ;edk<

(ix) i/eo e'Jh ftd/Ph fjzdh GkPk f;ZyDk ukj/ sk s[;hA T[; B{z fjzdh f;ykUr/< 4H nB[o{gheoD (Simulation)^r[v, ekoNo (Good, Karter) B/ nB[o{gheoD B{z ;G s'A gfjbK

g/P ehsk. fJj T[j ftXh j? fijVh iwks ftZu fefonkswesk gqdkB eodh j?. fJ;ftZu

B'N



B'N feskph frnkB s/ i'o d/ e/ ;wZf;nkswe go;feshnK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ftukoK ftZu tZyokgB fbnkT[Dk dk :sB eodk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;t?^:sB d/ d[nkok f;ZyD d/ bJh gqa/fos ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ftZu fiBQK w[Zy rZbK dk fXnkB oZfynk iKdk j? T[j fBwB fbys jB^

(T) nB[o{fgs go;fEshnK ftZu ftnesh i' th G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?, T[j n;b irs dhnK go;fEshnK dh ;{ue j[zdh j?.

(n) nB[o{fgs go;fEshnK ftZu i' th fefonk eodk j?, T[; dk T[j ;t?^w[bnzeD eodk j? s/ fco fe;h fBoD/ T[Zs/ gj[zudk j?.

(J) T[j nkgD/ d[nkok bJ/ rJ/ fBoD/ d/ BshfinK dk nB[Gt eodk j?. (;) T[j fBoD/ d/ fJBQK BshfinK dk ;t?^w[bnzeD eodk j?. (j) T[j nkgD/ fBoD/ ns/ T[; s'A T[sgzB BshfinK d/ nzso^;zpzXK s/ fuzsB eodk j?. 5H w{b ftPb/PD f;ybkJh ftXh (Value-Analysis Method of Teaching)î/H nkoH co/Aeb

(J. R. Fraenkel) B/ fJ; ftXh B{z g/P ehsk j?. T[; s'A pknd gk;h ns/ ;B;Btkb (Passi and Sansanwal) B/ fJ; dhnK fBwB nt;EktK dZ;hnK jB^

(i) nt;Ek gfjbh^d[ftXk g/P eoBk^ (T) ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ w{b d[ftXk g/P eoBk. (n) ftfdnkoEhnK B{z go;go fto'Xh ftebgK ftZu'A fJZe dh u'D eoB B{z

efjDk. (J) d[ftXk ftZu Pkfwb dPktK dk ;gPNheoD ns/ PpdK dk gfoGkPheoD. (;) d[ftXk d/ ;gPNheoD ;zpzXh ftfdnkoEhnK s'A gqPB g[ZSDk.

(ii) nt;Ek d{ih^w{b dtzv dk ;gPNheoD^ (T) w{b dtzv dh gfjukD fBPfus eoBk. (n) gqPBK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK dh ;fjwsh^n;fjwsh gsk

eoBk. (iii) nt;Ek fsZih^sZEK d/ bJh gqPB g[ZSDk^

(T) nfXnkge d[nkok m'; sZegoe nXko fsnko eoB ;zpzXh gqPB g[ZSDk. (n) ftfdnkoEh d[nkok xNBk d/ d"okB j'Dh tkbhnK rZbK dk toDB d/Dk.

(iv) nt;Ek u"EhêbgfBe ftebgK B{z g[ZSDk^ (T) jo/e ftfdnkoEh s'A w[Zy gZso d[nkok wzBi{o ftebgK B{z g[ZSDk. (n) ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfGzB ftebg d/D ;zpzXh gq's;kfjs eoBk.

(v) nt;Ek gzithA^jo/e ftebg d/ ;zGt Bshi/ g[ZSDk^ (T) ftebgK d/ ssekfbe s/ dhoxekfbe Bshik g[ZSDk. (n) fJBQK BshfinK B{z ftfdnkoEh nkgDh T[Zso^g[;sohek ftZu fbyd/ jB.

(vi) nt;Ek S/thA^Bshi/ xfNs j'D dh ;zGktBk d/ ;zpzX ftZu gqPB g[ZSDk^ (T) Bshik xfNs j'D dh ;zGtkBk d/ ;woEB iK fto'X ftZu BshfinK dh y'i

eoBk. (n) Bshik fJeZso eoB d/ pknd T[jBk dh gqf;ZXh ns/ ;ZukJh dh iKu

eoBk. (vii) nt;Ek ;ZsthA^;zGt BshfinK dh fJZSk dk w[bnzeD^

(T) ftfdnkoEhnK d[nkok Bshi/ xfNs j'D B{z d/yD iK Bk d/yD dk fBoXkoD eoBk.

(n) fJZSs iK nfJZSs BshfinK T[Zs/ uouk eoB ;zpzXh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gq's;kfjs eoBk.



(J) nfXnkge d[nkok ftfdnkoEh d/ ;kjwD/ ftfGzB soQK d/ wkBdzv g/P eoBk. fJj wkBdzv c/eb B/ 6 soqK d/ dZ;/ jB^B?fse, ftfXe, ;"Ado:kswe, go;fEsheh, nkofEe, f;js s/ ;[oZfynk.

(viii) nt;Ek nZmthA^;otT[Zu ftebg d/ fBoD/ s/ T[; d/ ekoB d/ bJh g[ZSDk^ (T) ftfdnkoEhnK s'A ;otT[Zu ftebg g[ZSDk. (n) ftfdnkEhnK ;G s'A xZN fJZSs ftebg g[ZSDk. (J) ;ko/ ftebgK B{z eqwpZX s/ Pq/DhpZX eoBk. (;) ;otT[Zu ftebg d/ gZy ftZu soe d/Dk. (j) T[jBK d/ ftebg eh toswkB go;fEsh dh soQK j'o go;fEshnK ftZu th

bkr{ j'Dr/< T[dkjoD 1H ;wZf;nkswe toDB^wK B/ ;zdhg B{z fejk, p/Nk s{z nkgD/ fwZso d/ ftnkj ftZu ik fojk j? gozs{ s{z 11 ti/ sZe xo nk ikJhA. nZieZbQ iwkBk pVk yokp j?. ;zdhg B/ jK fejk ns/ xo s'A ufbnk frnk. T[j fwZso d/ xo gj[zfunk sK T[ZE/ ;ko/ ;zdhg dk fJzsiko eo oj/ ;B. T[jBK B/ ;zdhg B{z fejk fe nZi dh ;zrhs gkoNh dh nrtkJh s{z eoBk j? feT[Afe fi; B/ nrktkJh eoBh ;h, T[j BjhA nkfJnk. ;zdhg wB jh wB ftuko eoB bZrk fe T[j eh eo/< fJZe gk;/ sK wK B{z efj e/ nkfJnk j? fe T[j 11 ti/ sZe xo nk ikt/rk. i/eo T[j ;zrhs gkoNh dh nrtkJh eodk j? sK wK B{z fdZs/ rJ/ tuB dk fBotkj BjhA eo ;e/rk ns/ i/eo T[j fwZso dh p/Bsh dh BjhA ;[Ddk ns/ ;zrhs gkoNh dh nrtkJh BjhA eodk sK T[; d/ fwZsoK B{z pj[s m/; gj[zu/rh. T[j ;wM BjhA fojk ;h fe T[j eh eo/. d[ftXkêh ;zdhg B{z ;zrhs gkoNh dh nrtkJh ehs/ fpBK 11 ti/ xo gj[zu ikDk ukjdhk j?< T[dkjoD^2H ;hsk fJZe ftXtk n"os ;h. T[; d/ fgsk d/ d[nkok pDkfJnk frnk wekB j?. fJj T[; dh fJZewkso g{zih ;h. T[; dh fJZe g[Zsoh ;h fi; d/ ftnkj dh fuzsk ;hwk B{z jogb ;skT[Adh ofjzdh ;h. gozs{ fiZE/ ftnkj dh rZb uZbdh, dj/io{gh dBkt nkgDk fteokb o{g b? e/ T[ZE/ gfjbK s'A jh jkfio ofjzdk ;h. ;hsk B/ ;'funk fe wekB p/u e/ e[Vh dk ftnkj eo fdZsk ikt/ gozs{ T[; dh p/Nh B/ fejk, wK fJj fgsk ih dh fBPkBh j?. w?A fJ; B{z p/u e/ nkgDk ftnkj BjhA eoKrh. ;hwk ;wM BjhA gk ojh ;h fe T[j ;jh j? iK T[; dh p/Nh< d[ftXkêh p/Nh dk ftnkj wekB p/u e/ eo d/Dk ukjhdk j?<

6H ejkDh gq;s{sheoD ftXh (Story Telling Method)^w{bK dh f;ybkJh ;zpzXh fJj pj[s jh T[g:'rh ftXh j?. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe pkbeK d/ T[Zgo ejkDh dk gqGkt pj[s finkdk j[zdk j?. Bkb jh T[j ejkDh ;[BD s/ gVQB ftZu o{uh b?Ad/ jB. fJ; ekoB T[j ejkDhnK fijVhnK ;kvh ;z;feqsh s/ T[; d/ w{bK s/ nXkfos j'D, T[jBK B{z ;kB{z ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ g/P eoBk ukjhdk gozs{ fJBQk dk gq;s{sheoD eod/ ;w/A fBwB rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j?^ (T) ejkDh pkbe d/ wkBf;e ;so d/ nB[o{g j't/. (n) ejkDh dh GkPK ;ob s/ p'Xe j't/. (J) ejkDh ;[BkT[D tkbk ftnesh ejkdh B{z o'ue s/ gqtkjwJh Yzr Bkb g/P eo/. (;) ejkDh n;b w{bK s/ nXkfos j't/. (j) ejkDh S'Nh s/ ;koEe j't/. (e) ejkDh ftfdnkoEhnK dh fuzsB, soe, ebgBk s/ fBoD/ Pesh dk ftek; eo/. (y) ejkDh dk Bshik ;gPN j't/.

ejkDh g/P eoB d/ pknd nfXnkge B{z T[; T[Zs/ gqPB g[ZSD/ ukjhd/ jB. gqPBK d/ d[nkok jh w{bK dh f;ybkJh fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j? gozs{ ;kB{z fJj BjhA G[ZbDk ukjhdk fe gqPB g{oD ejkDh s/ nXkfos j'D. T[dkjoD^gqkuhBekb ftZu fJZe pkbe ;h fi; dk Bkw ;h ;otD e[wko. ;otD e[wko d/ wksk^ fgsk nzBQ/ ;B. T[j T[jBK dh pj[s ;/tk eodk ;h. fJZe fdB T[; d/ wK^pkg B/ shoE ;EkB

B'N



B'N x[zwD dh fJZSk ftnes ehsh. PotD e[wko rohp ;h. gozs{ T[;B/ wB jh wB ;zebg ehsk fe T[j nkgD/ wK^pkg B{z shoE :ksok io{oh eokJ/rk. T[; B/ fJZe pK; s/ d'A tZvhnK^tZvhnK bZeVK pzBhnK s/ fJZe gk;/ nkgDh wK B{z fpmkfJnk s/ d{i/ gk;/ nkgD/ fsk B{z s/ d'jK B{z nkgD/ w'Y/ T[Zs/ oZy e/ sohE:ksok B{z fBeb frnk.

(T) PotD e[wko d/ wK^pkg fe; soQK ;B< (n) T[jBK B/ eh fJZSk ftnes ehsh< (J) PotD e[wko d/ nZr/ eh ;wZf;nk ;h< (;) PotD e[wko d/ nkgD/ wK pkg dh fJZSk fet/A g{oh ehsh< (j) s[jkvh okfJ ftZu PotD e[wko B{z nkgD/ wK^pkg dh fJZSk g{oh eoBh ukjhdk j?

iK BjhA< (e) i/ s[;hA PotD e[wko dh irQk j[zd/ sK eh eod/< (y) fJ; ejkDh s'A s[jkB{z eh f;Zfynk fwbdh j?<

7H BohyD ftXh (Observation Method)^fJ; ftXh ftZu n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ t;s{, xNBktK ns/ ftneshnK dk fusoD fdqP ;wZroh d/ wkfXnw d[nkok eod/ jB ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJj fejk iKdk j? fe T[j fJjBK uhiK B{z uzrh soQK ntb'fes eo ns/ fJjBK d/ ;zpzX ftZu i' th ftuko T[jBK d/ fdwkr ftZu nkT[D, T[j T[; B{z nkgD/ e'b eh;h EK s/ eqwpZX o{g ftZu fbyd/ ikU. T[; s'A pknd fJZSs s/ nfJZSs gqPBK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. BohyD d/ ;w/A ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fszB rZbK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyD B{z fejk iKkd j?^ (T) T[j fJBQK uhiK dk uzrh soQK Bkb BohyD eoB. (n) T[jBK B{z fijVhnK uhiK uzrhnK bZr ojhnK jB, T[jBK B{z eqwnB[;ko nkgDh

ekgh ftZu B'N b?D. (J) fJj uhi T[jBK B{z ;G s'A uzrh feT[A bZrh, fJ; d/ ekoBK dk frnkB eoBk.

T[dkjoD^ftfdnkoEhnK dk fJZe db ftfdne go:NB s/ i?g[o frnk. T[ZE/ pkbeK B/ fwT{fInw th d/fynk. fwT{fInw ftZu eJh soQK dhnK uhiK ;[;Zfis ;B. fJZe gk;/ nkG{PD ;B, d{i/ gk;/ eZgV/ s/ fsZi/ gk;/ n;so^P;so. fwT{fInw d/yD d/ pknd ftfdnkoEhnK s'A fBwB gqPB ehs/ rJ/^

(T) s[;hA fJZE/ fejVhnK^fejVhnK uhiK d/yhnK< (n) fJBQK ftZu'A s[jkB{z ;G s'A uzrh eh uhi bZrh< (J) fJj s[jkB{z ;G s'A uzrh feT[A bZrh< (;) eh s[;hA fJ; B{z u'oh eoe/ b? ik ;ed/ j'<

8H ;wBt? ftXh (Integration Method)^w{b f;Zfynk fJZe gqEe ftPk j? iK BjhA< fJj jw/PK jh uouk dk ftPk fojk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJZe gqPB ftfdtkBK d/ fdwkr B{z j'o T[d/bs eodk j? fe eh w{b f;Zfynk d/D ;zpzXh nbZr s'A nfXnkge j'D/ ukjhd/ jB< iK w{b f;Zfynk d/Dk ;e{bQ d/ jo/e nfXnkge dk T[ZsodkfJst j'Dk ukjhdk j?< fJ; d/ ;zpzX ftZu finkdkso ftukoeK dk fJj ws j? fe w{b f;Zfynk gqEe s'A ftPk BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk ns/ Bk jh T[; d/ bJh e[ZM ftfPPN nfXnkgeK dh fB:[esh j'Dh ukjhdh j? pbfe fJ; B{z ftfGzB ftfPnK dh f;ybkJh ftZu Pkfwb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. Bkb jh n;hA gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK d[nkok th w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. fJBQK dh ft;Eko s'A uouk nrb/ nfXnkJ/ ftZu ehsh ikJ/rh.

;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment) pj[ftebgh gqPB (Multiple Choice Questions):

3H ftneshrs w{b T[j j? fijVk ftnesh d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bkb ;zpzX oZydk j?. (T) ftneshrs ihtB (n) ;otiBe ihtB (J) Xkofwe ihtB (;)fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA



4H T[j f;Zfynk fijVh pkbe B{z w{bK d/ gqsh f;ybkJh fdzdhnK jB, T[; B{z efjzd/ jB^

(T) w{b f;Zfynk (n) nf;Zfynk (J) ;fdZSk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nozG s'A jh gfotko d/ wjZst B{z ehsk frnk j?^

(T) n;theko (n) ;theko (J) ;wo{g (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H gqf;ZX wB'ftfrnkBe cokfJv B/ fejk j? fe pkbe^pkfbektK nkgD/ wksk^fgsk B{z nkgDk wzBd/ jB^

(T) nkdoP (n) nfXnkge (J) r[o{ (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA 31H6 gfotko ns/ w{b f;Zfynk (Family and Value Education)

f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ftZu nozG s'A jh gfotko d/ wjZst B{z ;theko ehsk frnk j?. fJ;h ekoB ftdktkBrD gfotko B{z nDn"gukfoe f;Zfynk dk ;woZE ;kXB wzBd/ jB. ;wki ftZu ftnkgs GokPNkuko, fjz;k, nB?fsesk s/ w{bftjhBsk B{z d/y e/ edhêdh n;hA fJj ;'uD T[Zs/ wip{o j' iKd/ jK fe ehs/ nfijk sK BjhA, nZi dk pkbe gfotko s'A jh w{b nBfGr ns/ w{bftjhB j' e/ nk fojk j?< fJj fuzsB ;kB{z d[pkok fJj ftuko eoB s/ wip{o eodk j? fe ;wki ftZu ftnkgs ;{btjhBsk B{z f;oc gfotko d/ T[Zsw tksktoD d[nko jh d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

nozG ftZu jh f;ZfynkftdK B/ gfotko d/ wjZst d/ ;zpzX ftZu nkgD/ ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. :zr n?Av w?e d/ PpdK ftZu, “gfotko wB[Zy dk gqkuhBsw ns/ nXkoG{s ;w{j j?. gfotko dh ;zouBk fJZe ;wki s'A d{i/ ;wki ftZu fGzBsk bJh jz[dh j? gozs{ jo ;EkB s/ gfotko dk gqw[Zy ekoi pkbe dk gkbD^g'PD eoBk ns/ T[; B{z ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d/ pko/ ftZu frnkB eokT[Ad/ j'J/ T[; dk ;wkiheoD eoBk j?.”

(The family is the oldest human group and the basic group while the particular forms of

family structure may and does vary from society to society, the control focus of family

activities. Everywhere one child-bearing and the initial induction of the child into the culture

of a given society in short-Socialization) gqf;ZX wB'ftfrnkBe cofJv (Freud) B/ fejk fe pkbe^pkfbektK nkgD/ wksk^fgsk B{z nkgDk nkdoP (Ideal) wzBd/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ r[DK B{z nkgD/ nzdo nksw;ks (Internalize) eod/ jB ns/ T[jBK jh d/ nB[o{g nkgD/ fttjko B{z fdPk gqdkB eod/ jB jB. fJ; ekoB n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe pkbe dh w{b f;Zfynk ftZu gfotko dk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. NhH o/wzN (T. Raymont) d/ PpdK ftZu, “d' pkbeK B{z fJZe ;wki ;e{bQ ftZu f;Zfynk d/D s/ fJZe jh nfXnkge d/ fB:zsoD ftZu ofjD s/ fJZe jh ;zrmB d/ nXhB eoB s/ nfXnB ftZu ;wo{gsk j'D s/ th T[jBK dk ;XkoD frnkB, o{uhnK ns/ nfGftneshnK d/ sohfenK B?fse fttjko ftZu nzso gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; dk w{b ekoB d'jK pkbeK d/ nbZr^nbZr gfotko j[zd/ jB. (Two children may attend the same school, may come under

the influence of the same teachers and the same organization may pursue the same studies

and perform the same exercises and yet may differ to teachers as regards their general

knowledges, their interests, their speech, their learning and their moral tone according to their

homes, they came from.)

T[go'es toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe gfotko pkbe d/ fttjko B{z fdPk^fBod/P d/D tkbh fJZe ;z;Ek j?, Bkb jh T[j pkbe B{z ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d/ ;zpzX ftZu ikDekoh d/ e/ pkbe dk ;wkiheoD eodh j?. nozG ftZu pkbe nkgD/ wK^pkg d[nkok fJZSs fttjkfoe gqshwkBK B{z f;Zydk j? ns/ T[jBK d/ nB[o{g fttjko eodk j?. fJj fJZSs fttjkfoe gqshwkB w{bK s/ nXkfos j[zd/ jB. fJ; d/ fJbktk gfotko ftZu ftdwkB ftfGzB soQK dk tksktoD th pkbe d/ w{bK Bz{z gqGkfts eodk j?.

B'N



B'N 31H7 gfotko L w{bK dk ftek; eoB dh ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftZu (Family : An Agency for the Development of Values)

1H gfotkoe ;zpzXK dk w{bK s/ gqGkt (Effect of Family relationship on Values)^gfotko ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftfGzB ftneshnK d/ wZX i/eo wX[o ;zpzX jB sK pkbe ftZu T[fus w{bK dk ftek; j't/rk.

(i) wksk &&& fgsk (ii) wksk^fgsk &&& pZuk

(iii) pZuk &&& pZuk (iv) gfotko &&& gV'; (v) gfotko &&& j'o ;zpzXh

(vi) gfotko &&& ;wki i/eo fJ; soQK d/ ;zpzX gfotko ftZu ftdwkB j'Dr/ sK ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gq/w, nkdo, brkU nkfd d/ io{oh r[D T[sgzB j'Dr/ ns/ i/eo T[go'es ;zpzXK ftZu sBkn ns/ fyukn oj/rk sK pZfunK B{z fJoyk, dt/P s/ t?wB; Gkt T[sgzB j't/rk.

2H gfotko dk G"fse tksktoD T[fus j't/ (Good Physical Environment of Family)^ pZfunK dh nXkoG{s G"fse, io{osK gkt, o'Nh, eZgVk, ;ekB dh ;zsfogsh gfotkoe tksktoD ftZu j'Dh io{oh j?. sK jh pkbe d/ nzdo fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; ;zGt j?. i/eo gfotko pkbe dh G[Zy B{z ;zsfosg BjhA eo ;e/rk sK pZu/ u'oh, Ghy ftosh nkfd d/ r[D T[sgzB j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; ekoB fJj io{oh j? fe gfotko dk G"fse tksktoD uzrk j't/. pkbe fi; xo ftZu ofjzdk j?, T[; d/ ukoK gk;/ dk tksktoD th pkbe d/ w{bK B{z gqGkfts eodk j?. i/eo nk;gk; ;ZfGn s/ ;[;z;feqfse b'e ofjzd/ jB sK pkbeK ftZu uzr/ w{bK dk ftek; j't/rk ns/ i/eo nk;gk; rbs soQK d/ b'e ofjzd/ jB sK pkbe ftZu rbs w{bK d/ ftek; dh GktBk tZX ikt/rh.

3H gfotko dk ;zt/rkswe tksktoD T[fus j't/ (Good Emotional Environment of

Family)^gfotko ;zt/rK dk ftek; eoB dh fJZe wjZstg{oD ;z;Ek j?. gfotko ftZu wK^pkg d[nkok pZfunK dh d/yo/y pj[s jh ;[bM/ j'J/ sohe/ d[nkok ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. pZfunK d/ gqsh wksk^fgsk dk fdqPNhe'D ns/ fttjko w{bK d/ ftek; ftZu nkgDh nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. wK^pkg dk fttjko fBPgZy iK ;wkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh pZu/ dk fJZSs oZfynk jh T[jBK B{z eoBk ukjhdk j?. wK^pkg pZfunK d/ gqsh brGr uko soQK d/ fttjko B{z gqdofPs eod/ jB fijV/ fJ; soQK jB^

(i) pZu/ s/ io{os s'A findk fXnkB d/Dk. (Over Protection)

(ii) pZu/ dk ;XkoD fXnkB d/Dk. (Normal Protection)

(iii) pZu/ s/ io{os s'A xZN fXnkB d/Dk. (Under Protection)

(iv) pZu/ s/ fpbe[b fXnkB Bk d/Dk. (No Protection)

gfjbh Pq/Dh d/ pZfunK ftZu ;tkoEgosk, nkswe/Adfossk, gokPoh, nfjw nf;jGkfrsk, nfXBkfJetkdh r[DK dk ftek; j' iKdk j?. d{ih Pq/Dh d/ pZu/ ;XkoD w{bK B{z b? e/ ftef;s j[zd/ jB s/ fsZih Pq/Dh ns/ u"Eh Pq/Dh d/ pZfunK d/ wK^pkg d/ sfo;efos ns/ T[g/fyns fttjko d/ ekoB fxoDk, dt/P, gqshP'X, ;ze'u, dtzd nkfd r[DK dk ftek; j'D bZrdk j?. i/eo n;hA gfotko d[nkok w{bK dk T[fus ftek; ukj[zd/ jK sK gfotko ftZu wK^pkg d[nkok pZfunK s/ ;XkoD fXnkB jh d/Dk ukjhdk j?.



4H gfotko dk nB[Pk;B T[fus j't/ (Proper Discipline in Family)^pZfunK d/ w{bK dk ftek; eoB ftZu gfotko dk nB[Pk;Bkswe tksktoD pj[s jh wjZstg{oD G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. fJj nB[Pk;Bkswe tksktoD d' o{gK ftZu gfotko ftZu ftdwkB ofjzdk j?^

(i) wksk^fgsk dk ;t?^nB[Pk;B, (ii) wksk^fgsk dk pZfunK d/ nB[Pk;B d/ gqsh fdqPNhe'D.

gfjbk, wksk^fgsk dk ;t? nkuoD nB[Pk;BpzX j'Dk ukjhdk j? feT[Afe w{bK B{z f;ZyD ftZu nB[eoD (Imitation Method) dk pj[s jh wjZstg{oD ;EkB j[zdk j?. wksk^fgsk dk d?fBe fttjko fB:fws j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK ftZu eosZtfBPmk, T[ZsodkfJst, ;ZukJh, fJwkBdkoh, gftZsosk, nfXnksfwesk nkfd d/ r[D j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh wK^pkg pZfunK d/ gqsh fej' fijk nB[Pk;B nfGftnes eod/ jB, fJ; dk th w{bK d/ ftek; ftZu pj[s finkdk wjZst j[zdk j?. wksk^fgsk pZfunK T[Zs/ fszB soQK dk nB[Pk;B oZyd/ jB^

(i) em'o nB[Pk;B (Strict Discipline), (ii) ;XkoD nB[Pk;B (Normal Discipline),

(iii) fYZbk nB[Pk;B (Mild Discipline). pZfunK s/ i/eo pj[s em'o nB[Pk;B oZfynk ikt/rk sK T[jBK d/ nzdo wksk^fgsk d/ gqsh jh rbs ;zt/rK dk ftek; j' ikt/rk, T[dkjoD ti'A^G?n, fJoyk, dt/P, dtzd nkfd ns/ fJj ;zt/r jh j'bh^j'bh Bekokswe w{bK ftZu gfoDs j'D bZrd/ jB. pZu/ B{z pj[s fYZb/ nB[Pk;B ftZu oZfynk ikt/rk sK fJ; rZb dh ;zGktBk j' ;edh j? fe pkb^wB T[fus s/ nDT[fus s'A nDfGr ofjzd/ j'J/ nDT[fus d/ tZb tXD bZr/. fJ; ekoB fJj io{oh j? fe Bk sK pkbe B{z pj[s finkdk em'o nB[Pk;B ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j? ns/ Bk jh pj[s buhb/. pkbe B{z fB:zsfos nB[Pk;B (Controlled Discipline) ftZu oZyDk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb wK^pkg d[nkok pZu/ B{z fJZe fdPk fBod/P gqdkB eod/ j'J/ T[jBK ftZu ;t?^fuzsB d/ r[D B{z th ftef;s ehsk ik ;e/.

5H gfotko dk ;z;feqfse tksktoD T[fus j't/ (Good Cultural Environment of family)^ n;b ftZu i/eo d/fynk ikt/ sK ;z;feqsh d[nkok fBoXkfos wzBdzv jh w{b j?. fJ;h ekoB ;z;feqse fGzBsk d/ Bkb jh w{bK ftZu fGzBsk nkT[D bZrdh j?. ;z;feqfse ;zdoG ftZu n;hA gfotko s'A fJj ng/fynk eod/ jB fe T[j gfotkoe s/ ;wkfie ;z;feqsh dk frnkB ftfdnkoEhnK B{z eokJ/, Bkb jh ;z;feqfse w{bK B{z ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftef;s eod/ j'J/ T[jBK d/ gqsh ;ekokswe fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB ehsk ikt/ fi; Bkb pkbe T[jBK w{bK B{z nkgD/ fttjko ftZu Pkfwb eo ;e/. n;b ftZu d/fynk ikt/ sK ohsh^fotki, gqzgoktK, nuko^ftuko, ;z;feqsh, ;z;eko, B?fse nkuoD nkfd dk frnkB pkbe gfotkfoe tksktoD d/ wkfXnw d[nkok jh eodk j?. i/eo gfotko ftZu uzr/ ;z;eko s/ uzrk ;z;feqfse tksktoD j't/rk sK pkbe dk ftek; th ;jh fdPk ftZu j'D dh ;zGtkBk oj/rh.

j[D/ n;hA fJ; rZb dh uouk ehsh fe gfotkfoe tksktoD d/ ftfGzB gZyK dk pkbe d/ w{b ftek; T[Zs/ eh gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJBQK d/ fJbktk wksk^fgsk fe; soQK pkbe d/ nzdo uzr/ w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB, j[D n;hA fJ; soQK ftuko eoKr/^

(i) wK^pkg w{bK dk ftek; nkgD/ fBZih fdqPNhe'D d[nkok Bk eoB pbfe ;wki ftZu ftdwkB ;wkfie, nkofEe s/ okiBhfse go;fEshnK B{z fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ w{b dk ftek; ehsk ikt/.

(ii) pkbe d/ wB ftZu w{bK dk ftek; eod/ ;w/A Bk sK fJj fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB eoBk ukjhdk j? fe ;G g[oksB p/eko j? ns/ Bk jh fJj fdqPNhe'D T[sgzB eoBk ukjhdk j? fe ;G BtK uzrk j't/ pbfe g[oksB w{bK ns/ Bthb w{bK d/ wZX ;kwzi; ;Ekfgs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

B'N



B'N (iii) w{bK B{z T[d/Pkswe o{g ftZu fefonkPhb BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk pbfe T[jBK B{z ;[Gkfte gqfefonk d/ o{g ftZu fdBuo:k ftZu gkfos ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(iv) wksk^fgsk dh eEBh s/ eoBh ftZu nzsokb BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk feT[Afe fJ; Bkb pZfunK d/ fdwkr ftZu dtzd dh ;fEsh T[sgzb j' ;edh j?. fi; soQK dk fttjko T[j pZfujK s'A ng/fyns eod/ jB, T[; dk T[jBK B{z nkgD/^nkg th nkuoD eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(v) pZfunK B{z fJBK ;woZE pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j eh T[fus j? ns/ eh nDTfus, fJ; dk nkg jh ftPb/PD eo ;eD fijVh rZb ;t?gq/oDk d/ nXko s/ f;Zydk j?, T[; dk gqGkt T[; d/ T[Zgo nfwN ofjzdk j?.

(vi) ejkDh, BkNe, ubfuZso ns/ ;kwf:e ;wZf;nktK dk ftuko^ftwoP th gfotkfoe tksktoD ftZu ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb pZfunK d/ nzdo w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;e/.

(vii) pZfunK B{z gVQB ;zpzXh T[fus ;kfjs T[gbpX eokfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[jBK dh gVQB ftZu o{uh th T[sgzB eoBh ukjhdh j?.

(viii) gfotko ftZu e'Jh p[Yk ftnesh iK nkrzs[e w{bK dh rZb eodk j? iK nkgD/ fttjko ftZu T[jBK dk gqdoPB eodk j? sK T[jBK dk T[gjk; BjhA T[vkT[Dk ukjhdk.

(ix) pZfunK ftZu w{b u?sB (Value Conscious) fbnkT[D dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(x) gfotko d/ G"fse s/ wkBf;e tksktoD B{z ;"Ado:g{oD pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment)


7H ftfdnkb/ n"gukfoe f;Zfynk dk pj[s jh ;woZE ;kXB j?. 8H ;wkiPk;so ;wki s/ ;z;feqsh dk ftfrnkB j?. 9H w{bK dk T[fus o{g s'A ftek; eoB ftZu GkPk dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?. 10H ftfrnkB f;ybkJh d/ d' o{g jB^gfjbk f;XKse, d{ik fttjkfoe.

31H8 GkPk f;ybkJh d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; (Development of Values Through Language Teaching) w{bK dk T[fus o{g s'A ftek; eoB ftZu GkPk dk nkgDk wjZstg{oD ;EkB j?. T[AM sK wZXfwe f;Zfynk nk:'r B/ sfoGkPk ;{so dh uouk ehsh j? fi; d/ nB[;ko jo/e ftfdnkoEh fszB GkPktK dk nfXnB eo/rk^

1H wksGkPk iK gqd/Pe GkPk, 2H fjzdh iK nkX[fBE Gkosh GkPk, 3H nzro/ih.

gozs{ T[Zso Gkos d/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu brGr fszB GkPktK dk nfXnB eokfJnk iKdk j? fijVk fBwB jB^

1H fjzdh, 2H nzro/ih, 3H ;z;feqs.



fJj GkPktK ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu w{bK dk fet/A ftek; eo ;edhnK jB, j[D n;hA fJBQK dh uouk eoKr/.

1H fjzdh^fjzdh GkPk ftZu eJh T[dkjoD jB fiBQK d/ d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB, T[dkjoD ti'A^

fJBQK eftsktK d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; eod/ ;w/A nfXnkge B{z fJ; rZb dk fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j f;oc gdnzP dk noE jh ;gPN Bk eo/ pbfe ftZu^ftukb/ ;zpzXs eEktK d/ d[nkok T[j ftfdnkoEhnK dh ftfGzB w{bK d/ gqsh nk;Ek T[sgzB eo/. fJ; d/ fJbktk fjzdh f;ybkJh ftZu w[jkto/ s/ b'eeshnK th ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[fus w{bK dk ftek; eodhnK jB, T[dkjoD ti'A^ T[go'es ejktsK d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfGzB soQK d/ w{bK dk frnkB eok ;ed/ jB. jo ejkts s/ nfXnkge fJZe ;zpzXs ejkDh dh ouBk eo ;edk j? ns/ iK fJBQK dk BkNeh fusoD eotk e/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh rd f;ybkJh d/ wkfXnw d[nkok jh n;hA w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jK, T[dkjoD ti'A^

B'N



B'N “nB[Pk;B dk ihtB d/ jo/e y/so ftZu pj[s wjZst j?. nB[Pk;B jh okPNo dh nXkoPhbk j?. gqfeosh th nB[Pk;B ftZu pzBQe/ nkgDk ekoi eodh j?. BdhnK th nB[Pk;B ftZu ofj e/ iBfjs eodhnK jB. fijVk okPNo nB[Pk;B dhnK ;hwktK ftZu pZBQ e/ BjhA uZbdk, T[j bVyVk e/ fro g?Adk j?. nZi ;z;ko dk i' th okPNo gqrsh d/ gE s/ nro;o j?, T[; dk w[Zy ekoB T[; d/P ftZu b'eK dh nB[Pk;Bfgq:sk j?. nB[Pk;B s'A Gkt fBzsoD iK e[ZM fB:wK dk pzXB j?. Pohoe ftek; dhnK ;kohnK fefonktK fJ; sZE d/ tZb ;ze/s eodh j? fe fe;/ fBPfus fB:wK d[nkok nkpZX j'e/ Poho ftef;s j' ;edk j?. ;wki iK okPNo dh T[Bsh th fJ;h soQK nB[Pk;B d[nkok ;zGt j?. n;b ftZu nB[Pk;B d/ fpBK fJZe ;w{Bs, f;jswzd, wip{s ns/ PeshPkbh okPNo dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.”

fJ;h soQK d/ rdnzP n;hA ftfGzB w{bK s/ nXkfos eoe/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ g/P eo ;ed/ jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. fjzdh f;ybkJh dhnK fszB ftXktK rd, gd s/ w[jktfonK b'eeshnK d/ d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; fet/A ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJ; dh uouk n;hA ehsh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fBpzX, BkNe, ejkDh, ftnkeod nkfd ftXktK dk th ;fj:'r w{bK d/ ftek; ;zpzXh fbnk ik ;edk j?.

2H nzro/ih (English)^nzro/ih ftZu nZr/ fbyh eftsk^

Permit sweet mother, that we may

Always remember thee,

Learning to love thee more each day

Always thy child to be

Honest and truthful, fearless and strong

Pure in body and mind

Choosing the right way, never the wrong

Gentle with others and kind. T[go'es eftsk ftZu Pkfwb fizB/ th w{b jB, nfXnkge B{z f;oc T[jBK dk noE jh PKs BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk pbfe T[; B{z fJBQK w{bK Bkb ;zpzXs S'NhnK^S'NhnK ejkDhnK ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;[DkT[Dh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb pkbe s/ T[; dk nfwN gqGkt oj/.

nzro/ih GkPk dh e[ZM ejktsK th ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzdo T[fus w{bK dk ftek; eo ;edhnK jB. T[dkjoD ti'A^

(i) “Action in thy duty reward is not thy concern.” (ii) Silence is a virtue of wiseman.

(iii) It is good to live for one‟s country but better to help one‟s country live. (iv) Your worth is not measured by what you‟ve got. It is measured by what you give. (v) Honesty is the best policy.

nfXnkge d[nkok fJBQK dk BkNeh fusoD th eokfJnk ik ;edk j? fi; Bkb w{bK dh fttjkfoe T[g:'rsk ftfdnkoEh ;wM ;e/. fJj ;zGt Bk j't/ sK nfXnkge pZfunK s'A fJBQK T[Zs/ b/y fbyD B{z th efj ;edk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[fus rd nzP th w{bK dk fJZSs ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. T[dkjoD ti'A^

“Wherever the strong exploit the weak, wherever the rich take advantage of the poor,

wherever geat powers seek to dominate and to impose ideologies, there the work of making

peace is undone there the cathedral of peace is again destroyed. Today the scale and horror

of moden welfare-whether nuclear or not-makes it totally unacceptable as a means of

settling differences between nations. War should belongs to”

ihtB dhnK ftfGzB xNBktK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fsnkr, eosZtfBPmk, ;fjDPhbsk, d/Pgq/w, nfjz;k, pfbdkB nkfd w{bK B{z ftef;s ehsk ik ;edk j?. okw, bZSwD, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzdk, ftB'pk Gkt/ nkfd dhnK ihtB rkEktK d[nkok fgso Grsh, GkJh gq/w, ftfrnkBe n"gukfoesk, ;wogD nkfd w{bK B{z ftef;s ehsk ik ;edk j?. i:zsh fdB wBkT[D ;zpzXh fJj io{oh j? fe ftfdnkb/ ftZu ekoios nfXnkgeK B{z T[jBK ufosoK d/ ihtB d/ pko/ ftZu ;jh ns/ ft;Ekog{oD ikDekoh j't/.



4H okPNoh fdB (National Festivals)^15 nr;s, 26 iBtoh s/ 2 neN{po B{z n;hA okPNoh fdB d/ o{g ftZu wBkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK fdBK B{z ftfdnkfbnK ftZu th ;w{fje o{g s'A T[s;kjg{oD Yzr d[nkok wzBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;[szsosk dk fJfsjk;, Gksoh rDszso dk fJfsjk;, ;zftXkB dh o{go/yk, rKXh ih dk ;[szsosk ftZu :'rdkB nkfd nfij/ gZy jB fiBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftPt^GkJhuko/, d{finK d/ r[DK dh gqPz;k eoBk, d/Pgq/w, okPNoh u/sBsk, gqikszsoe w{bK dk ftek;, n;gqP:sk fto'X, ;wkBsk nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

5H ;wkfie fdB (Social Festivals)^ftfdnkb/ ftZu fjzd{, w[;bwkB, f;Zy, fJ;kJh ;ko/ ;zgqdkfJnK d/ ftfdnkoEh gVQB nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh pqkjwD, yZsoh, t?P, P{do, i?B s/ p"X th T[ZE/ gVQd/ jB. e[ZM ftfdnkb/ sK nfij/ th jB fiZE/ T[Zso Gkos, dZyD Gkos, g{oth Gkos ns/ gZSwh Gkos d/ ftfdnkoEh fJeZm/ gVQd/ jB. fJ; ekoB ftfdnkb/ fJZe nfijk tksktoD gqdkB eodk j? fijVk ftfGzB XowK, ftfGzB ikshnK, ftfGzB gqksK ns/ ftfGzB GkPk frnkBhnK B{z fJZe^d{i/ B{z ;wMD d/ w"e/ gqdkB eodk j?. ;kfonK d/ ;ko/ fdBK B{z wBk gkT[Dk sK pj[s w[Pfeb ekoi j? gozs{ w[Zy^w[Zy fdBK B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu io{o jh wBkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;ko/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;w{fje o{g ftZu nk e/ fJ; ftZu ;fjGkrh j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK d/ ekoieqw d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftBwosk, fwZsosk, X?o, fsnkoh, ;fjPD{sk, d{finK d/ ;z;feqfse w{bK B{z ;okj[Dk, wB[Zy iksh dh fJekswesk s/ XowfBogZysk d/ w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

6H ;wkfie T[sgkde ekoi (Socially Useful Work)î/eo n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eoBk ukj[zdk jK sK ;kB{z T[jBK B{z ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A T[g:'rh s/ T[sgkde ekoi eoB dh gq/oDk d/Dh j't/rh. nZi dh g{oh f;Zfynk ftt;Ek dk ;G s'A tZvk d'P fJj j? fe pkbe d/ ;t?^T[EkB e/Adfos j?. fJ; B{z ;kB{z go^T[EkB d/ tZb tXkT[Dk j't/rk. d/P iK ftPt d/ fe;h th Gkr ftZu nkfJnk jVQ iK ;'e/ dh ;fEsh ftZu pZfunK B{z fJ; d/ bJh gq/fos eoBk fe T[j nkgDh nbg pus ftZu'A e[ZM :'rdkB d/ ;eD. i/ T[jBK d/ e'b ykbh ;wK j? sK T[j rzdh s/ w?bhnK p;shnK ftZu ik e/ ;tZSsk nfG:kB ubk ;ed/ jB. Bkb jh fBonZyo ftneshnK B{z ;kyo pDkT[D dk th :sB ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soQK d/ w"e/ d/ e/ n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu goT[geko, fsnko, fwjBs ftZu fBPmk, ;kwi^;/tk, fB;tkoEsk, ;tZSsk, ;wkitkd nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

7H ;bkBk fdB (Final Annual Function)^jo/e ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;kb d/ nzs ftZu ekoieqw nk:'fis io{oh jh ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; ftZu BkNe, rhs, rIb nkfd dk nk:'iB ehsk jh ikt/, fJ; d/ Bkb jh ;kb Go ftZu nk:'fis ehshnK rJhnK ftfGzB fefonktK bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z g[o;eko th fdZs/ ikD. gVQkJh, y/ve[Zd, jo/e iwks ftZu ;G s'A tZX T[g;fEsh ofjDk, n?BH;hH;hH, n?BHn?;Hn?;H, ;ekT{fNzr, rkfJfvzr, tkd^fttkd gqsh:'rsk, ;tZSsk, ;kfjfse rshftXhnK s/ ;z;feqfse rshftXhnK ;zpzXh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z g[o;eko th d/D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; Bkb n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;w/A dh gkpzdh, ;wki ;/tk, ;ckJh, dkB, fwjBs ftZu fBPmk, ;zs'P, nZSk nkuoD, nkfrnkgkbD, f;jswzd ihtB, fB:fwssk, ;wkfie T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk, okPNoh J/esk nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

8H ftfdnkoEh ;z;d (Model Parliament)^f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoi j? pkbeK B{z gqikszso d/ bJh fsnko eoBk feT[Afe wkBsk fJj j? fe nZi d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ w'Y/ s/ jh GftZy d/ Gkos dk Gko nkJ/rk. fJ; ekoB ftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfdnkoEh ;z;d pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; ftZu ftfGzB ekoiK dk ;zgkdB eoB bJh ;fwshnK dk rmB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, Gkt^nB[Pk;B ;fwsh, gZsfoek gqekPB ;fwsh, GqwD ;fwsh, tkuB ;fwsh, fBnk ;fwsh, ;tZSsk ;fwsh ns/ fsUjko ;fwsh. gozs{ fJZe rZb dk ftP/P fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe fJj ;fwshnK fe;h Bk fe;h nfXnkge dh d/yGkb ftZu j'D. fJBQK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJwkBdkoh, nB[Pk;B, nkswftPtk;,

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B'N eosZtgokfJDsk, ;gPNtkfdsk, ;wkBsk, Bwosk, ;t?nB[Pk;B, nkswfBoGosk, nkswfB:zsoD ns/ uzr/^p{o/ ftZu G/d nkfd w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

9H ;oekoh Gzvko ;zukbB (To Run Co-operatives)^jo/e ftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK d/ bJh ukj^BkPs/ bJh gqpzX brGr j[zdk j? fi; dk ;zukbB fe;h j'o ftnesh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eoB ;zpzXh ;e{bQ ftZu ;N/PBoh nkfd dh d[ekB y'bh ik ;edh j? fi; dk e'Jh th ;zukbB Bk eo/. jo/e ftfdnkoEh fi; th t;s{ B{z ukj/, fBoXkfos dkw fBoXkfwe ;Eb s/ oZy e/ T[j uhi gqkgs eo ;e/, nfijh ftt;Ek eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJj e'Jh n;zGt rZb BjhA j?. ftd/PK ftZu pj[s ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh gVQd/ jB. T[j nkgD/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK d/ r/N s/ nypko dhnK rZvhnK oZy iKd/ jB. i' th nypko b?Adk j?, T[ZE/ g?;/ oZydk iKdk j?. gVQB d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh nkgDk XzB s/ nypko T[mk b?Ad/ jB. id'A j'o ;EkBK s/ fJwkBdkoh fJ; ;hwk sZe j' ;edh j? sK Gkos d/P ftZu fJj feT[A ;zGt BjhA j't/rh. ;kB{z fJ; :'iBk B{z fefonkPhb eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJwkBdkoh, fci{byouh Bk eoBk, io{os s'A finkdk ;zrqfj Bk eoBk, ;ziw nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB.

10H nfGGkte ;zgoe (To Contact Parents)^pkbe B{z gfotko ns/ ftfdnkb/ d'jK ftZu jh ;w/A^;w/A s/ w{bK dh f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?. pkbe gfotkoe w{bK dh T[g/fynk ;e{bQ ftZu s/ ftfdnkbh ;e{bQK dh T[g/fynk ;wki s/ gfotko ftZu sK BjhA eo fojk, fJ; d/ bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ftfdnkb/ ftZu fJZe wjhB/ ftZu fJZe tko wksk^fgsk s/ nfXnkgeK dk ;zgoe ;Ekfgs ehsk ikt/ ns/ d'B'A jh go;go ftukoK dk ndkB^gqdkB eoB. fJ; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gyzvsk s'A ;[szsosk, gofBzdk Gkt dh nB[g;fEsh, nkfrnkgkbD, tckdkoh, fifrnk;k nkfd w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

11H g[;sekfbnk ;zukbB (To Run School Libraries)ûzr/ w{bK dk i/eo n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu n;b ftZu ftek; eoB ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kB{z T[jBK dh gVQB ftZu o{uh T[sgzB eoBh j't/rh ns/ Bkb ;kB{z T[jBK d/ gVQB bJh uzrk ;kfjs T[gbpX eokT[Dk j't/rk. ;ko/ ftdtkBK dh fJj wkBsk j? fe “Books are the best friend and

teacher.” Gkt feskpK uzrhnK fwZso ns/ nfXnkfgek j[zdhnK jB. ftfdnkfbnK ftZu pZfunK B{z fJzBk w"ek gqdkB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j nkg ik e/ feskp d/y ;eD ns/ T[; B{z gVQ ;eD. nfXnkge dk fJj T[ZsodkfJst j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[; feskp d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgD/ ftuko fbyD bJh gq/fos eo/. fJ; d/ d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nB[Pk;B, ;tkfXnkfJ, nrtkJh, PKsh nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eoKr/.

12H tksktoD ;[Xko (To Improve Environment)^tksktoD fi; dh gfofX ftZu pkbe nkgDk ihtB phskT[Adk j?, d' soQK dk j[zdk j?^

1H G"fse tksktoD (Physical Environment),

2H ;wkfie tksktoD (Social Environment).

pkbe B{z fJBQK d'jK ftZu jh ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. G"fse tksktoD ftZu ;[Xko dk Gkt j? nkgD/ ukoK gk;/ ;ckJh oZyDk, g/V^g"fXnK dh oZfynk eoBk nkfd. okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh ftZu tksktoD dh oZfynk dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ fJj toDB ehsk frnk j? fe i/eo n;hA fJ; d/ gqsh u/sB BjhA j'J/ sK ;kv/ ;kjwD/ tksktoD ;zeN T[sgzB j' ikJ/rk. fJ; d/ d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftzu ;tZSsk, ;ckJh, okPNoh s/ iB ;zgsh dk wjZst, d{odofPsk, ihtK d/ gqsh fdnk nkfd w{bK B{z ftef;s eo ;ed/ jB.



d{ik tksktoD fi; ftZu pkbe B{z ;[Xko fbnkT[D dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?, T[j j? ;wkfie tktksoD. ;wki ftZu ftnkgg GoPNuko, nfBnk, nkszetkd fijhnK ;wZf;nktK dk fBokeoD eoB bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z gq's;kfjs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; Bkb n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu PKsh, nfjz;k, fJzdoh fB:zsoD, okPNoh J/esk nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jK.

;wki ns/ w{b f;Zfynk (Society and Value Education)^J/vw ;fwE (Adam Smith) dk eEB j? fe wB[Zy d/ gk;gfoe bkG d/ bJh fijV/ efosfow T[gkn ehsk j?, T[j ;wki j?. ;wkiPk;sohnK dh ;wki d/ pko/ ftZu XkoDk j? fe ;wki ;wkfie ;zpzXK dk ikb j?. ;wki ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftnesh fJZe^d{i/ d/ Bkb fJBQK jh ;zpzXK d/ nXko s/ i[V/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ fJBQK ;zpzXK dk ;wki dh gqfefonk s/ ns/ Bkb jh Bkb ftnesh d/ fttjko s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?. i/eo n;hA fJj ejhJ/ sK j?okBh BjhA j't/rh fe ;wki d/ w?ApoK d/ ftukb/ gkJ/ ikD tkb/ ;zpzXK dk gqGkt wB[Zy d/ w{bK T[Zs/ g?Adk j?. i/eo ;wki ftZu ;[;zpzX jB sK ftnesh d/ nzdo gq/w, ;jkB[G{sh, fsnkr, PKsh, ;dGkt, GkJhukok, ;wkfie J/esk nkfd w{bK dk ftek; j'J/rk ns/ i/eo ;zpzXK ftZu eN[sk j? sK fJoyk, dt/P, t?wB; nkfd w{bKdh gqpbsk d/yD B{z fwb/rh.

;kv/ ;kjwD/ ;G s'A ftuko:'r gqPB fJj j? fe ;wki pkbeK d/ nzdo w{bK dk ;w{fus o{g s'A ftek; eoB ftZu nkgDk :'rdkB fe; soQK d/ ;edk j?, fJ; gqPB d/ T[Zso ftZu n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe^

(i) pkbe d/ ;kjwD/ nkdoP o{g ftZu i' th ftnesh j'D, T[jBK dk ;t? dk fttjko w{bK T[Zs/ nXkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb pkbe d/ ;kwjD/ w{b d[ftXk dh ;fEsh T[sgzB Bk j't/.

(ii) ;wki d/ w?ApoK d[nkok fJj th fBPfus eo d/Dk ukjhdk j? fe toswkB go;fEshnK ftZu fejV/ w{b wzBi{o ehs/ rJ/ jB ns/ fejV/ nwzBi{o fi; Bkb pkbe d/ ;kjwD/ w{b ;zeN dh ;fEsh T[sgzB Bk j't/.

(iii) ;wki ftZu ftdwkB tksktoD fi; d/ Bkb pkbe B{z ;wk:'fis j'Dk j?, T[j th T[jBK w{bK T[Zs/ nXkfos j' fiBQK d/ bJh T[; B{z nkozG s'A jh f;Zfyns ehsk frnk j? BjhA sK pkbe d/ ;kjwD/ f;XKse s/ fttjkfoe frnkB ftZu nzsokb dh ;wZf;nk T[sgzB j' ikt/rh.

(iv) iB ;zuko d/ ;kXBK d[nkok ;wki B{z pkbe ftZu T[fus w{bK dk fBtk; eoB dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJj ;kXB fBwB fbys jB^

1H nekPtkDh (Radio)^;wuko gsk eoB s/ wB'oziB dk fJZe pj[s jh ;woZE ;kXB nekPtkDh j?. fJBQK d/ fJbktk o/vhU s'A BkNe, ejkDh, gqj;B, tkoskbkg nkfd dk gq;koD th ehsk iKdk j? fiBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[fus w{bK dk f;oiB eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fJZe ekoieqw d/ yksw/ s/ d{i/ ekoieqw d/ nzoG ftZu fijVk nzsokb nkT[Adk j?, T[ZE/ w{b nXkfos ;[efsnK dk gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? fi; d/ d[nkok n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ;wkfie, nkofEe, Xkofwe s/ okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jK.

2H d{odoPB (Television)^d{odoPB Pot^fdqP ;kXB j? fi; d/ d[nkok th n;hA fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eod/ jB. d{odoPB T[Zs/ eJh ekoieqw sK ftPtftfdnkb/ nB[dkB nk:'r ubk fojk j? ns/ e[ZM okPNoh ftfdne y'i ns/ f;ybkJh gfoPd ns/ w[es ftPtftfdnkbk (U.G.C., NCERT, Open University) d[nkok th ;zukfbs ehs/ ik oj/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh BkNe, pZfunK d/ ekoieqw, fe;kB GkJhnK d/ ekoieqw, n"osK d/ ekoieqw s/ ftfPPN o{g s'A fsnko ehshnK rJhnK BkfNektK th ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gq/w, fsnkr, ;jkB[G{sh, ;fjDPhbsk, okPNohns, T[ZsodkfJst, dkB, ;jkB[G{sh nkfd w{bK dk ftek; eodhnK jB.

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3H N/gfoekovo (Tape Recorder)ô/vhU dh soQK N/gfoekovo th Pot ;wZroh j?. gozs{ o/vhU gq'rqkw dh n;hA io{os nB[;ko g{Bonktosh BjhA eo ;ed/ id'A fe N/gfoekovo ftZu fJj ;zGt j?. ftfdne ;z;EktK d[nkok fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eoB dh fdqPNh s'A ftfPPN e?;/N fsnko ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB s/ fJjBK B{z piko ftZu T[gbpX j'Dk ukjhdk j? fJBQK e?;/NK B{z fsnko eotkT[D s/ piko ftZu T[gbpX eotkT[D dk T[ZsodkfJst ;wki d/ T[Zgo j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

4H thH;hHnkoH (Video Cassett Recorder)^fJj th d{odoPB dh soQK Pot^fdqP ;wZroh j?. w{bK dk ftek; eoB ;zpzXh BkNe, ejkDhnK, xNBktK thH;hHnkoH T[Zs/ fuZsfos ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB ns/ fJjBK B{z fdykT[D d/ pknd id'A th io{os g?Adh j?, n;hA fJ; dk gq:'r eo ;ed/ jB. fJBQK ukoK jh ;wZrohnK dk gq:'r eoB d/ pknd fe;h th ftnesh d[nkok pkbeK dh gqshfefonk ikDB dk :sB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;zGt j't/ sK fuZsfos g{oh xNBk T[Zs/ gqPBK d/ d[nkok ftPb/PD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; s'A pknd T[; d/ gZy s/ ftgZy ftZu okfJ ikDBh ukjhdh j?.

5H ;wkuko^gZso (Newspaper)^;wkuko^gZso fdqP ;wZroh j? fi; d/ d[nkok w{bK dk ftek; pj[s jh Yzr Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. e[ZM ;wkuko^gZsoK ftZu gqshfdB fJZe uzrk ftuko Sgdk j?. gfotko ftZu nozG s'A jh pZfunK d/ nzdo fJ; nkds dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j T[; ftuko B{z gVQB, T[; T[Zs/ wBB eoB ns/ T[; B{z fttjko ftZu fefonkPhb eoB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ftfGzB okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie fdBK T[Zs/ ;wkuko^gZso ftfPPN nze eZYD ns/ T[jBK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu w{bK dk ftek; eoB. ;wkuko^ gZso gVQB wkso dh nkds s'A jh n;hA ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nzdo f;js, PKsh, okPNo^gq/w nkfd GktBktK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB. ;wkuko^gZso pZfunK d/ ;so d/ nB[e{b i/eo gqekfPs ehs/ ikD sK n;hA nkgD/ Nhu/ B{z n;kBh Bkb gqkgs eo ;ed/ jK.

6H gZsohektK (Magazines)^ftfGzB gZsohektK dk th gqekPB w{bK d/ ftek; dh fdqPNh s'A ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? gZsohektK B{z pZfunK d/ bJh ftfPPN o{g s'A gqekfPs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. pZfunK dhnK gZsohektK pZfunK ftZu gVQB ftZu o{uh s/ ;tkfXnkfJ d/ w{bK dk ftek; sK eodhnK jh jB, fJ; d/ Bkb jh fsnkr, gq/w, nfjz;k, eo{Dk, fdnk, ;w/A dk wjZst nkfd fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eh fJBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?.



7H ubfuZso (Cinema)ûbfuZso pj[s jh ;woZE Pot^fdqP ;wZroh j? ns/ fJ; dk gqGkt th pkbe d/ T[Zgo nfwN j[zdk j?. w{bK dk ftek; eoB ftZu ubfuZso pj[s jh nfjw G{fwek dk fBotkj eodk j?. ubfuZso ftZu gqdofPs ehsh ikD tkbh fjz;k d/ Bshi/ ti'A jh nZi d/ ;wki ftZu ;kB{z jo irQk fjz;k dk gqe'g fdykJh g?Adk j?. pkb fcbwK d/ fBowkD B{z gq's;kjB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJj pkb fcbwK ftfGzB w{bK T[Zs/ nXkfos j'Dh ukjhdhnK jB.

fJ; soQK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe i/eo gfotko, ftfdnkb/ ns/ ;wki fszB'A jh ;kXB w{bK dk ftek; eoB dh fdPk ftZu ;eoh :sB eoB sK ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu n;hA fJZSs w{bK dk ftek; eod/ jK gozs{ io{os fJ; rZB dh j? fe fJBQK ;ko/ ;kXBK ftZu go;go ;wBt? j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

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Nk;e ftfdnkb/ ns/ w{b f;Zfynk T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

Gkosh w{b (Indian Values)^Gkosh ;z;feqsh dk fJfsjk; pj[s jh g[okDk j?. fJj ;z;feqsh :[r^:[rK s'A eJh xks^gqfsxks B{z ;fj e/ th fBozso nkgD/ ;zP'XB^gfotoXB eodh ojh j? gozs{ fco th T[; dhnK e[ZM w{bG{s ftP/PsktK nfijhnK ojhnK jB fi; Bkb fJ; B/ nkgDk fJZe nB'yk ti{d ftPt ;z;feqsh ftZu pDk e/ oZfynk j?. e[ZM Gksoh w{b fJ; soQK jB^

1H ;s fus nBzd dk wjZstg{oD ;EkB. 2H fJPto dk nB[Gt jh ihtB dk w[Zy Nhuk j?. 3H nfXnksfwe w{bK dh s[bBk ftZu G"fse t;s{nK dk fBwB ;EkB. 5H wB[Zyh ;/tk jh ;Zuh fJPto ;/tk j?. 6H t;[X?te[N[zpew dh GktBk.

w{b ;zeN^gozs{ i/eo n;hA toswkB go;fEshnK dk ntb'eB eohJ/ sK n;hA nfj;k j't/rk fe wB[Zyh w{bK ftZu fdB^gqshfdB gfotosB nk fojk j?. fJj gfotosB nkT[Dk p{ok BjhA j? gozs{ fJ; gfotosB dk o{g eh j?, fJj fJZe ;'uD tkbk gqPB j? ns/ id'A n;hA fJ; d/ o{g s/ fdPk T[Zs/ fdqPNh gkT[Ad/ jK sK sK ;kv/ ;kwjD/ pj[s jh fteokb go;fEsh T[sgzB j' iKdh j?. feT[Afe nZi wB[Zy w{b Bekokswe fdPk d/ tZb tX oj/ jB ns/ T[jBK ftZu fdB^gqshfdB froktN nk ojh j?. nZi fJZe ;XkoD nkdwh dh XkoDk j? fe nZi fwjBsh b'eK dk P'PD j' fojk j? ns/ M{m s/ co/p dk p'bpkbk j? ns/ fJ;h ekoB iB;XkoD dh ihtB d/ B?fse, ;wkfie s/ nfXnksfwe w{bK d/ gqsh nk;Ek ezp ojh j? ns/ fJ; ;fEsh B{z n;hA w{b ;zeN dh ;fEsh efj fdzd/ jB.

nZi n;hA dkt/ d/ Bkb efj ;ed/ jK fe wB[Zyh w{bK dk jok; j'fJnk j?, BkP BjhA. T[j n;b ftZu dpk fdZs/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK B{z ftBkP BjhA ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ekoB nZi io{os fJ; rZb dh j? fe fJBQK w{bK B{z d[pkok T[ikro ehsk ikt/. w{b ;zeN dh fijVh ;fEsh T[sgzB j'Jh j?, gfjbK s'A T[; d/ ekoB ikDB io{oh j? fijV/ fBwB jB^

1H ftfrnkBe frnkB dk ftek; fi; Bkb ftnesh nfXnksfwesk d/ gqsh nk;Ek ysw eo fojk j?.

2H T[d:'freheoD s/ BroheoD fijVk wB[Zy B{z :zsots ihtB pshs eoB bJh wip{o eo fojk j?.

3H G"fsetkdh ;z;feqsh dk gqGkt. 4H nfXnkstkd d/ fto'X ftZu b'eK d[nkok ftnes ehsh rJh gqshfefonk Gkt^wB[Zyh

io{osK T[Zs/ i'o d/Dk, XowfBogZysk B{z ;theko eoBk. 5H gZSwh w{bK s/ Gkosh w{bK ftZu go;go fto'XGk; j'Dk.



B'N 6H d/P dhnK ;wkfie p[okJhnK Gkt^b'eK dk e[bhBszsoh ;[Gkn, okiBhfse GokPNkuko, nkofEe ftPwsktK, okPNo dh gqsh nk;Ek s/ gq/w ftZu ewh, ;zgqdkfJesk g{otrqj, iksh s/ Xow T[Zs/ nXkfos ;zxoP.


f;Zfynk dk fJZe wjZstg{oD ekoi j? pkbeK B{z gqikszso d/ bJh fsnko eoBk feT[Afe ;kvh wkBsk j? fe nZi d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ w'Y/ T[Zs/ jh GftZy d/ Gkos dk Gko nkJ/rk. fJ; ekoB ftfdnkb/ ftZu ftfdnkoEh ;z;d pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; ftZu ftfGzB ekoiK dk ;zgkdB eoB bJh ;fwshnK dk rmB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, Gkt^nB[Pk;B ;fwsh, gZsfoek gqekPB ;fwsh, GowD ;fwsh, tkuB ;fwsh, fBnk ;fwsh, ;tZSsk ;fwsh s/ fsUjko ;fwsh. gozzs{ fJZe rZb dk ftP/P fXnkB oZyDk ukjhdk j? fe fJj ;fwshnK fe;h Bk fe;h nfXnkge dh d/yGkb ftZu j'D. fJBQK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJwkBdkoh, nB[Pk;B, nkswftPtk;, eosZtfBPmk, ;gPtkfdsk, ;wkBsk, Bwosk, ;t?nB[Pk;B, nkswfBoGosk, nkswfB:zsoD s/ uzr/^p{o/ ftZu G/d nkfd w{bK dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?. 31H10 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H ;bkBk fsUjko (Final of Annual Function) L ;kb ftZu fJZe tko j'D tkbk fsUjko 2H soe nXkfos (Logical) L soeg{oD


1H w{b f;Zfynk dk noE ;wMkU.

2H pkbe B{z w{b f;Zfynk d/ d/D d/ ;kXBK dk T[b/y eo'.

3H „gfotko ns/ w{b f;Zfynk‟ T[Zs/ fNZgDh fby'.

4H GkPk f;ybkJh d[nkok w{bK d/ ftek; dk T[b/y eo'.


1H P[ZX ;[yw sZs 2H ihtBtoXe 3H (T) 4H (T) 5H (n) 6H (T) 7H ;jh 8H ;jh 9H rbs 10H ;jh


p[e;


2H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, :'r/Ado e[wko, wX[fbek Powk. 3H f;Zfynk d/ dkoPfBe nXko, Powk, UHghH.






fJekJh^32 L okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh f;Zfynk

fJekJh^32L okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh f;Zfynk (Education for National Integration)

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T[d/P (Objectives)


32H1 okPNoh J/esk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of National Integration)

32H2 okPNoh J/esk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of National Integration)

32H3 okPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu o[ektNK (Obstacles in the way of National Integration)

32H4 okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk (National Integration and Education)

32H5 okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ :sB (Efforts for National Integration)

32H6 okPNoh J/esk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh fttjkfoe :'iBk (A Practical Plan of Education for the Development of National Integration)

32H7 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Inter-Cultural Understanding)

32H8 nzso^;z;feqsh GktBk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Inter-cultural Understanding)

32H9 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk ns/ f;Zfynk (Inter-cultural Understanding and Education)

32H10 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh fttjkfoe :'iBk (A practical Plan of Education for the Development of Inter-cultural Understanding)

32H11 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek (Role of Teacher in Development of Inter-cultural Understanding)





T[d/P (Objectives)


okPNoh J/esk dk wjZst ikDB ;zpzXh.

okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk Bhsh ikDB ;zpzXh.

nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk noE ikDB ;zpzXh.

nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek ikDB ;zpzXh.


;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd d/P ftZu eJh ;wZf;nktK T[g;fEs j'JhnK jB, fiBQK B/ Gkosh ihtB



B'N B{z nzd'fbs ehsk j?. fJ; ;wZf;nktK ftZu ;G s'A fGnzeo ns/ fteokb ;wZf;nk okPNoh J/esk iK okPNohnsk dh j?. n;hA gqikszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh B{z ngDkfJnk j?. gqikszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh dh ;cbsk dh gfjbh e{zih fJj j? fe d/Ptk;hnK ftZu gko;gfoe gq/w j't/, ;fj:'r j't/, GkJhukok j't/, fsnkr dh Gktbk j't/ ns/ d/P T[Zs/ wo^fwND dk pj[s T[s;kj j't/. T[j ykB^gkB, ofjD^;fjD, t/P^G{Pk, iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ, GkPk, w{b wkBsktK nkfd dhnK ftfGzBsktK B{z G[Zb e/ nkgD/^nkg B{z fJZe ;wMD ns/ nkgD/ ;tkoEK B{z fsnkr dh nZr ftZu ibk e/ okPNo dh pfbt/dh T[Zs/ ;wofgs j'D d/ bJh jw/PK fsnko ofjD. d{oGkr Bkb nZi d/P ftZu fJ; GktBk dh xkN j?. phs/ e[ZM ;kbK ftZu d/P ftZu e[ZM nfijhnK gqftoshnK dk iBw j'fJnk j? ns/ e[ZM nfijhnK g[okDhnK gqftoshnK B/ i'o cfVnk j? fe T[jBK d[nkok d/Ptk;hnK dh J/esk ftZu o[ektN gJh j?. fJBQK ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK B/ d/P dh nikdh ns/ gqikszsoh gqDkbh dh ;cbsk B{z ipod;s u{D"sh fdZsh j?. i/eo n;hA nkgDh nikdh dh oZfynk eoBh j? ns/ gqikszsoh Pk;B gqDkbh B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk j? sK fJBQK ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK B{z BPN eoBk j't/rk ns/ ;zg{oD d/P dh iBsk B{z J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBD gJ/rk. gzH Bfjo{ d/ Ppdk ftZu, “;kB{z ;EkBe, ;zehoD, gqKsh, ;zgqdkfJe ns/ iksh ftukoK dk BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk, feT[Afe n;hA fJZe wjkB ekoi eoBk j?. n;hA fijV/ Gkosh rDszso d/ Bkrfoe jK, T[jBK B{z Gkosh iBs ftZu J/esk ;Ekfgs eoBh j?. ;kB{z fJ; wjkB d/P B{z wjkB pDkT[Dk j?, Ppd d/ ;XkoD noE ftZu wjkB BjhA, pbfe ftuko wjkB, ekoi wjkB, ;z;feqsh ftZu wjkB ns/ wB[Zyhîksh dh PKsh Bkb ;/tk eoB ftZu wjkB.” 32H1 okPNoh J/esk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of National Integration) okPNoh J/esk dk noE j? ;z;feqsh nkfd dh GktBk ns/ okPNo d/ gqsh gq/w, fi; ftZu iksh, ;zgqdkfJ, Xow, GkPk, ;z;feqsh nkfd d/ nzso B{z G[Zb e/ nkgD/^nkg B{z fJZe ;wfMnk ikt/.

okPNoh J/esk fJZe okPNo d/ fBtk;hnK B{z J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBQdh j?. T[jBK ftZu J/esk dh GktBk (Feeling of oneness) g?dk eodh j?. fJ; GktBk d/ ftef;s j'D Bkb ftnesh e/tb nkgD/ fjsK dk jh fXnkB BjhA oZydk pbfe nkgD/ ;wki ns/ okPNo d/ fjsK dk th fXnkB oZydk j?. T[j okPNo d/ nZr/ nkgD/ ftneshrs, gfotkfoe, ikse ns/ Xkofwe fjsK dk pfbdkB eoB B{z fsnko ofjzdk j?.

o'; d/ nB[;ko^“okPNohnsk fJZe gq/oDk j?, fi; Bkb gqGkfts j' e/ d/P d/ ofjD tkb/ nkg; ftZu fJZe^d{i/ Bkb fJZe okPNo d/ Bkrfoe j'D d/ Bks/ ;dGktBk oZyd/ jB ns/ fwbî[b e/ d/P dh T[Bsh, ;[oZfynk ns/ efbnkD d/ bJh ;eoh ofjzd/ jB.”

gq'H j[wk:{z epho d/ PpdK ftZu^“okPNohnsk T[j j?, fijVh okPNo d/ gqsh ngDs dh GktBk s/ nXkfos j[zdh j?.”

p[op/eo d/ nB[;ko^“okPNohnsk d/Pgq/w dh ng/fynk d/PGrsh d/ finkdk ftnkge y/so d/ tZb ;ze/s eodh j?. okPNohnsk d/ nzsors ;EkB d/ fJbktk iksh, GkPk, fJfsjk;, ;z;feqsh ns/ gqzgoktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu th nk iKd/ jB.”

1961 ftZu okPNoh J/esk ;zw/bB (National Integration conference) ftZu okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dh ftnkfynk fBwB fbys PpdK ftZu ehsh rJh^“okPNoh J/esk fJZe wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ftfdne gqfefonk j?, fi; d/ d[nkok ;ko/ ftneshnK d/ fdbK ftZu fJZest, ;zrmB ns/ ;z;efs (Cohesion) dh Gktbk B{z ftef;s ehsk iKdk j?.”

T[go'es gfoGkPktK d/ nB[;ko fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe okPNohnsk fJZe GktBk j?, fJZe gq/oDk j?, fJZe :'iBk Pesh j?, fijVh fJZe fBPfus G{r'fbe ;hwk ftZu ofjD tkb/ ftfGzB iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ ns/ GkPk^GkPh b'eK B{z J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBD dk ekoi eodh j?, T[jBK d/ nzdo nkgD/ okPNo d/ gqsh n;hw Grsh, nfrnkgbD, eosZtfBPmsk ns/ nB[Pk;B d/ Gkt g?dk eodh j? ns/ T[jBK B{z fJ; rZb dh gq/oDk fdzdh j? fe T[j ;ko/ nkg; ftZu fwb e/ ofjD ns/ nkgD/ okPNo dh ;[oZfynk ns/ T[Bsh d/ bJh jw/PK :sBPhb ofjD.



B'N; okPNoh J/esk fJZe okoPNo d/ fBtk;hnK B{z J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBQdh j?.

B'N

32H2 okPNoh J/esk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of National Integration) vkH okXkfeqPDB dk ws j? fe, “okPNoh J/esk fJZe nfijh ;wZf;nk j?, fi; Bkb ;ZfGn okPNo d/ o{g ftZu ;kv/ ti{d dk xDk ;zpzX j?.”

okPNoh J/esk dh ;[oZfynk, nyzvsk ns/ ftek; d/ bJh io{oh j?. fJ; dh io{os ns/ wjZst d/ fBwB fbys ekoB jB^

1H ftd/Ph PeshnK ns/ nzdo{Bh MrfVnK s'A T[sgzB ;zeN dk fBtkoD eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

2H ftxNBekoh PeshnK dk dwB eoe/ PKshg{oD tksktoD fsnko eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

3H okPNo dh ;tkXhBsk, nkdo ns/ fjsK dh oZfynk d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

4H okPNo dh ;z;feqsh dk d/yGkb, ftek; ns/ j;sKsoD eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

5H ;wkfie e[ohshnK, nzs^ftPtk;K, ohsh^fotkiK ns/ ftfGzB soQK dhnK n;wkBsktK B{z d{o eoe/ ;wki d/ b'eK d/ ihtB^;so B{z ;[XkoD d/ bJh ns/ T[fus tksktoD dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

6H Tor^ftG/d B{z ysw eoB, P'PD dk nzso eoB, nkofEe n;wkBsktK B{z d{o eoB ns/ okPNo dh T[d:'fre gqrsh d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

7H GkfPe T[Bwssk s'A d{o ofjD, GkfPe J/esk ;Ekfgs eoB ns/ okPNoh GkPk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

8H okPNoh dhnK ;kohnK T[g;z;feqshnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb fJZe ;XkoD okPNoh ;z;feqsh d/ ftek; d/ bJh okPNoh J/esh dh io{os j?.

9H BkrfoeK ftZu okPNo d/ nkdoPK, w{bK ns/ gqzgoktK ftZu nk;Ek T[sgzB eoB ns/ okPNo dh T[Bsh ns/ gqrsh d/ bJh gqshpZXsk g?dk eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esh dh io{os j?.

10H BkrfoeK ftZu nksw^fsnkr dh GktBk dk ftek; eoe/ nkgD/ okPNo d/ bJh jo soQK dk pfbdkB eoB dh GktBk ftef;s eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.

11H ;ZukJhg{oD, ;fj:'r, ;wk:'iB dh :'rsk, eosZtfBPmk, fJwkBdkoh, ;fjPD{sk, d{odofPsk, ;wkfie T[ZsodkfJst B{z T[ZmkT[D dh neKfynk, ;zt/dBPhbsk, fwZsosk GktBk, ;whfynkswe fuzsB ns/ ;jh ns/ ;gPN fBoD/ dh ;woZEk Bkb Go/ BkrfoeK d/ ;zs[fbs ftnefsst dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk dh io{os j?.



1H d/P ftZu ftnkgs nkofEe ftPwsk th okPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu HHHHHHHHHH j?.

2H okPNohnsk T[j j?, fijVh HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ngDs dh GktBk T[s/ nXkfos j[zdh j?.



B'N 32H3 okPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu o[ektNK (Obstacles in the way of National Integration) fe;h th okPNo dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ftek; d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk io{oh j?. d[oGkt Bkb Gkos ftZu fJ; dh xkN j?. Gkos ftZu okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; d/ wkor ftZu w[Zy o{g s'A fBwB fbys o[ektNK jB^

1H ikshtkd (Casteism)îkshtkd okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh Pokg pfDnk j'fJnk j?. ;kv/ fJZE/ eJh ikshnK jB. fjzd{nK ftZu pqkjwD, t?P, yZsoh, P{do ns/ w[;bwkBK ftZu f;:k ns/ ;{Bh nkgD/ B{z nbZr^nbZr wzBd/ jB. fJBQK ikshnK d/ b'e nkgDh iksh d/ fjsK ns/ ;tkoEK B{z ;G s'A fgnkohnK wzBd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dh oZfynk d/ bJh d/P d/ fjsK B{z G[Zb iKd/ jB. ;kv/ d/P ftZu eJh y/so jB, fiZE/ iksh ftP/P B/ gqXkBrh ;Ekfgs ehsh j'Jh j? ns/ T[; y/so B{z ;zg{oD ;[thXktK nkw b'eK B{z fwbk e/ T[; iksh ftP/P d/ b'eK B{z jh fwbdhnK jB. f;Zfynk ;z;EktK fJ; dk T[dkjoD jB, fiZE/ iksh ftP/P d/ b'eK B{z jh fbfge, nfXnkge ns/ gqukoe fB:[es ehsk iKdk j? ns/ iksh ftP/P d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z jh ftP/P ;[thXktK T[gbpX j[zdhnK jB. ;kv/ fJZE/ ikshtkd B/ okiBhfse B{z th rzGho o{g s'A gqGkfts ehsk j?. d/P d/ okiBhfse db ikshtkd d/ nXko T[Zs/ ;z;d, ftXkB ;GktK ns/ ;EkBe ;z;EktK d/ bJh nkgD/ B[wkfJzd/ yV/ eod/ jB ns/ u'D bVD/ jB. ikshtkd d/ nXko s/ u'DK ftZu wsdkB j[zdk j? ns/ b'e fiZs gqkgs eod/ jB, fi; dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe fiZfsnk j'fJnk ftnesh nkgD/ y/so dh ;koh iBsk d/ bJh ekoi Bk eoe/ nkgDh iksh ftP/P d/ bJh jh ekoi eodk j?. ;kv/ gqikszso dh fJj ;G s'A tZvh ftvzpBk j?. ikshtkd B/ d/P ftZu gqEesk d/ phi phi/ jB, ;tkoE GktBk B{z tXkfJnk j? ns/ ;ze{fus wB'ftosh B{z ftef;s ehsk j?. fJj ikshtkd okPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu pj[s tZvh o[ektN j?. ihH n?;H x[o/ d/ PpdK ftZu^“fJj iksh gq/w dh GktB jh j?, fijVh j'o ikshnK ftZu eN[sk T[sgzB eodh j? ns/ okPNoh u/sBk d/ ftek; d/ bJh nDT[fus tksktoD fsnko eodh j?.”

2H gqKstkd (Provincialism)^gqKshnsk dh GktBk B/ okPNoh J/esk B{z pj[s nxks gj[zukfJnk j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu ;zxkswe Pk;b gqDkbh j?. fJ; gqDkbh d/ d[nkok d/P d/ eJh okiK iK gqKsK ns/ e/Ado iK ;zx dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ pknd okiK dk g[Bo;zrmB eoB d/ bJh Gkos ;oeko B/ oki d/ g[Bo;zrmB nk:'r dh fB:[esh ehsh. fJ; nk:'r B/ GkPkJh nXko s/ 14 oki s/ 6 e/Ado Pkf;s gqd/P pDkT[D dh f;ckfos ehsh ;h. okiK d/ g[BormB d/ pknd nbZr oki pDkT[D d/ bJh ftfGzB y/soK ftZu nzd'bB ehs/ rJ/ ns/ T[jBK ftZu'A e[ZM B{z ;cbsk th fwbh, fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'A nZi okiK dh ;zfynk 28 j' rJh j?. fJBQK nzd'bBK ftZu ftneshnK dhnK ikBK iKdhnK jB, T[d:'r^XzfdnK dh ntBfs j[zdh j?, okPNoh ;zgsh dk ftBkP j[zdk j? ns/ d/Ptk;hnK ftZu gqEesk dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j?. J; gqKshnsk dh GktBk B/ b'eK B{z nkgD/ gqKs d/ fjs dh rZb B{z jh ;'uD B{z gq/fos ehsk j?, okPNo fjs B{z X{b Bk Go fdZsk j? ns/ d/P dh J/esk B{z ysok gj[zukfJnk j?.

3H GkPktkd (Linguistic Antagonism)^GkPktK d/ Bkw s/ d/P ftZu ftxNBekoh PeshnK B/ nzd'bB ehs/ jB ns/ okPNoh J/esk B{z jkBh gj[zukJh j?. Gkt/A fe ;zftXkB dh Xkok 343 ftZu fjzdh B{z Gkos dh okPNo GkPk ;theko ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ efsg Gkosh ;Zu/ wB s'A fJ; B{z ;theko eoB B{z fsnko BjhA jB. ;w/A^;w/A s/ fjzdh d/ fto'X ftZu fswbBkv{ nkfd okiK ftZu ftnkge nzd'bB j'J/ jB. fJ; dh gqshfefonk^;o{g T[Zso gqd/P, fpjko nkfd fjzdh GkPh okiK ftZu fjzdh d/ ;woEB ftZu T[B/ jh ftnkge nzd'bB ehs/ rJ/, fi; Bkb okPNoh J/esk B{z nxks gj[zufunk.

4H Xowtkd (Religionism)ôkPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu gqw[Zy o[ektN Xow dh j?. ;kv/ fJZE/ eJh Xow jB. fjzd{, w[;bwkB, fJ;kJh, gko;h, f;Zfyn nkfd ftfGzB XowK B{z wzBD tkb/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK XowK d/ e[ZM nB[:k:h nkgD/^nkg B{z T[Zu ;wMd/ jB. fJj nkgD/ Xw B{z T[Zu ;EkB fdzd/ jB ns/ d{i/ XowK dh ntj/bDk eod/ jB, fi; Bkb



ftfGzB XowktbzphnK d/ ftZu fxoDk, dt/P, eN[sk dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j? ns/ edhêdh ;zxoP j' iKd/ jB, fi; Bkb okPNoh J/esk B{z nxks gj[zudk j?.

5H nkofEe ftPwsk (Economic Frustration)^d/P ftZu ftnkgs nkofEe ftPwsk th okPNoh J/esk d/ wkor ftZu tZvh o[ektN j?. ;kv/ d/P ftZu e[ZM b'e sK nfij/ jB, fiBQK B{z fJZe ;w/A d/ bJh ykDk B;hp BjhA j? ns/ e[ZM b'e nfij/ jB, fiBQK d/ e'b ngko XzB ns/ ;zgsh j?. ;kv/ ;wki ftZu fJBQK d'jK torK^XBh ns/ fBoXB d/ ftZu pj[s tZvh ykJh j?. fJ; nkofEe ftPwsk d/ ekoB d'jK torK ftZu fxoDk ns/ dt/P dh GktBk g?dk j[zdh j? ns/ edhêdh ;zxoP dh ;fEsh th g?dk j' iKdh j?.

6H okiBhfse dbpzd (Political Morass)^Gkos dh okPNoh J/esk B{z ftBPN eoB ftZu e[ZM okiBhfse db th T[ZsodkJh jB. ;kv/ fJZE/ fJj okiBhfse db iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ, y/so nkfd d/ nXko s/ ekoi eod/ jB, fi; Bkb ;zgqdkfJesk GktBk T[Godh j?, gqEetsktkdh PeshnK B{z pb fwbdk j? ns/ okPNoh J/esk yso/ ftZu g?Adh j?.

7H ufosoe ;zeN (Loss of Character)^vkH okXkew w[yoih B/ fbfynk j? fe okPNoh J/esk dh ;wZf;nk w{b o{g s'A fJZe B?fse ;wZf;nk j?. id'A fe;h okPNo d/ b'eK dk ufosoe gsB j' iKdk j? ns/ T[; nkgD/ o{do ;tkoEK s'A T[Zgo Bk T[Zm e/ okPNo d/ fjs B{z jkBh gjzukT[D bZrd/ jB sK ;wki ftZu okPNoh J/esk BPN j' bZrdh j?. Gkos ftZu fJjh ;fEsh j?. ;wki d/ jo y/so ftZu ufoso dk ;zeN j?. b'e iBfjs dh ng/fynk nkgD/ ;tkoD ftZu fbgs jB. ufosoe r[DK dh xkN ftZu jh n;hA nshs ftZu pj[s e[ZM y'fJnk j?. fJ;h d/ ekoB n;hA r[bkw pD/ ns/ ;kbK sZe dk;sk d/ pzXBK ftZu ieV/ oj/ ns/ fJjh ufosoe ;zeN j[D th d/P ftZu ftdwkB j?. fJ; d/ ekoB ftnesh gofjs dh rZb BjhA ;'ud/, fJZe^d{i/ T[Zs/ ftPtk; BjhA eod/, nkgD/ ;tkoE ftZu os ofjzd/ jB, fBPgZysk, fJwkBdkoh ;ZukJh ns/ fsnkr B{z fsbKibh d/ fdzd/ jB, okPNofjs B{z r"D ;wMd/ jB, fi; Bkb okPNoh J/esk B{z nxks gj[zudk j?.

8H okPNoh ;z;feqsh dh T[g/fynk (Disregard of Indian Cultural)^Gkos B{z ;[szso j'J/ 63 ;kb j' rJ/ jB, gozs[ j[D sZe Gkostk;h gZSwh ;z;feqsh d/ gqGkt s'A nkgD/^nkg B{z w[es BjhA eo ;e/ jB. T[jBK dh t/P^G{Pk, ykB^gkB, ohsh^fotki, ofjD^;fjD ;kok e[ZM gZSwh ;ZfGnsk s'A gqGkfts jB. T[jBK ftZu Gkoshnsk Bkb e'Jh brkU BjhA j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftZu gkogfoe gq/w, ;fj:'r, ;fjekfosk ns/ ;fjPD{sk d/ GktK dk ftek; BjhA j' gkfJn j?. T[j ;tkoEgos, gqsh:'rsk, GoPNkuko, nB[Pk;BjhDs Bkb rq;s jB, fi; Bkb okPNo B{z pj[s jkBh gj[zudh j?.

B'N

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe;h th okPNo dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ftek; d/ bJh okPNoh J/esk io{oh j?.

32H4 okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk (National Integration and Education)

okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk B{z ftef;s eoB dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oD ;kXB f;Zfynk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nok n;hA d/P d/ Gkth BkrfoeK ftZu io{oh gq/oDktK ns/ r[D T[sgzB eo ;ed/ jK. gqf;ZX dkoPfBe vkH okXkfeqPDB B/ okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk d/ wjZst B{z fJBQK PpdK ftZu gqrN ehsk j?^“okPNoh J/esk B{z S?Bh, jE"V/, fJZN s/ gZEo Bkb BjhA fbnkfJnk ik ;edk. fJ; dk iBw sK ftneshnK d/ fdbK ns/ fdwkrK ftZu j'bh^j'bh j[zdk j?, fi; dk e/tb wkso fJZe ;kXB j? ns/ T[j j? f;Zfynk. fJj ;zGt j? fe fJj gqfefonk j'th j't/ gozs{ fJj nkgD/ ftZu ;EkJh ns/ wip{s gqfefonk j?.”

d/P ftZu fijV/ ftxNBekoh sZs c?b/ j'J/ jB, fiBQK s'A okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; ftZu o[ektN T[wsgzB j' ojh j?, T[jBK ftxNBekoh sZsk dk nzs e/tb f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok jh j' ;edk j?. f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok b'eK B{z fJBQK xkse sZsK dh p[okJh s'A ikD{ eoke/ T[jBK ftZu J/esk ;Ekfgs ehsh ik ;edh j?. okPNoh J/esk B{z ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ :'rdkB d/ ftP/ ftZu



B'N J/esk ;zw/bB ftZu fejk frnk ;h^“okPNoh J/esk T[sgzB eoB ftZu f;Zfynk ;G s'A finkdk wjZstg{oD ;kXB j?. feT[Afe J/esk dh iK okPNoh ;zrmB dh ;wZf;nk w{b o{g s'A ftfGzB ;w{jK iK ;wki d/ tZv/ nzrK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;zpzXs j? ns/ feT[Afe nkgD/ ftnkge noEK ftZu f;Zynk dk fdqPNhe'DS iK nfGftoshnK d/ pdbB iK gqGkfts eoB dk PeshPkbh ;kXB wzfBnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh ;zw/bB dh ftuko s'A f;Zfynk dh gqfefonk ns/ T[; d/ P'fXs o{g B{z fiZE/ T[j io{o j't/, gfjbk sZsk fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.”

vkH e/Hn?bH Pqhwkbh B/ okPNoh J/esk ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek d/ ;zpzX ftu fejk j? fe, “;kB{z nkgD/ ftek; dh toswkB nt;Ek ftZu fJj ftPtk; j? fe i/eo ;kB{z Gkostk;hnK ftZu okPNoh ikro[esk eoBh j? sK ;kB{z fJ; ekoi bJh nkgDh f;Zfynk gqDkbh dk th g{oD o{g s'A gq:'r eoBk j't/rk. f;Zfynk gqDkbh w[Zy o{g s'A d/P dhnK io{osK d/ nXko s/ fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?, ns/ nZi dh ;kvh ;G s'A tZvh io{os d/Ptk;hnK ftZu okPNoh Gktbk dk ftek; eoB dh j?. okPNoh nkdoPK B{z g{ok eoB ftZu f;Zfynk ;z;EktK dk ftP/P :'rdkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;Zfynk nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j?, fijVh d/P d/ B"itkBK ftZu fJj GktBk e[Nê[N e/ Go/ fe T[j fJZe ;Zu/ okPNoh jB ns/ okPNo dh T[Bsh ns/ ntBfs j?. T[jBK B{z nkgD/ okPNo d/ gqsh gq/w j't/, Grsh j't/, fJ; T[Zs/ rot j't/ ns/ ;/tk eoBk jh T[jBK dk w[Zy eosZt j't/.” gq'H j[wk:{z epho B/ okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; ftZu f;Zfynk d/ wjZst d/ ftP/ ftZu fbfynk j?^“nZi ;kv/ fJZE/ Gkos ftZu gkJ/ ikD tkb/ ftfGzB wstkdK d/ p"fXe J/eheoD dh jh xkN BjhA j?, pbfe fJZe okPNoh f;Zfynk gqDkbh fijh p[fBnkdh io{os dh th xkN j?. fJ; dh xkN jh fJ; rZb dk w[Zy ekoB j? fe eJh GkoshnK ftZu nZi th gqd/fPe, GkPkJh iK ;zgqdkfJe fdqPNhe'D Bio nkT[Adk j?.”

fJBQK ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ wjZst d/ ftP/ ftZu wZXfwe f;Zfynk nk:'r dk efjDk j? fe^“;kvh f;Zfynk B{z nfijhnK nkdsK, fdqPNhe'DK ns/ r[DK dk ftek; eoBk ukjhdk j?, fijVhnK BkrfoeK B{z fJ; :'r pDk dt/ fe T[j gqikszsoh Bkrfoesk d/ T[ZsodkfJstK dk fBotjB eoe/ T[jBK ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK dk fto'X eo ;eD, fijVhnK ftnkge, okPNoh ns/ XowfBogZy fdqPNhe'D d/ ftek; ftZu o[ektN T[g;fEs eodhnK jB.”

32H5 okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ :sB (Efforts for National Integration) okPNoh J/esk dh ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh fijV/ :sB ehs/ rJ/ jB, T[jBK ftZu f;Zfynk B{z okPNohnsk J/esk d/ gqw[Zu ;kXB d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftZu ehs/ rJ/ :sB fBwB fbys jB^

1H okPNoh J/esk r'Pmh (National Integration Seminar)^1958 ftZu ftPtftfdnkb/ nB[dkB nk:'r B/ okPNoh J/esk d/ wjZst B{z ;theko eod/ j'J/ r'Pmh dk nk:'iB ehsk, fi; ftZu f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok okPNoh J/esk B{z wip{s eoB d/ bJh fejk frnk j? fe Xow ns/ iksh d/ nXko s/ tihc/ Bk fdZs/ ikDk, ;zgqdkfJe nXko s/ ftfdnkoEh ntk; Bk pDkJ/ ikD, f;Zfynk ;z;EktK ftZu wjZstg{oD fdB wBkJ/ ikD ns/ Gkosh fJfsjk; B{z mhe soQK Bkb fbfynk ikt/ ns/ T[; ftZu'A T[jBK nzPK B{z jNkfJnk ikt/, fijV/ ;zgqdkfJesk dh GktBk c?bkT[Ad/ jB.

2H okPNoh J/esk ;fwsh (National Integration Committee)êKro; d/ GktBro nfXt/PB ftZu Pqhwsh fJzfdok rKXh dh gqXkBrh ftZu okPNoh J/esk ;fwsh dk rmB ehsk frnk. 1 i{B, 1961 B{z fJ; ;fwsh dhnK f;ckoPK gqekfPs j'JhnK. ;fwsh B/ fejk fe okPNoh J/esk d/ fBowkD ftZu f;Zynk dk pj[s finkdk wjZst j?. ;fwsh B/ f;ckfos ehsh fe f;Zfynk dk fJZe gqw[Zy T[d/P okPNoh J/esk dk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ fJ;d/ bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z d/P d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK dh ftnkge ikDekoh eokJh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; ftZu ;[szsosk gqkgsh Bkb ;zpzXs xNBktK th j'D. fJ; d/ fJbktk d/P dhnK ftfGzB ikshnK ns/ ;zgqdkfJnK ftZu okPNoh J/esk ftef;s eoB tkbh gVQkJh^fbykJh B{z gq's;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk j?.



;fwsh B/ okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh ftfdne ekoieowK dk ;[Mkn fdzd/ j'J/ fejk fe gkm^ g[;seK dh ftPk ;wZroh okPNoh fdqPNhe'D B{z ftef;s eoB tkbh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. okoPNoh fdqPNhe'D B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh ;wkuko^gZso, BkNe ns/ fcbw nkfd d/ wkfXnw d[nkok th bkG T[mkT[Dk ukjhdk j?, ftxNBekoh gqftoshnK dk fto'X eoBk d/ bJh ftfPPN fcbwK fsnko ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. ;oekoh B"eohnK ;zgqdkfJe, Xkofwe ns/ gqKsh nXkoK s/ BjhA fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh, ;kohnK ikshnK n/s XowK d/ ftneshnK B{z okPNoh ns/ b'efgq: fsUjkoK ns/ w/fbnK ftZu Gkr b?Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ ;zgqdkfJe ysfonK s'A b'eK B{z nrkj eokT[Dk d/ bJh iB ;zgoe nzd'bB nozG ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H w[Zy wzsoh ;zw/bB (Chief Ministers Conference)ôkPNoh J/esk dh ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh 10 nr;s s'A 12 nr;s, 1961 sZe ssekbhB gqXkBwzsoh gzfvs Bfjo{ dh gqXkBrh ftZu w[Zy wzsohnK dk ;zwb/B j'fJnk, fi; ftZu fJ; ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ pj[s v[zxkJh ns/ ftnkgesk d/ Bkb ftuko j'fJnk. fJ; ;zw/bB B/ okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; d/ bJh eJh ;[Mkn fdZs/, fiBQK ftZu'A w[Zy fBwB fbys jB^

1H okPNo GkPk fjzdh dk gquko ehsk ikt/ ns/ ;kohnK Gkosh GkPktK d/ bJh fJZe fbfg B{z ;thek ehsk ikt/.

2H nzro/ih B{z oZfynk ikt/. 3H fsGkPk ;{so T[Zs/ nwb ehsk ikt/. 4H gqhfynk dk wkfXnw gqd/fPe GkPktK d/ Bkb^Bkb fjzdh ns/ nzr/oih B{z th oZfynk

ikt/. 5H T[Zu f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw nzro/ih, fjzdh B{z oZfynk ikt/. nzs ftZu fJj ;EkB fjzdh

B{z jh gqkgs j't/rk. 6H ookPNoh J/esk ftZu ;jkfJe T[[fus gkm^g[;seK dk fBowkD ehsk ikt/.

4H T[ge[bgsh ;zw/bB (Vice-Chancellor‟s Conference)^neN[po 1961 ftZu Gkosh ftPt ftfdnkfbnK d/ T[ge[bgshnK B/ nkgD/ ;zw/bB ftZu fJ; ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ ftuko ehsk. okPNoh J/esk ;Ekfgs eoB ftZu f;Zfynk d/ :'rdkB B{z wjZstg{oD dZ;d/ j'J/ ;zw/bB B/ fBwB fbys ;[Mkn fdZs/^

1H nfyb Gkosh ;fj:'r dh GktBk B{z gq's;kfjs eoB d/ bJh jo/e ftPt ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;ko/ okiK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ e[ZM gqshPs ;EkB ;[oZfyns ehs/ ikD ns/ T[jBK B{z ftfdnkoEh ntk; ftZu ofjD dh ;[thXk gqdkB ehsh ikt/.

2H ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;zgqdkfJe GktBk B{z ysw ehsk ikt/. 3H ftPt ftfdnkfbnK ftZu Xkofwe ;fjPD{sk B{z ftef;s ehsk ikt/. 4H ;ko/ ftPtftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfGzB GkPKtK ftP/P eoe/ dZyD dhnK GktPktK d/

nfXnB dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikt/. 5H GkPk, fJfsjk;, BkrfoePk;so ns/ ;wkfie nfXnB dh nfijhnK feskpK fsnko

ehshnK ikD, fiBQK ftZu g{o/ d/P dhnK ftP/PsktK dk T[b/y j't/. 5H okPNoh J/esk ;zw/bB (National Integration Conference)^ssekbhB gqXkB wzsoh gzfvs

Bfjo{ d[nkok 18 f;szpo 1962 s'A 1 neN[po, 1962 sZe fdZbQh ftZu fJ; ;zw/bB dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk, fi; ftZu d/P d/ gqw[Zy ftdtkBK, f;ZfynkPk;sohnK, ftfrnkBeK, okiBhfsrK ns/ ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ Gkr fbnk.

fJ; ;zw/bB B/ nzsoôkPNoh J/esk d/ ;zpzX ftZu f;Zfynk dh G{fwek d/ ftP/ ftZu fBwB fbys ;[Mkn fdZs/^

1H f;Zfynk d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu Gkoshnsk dh GktBk g?dk ehsh ikt/. 2H gkm^g[;seK dh ouBk okPNoh fdqPNhe'D s'A ehsh ikt/. 3H wZXfwe f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw y/soh GkPktK oZyhnK ikD.

B'N



B'N 4H fjzdh B{z ;zg{oD d/P dh ;zg{oD GkPk pDkfJnk ikt/. 5H sfoGkPk ;{so B{z bkr{ ehsk ikt/. 6H f;Zfynk B{z ;wtosh ;{uh ftZu Pkfwb ehsk ikt/. 7H nfyb Gkosh f;Zfynk ;/tk B{z bkr{ ehsk ikt/. 8H fJZe oki d/ ftPt ftfdnkfbnK d[nkok d{i/ oki d/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z dkfybk

fdZsk ikt/ ns/ T[jBK B{z tihc/ gqdkB ehs/ ikD. 9H f;Zfynk d[nkok okPNoh GktBktK ns/ gko;gfoe gq/w, ;dGktBk, nB[Pk;B ns/

T[ZsodkfJst dh GktBk B{z ftef;s ehsk ikt/. T[jBK ftZu fJj Gkt ftef;s ehsk ikt/ fe T[j okPNo d/ fJZe wjZstg{oD yzr jB.

10H ;ko/ ftfdnkfbnK dk ekoi okPNoh rkB s'A nkozG ehsk ikt/. 6H GktBkswe J/esk ;fwsh (Emotional Integration Committee)^Gkos ;oeko d/

f;Zfynk wzsokfbnk B/ wJh 1961 ftZu vkH ;zg{oDkBzd d/ ;Gkgsh j'D d"okB GktBkswe J/esk ;fwsh dh fB:[esh ehsh. ;fwsh B/ fejk fe GktBkswe ns/ okPNoh J/esk B{z wip{s eoB ftZu f;Zfynk dk gqw[Zy ;EkB j?.

7H f;Zfynk nk:'r (Education Commission)ê'mkoh nk:'r B/ th f;Zfynk B{z okPNoh ;[oZfynk dk nXko ;theko ehsk j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko d/P B{z PeshPkbh pDkT[D ns/ T[; d/ ;otgZyh ftek; d/ bJh Gkos dh J/esk pj[s io{oh j? ns/ fJ; ekoi ftZu f;Zfynk wjZstg{oD :'rdkB d/ ;edh j?. T[; d/ PpdK ftZu, “e'Jh th okPNo nkgDh ;[oZfynk B{z e/tb g[fb; ns/ ;/Bk d/ jZEK ftZu BjhA SZv ;edk. fJZe tZvh ;hwk sZe okPNoh ;[oZfynk okPNo d/ BrfoeK dh f;Zfynk T[Zs/, T[jBK d/ xNBktK d/ frnkB T[Zs/, T[jBK d/ ufoso T[Zs/ ns/ nB[Pk;B dh GktBk T[Zs/ T[jBK dh fJ; :'rsk T[Zs/ fe fJj gqGktPkbh Yzr d[nkok ;[oZfynk d/ ekoiK ftZu Gkr b? ;eD, fBoGo eodh j?.”

e'mkoh nk:'r B/ fejk j? fe f;Zfynk dh Bhsh B{z fJ; soQK s'A fBoXkfos eoB dh io{os j?, fi; Bkb okPNoh J/esk wip{s j' ;e/^

1H Gkos ftZu fJZe nfijh ;XkoD f;Zfynk gqDkbh B{z ftef;s ehsk ikt/, fi; ftZu fpBK fe;h G/dGkt d/ ;kfonK B{z ;wkB ftfdne bkG gqkgs j' ;eD.

2H f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ ;soK T[Zs/ ;wkfie ns/ okPNoh ;/tk B{z io{oh eo fdZsk ikt/. fJ; Bkb ftfdnkoEh ;ko/ d/P B{z nkgD/ ;wMDr/ ns/ T[jBK ftZu okPNohnsk dk Gkt g?dk j' ;e/rk.

3H ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;w[dkfJe ihtB dk ftek; ehsk ikt/. 4H GktBkswe J/esk d/ bJh d/P dh GkPk Bhsh B{z fBoXkfos ehsk ikt/. gqd/fPe

f;Zfynk B{z f;Zfynk dk wkfXnw pDkfJnk ikt/ ns/ 10 ;kb dh ;w/A ;hwk ftZu fJj ekoi g{ok ehsk ikt/.

5H f;Zfynk d[nko ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Gkos dh ;z;feqfse ftok;s s'A ikD{ eokfJnk ikt/.

8H okPNoh J/esk ;fwsh (National Integration Council)^Gkos ;oeko B/ 1967 ftZu okPNoh J/esk ;fwsh dh ;EkgBk ehsh, fi; dh p?me i{B 1968 ftZu PqhBro ftZu j'Jh. fJ; ;fwsh B/ okPNoh J/esk dh ;wZf;nk d/ ;wkXkB d/ bJh fszB T[g;fwshnK pDkJhnK^fJZe ;fwsh ;zgqdkfJesk dh ;wZf;nk T[Zs/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh, d{i/ gqd/fPe ns/ y/soh ;wZf;nktK T[Zs/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh ns/ fsZih f;Zfynk B{z J/esk w{be pDkT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;[Mkn d/D d/ bJh. fJBQK T[g;fwshnK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ;[Mkn okPNoh J/esk ;fwsh B{z g/P ehs/, fiBQK B{z ;fwsh d[nkok ;theko eo fbnk frnk. f;Zfynk B{z J/esk w{be pDkT[D d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftuko eoB d/ bJh pDh fsZih T[g;fwsh dhnK gqw[Zy f;ckfoPK fJ; soQK ;B^



1H gqkEfwe ;so s'A b? e/ T[Zu ;so sZe dh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ftZu io{oh gfotosB ehsk ikt/.

2H ;XkoD ftfdnkb/ gqDkbh B{z okPNoh Nhu/ d/ o{g ftZu ;theko ehsk ikt/. 3H fe;h ft ftfdnkoEh dk v'wh;kJhb gqwkD^gZso Bk wzfrnk ikt/. 4H okPNoh J/esk d/ bJh T[fus gkm^g[;seK dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh jo/e gqKs ftZu

ftP/PZrK dh fJZe ;fwsh pDkJh ikt/ ns/ e/Ado ftZu fJZe okPNoh gkm^g[;se ;fwsh dk fBowkD ehsk ikt/. e/Ado dhnK gkm^g[;seK ;fwsh d[nkok okiK dhnK gkm^g[;seK ;fwshnK d/ ekoiK dk ;wBt? ehsk ikt/.



3H okPNoh J/esk dk noE j? ;z;feqsh nkfd dh GktBk ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. (T) okPNoh d/ gqsh gqw/ (n) J/esk (J) ;wM (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

4H fe;h th okPNo dh ;[oZfynk ns/ ftek; d/ bJh io{oh j?^

(T) ftPtk; (n) okPNoh J/esk (J) nkg;h ;wM (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

5H ;zftXkB dh Xkok 343 ftZu fjzdh B{z Gkos dh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;theko ehsk frnk j?.

(T) okPNoGkPk (n) wjZstg{oD GkPk (J) nfX;zfyn GkPk (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

6H Gkos dh okPNoh J/esk B{z ftBPN eoB ftZu T[ZsodkJh jB^

(T) nzsketkdh (n) e[ZM okiBhfse db (J) ;wkfie b'e (;) fJBQK ftZu'A e'Jh BjhA

32H6 okPNoh J/esk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh fttjkfoe :'iBk (A Practical Plan of Education for the Development of National

Integration) . okPNoh J/esk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh fJZe nfijh fttjkfoe :'iBk pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb pkbeK d/ wB ns/ fdwkr B{z gfotofss ehsk ik ;e/, T[jBK ftZu fJZSs fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; ehsk ik ;e/, nkszetkdh, ftxNBekoh ns/ okPNo fto'Xh gqftoshnK B{z ysw ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ okPNoh dh ;[oZfynk ns/ nyzvsk d/ bJh sB^wB^XB ;wofgs eoB dh GktBk g?dk ehsk ik ;e/, sK jh wjkB pfbdkBK s'A gqkgs d/P dh nikdh B{z ;[oZfyns oZfynk ik ;e/rk. f;Zfynk dh :'iBk dk fBowkD j/m nB[;ko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

1H fJZe f;Zfynk Bhsh (One Education Policy). 2H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (Aims of Education). 3H gkmeqw (Curriculum).

(T) gkmftfPnK ftZu gfotosB (Reorientation of Subjects)l (n) gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB (Organization of Co-curricular

Activities). 4H f;ybkJh ftXhnK (Methods of Teaching). 5H nfXnkge (Teacher).

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B'N 32H6H1 okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk Bhsh (National Integration and Education)

f;Zfynk B{z oki ;{uh s'A jNk e/ ;wtosh ;{uh ftZu sK eo fdZsk frnk j?, gozs{ fJ; Bkb ;wZf;nktK jZb BjhA j' ;ehnK jB. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk B{z ;zx dh ;{uh d/ nB[;ko fbnkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb f;Zfynk dk g{ok T[ZsodkfJst e/Ado ;oko dk j' ;e/. ;zg{oD d/P ftZu gqkEfwe, wZXfwe ns/ T[Zu f;Zynk dk fJZe jh Ykuk ns/ ;zrmB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;ko/ ;soK s/ gkmeqw ftZu fJZeo{gsk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. d'joh f;Zfynk gqDkbh ysw ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. nZi ftfGzB okiK ftZu ftfGzB okiBhfse dbK dhnK ;oekoK jB. fJj oki ;oekoK nkgD/ dbh fjsK dh fdqPNh s'A oki ;so s/ f;Zfynk dh Bhsh pDkT[AdhnK jB. fJ; Bkb okPNoh J/esk B{z jkBh gj[zudh j?, fJ; soQK g{o/ okPNo d/ bJh fJZe ;wkB f;Zfynk dh Bhsh pDkJh ikDh ukjhdh j?. 32H6H2 okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P (National Integration and Aims of Education)

okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk d/ fBwB fbys T[d/P fBoXkfos ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB^

1H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo dh GktBk B{z ikfrqs eoBk. 2H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJZSs fttjko dk ftek; eoBk. 3H ftfdnokEhnK ftZu d/P gq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk. 4H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu eko'pkoe e[Pbsk dk ftek; eoBk. 5H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu gqikszsoe Brfoesk dk ftek; eoBk. 6H ftfdnkoehnK ftZu wB[Zyh ;zpzXK d/ gqsh nk;Ek g?dk eoBk. 7H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nszetkdh, nbrkttkdh ns/ okPNo fto'Xh gqftoshnK d/ fto[ZX

bVB dh neKfynk ns/ ;woZEk g?dk eoBk. 8H ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNo fjs d/ bJh ftneshrs fjsK dk pfbdkB eoB dh fJZsk

gqdkB eoBk. 9H ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgDh :'rsknB[;ko okPNo dh ;otT[Zu ;/tk eoB dh GktBk

T[sgzB eoBk. 32H6H3 okPNoh J/esk ns/ gkmeqw (National Integration and Curriculum)

Gkmeqw d/ nB[;ko d' rZbK Pkfwb jB^

(T) gkm^ftfPnK ftZu gfotosB (Reorientation of Subjects)

okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh ftfGzB ftfPnK d/ gkmeqw ftZu j/m fby/ gfotosB ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB^

1H okPNo GkPk fjzdh dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of National Language)^fjzdh B{z Gkos dh okPNo GkPk ;theko ehsk frnk j?. fJ; bJh fjzdh dh f;bykJh g{o/ d/P d/ bJh io{oh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNogq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; j' ;e/rk.

2H B?fse ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk (Moral and Religious Education)^Xkofwe f;Zfynk dk noE fe;h fJZe Xow ftP/P dh f;Zfynk d/Dk BjhA, pbfe T[; dk noE ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ftfGzB XowK d/ w{bG{s f;XKsK s'A ikD{ eokT[Dk ns/ T[jBK d/ gqsh nk;Ek g?dk eoBk j?. B?fse f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok pkbeK ftZu ;Zu, fBnk, eosZt gkbD, gq/w, ;fj:'r nkfd r[DK dk ftek; ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H GkPk ns/ ;kfjs dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of Language and Literature)^GkPk ns/ ;kfjs d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNoh J/esk d/ Gkt pj[s ;obsk Bkb g?dk



ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. ftfGzB GkPktK dhnK g[;seK ftZu fJ; soQK d/ gkm Pkfwb ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, fiBQK Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgD/ okPNo d/ r"ot ns/ wjkBsk dk frnkB j' ;e/, nkgDh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh B{z ikDB ns/ ;wMD dk w"ek fwb ;e/ ns/ nkgD/ wjKg[oyK d/ ihtB ns/ ekoiK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh fwb ;e/. ;kfjs dhnK ftfGzB ftXktKêjkDh, BkNe, eftsk nkfd d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNohnsk dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

4H fJfsjk; dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of History)^fJfsjk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z e/tb fwshnK ns/ xNBktK d/ eqw B{z jh BjhA dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk, pbfe fJj th dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe id'Aîd'A Gkosh nkg; ftZu bV/ T[d'A^T[d'A ;kvh nkg;h c[ZN dk bkG d[PwDK B/ T[mkfJnk. nfij/ okfinK, ;zsK ns/ ;wki ;[XkoeK d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fiBQK dk d/P dh J/esk ns/ ftek; ftZu wjZstg{oD :'rdkB j?. pkbeK B{z Gkos dh nikdh dh bVkJh d/ fJfsjk; dk ft;Ekog{oD frnkB gqdkB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z pfbdkBh wjKg[oyK ns/ thoKrDktK d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fiBQK B/ nkgD/ ;ko/ ;[yK B{z fsnkr e/ d/P dh nikdh d/ bJh nkgD/ gqkDK sZe B{z fBSkto eo fdZsk.

5H G{r'b dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of Geography)^G{r'b d/ d[nkok G{r'fbe ftP/ ;wZroh B{z okPNoh fdqPNhe'D s'A g/P ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Gkos dh go;go ;hwktK, BdhnK, gotosK, ibtk:{, yfDi gdkoEK, c;bK, :ksk:ks ns/ gqd/PK dh go;go fBoGosk d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ftfGzB gqd/PK ftZu ofjD tkb b'eK d/ ykB^gkB, ofjD^;fjD, t/PG{Pk ns/ ohsh^ fotkiK ftZu Gkoh nzso j[zd/ j'J/ th T[j ;G G{r'fbe fdqPNh s'A fJZe jB.

6H BkrfoePk;so dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of Civics)^BkrfoePk;so d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkdoP Bkrfoe pDB dh gq/oDk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. T[jBK B{z T[jBK d/ eosZtK ns/ nfXekoK dk p'X eokfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. okPNoh J/esk B{z jkBh gj[zukT[D tkb/ sZsK, ikshtkd, ;zgqdkfJtkd, GkPktkd, gqKstkd, nkszetkd nkfd d/ rbs BshfinK d/ ftP/ ftZu dZ; e/ fJBQK s'A nbZr ofjD d/ bJh gq's;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe e'Jh nfijk ekoi Bk eoB, fi; Bkb okPNo fjs B{z jkBh gj[zu/.

7H ftfrnkB dh f;ybkJh (Teaching of Science)^ftfrnkB dh f;bykJh th ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu d/Pgq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; eo ;edk j?. ftfrnkB d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{ z dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe d/P ftZu j' ojhnK ftfrnkBe y'iK fe;h fJZe iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ iK gqKs Bkb ;zpzXs BjhA jB. T[jBK Bkb ;zg{oD Gkostk;h bkG gqkgs eo oj/ jB. fJ; bJh T[j Gkos dh Xo'jo jB. ;hH thH owB, w/xBkE ;kjk, j'wh GkGk nkfd ftfrnkBe Gkos d/ ftfrnkBe jB, fe;h fJZe gqd/P d/ BjhA.

8H ;zrhs ns/ ebktK dk nfXnB (Teaching of Music and Arts)^;zrhs ns/ ftfGzB ebktK tZyo/gD ftZu J/esk pDkJ/ oZyD tkb/ ;{so jB. fJj fdbK B{z i'VB dh ;woZek oZyd/ jB. fJBQK dk gqGkt pj[s ftnkge j[zdk j?. ftfdnkoehnK B{z d/P ftfGzB gqd/PK dhnK ebktK, ;zrhs, Bku nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[jBK B{z dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe Ghw;/B i'Ph, p/rw nyso, gzfvs oftPzeo, nwid nbh yK (;o'd), fp;fwZbk yK (PfjBkJh), jfogq;kd u"of;nk (pK;{oh), fPte[wko Powk (;zs[o), ikfeo j[;?B (spbk), i[phB wfjsk (tkfJbB) nkfd Gkos d/ r"ot jB, fe;h fJZe gqd/P d/, iksh d/ iK ;zgqdkfJ d/ BjhA.

(n) gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB (Organisation of Co-curricular Activities)

okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh j/m fbyhnK gkmeqw ;fjrkwh fefonktK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

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B'N 1H okPNoh fsUjkoK dk nk:'iB (To Celebrate Birth National Festivals)^;[szsosk fdB, rDszso fdB, Pjhd fdB, rKXh i:zsh nkfd okPNoh fsUjkoK T[Zs/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;[szsosk ;zrqkw d/ fJfsjk; ns/ eJh pfbdkBK d/ pknd gqkgs ehsh rJh ;[szosk d/ ftP/ ftZu dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j?. T[; dh oZfynk eoB d/ bJh ;kfonK B{z gqfsfrnk b?Dh ukjhdh j?. fgSb/ e[ZM ;kbK s'A fJBQK okPNoh fdBK T[Zs/ eJh ftfdnkfbnK ftZu S[ZNh x'fPs eo fdZsh iKdh j? i' fe nDT[fus j?.

2H wjKg[oyK d/ iBwfdB dk nk:'iB (To Celebrate Birth Anniversaries of Freedom

Fighters and Prominent Persons)^Gkos d/ ;[szsosk ;/BkBhnK ns/ wjKg[oyK d/ iBw fdB ftfdnkb/ ftZu wBkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. gzfvs Bfjo{, ;odko gN/b, vkH okXkfeqPDB, fJzfdok rKXh, b'ewkB fsbe, B/skih ;[GkPuzdo p';, w"bkBk nkikd, Ghw okt nzp/veo, Grs f;zx, uzdo P/yo nkikd, ;tkwh ftt/ekBzd, wjKfoPh noftzd, wjKeth s[b;hdk;, fBokbk nkfd wjKg[oyK d/ iBw fdB T[Zs/ fJBQK d/ ihtB d/ gq/oe gq;zr ;[DkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEh okPNo d/ bJh e[ZM eoB dk ;zebg b? ;eD. 30 iBtoh (okPNofgsk), 31 neN[po (fJzfdok rKXh), 21 wJh (okiht rKXh), pfbdkB fdB d/ o{g ftZu wBkJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ fJ; fdB ftfdnkoEhnK B{z dZf;nk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe fe; soQK d/Pdo'jhnK B/ fJBQK wjKg[oyK dh nukBe jZfsnk eoe/ d/P B{z yzfvs eoB d/ ns/ ftd/PK ftZu fJ; dh Sth Bz{z w?bk eoB d/ :sB ehs/.

3H Xkofwe fsUjkoK dk nk:'iB (To Celebrate Religious Functions)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fdtkbh, j'bh, Jhd, dPfjok, r[o{g{op, feq;fw; nkfd Xkofwe fsUjkoK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe T[j fsUjko fe;h Xow Xow ftP/P d/ d/ Bk j' e/ jo Gkostk;h d/ jB.

4H ftdtkBK d/ ftnkfynkBK dk nk:'iB (To Organize Lectures by Eminent Scholars)^ ;w/A^;w/A T[Zs okPNo dh ;tkXhBsk, nyzvsk, ftek; ns/ j'o eJh okPNoh ;wZf;nktK Bkb ;zpzXs ftfPnK T[Zs/ ftdtkBK d/ ftnkfynkB ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNohnsk dh GktBk g?dk j' ;e/.

5H gqsh:'frsktK dk nk:'iB (To Organize different Competitions)^;w/A^;w/A s/ okPNoh J/esk Bkb ;zpzXs ftfPnK T[Zs/ GkPD, tkd^fttkd, gZso^gmB, fBpzX, BkNe ns/ j'o ;kfjfse s/ ;z;feqfse gqsh:'frsktK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dk ftek; j' ;e/.

6H gqdoPBhnK dk nk:'iB (To Organize Exhibitions)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;w/A^;w/A s/ gqdoPBhnK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK gqdoPBhnK ftZu okPNo dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dh Mkeh g/P ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNo r"ot d/ Gkt g?dk j' ;eDr/.

7H okPNoh ;so T[Zs/ nfXnkgeK dk ndkB^gqdkB (Exchange of Teachers at National

Level)^gqkEfwe, wZXfwe ns/ ftPtftfdnkb/ ;so d/ nfXnkgeK dk okPNoh ;so s/ ndkB^gqdkB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. id'A fGzB^fGzB GkPk^GkPh n/s iksh, Xow, ;zgqdkfJ ns/ gqd/PK d/ nfXnkge fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB s/ ikDr/ sK d{finK ftP/ tZu ikDekoh gqkgs eoBr/ ns/ T[jBK B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoBr/. fJ; Bkb ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK ftZu skbw/b j't/rk ns/ okPNoh J/esk B{z tkXk fwb/rk.

8H nzsoôki y/vê[Zd ns/ ;z;feqfse ekoieqwK dk nk:'iB (Inter-State Games and

sports and Cultural Programmes)^xZN s'A xZN fJZe ;kb ftZu fJZe tko fe;h gqd/P ftZu nzsoôki y/vê[Zd ns/ ;z;feqfse ekoieqwK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK dk ;zgoe y/so tX/rk, T[j fJZe^d{i/ B{z ;wMDr/, T[jBK ftZu brkU g?dk j't/rk T[jBK ftZu n;hA dh GktBk (We Feeling) dh GktBk g?dk j't/rh ns/ T[jBK dk fdb okPNo Grsh Bkb ;okp'o j' ;e/rk.


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9H ftfdne :ksoktK dk nk:'iB (To Organize Educational Tours)^Gkos ftZu eJh nfij/ fJfsjkf;e, Xkofwe, ;z;feqfse T[d:'fre ns/ gqfeofse fdqPNh s'A wB'ow ;Eb jB, fijV/ pj[s finkdk jh frnkBtoXe ns/ gq/oDkdkfJe jB. ;w/A^;w/A s/ fJBQK okPNoh wjZst d/ ;EkBK dhnK :ksoktK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK ftfdne :ksoktK d/ d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z d/P dh ftPkb ns/ tZy^tZy ;z;feqsh dk frnkB gqdkB eoe/ T[jBK ftZu okPNo gq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

10H nzsoôki fPftoK dk nk:'iB (To Organize Inter-State Campus)îd'A nzsoôki fPftoK ftZu ftfGzB okiK d/ nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEh Pkfwb j'Dr/ sK T[jBK B{z okiK ns/ gqd/PK d/ fBtk;hnK d/ ofjD^;fjD, ykB^gkB, t/P^G{Pk, GkPk, b'e ;zrhs, b'eBku nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs j't/rh. fBPfus o{g s'A fJBQK fPftoK d/ nk:'iB nfXnkge ns/ f;ZfynkoEhnK d/ wB ftZu d/P gq/w dh GktBk ftef;s j't/rh.

11H okPNoh ns/ ;wki;/tk dhnK ;z;EktK dk rmB (National and Social Service

Organizations)^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu n?BH;hH;hH, n?BHn?;Hn??;H, ;ekT{fNzr ns/ rob rkfJfvzr nkfd ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikdh ukjhdh j? fiBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;wki ;/tk d/ ekoiK ftZu brkfJnk ik ;edk j? ns/ T[jBK ftZu gq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; ehsk ik ;edk j?.

12H o/vhU ns/ d{odoPB dk gq:'r (Use of Radio and Television)ô/vhU ns/ d{odoPB T[Zs/ okPNo dh J/esk B{z ftef;s eoB tkb/ ns/ Gkosh ;z;feqsh dh MKeh g/P eoB tkb/ ekoieqwK dk gq;koD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb fJBQK ekoieqwK B{z ;[D e/ ns/ d/y e/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu d/P Grsh dh GktBk dk g?dk j' ;e/. fJ; soQK ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z fJBQK ekoieqwK B{z ;[BD ns/ d/yD dh ftt;Ek ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

32H6H4 okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;ybkJh ftXhnK (National Integration and Methods of Teaching)

okPNoh J/esk Bkb ;zpzXs T[d/PK B{z gqkgs eoB d/ bJh ftt;fEs gkmeqw ns/ T[fus f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh io{os j't/rh. fJ; bJh T[jBK f;ybkJh ftXhnK dh u'D ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fiBQK Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgDhnK :'rsktK B{z ftef;s eoB dk w"ek fwb ;e/. ftnkfynkB ftXh, gqPBT[Zso ftXh ns/ tkd^fttkd ftXh d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK B{z okPNohnsk Bkb ;zzpzXs ftfPnK dk frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. ;tkfXnkfJ ftXh Bkb T[j okPNo dh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ ftP/ ftZu w"fbe fuzsB eo ;ed/ jB. :'iBk ftXh th fJ; ekoi ftZu pj[s T[g:'rh f;ZX j' ;edh j?. 32H6H5 okPNoh J/esk ns/ gkm^g[;seK (National Integration and Textbooks)

okPNoh J/esk dh fdqPNh s'A ;ko/ ftfPnK dhnK gkm^g[;seK ftZu io{oh gfotosB ns/ ;zP'XB ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB. gkm^g[;seK ftZu'A okPNoh J/esk ftZu o[ektN g?dk eoB tkbh ftPk ;wZroh B{z eZY e/ nfijh ;wZroh Pkfwb ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?, fijVh d/P dh ;ZfGnsk, ;z;feqsh ns/ okPNoh nkdoPK dh MKeh g/P eodh j't/. gkm^g[;seK ftZu ;jh, T[fus n/s okPNoh J/esk d/ gqsh gq/w, nk;Ek ns/ ikro[esk g?dk eoB tkbh ftPk^t;s{ dk ;wkt/P ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

32H6H6 okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek (Role of Teacher in the Development of National Integration)

f;Zfynk dh ;cbsk nfXnkge T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok okPNoh J/esk dh gqkgsh sK jh j' ;edh j?, id'A nfXnkge :'r j't/, nkgD/ ftP/ dk ftP/PZr j't/. T[; B{z okPNo dh r"otwJh ;ZfGnsk ns/ ;z;feqsh dk g{ok frnkB j't/, T[j okPNo dh fJfsjkf;e, G{r'fbe, okiBhfse, ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ T[d:'fre ;wZf;nktK s'A g{oh soQK ikD{ j't/, T[j

B'N



B'N nkgD/ ftukoK B{z ;woZE Yzr d[nkok d{finK d/ ;kjwD/ oZyD dh ;woZEk oZydk j't/, T[dkotkdh j't/, ftnkge fdqPNhe'D tkbk j't/, nkgD/ eosZtK d/ gqsh ikro[e j't/, fi; dh eEBh ns/ eoBh ftZu nzso Bk j't/, fijVk ;wki ;/tk B{z nkgDk Xow wzBdk j't/, fijVk d/P^ gq/w dh GktBk Bkb n'sgq's j't/ ns/ ;zeN d/ ;w/A okPNo dh pfbt/dh T[Zs/ nkgD/ gqkDK B{z T[s;or eoB dh fJZSk oZydk j't/.

ftfdnkoEh nfXnkge B{z nkgDk nkdoP wzBd/ jB ns/ T[; dk nB[eoB eod/ jB. fJ; bJh i/eo n;hA nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu d/P^gq/w ns/ okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk dk ftek; eoBk ukj[zd/ jK sK nfXnkge B{z d/P^gq/w ns/ okPNohnsk dh GktBk Bk Gfonk j'Dk j't/rk. T[; B{z sB^wB^XB Bkb okPNo fjs d/ bJh ;wofgs j'Dk j't/rk, T[; B{z okPNo^fjs d/ nZr/ nkgD/ fjs ftneshrs ns/ ;w[dkfJe fjsK dk fsnkr eoBk j't/rk, T[; B{z nkgD/ wB ftZu okPNo Xti, okPNorkB n/s okPNoGkPK d/ gqsh PoXk ns/ nkdo g?dk eoBk j't/rk. T[; B{z ikshnsk, ;zgqdkfJesk, gqKshnsk ns/ GkPktK dhnK ;zehoDsktK s'A T[Zgo T[ZmDk j't/rk, T[; B{z ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gqsh nkgD/ fttjko B{z fBPgZy oZyDk j't/rk ns/ T[; B{z ikD/^nBikD/ Bk nfijh e'Jh rZb efjDh j't/rh ns/ Bk jh e'Jh nfijh rZB eoBh j't/rh fijVh okPNo fjs d/ fto'X ftZu j't/ ns/ fi; Bkb gqEesktkdh gqftosh B{z pb fwb/. nfijk nfXnkge jh ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu okPNoh J/esk dh GktBk g?dk eo ;e/rk. 32H7 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (Meaning and Definition of Inter-Cultural Understanding) Nzso^;z;feqsh dk noE ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo ns/ ;zBwkB dh GktBk oZyDk j?. ftfGzB d/PK d/ fBtk;hnK d/ ohsh^fotkiK, gqzgoktK, nkdoPK, w{bK, wkBsktK, XowK, ofjD^ ;fjD, ykB^gkB, t/P^G{Pk ns/ GkPK nkfd d/ ftP/ ftZu frnkB gqkgs eoBk, T[jBK B{z ;wMDk, T[jBK dhnK T[ZusktK B{z y[ZbQ/ wB s'A ;theko eoe/ nkgDh ;z;feqsh dk ftek; eoBk nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ nzsors nkT[Adk j?. nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk ;z;feqfse ;zehoDsk B{z ysw eoe/ ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nk;Ek ns/ nkdo dh nfGftosh dk fBowkD eodh j?. fJ; GktBk d/ ftef;s j'D ikD Bkb ftnesh ;z;feqfse G/dGkt, n;fjPD{sk ns/ ;zehoDsktK s'A T[Zgo T[Zm iKdk j?, fi; Bkb okPNoh J/esk ns/ nzsoôkPNoh ;dGktBk dk ftek; j[zdk j?.

ebk;fwno B/ nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk B{z gfoGkfPs eod/ j'J/ fe j? fe^“nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk Gkt j?, fe;h ;w[dkfJ, oki iK okPNo d/ ftneshnK ns/ ;w{jK dh ;wkBsk dk frnkB, T[jBK ftZu gkJh ikD tkbhnK ftfGzBsktK dh y'i ns/ T[jBK s/ ftuko^ftwoP ns/ ;w{jK dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eoB d/ bJh iBszsoh nkdoPK dk gq:'r.”

iBob n?i{e/PB p'ov d/ gqsht/dB ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fejk frnk j? fe “nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; d/ g{otrqjK ns/ nzXftPtk;K dk ftBkPk j[zdk j? ns/ ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh frnkB ns/ gqPz;k d/ fdqPNhe'D dk fBowkD j[zdk j?.” 32H8 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dh io{os ns/ wjZst (Need and Importance of Inter-Cultural Understanding) ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK dk nkdo ns/ ;zBwkB eoB Bkb b'eK dk fdqPNhe'D ftnkge j[zdk j? ns/ gko;gfoe eN[sk ns/ ;zxoP ysw j[zd/ jB, wkBf;e ;zehoDsk ns/ Xkofwe n;fjPD{sk, gko;gfoe wsG/d ns/ wBw[Nk ysw j[zd/ jB. ftPt ;z;feqsh dk fBowkD eoB d/ bJh ns/ ;zg{oD ftPt B{z fJZe ;{so ftZu pzBD d/ bJh ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo Gkt oZyD ns/ T[jBK dhnK T[ZswsktK B{z ngBkT[D dh io{os j?. id'A sZe n;hA fJZe d{i/ dh ;z;feqsh dk nkdo BjhA eoKr/ T[d'A sZe n;hA fJZe^d{i/ d/ B/V/ BjhA nk ;eKr/. vkH okXkfeqPDB B/ fejk j? fe^“fe;h okPNoh dh T[Zusk dk nB[wkB T[; dh G"fse Pesh ns/ ;zgsh s'A BjhA pbfe T[; d/ fBtk;hnK d/ nzso^;z;feqfse ;zpzXK s'A brkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.”



Gkos fJZe ftPkb d/P j?. fJZE/ eJh ;w{j ns/ tor jB. jo/e ;w{j ns/ tor d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ohsh^fotki, gqzgoktK, ndkoP, w{b, nk;EktK, ofjD^;fjD, ykB^gkB, t/P^G{Pk ns/ GkPktK jB. fJBQK ;z;feqfse ftfGzBsktK d/ ekoB ftfGzB ;w{jK ns/ torK ftZu fBozso wsG/d ns/ wBw[Nk ofjzd/ jB. fJj wsG/d nd/ wBw[Nk edhêdh ;zxoP ns/ fjz;k B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. fJBQK s'A nPKsh g?dk j[zdh j? ns/ d/P dk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek; o[e iKdk j?, fi; Bkb b'eszso dh ;cbsk d/ wkor ftZu o[ektN g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ okPNoh J/esk ns/ nyzvsk B{z ysok g?dk j' iKdk j?. fJ; bJh okPNo dh ;[szsosk B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD, b'eszso B{z ;cb pDkT[D ns/ okPNo dh J/esk B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh nzso^;z;feqfse J/esk dh io{os j?. nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk nbg;zfyneK ftZu th ftPtk; g?dk eodh j?. i/eo T[j nkgD/^nkg B{z n;[oZfyns nB[Gt eod/ jB sK okPNo ftZu J/esk g?dk BjhA j' ;edh. fJ;h bJh nbg;zfyneK ftZu ftPtk; g?dk eoB d/ bJh nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dh io{os j?.

nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk B{z ftef;s eoB dh io{os fBwBfbys ekoBK s'A th j?^

1H ;ko/ torK ns/ ;w{jK ftZu ;wBt?tkdh fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh. 2H tor^G/d B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh. 3H d/P B{z Xkofwe J/esk d/ ;{so ftZu pzBD d/ bJh. 4H ;kohnK GkPktK ftZu ou/ ikD tkb/ ;kfjs ftZu ;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/

bJh. 5H T[Zsw ufoso fBowkD d/ bJh. 6H ftfGzB T[g;z;feqshnK B{z fJZe wzu gqdkB eoB d/ bJh. 7H „t;[X?t e[N[zpew‟ d/ f;XKs B{z ngBkT[D d/ bJh.

32H9 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk ns/ f;Zfynk (Inter-Cultural Understanding and Education)

nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk B{z ftef;s eoB dk fJZewkso gqGktPkbh ;kXB f;Zfynk j?. f;Zfynk d/ wkfXnw d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu T[fus fdqPNhe'D ns/ nkdsK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh f;Zfynk d/ d[nkok ;kB{z ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;kwjD/ nfijk tksktoD g/P eoBk j't/rk, fi; Bkb T[j d{ihnK ;z;feqshnK s'A fxoDk Bk eoB, pbfe T[jBK B{z ;wMD dk :sB eoB, T[jBK dh ;okjBk eoB, T[jBK dk nkdo eoBk f;ZyD ns/ go;go ;fj:'r d/ Bkb ofjzd/ j'J/ fJZe BthB ftPt ;z;feqsh dk ftek; eoB.

eb';fwno d/ PpdK ftZu^“nzso^;z;feqfse f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEhnK T[jBK ftneshnK dhnK ftfGzBsktK ns/ ;wkBsktK B{z ;wMD ftZu ;jkfjsk fdzdh j?, fijV/ ;kv/ ;wki ns/ ftPt dk fBowkD eod/ jB.”

febg/Nfoe s/ fNb dk efjDk j? fe^“nzso^;z;feqfse f;Zfynk n;b ns/ ;zGt nzso^;z;feqfse sBktK ns/ ngb;zfyne torK d/ gqsh ;G d{orqjK, g{otdt/PK ns/ G/dGktK dhnK p{okJhnK dk nzs eoB dk :sB eodh j?.”

eb';fwno B/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu ;z;feqfse gqshwkBK d/ nfXnB T[Zs/ i'o fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j?^ “ftfdnkb/^f;Zfynk g{o/ ;kbK ftZu T[fus w"fenK s/ ;w[dkfJ, oki, okPNo ns/ ftPt d/ fBtk;hnK d/ ;z;feqfse gqshwkBK d/ ftP/P nfXnB s/ ftP/P fXnkB fdZsk ikt/.”

;t?^w[bnzeD (Self Assessment) fBwB fbys eEBK ftZu'A ;jh$rbs bZG' (State whether the following statements are True/False):

7H ftfrnkB dh f;ybkJh th ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu d/Pgq/w dh GktBk dk ftek; eo ;edk j?. 8H ;zrhs ns/ ftfGzB ebkgK tZyo/gD ftZu J/esk pDkJ/ oZyD tkb/ ;{so BjhA jB.

B'N



B'N 9H ftfdnkb/ ftZu ;w/A^;w/A T[Zs/ gqdoPBhnK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. 10H f;Zfynk dh ;cbsk nfXnkge T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?.

32H10 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk B{z ftef;s eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh fttjkfoe :'iBk (A Practical Plan of Education for the Development of Inter-

Cultural Understanding) . ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; eoB d/ bJh f;Zfynk dh :'iBk dk fBowkD j/m nB[;ko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?^

1H f;Zfynk d/ T[d/P^f;Zfynk dk fJZe T[d/P ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk dk ftek; eoBk th j'Dk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[jBK dk fdqPNhe'D ftnkge j't/ ns/ T[jBK B{z ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK dk frnkB gqkgs j' ;e/.

2H gkmeqw^nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; d/ nB[o{g gkmeqw dk fBowkD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ;d/ bJh toswkB gkmeqw ftZu nZr/ fby/ gfotosB ng/fyns jB^ (T) d/P^ftd/P dhnK ;z;feqshnK B{z gkmeqw ftZu ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. (n) d/P^ftd/P dhnK gqw[Zy GkPktK B{z gkmeqw ftZu ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi;

Bkb ftfdnkoEh d{ihnK ;z;feqshnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eoe/ T[jBK dk ndkB^gqdkB eo ;eD.

(J) Xkofwe ns/ B?fse f;Zfynk d/ nB[;ko ftfGzB XowK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqdkB ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.

(;) gkmeqw ftZu ftPt fJfsjk; B{z ;EkB fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. (j) okPNoGkPk B{z io{oh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

3H f;ybkJh ftXhnK^f;ybkJh ftXhnK ftZu fJ; soQK Bkb gfotosB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb ftfGzB ftfPnK B{z gVQkT[Ad/ ;w/A T[jBK d/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gZyK T[Zs/ ftP/P i'o fdZsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

4H ftfdnkfbnK dk tksktoD^ftfdnkfbnK ftZu fJ; soQK d/ tksktoD dk fBowkD ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk ns/ ;wBt?ekoh fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; j' ;e/.

5H ftnkfynkB^ftfGzB ;w{jK ns/ torK d/ :'r ns/ gqfsPfms ftdtkBK B{z ftfdnkb/ ftZu p[bkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk Bkb ;zpzXs ftfPnK T[Zs/ T[[jBK d/ ftnkfynkB eokJ/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.

6H ftfdne r'PmhnK^ftfdnkfbnK d/ nzdo nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; d/ bJh ;w/A^;w/A s/ ftfdne r'PmhnK, ekoiPkbktK ns/ ;zw/bBK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

7H ftfdne GowD^nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK B{z d/P^ftd/P d/ ftfGzB GkrK ftZu GowD d/ bJh gq's;kfjs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi; Bkb T[j ftfGzB GkrK dhnK ;zz;feqshnK d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDekoh gqkgs eo ;eD.

8H nfXnkgeK dk ndkB^gqdkB^ftfGzB d/PK iK gqd/PK d/ nfXnkgeK B{z d{i/ d/PK iK gqd/PK ftZu ik e/ nfXnB^nfXnkgB eoB d/ bJh gq's;kfjs ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; Bkb nfXnkgeK ftZu d{ihnK ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo dk Gkt T[sgzB j't/rk.

9H nzso^;z;feqfse ekoieqwK dk nk:'iB^;w/A^;w/A s/ ftfdnkfbnK ftZu nzso^;z;feqfse ekoieqwK fit/A^BkNe, ;zrhs, b'erhs, b'eBku eth ;zw/bB ns/ ftfGzB iB;w{jK d/ fsUjkoK dk nk:'iB ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJBQK ekoieqwK ftZu ftfGzb ;z;feqsh tkb/ ftfdnkoEh ns/ nfXnkge fwbDr/, go;go ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBr/. fJZe^d{i/ dh ;z;feqash d/ ftP/ ftZu ikDBr/ ns/ T[; d/ gqsh nkdo oZyDr/.

10H nkofEe ;jkfJsk^;z;feqsh ;zpzXh nfXnB d/ bJh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z b'VhAdh nkofEe ;jkfjsk fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?.



11H o/vhU, N/bhftIB ns/ f;B/wk^ftfdnkoEhnK B{z d/P^ftd/P dhnK ;z;feqshnK s'A ikD{ eokT[D d/ bJh o/vhU, f;B/wk ns/ N/bhftIB dk gq:'r ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

B'N

Nk;e okPNoh J/esk ns/ gkmeqw T[Zs/ nkgD/ ftuko ftnes eo'.

32H11 nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek (Role of Teacher in the Development of Inter-Cultural

Understanding) . nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dk ;EkB pj[s wjZstg{oD j?. T[jh nfXnkge ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu fJ; GktBk dk ftek eo ;edk j?, fi; ftZu fBwB fbys r[D j'D^

1H nfXnkge dk fdqPNhe'D pj[s finkdk ftnkge j'Dk ukjhdk j?. T[;B{z ;zehoD ftukoK ns/ ftPtk;K s'A d{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

2H nfXnkge B{z nkgD/ ftP/ d/ g{oD frnkB d/ Bkb^Bkb nkgDh ;z;feqsh dk th g{ok frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

3H nfXnkge B{z j'o ;w{jK dh ;z;feqsh dk g{oD frnkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. 4H nfXnkge ftZu j'o XowK ns/ ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh fe;h soQK dh fJoyk ns/ dt/P dh

GktBk Bk j' e/ ;kohnK ;z;feqshnK d/ gqsh nkdo ns/ ;zBwkB dh GktBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. 5H nfXnkge B{z ;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ;zpzXh nk:'fis r'PmhnK, ekoiPkbktK ns/

;zw/bBK ftZu Gkr b?Dk ukjhdk j?. 6H nfXnkge B{z ftfGzB ;w{jK dhnK ;z;feqshnK dk nkfXnB eoB d/ bJh d/P^ftd/P dk

GowD eoBk ukjhdk j?. 7H nfXnkge B{z ftfGzB iB;w{jK dhnK wksGkPKtK dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk ukjhdk j?.


Gkos fJZe ftPkb d/P j?. fJZe/ eJh ;w{j ns/ tor jB. jo/e ;w{j ns/ tor d/ nkgD/^nkgD/ ohsh^fotki, gqzgoktK, nkdoP, w{b, nk;EktK, ofjD^;fjD, ykB^gkB, t/PG{Pk ns/ GkPktK jB. fJBQK ;z;feqfse ftfGzBsktK d/ ekoB ftfGzB ;w{jK ns/ torK ftZu fBozso wsG/d nd/ wBw[Nk ofjzd/ jB. fJj wsG/d ns/ wBw[Nk edhêdh ;zxoP ns/ fjz;k B{z iBw fdzd/ jB. fJBQK s'A nPKsh g?dk j[zdh j? ns/ d/P dk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek; o[edk j?, fi; Bkb b'eszso dh ;cbsk d/ wkor ftZu o[ektN g?dk j' iKdh j? ns/ okPNoh J/esk ns/ nyzvsk B{z ysok g?dk j' iKdk j?. fJ; bJh okPNo dh ;[szsosk B{z ;[oZfyns oZyD, b'eszso B{z ;cb pDkT[D ns/ okPNo dh J/esk B{z pDkJ/ oZyD d/ bJh nzso^;z;feqfse J/esk dh io{os j?. 32H13 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H pkXktK (Obstacles) L o[ektNK 2H J/esk (Integration) L ;zrmB


1H okPNoh J/esk ns/ f;Zfynk s'A eh Gkt j?< ;gPN eo'. 2H okPNoh J/esk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek dk toDB eo'.



B'N 3H „nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk ns/ f;Zfynk‟ T[Zs/ fNZgDh fby'. 4H Nzso^;z;feqfse GktBk d/ ftek; ftZu nfXnkge dh G{fwek dZ;'.


1H pj[s tZvh o[ektN 2H okPNo d/ gqsh 3H (T) 4H (n) 5H (T) 6H (n) 7H ;jh 8H rbs 9H ;jh 10H ;jh 32H15 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e;







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Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Educationebooks.lpude.in/arts/ma_education/year_1/DEDU401... · thoughts: Humanism. 3 Indian philosophical thoughts: Sankhya. Indian