-
- .
: . ,
2009
-
, , , . , , . , - , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , , ,
, , , . ... , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , ; , , , . , , , ; (
-
), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), /, . ( , ), , . , /, . , ,
, 2001, , . , , . , , ( , ), ( ), , . , , , ,
-
..1
1
1.1 .5
1.2 6
1.3 ..7
1.3.1 8
1.3.2 .10
1.3.3 11
1.4 .13
1.5 14
1.5.1 ..14
1.5.2 ..15
1.5.3 16
1.6 .17
-
&
2
2.1 19
2.2 20
2.2.1 21
2.2.2 .25
2.2.3 ...26
2.3 - NiTi (superelasticity)28
2.4 R (the R-phase)..28
2.5 ..30
2.6 ..32
2.7 .34
2.8 - .38
2.8.1 .40
-
-
3
3.1 ..43
3.2 ....45
3.3 - .46
3.3.1 ( )....46
3.3.2 .48
3.3.3 .50
3.3.4 .51
3.4 ...53
3.4.1 SMA 55
3.5 57
3.5.1 ....58
3.6 Kevlar60
3.6.1 Kevlar.60
3.6.2 Kevlar.61
-
4
4.1 ..63
4.2
THERMIS......64
4.3 .68
4.4 DSC..70
4.4.1 .71
4.5 NiTi..74
4.5.1 ..74
4.5.2 NiTi..75
4.5.3 NiTi
........79
4.6 NiTi...83
4.6.1 ..84
4.6.2 NiTi 85
4.6.3 NiTi ..87
4.6.4
.89
4.7 93
4.7.1 ..93
4.7.2 .94
-
4.8 (transformation fatigue)
(1 cycle stress relaxation ) NiTi.99
4.8.1 100
4.8.2 103
4.8.3
DSC SEM.109
-
-
5
5.1 ..124
5.2
126
5.3 ..130
5.3.1
Tg131
5.3.2 Tg..133
5.4 136
5.4.1
.....................................................................141
5.5 ..144
5.5.1 Thermis..145
5.6 .148
5.6.1 ..............150
5.6.2 152
5.6.3 .............................................154
5.7
...........................................................157
5.7.1 157
5.7.2 161
5.7.3 DMA.164
-
5.8 ..165
5.8.1 165
5.8.2 ..168
5.9 ..174
5.9.1 175
5.9.2 177
-
6
6.1 .188
6.2 Thermis.190
6.3 NiTi .192
6.4 NiTi ..194
6.5 ....195
6.6
.197
............................................................................................................203
..................................................................................211
-
1
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
(smart systems).
. ,
.
[1]. ,
(information processing) ,
-
2
.. , ,
, .. [2]
( )
:
) ,
/ .
.
) - -,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
,
,
.
,
, -
(NiTi).
[3].
(fiberglass).
,
(
- ). - ,
,
, ,
[3,4].
-
3
NiTi
, .
(.
)
, -
.
,
Kevlar 29 -.
,
-
( , ,
.). ,
, ,
-
.
.
.
NiTi 0.3mm,
.
, (SEM), ,
, (DSC),
(DMA),
,
, ,
( THERMIS). ,
.
-
4
(autoclave)
,
THERMIS.
, :
( - activation stress
relaxation) -
( transformation fatigue).
2001, :
SMA.
,
,
,
/. /,
.
-
5
1
1.1
, ,
. ,
- ,
[3].
,
. ,
( )
[5,6].
.
, ,
1.1 [3].
-
6
.
.
1.1. .
1.2
,
.
( > 0.1m)
.
. ,
0.01 m 0.1 m
. ,
,
[3].
.
-
7
1.3
,
. 1.1, .
. ,
lc,
. , bf,
, d
, c, [7]:
.
,
, .
1.2 () , () ()
. ,
.
-
8
1.3.1
,
. ,
.
, [5].
,
().
(. . 1.3), c
f , m , -
, :
Fc,
, Fm , Ff :
c,f,m ,
c,f,m ,
, . 1.3 :
To (volume fraction) ,
.
( ),
, Vf, Vm
. 1.4 :
-
9
, . 1.5 :
.
:
. 1.3,
.
- (
) ( ).
1.3. () () - ,
,
bm, ym.
-
10
bf bf.
,
. , ,
ym.
, ,
, bm> bf.
1.3.2
90
,
. ,
,
(- ), :
:
, c, f,
c, Ef, Em
:
, ,
:
-
11
[8],
.
(Mpa)
(Mpa)
Glass-polyester 700 20
Carbon-epoxy 1000 35
Kevlar-epoxy 1200 20
1.1
,
,
,
(
. 1.2) .
1.3.3 (
)
,
,
lc. ,
90% 50%
[3].
, . ,
.
-
12
.
. ,
.
(% .) 0 20 30 40
1.2 1.35 1.43 1.52
(MPa) 60 110 131 159
(GPa)
2.3 5.93 8.62 11.6
(%)
95 4-6 3-5 3-5
1.2
1.2 [9],
, .
,
.
. 100%
,
[9]:
-
13
100 %
0
38 % 0
20 %
1.3
1.4
.
.
.
1.4. () ()
.
. ,
(..
-
14
).
.
:
. ,
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
[10].
1.5
, (
) .
.
,
,
,
. ,
[5,9].
, .
1.5.1
,
, ,
, .
-
15
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
1.5.2
,
.
. ,
,
.
,
. SiC, Si3N4, Al2O3
ZrO2, ,
. ,
.
,
.
[3].
-
16
:
, .
, Kevlar
( ).
1.5.3
,
.
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, .
, , , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
(curing process)
, .
(
NiTi).
-
17
1.5
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
[3,5]:
().
.
.
,
.
( 600 GPa),
( 3300 C). ,
.
.
. (SiO2),
, , ,
.
glass ( ), C glass ( )
S glass ( ) .
.
zig zag ,
.
-
18
70 GPa.
,
.
.
.
190 GPa. ,
(.. ) .
, ..
.
. .
, , ,
.
prepreg, ,
..
-
19
2
&
(NiTi)
2.1 -
,
1932 . lander
AuCd. 6 , 1938, Greninger
Moorandian CuZn
.
, ,
, ,
Kurdjumov Khandros 1949
, 1951, Chang Read [11]. ,
,
.
1960,
iTi, Buehler
.. [12]. ,
Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory)
-
20
,
. 2.1, NiTi.
2.1 -
,
, -
, ,
. ,
,
.
2.2 -
-,
, , ,
-
21
, (austenitic phase)
, (martensitic phase) [13].
,
[14].
,
NiTi- .
. ,
(Shape Memory Effect - SME) [15].
2.2.1
[53].
Ce-Cl (Cesium-Chloride, 2)
( 19) [13].
2.2. (2) (19) NiTi
-
22
,
,
NiTi -
.
s (martensite start
temperature) , Mf (martensite
finish temperature).
,
s f [16].
(
, ),
f, , , 24,
, . ,
,
, 2 [11].
. ,
Ni Ti,
[13].
the Bain Strain
.
,
,
[17].
, ,
,
(twins). twinning [16,13].
. , ,
-
23
(. 2.3). de-twinning
[13].
2.3. () , () (twinned martensite) () (de-twinned)
.
,
(. . 2.4). ,
f,
(single crystal austenite).
, .
,
(habit plane variants hpvs)
(hpv twin plane). ,
(twins lattice correspondent variants lcvs)
(lcv twin plane) [17]. ,
(twin boundaries) .
hpvs
(reorientation)
lcvs - (detwinning).
-
24
.
2.4.
.
,
-,
. 2.5
.
2.5. (One Way Shape Memory Effect)
-
25
,
f , (twinned) LO.
, ,
(detwinned) L.
, ,
. ,
. ,
()
(One Way Shape Memory
Effect).
2.2.2 (Two Way SME)
,
.
,
. (Two Way SME),
,
,
[18].
, -
,
[19].
-
26
2.6. -
1%.
2.2.3
(hysteresis)
.
(s f),
(s f). ,
50%
50% .
-
27
15C 30C [11]. 2.7
iTi.
2.7. NiTi
, ,
,
,
(. ). ,
.
,
.
-
28
2.3 - NiTi (super-elasticity)
-
, ,
NiTi
. - ( pseudo-
elasticity)
, ,
.
, ,
(stress induced martensite) [13].
,
s, . ,
,
.
,
d s (. . 2.7). -
s d
s [20].
2.4 R (the R-phase)
,
NiTi,
(2) (19).
-
29
, ,
, R (R-phase) [21].
, ,
( ) R-
.
,
s
219. , s, R-
[22]. ,
R-,
[23].
R2, , 0.2%,
8-10% .
, R-
.
,
NiTi (
.. ) [21].
R,
,
.
Ni4Ti3
[24].
R-
(Differential Scanning
Calorimetry DSC). ,
,
. , ,
,
-
30
-,
,
. 2.8, DSC
NiTi
.
2.8. DSC () NiTi (as received) () NiTi
.
2.5
NiTi -
. ,
:
- Ag-Cd - Au-Cd - Cu-Al-Ni - Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn - Cu-Zn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al,
Cu-Zn-Sn - Fe-Pt - Mn-Cu
-
31
- Fe-Mn-Si - Pt - Co-Ni-Al, Co-Ni-Ga - Ni-Fe-Ga - Ti-Pd
-
. ,
:
- NiTi
(,
, , ..).
- .
-
.
- ,
, ,
.
-
.
- , NiTi
,
10%.
- , ,
,
.
- , ,
700 MPa.
-
,
.
-
32
2.6
,
-
[11]. ,
(induction melting),
1400C.
(s, f, s, f),
Cu Al.
, (arc
melting), ,
.
2.9. NiTi () ()
-
33
,
(.. ) , 800C,
. (annealing) ,
. ,
NiTi, , R-
.
2.10. NiTi
NiTi,
. NiTi,
- (sintering),
.
,
. (training)
( .. , , )
[25]. ,
500C 5
min.
.
-
34
2.7
.
NiTi
. :
-
-
.
,
. .. NiTi,
200 MPa,
(s, f, s, f), 20C,
5C.
,
[26].
-
.
,
, .
, NiTi 350C 300 sec,
15C
R-
[27].
.
, .
, ,
-100C +100C.
.
55.6% ..,
.
, (Cu)
(Co)
.
-
35
,
. ,
,
.
, :
(DSC),
[28].
DSC
:
.
2.11. DSC NiTi 0.3 mm
,
15 mg.
, .
-
36
.
, ,
(Af). , 192 , 219 . ,
[29]. ,
(. . 2.11).
,
. , ,
. Joule,
. ,
. ,
.
. ,
[30].
,
, .
,
, .
,
NiTi (~10%). ,
.
, ,
.
,
[31].
-
37
, DSC
. ,
,
(.. ). ,
,
.
R-.
. ,
.
,
[28].
-
38
2.8
,
, NiTi
.
/,
SMA ,
, ( )
( )
2.12 NiTi () , () , ()
, NiTi,
, .
.
2.13
-
39
. /
, -
(.. ), .. ,
, jet
(, ).
SMA
.
2.14 NiTi () , () , () - ()
-
40
2.8.1 -
,
1970. ,
,
, :
-
-
.
1977, SNF, .
,
. , NiTi (stents),
, .
, ,
.
. 1993,
. ,
,
.
2.15 NiTi, () , () () .
-
41
- . 1989
, .
, ,
.
-
.
1978,
. .
, NiTi (
)
, , ,
, ..
,
NiTi,
,
, (. Ilizarov).
, .
- . ,
,
, .
2.16 .
-
42
NiTi ,
, ,
,
.
-
43
3
-
3.1
1 ,
, .
,
,
, -
. ,
( ) .
-
.
( -, , ,
)
,
[32]. -
,
( .. NiTi)
[33]. ,
-
44
,
(. . 3.1).
,
,
, .
3.1.
-
, ,
,
.
- .
-
45
3.2
.
.. , ,
, (, ..),
.
(
.. ).
,
, ,
, , ,
.
( ..
).
-
.
, ,
[32].
,
, ,
.
- ,
, ,
,
.
-
46
3.3 -
( NiTi),
, -
- .
, .
,
,
,
[34].
3.3.1 ( )
,
. -
, .
: , ,
,
.
3.2. () () .
-
47
, .
, ,
( ).
. , (
core) ( cladding) (.
3.2).
,
.
single mode (
) multi mode (
),
3.3.
,
[35].
3.3. single multi mode.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
-
48
3.3.2
, ,
.
- , . ,
, :
,
.
. ,
. ,
-
(. .3.4).
3.4. () () .
,
[35].
.
,
. (poling), .
-
49
3.5. .
,
.
, .
:
poling, ,
, . ,
,
.
SiO2 (Quartz), AlPO4, GaPO4, PZT, ZnO, AlN ..
3.6. .
-
50
3.3.3
(electrorheologicalER fluids)
(magnetorheologicalMR fluids) ,
, ,
. ,
/
, ms,
105 .
ER (
50 m),
.
,
. ,
.
, , . MR
,
Fe-Co, , ,
, ..
( ),
.
,
.
.
, . ,
,
.
.
, .
,
-
51
. - , R MR
,
.
3.7. .
3.3.4
-
,
, , .
(, , ..),
, 0.00001%.
.
60,
,
: Tb-Dy-Fe, Terbium-Dysprosium-Iron.
Terfenol-D
(2-3
) .
-
52
[36].
,
. -
.
Terfenol-D,
.
3.8. () ()
Terfenol-D
9%. ,
( ) (FSMA
Ferromagnetic SMA) (twins)
( NiTi)
. FSMA
,
. NiMnGa.
-
53
3.4
,
, NiTi NiTi-X (
Cu Al), ,
,
,
. (, ,
) , . SMA
, ,
.
SMA,
80,
[37].
, SMA
,
[34, 38].
SMA,
[34, 39]. SMA ( NiTi)
,
,
[40, 41, 42]. ,
NiTi
[43].
/epoxy NiTi/epoxy,
- [44].
,
-
54
[32, 45, 38, 46],
. ,
adaptive composites
morphing.
,
, ..
(. . 3.9).
3.9
,
,
NiTi [47, 48],
SMA [49],
SMA
, [50].
, -
, ,
EADS [51].
,
[52].
, ,
Kevlar 29 NiTi /.
-
55
,
NiTi
(Kevlar).
3.4.1 SMA
,
- .
,
.
SMA ,
,
-
2 ,
.
,
NiTi, ,
f [53]. 3.10,
.
-
56
3.10
(a),
f.
SAM (Self Accommodated Martensite
). , (b), (pre-strain)
. ,
.
, ,
SAM ,
POM (Preferentially Oriented Martensite
).
f,
(P parent phase) .
,
. , ,
POM (P)
,
, (c). ,
, POM
SAM. SAM,
, POMSAM,
-
57
(zero strain) [20]. ,
(b) (c),
(c) (d). ,
,
, .
, ,
.
, POM
[53, 54].
SAM POM,
. NiTi,
8%, ,
100% POM [20, 54]. ,
, .
3.5
.
,
( )
( ).
.
,
.
. ,
, .
-
58
.
3.11 ()
,
.
3.12
3.5.1 - Curing
curing-
. ,
-
59
.
( )
/
. ,
(post curing) ,
.
(autoclave),
,
,
, prepreg. prepreg -
(..
),
. , prepreg,
, NiTi.
prepreg,
.
, ,
,
.
,
. , curing,
(Tg) .
,
.
(vacuum bag)
.
, , .
,
-
60
, Tg. ,
SMA,
,
, . ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
3.6 - Kevlar
,
, laser Raman.
, 85%
.
.
, ,
: Kevlar Du Pont de Nemours Co. (), Technora Teijin
Ltd () Twaron Akzo Nobel ().
3.6.1 Kevlar
Kevlar (-
) (PPD-T).
-
. ,
-
61
,
.
.
20%. 20%
.
,
. .
Kevlar 80% 85%.
Kevlar
.
Kevlar 29.
3.11 (Kevlar)
3.6.2 Kevlar
(. . 3.12), -
,
.
.
-
62
3.12 Kevlar
Kevlar
. 250 m ,
170. ,
,
.
3.13 Kevlar
-
63
4
-
4.1
NiTi
,
, . ,
. ,
, .
NiTi,
,
,
,
,
(DSC),
(SEM)
,
.
-
64
,
/,
THERMIS,
.
, ,
.
4.2
THERMIS
hermis
-
.
,
, (
) , .
4.1 THERMIS
-
65
Thermis
:
) .
MTS (model: 828 Bionix)
100 mm,
20 kPa,
100
. MTS,
(, , , ),
5
, .. .
(load-cells) : 1/10,
250/2500 2500/2.5kN, load-
cell, , 0.1.
) . Nikon
(model: Thermal Vision Laird 3A, InfraRed)
,
, .
,
.
(
) ( )
/,
. , ,
,
-
66
, ..
.
) SMA.
,
/
() 20 SMA,
( Joule).
,
.
(PLC Programmable Logic Controller)
Simatic Siemens. H 20 ,
,
, .
) .
( SMA, SMA )
, ,
. ,
,
.
, (
10 ) ,
: J RS,
(analog to digital card) Advantech
.
,
, IR ,
.
-
67
) SMA. ,
SMA
,
NITi, ,
SMA .
,
Thermis,
.
4.2 Thermis () MTS, () Nikon ()
MTS.
, Thermis,
,
(, , ) Fluke,
/ ,
. ,
,
,
MTS, .
-
68
4.3 SMA.
4.3
, SMA
Joule.
, ,
.
(, P) ()
(R),
:
4.1
,
NiTi,
.
,
, :
NiTi
. ,
,
,
.
-
69
,
,
, f,
.
4.2
, , 3
. ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
(. . 4.4).
4.4 Thermis.
4.4,
Thermis.
-
70
MTS
. , POM,
(P, parent phase) .
, ,
,
load cell . ,
.
, .
, SAM
, .
,
SMA, .
NiTi
,
, SMA:
.
4.4 DSC
(DSC),
2.7.
,
TA Instruments (model: Q100) /.
,
ASTM F2005 [12].
,
TA Universal Analysis, .
,
AMT,
-
71
0.291 0.005 mm, Ni Ti, Ni
51% .. ,
NT10,
,
. ,
f 85 C.
4.5 Instruments DSC Q100, NiTi.
DSC 2 .
.
, 10 mg
, 5 min 85 C.
. , 4 -
, 25 C 130 C,
10C.min-1.
4.4.1
10
. 4.6, ,
, NiTi.
-
72
4.6 DSC NiTi, Ni 51wt%, .
,
. ,
.
,
, (. .3.10,
.3).
DSC, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
. , , ,
, POM .
POM (
-
73
SAM ) POM
FOM. , FOM
SAM (P)
. ,
,
3.10 ,
,
.
TA,
, ,
. , ,
.
( p,
):
4.1 , NiTi, Ni 50wt%,
DSC.
DSC,
s=62.5 C f=43.6
C,
18.9 C.
s=73.3 C f=82.6
C, 9.3 C.
, 26.8 C.
,
,
.
Austenitic transformation Martensitic transformation
As (0C)
Ap (0C)
Af (0C)
Latent heat (J/g)
Af-As (0C)
Ms (0C)
Mp (0C)
Mf (0C)
Latent heat (J/g)
Mf-Ms (0C)
Hyster.
(0C) 73.3 78.6 82.6 17.4 9.3 62.5 51.8 43.6 15.1 18.9 26.8
-
74
4.5 NiTi
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
DSC
as-received , .
,
,
, DSC
Joule.
4.5.1
4.4.
120 mm.
MTS, .
3 ,
30 mm .
, ,
.
Thermis (. 4.2).
,
H/Y
. ,
-
75
RS,
,
( ), .
,
0.2 V. ,
,
. ,
.
4.5.2 NiTi,
,
25 C ( ) 100 C.
,
, :
4.2
V, NiTi Volt (V),
, Ampere (A),
R, Ohm ()
,
, V .
,
,
, . ,
,
-
76
, , ..
0.3 mm 0.15 mm. ,
(resistivity),
.
,
:
4.3
, , m2,
, m,
, Ohm*m
,
. 4.7,
NiTi,
, .
4.7 NiTi .
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1006.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
Resis
tivity
/ (O
hm*m
m) /
(x10
-4)
Temperature / oC
-
77
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
50 C, ,
. ,
,
DSC. ,
,
4.7, 10%. ,
[56].
, ,
,
4.8,
,
DSC.
4.8 DSC,
NiTi.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1006.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5DSC
MsMf As Af
Resis
tivity
/ (O
hm*m
m) /
(x10
-4)
Temperature / oC
-
78
, ,
.
,
DSC,
NiTi. , s
65o C f 45 C. s f,
55C 75C . ,
DSC
, :
4.2 , DSC.
, ,
,
, . ,
.
As
(0C)
Af
(0C)
Af-As
(0C)
Ms
(0C)
Mf
(0C)
Mf-Ms
(0C) Resistivity
graph 55 75 20 65 45 20
DSC 73.3 82.6 9.3 62.5 43.6 18.9 % difference +33% +10% -54%
-3.5% -3% -5.5%
-
79
4.5.3 NiTi
.
, ,
.
, (P),
:
4.4
, 120 mm,
V , 180 C. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
( 4.4)
( 4.3),
,
.
,
120 mm, :
-
80
4.9 H .
,
.
, ,
s,
.
,
, .
s,
NiTi, ,
120 mm , ,
.
4.5
, , C
P, Watt
-
81
4.9 target point,
( 90 C) . ,
. 4.5,
90 C,
.
, .
,
,
( 0.2 V) 180 C. O
,
85 C,
, .
4.10 Thermis 108 C.
-
82
4.10,
108 C, 1.7 Watt .
, ,
. ,
, . ,
.
,
(emissivity) ,
. , , .
(black body) emissivity
. ,
,
, .
NiTi , emissivity 0.9
( )
0.88.
4.11 () 157 C 3.0 Watt ()
126 C 2.19 Watt.
-
83
4.6
,
, ,
,
( ).
,
,
, ,
.
,
, ..
.
NiTi, 8-
10%.
,
()
. NiTi ,
, detwinning
2 . 8-10%,
,
. ( ),
twinning-detwinning,
[20].
,
,
. ,
-
84
,
,
.
4.6.1
( 0.3 mm),
,
(.. ) .
Thermis,
MTS.
120 mm, .
, ,
. ,
(. 4.5) 90C,
1.3 Watt (.
. 4.9).
, ,
100. NiTi,
( 0% 28%),
Struers,
(curing) .
(polishing), ,
,
,
.
, SigmaScan.
-
85
4.6.2 NiTi
NiTi, ,
(strain control),
(stress control).
,
,
,
.
3-6%
.
4.12 NiTi 120 mm strain control, ()
0.4mm/min, () 1mm/min () 4mm/min
-
86
4.13 NiTi 120 mm stress control, ()
3/min, () 10/min () 12/min ASTM,
,
, 4mm/min
. ,
120mm, (strain rate)
0.033min-1.
,
,
( 10% )
NiTi .
, NiTi,
.
-
87
detwinning, ,
1% 8% . ,
,
,
. ,
.
4.14 NiTi ( 1%), detwinning (1%-6%)
(6% ).
4.6.3 NiTi
NiTi, Thermis
(. 4.6.1), .
, ,
,
,
. 4.15
.
-
88
4.15 NiTi , 90 C.
NiTi , (.
.4.16). ,
. ,
,
, .
4.16 . (fitting)
.
-
89
:
4.6
0, 1, .
. , .
,
,
, 0.2%
. ,
,
- .
4.3 NiTi .
4.6.4
,
: ,
, ,
. ,
Martensite (25oC) Austenite(90oC) 20.1 GPa 48.9 GPa
max 1095 MPa 895 MPa
0.2% 0.2 271 MPa 649 MPa
0.30-0.39 0.27-0.36
1072 MPa 855 MPa
-
90
.
NiTi, ,
.
(. 4.6.1),
. ,
( Hooke) NiTi 0% 1%
. ,
Poisson () .
( 8%
),
. 4.17,
,
.
4.17 NiTi , ,
0% 28%.
-
91
,
. ,
,
NiTi.
4.18 NiTi ().
4.19 NiTi
.
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 270
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Stre
ss (M
Pa)
Strain (%)
real stressengineering stress (fitting)
-
92
,
. ,
, , ,
.
-
93
4.7
NiTi
3 ,
,
,
( ). ,
. ,
NiTi ,
:
.
4.7.1
Thermis, MTS
(. . 4.4),
.
4.5.3,
120 mm ,
90 C , 1.3 Watt.
,
(tabs) (Araldite)
. ,
,
, .
, .
-
94
4.20 () NiTi () .
,
6%, 3% 0%. ,
(. .4.3),
,
,
. , 6
.
,
. ,
,
.
4.7.2
,
6%. ,
4.20 (12 )
curing . ,
-
95
tabs. ,
20 .
() ( )
, 10 12 sec.
,
( MPa) , 6% 50
.
4.21 Thermis, NiTi, 6% 50 .
6%, .
, 600 MPa,
,
500 MPa.
4.22 , ,
NiTi 3%.
-
96
4.22 NiTi 3%.
,
,
(POM)
. , ,
500 MP. ,
:
4.23 NiTi 0% .
-
97
, 0%
,
, - ,
-
, . ,
3%
, 6%.
NiTi,
, ,
. ,
460-
500 MPa, .
4.24 NiTi (0% ),
460-500 MPa.
,
,
twins
(. 2 - detwinning) . ,
, ,
. ,
-
98
(. 4.6)
detwinning.
, ,
,
. ,
SAM, POM. ,
,
[55].
,
. , SMA
, .
, , 4.25,
,
Thermis. ,
, , .
,
.
4.25 .
-
99
4.8 (transformation fatigue)
(1-cycle stress relaxation) NiTi
SMA
, /
,
. ,
,
, ,
(. .3.10 & .4.4).
,
,
().
, ,
, ,
, ,
: ,
,
.
SMA [57].
H , NiTi,
. , NiTi,
[58],
,
,
- [40]. ,
NiTi, f=77 C,
125 C 50 C, 3%. 1%,
[26]. , NiTi,
,
. ,
-
100
,
, NiTi [58].
, ,
- NiTi, ,
, 104
, 106 , SMA.
,
.
TiNiCu [59],
CuZnAl [60] NiTi,
100 ,
,
, 103 [61].
(
), DSC ,
(SEM).
,
.
4.8.1
Thermis,
4.7.
,
,
.
120 mm
( 4.7).
-
101
( )
90 C, 100 C,
1.3 Watt. ,
f, NiTi , ,
5-10 C 6% [18,19].
, ,
.
(25 C),
,
.
,
,
( 4.26).
(t1), t2 .
t1+t2 , .
, 10 sec,
.
, t2 15 sec.
4.26 , () ()
-
102
,
, t1. ,
, ,k,
.
4.7
NiTi ,
k: 0.44, 0.50, 0.53 0.57, t1
(12, 15, 17 20 sec, ).
,
-,
.
4.26
225 , 9.5
, .
, ,
. 4.7,
, 460-500 MPa
. , ,
(4 5),
.
, DSC,
. ,
as-received ,
DSC
training, .
-
103
,
,
510 C, 5 min .
, ,
, , .
, ,
Thermis, trained ,
10 MPa. ,
,
,
(. 4.7.2).
DSC,
(SEM), as-received, trained,
. SEM
, Zeiss (model: Supra 35VP)
10 kV.
/, .
,
(chemical etching)
. , ,
,
,
.
4.8.2
,
, NiTi,
500 MPa, .
-
104
Thermis, ,
0.3 sec ,
.
4.27, NiTi,
k 0.5 (t1=t2=15 sec)
2100.
4.27 NiTi, , k=0.50, 100 C
2100 .
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
(min=495 MPa, max=510
Pa) , 0.99 ,
-
105
, .
, (1),
500 MPa. 4.28,
, k,
, 10%
, SMA
.
4.28 . , ,
, k.
,
, ,
k,
. k,
,
, t1. , ,
,
-
106
. ,
,
k=0.44 k=0.57, 8 sec,
,
. ,
, t1,
.
,
,
, a b.
:
4.8
, 4.29.
4.29 , NiTi. ,
.
-
107
,
,
.
,
,
SMA ,
. , 4.29,
NiTi ( 50%
) , ,
( ) .
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
.
4.8.1,
.
100, 138, 156 164 C.
, 9
,
NiTi.
4.30, .
, , ,
,
. :
4.9
a,b , .
-
108
4.30 NiTi. 100, 138, 156 164 C. , .
, . ,
,
. , 225
, 85, 70, 50
45% , 100, 138, 156
164 C, . , 24 ,
100 C, 12% .
20, 32 39%.
, ,
4.31,
, .
-
109
4.31 , ,
. 4.30
,
DSC SEM,
,
(training),
, (as-received).
4.8.3
DSC SEM.
, NiTi
,
, ,
de-twinning,
,
-
110
,
(. 4.7.2). training,
4.8.1, ,
,
4.32.
4.32 NiTi, 0%, 95 C , training.
, , as-received.
,
DSC as-
received . , 4.33,
.
.
-
111
4.33 DSC as-received training
, s=82.2o C
f=93.2o C. ,
s=61.9o C f=41.1
o C.
,
.
(500 C), ,
(2)
R ( 2.4). ,
R- (19) .
(. 2.6) training,
R ,
DSC .
-
112
4.34 , DSC
NiTi,
, k, 0.44 0.53 . ,
DSC , .
4.34 DSC k=0.44 k=0.53.
,
30 MPa.
, ,
,
, .
,
. , ,
( ),
. as-received
.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
as received
2X104 cycles, k=0.53
2X104 cycles, k=0.44
Hea
t flo
w (W
/g)
Temperature (oC)
-
113
,
.
, ,
R.
4.35,
138, 156 164 C.
4.35 DSC 138, 156
164C.
,
10 C
. , ,
, as-received ,
.
,
.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
as received
156oC
138oC
164oC
Hea
t flo
w (W
/g)
Temperature (oC)
-
114
,
2R phase, , ,
R,
f.
,
,
DSC. ,
, ,
,
. s,p f, ,
.
4.4 DSC
as-received .
-
115
,
, (t1),
. ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
, . DSC
, as-received ,
.
. ,
NiTi ,
,
.
NiTi, ,
,
twins ( POM). de-twinning 2
. ,
, . ,
,
,
.
(SEM),
NiTi ,
-
116
.
as-received
trained . ,
SEM, .
4.36 SEM as-received .
4.37 SEM training.
-
117
4.38 SEM .
4.39 SEM .
-
118
4.36,
NiTi,
,
. -
(SAM),
,
(POM).
, ,
NiTi ,
POM
.
,
, ,
SAM, ,
twins. ,
- ,
training (. 4.37),
, ,
. ,
, SAM.
,
(. 3.38 & 3.39), SAM
:
DSC trained
,
. NiTi
SAM, ,
.
-
119
100% SAM, ,
, [62].
,
,
(transformation fatigue), (stress relaxation),
SAM,
(slipping)
twins.
twinning de-twinning. ,
DSC ,
.
,
, .
,
.
, (
) training,
DSC SEM,
: SAM. ,
4.39, (
fishbone) - ,
. 4.40 ,
( SAM)
, training .
-
120
4.40 () SAM
() training
,
(
),
.
,
.
95-100C,
.
,
, .
t1+t2, t1 t2
-
121
. , i ,
i :
4.10
, ,
. 4.41,
,
.
4.41 .
,
, k=0.57
(. 4.41).
k=0.57, t1+t2=20+15 sec=35 sec. ,
24 h, 2469
. ,
-
122
2469 24 h .
, , 32%
, 68% .
, , 18%
82%
.
k=0.44, 18%
82%, , t1
24 h, . ,
,
, .
,
,
as-received . ,
-
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
SEM, ,
, ,
.
-
123
4.42 SEM as-received , -,
.
as receivedstress relaxation
transformation fatigue
-
124
5
-
5.1
4 , ,
-.
,
,
/ . , NiTi
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
- ,
-
125
,
NiTi
. ,
NiTi
[58,40,41].
NiTi NiTiCu,
[63,64] (NiTi strips) [65]. H
-
,
NiTi [13]. NiTi,
[44]
,
[50]. ,
- ,
, EADS
[51].
, ,
Kevlar 29 NiTi,
. ,
, ,
- :
,
(Tg) ,
(f) ,
,
(debonding ) .
,
,
,
-
126
, ,
NiTi
,
,
(DMA) .
Thermis,
,
.
, Kevlar,
,
laser Raman [66]. , ,
,
NiTiCu ,
[16,67].
5.2 -
-
, ,
, ()
(),
. ,
, ,
(.. , ,
..). ,
,
-
127
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
- .
1986, Budiasnsky,
SMA
,
(shear-lag model) [68]. ,
,
[48, 69].
5.1 shear-lag model 1986 Budiansky SMA
5.1, ,
,
(shear layer)
-
128
. ,
. -
,
[70,71], ,
[71, 72].
SMA ,
,
,
.
,
[73].
[74]:
-
-
- ,
-
NiTi
,
curing
.
, ,
.
,
NiTi
[13], ,
.. , , ..
, (. . 5.2).
, ,
(. 4.4),
-
129
.
(chemical etching)
(SEM).
5.2.
5.2 () NiTi-, ()
SEM,
8%.
,
[75]. ,
(
Kevlar), -
,
curing 150 C,
NiTi,
[76].
-
130
,
Kevlar
130 C,
. ,
,
Thermis.
.
5.3
,
(g) .
,
Tg,
.
SMA,
, Af,
.
.
,
( ), g. [6]. ,
,
-
131
, .
,
NiTi
.
LTM217 ACG (UK).
,
,
150 C. Tg,
(DMA) LTM217,
,
, Kevlar 29
.
5.3.1 Tg
, ,
:
5.1
, ,
, 0,
,
:
5.2
Hooke ,
:
5.3
, (storage modulus) ,
(loss modulus) .
-
132
:
5.4
,
: (glassy), (transition),
(rubbery) (flow). H
,
(tan),
(. . 5.3). ,
,
.
5.3 , tan . tan=f(t),
.
-
133
5.3.2 Tg
H (DMA)
Instruments (Model: Q800)
/.
5-60 mm, 5-15 mm
7 mm. ,
. ,
.
. DMA,
, ,
.
20 10-4 ,
1 nm.
5.4 DMA / , .
-
134
LTM217,
(3 point bending). (5)
20 mm, 6.4 mm 1.15 mm,
.
(curing) ,
,
. ,
20m 1 Hz ,
, , tan,
10-230 C.
,
160 C.
tan
.
5.5 Tg LTM217, tan .
-
135
NiTi (f = 82.6 oC) Tg,
,
5.2,
, .
-
136
5.4
,
(prepregs), NiTi
, .
prepegs Advanced Composites Group (ACG, UK)
LTM217,
Kevlar 29 . Du Pont,
USA, 16 m, prepregs,
, , 53.5%.
, NiTi,
,
0 (
).
,
,
, ,
: 3 C/min
70 C, 12 ,
50 C.
140 C 0.3 C/min, 30 min
50 C, curing .
,
prepregs
.
,
,
(), .
-
137
5.6 , prepregs,
ACG, UK. curing ,
(autoclave)
/ (. . 5.7). , Aeroform
Ltd., 225 C
10 bar.
5.7 O
-
138
,
950 mbar.
60 cm 1.1 m.
ACG,
prepreg, :
(tool) ,
(release film)
. ,
,
. ,
prepreg , .. .
,
, . ,
. ,
(
, ) .
5.8 prepreg ,
-
139
,
(breather) .
(vacuum bag),
,
(tool) .
,
.
,
( )
. ,
, NiTi
,
curing.
, ,
, .
5.9 -
-
140
(tool), , ,
Teflon (. . 5.9).
, ( ) 100 40 10
mm. ,
,
1 mm ,
SMA. , ,
. ,
tool, .
prepreg 100 40 mm
SMA ,
Teflon 99 39 mm (
),
(. . 5.8). ,
.
Teflon,
, release film
, .
,
, ,
tool, 5.9. ,
. ,
(breather), , prepreg,
.
Teflon,
, .
5.6.
-
141
5.4.1
, (6) prepreg.
, NiTi,
0.3 mm prepreg,
0. L,
(100 mm), D, 11 mm. ,
, ,
. d, 0.99 1.00 mm
. 5.10,
.
5.10 . , 4 NiTi .
, ,
. ,
SMA .
, , (4)
, (6) . SMA
=2 mm, , =1 mm.
-
142
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
5.11 : 4 6 .
,
,
, SMA .
, 0.01 mm.
5.1 .
,
5.11.
Thermis, .
.
(mm) L
(mm) D
(mm) d
(mm) H
. . Vf .
A 4 100 11 0.99-1.00
2 0.0258
B 6 100 11 0.99-1.00
1 0.0387
-
143
,
4 , Joule.
,
(4 6 ),
. ,
,
, .
, (tabs)
, .
tabs, ,
, 2 mm, 12 mm 18 mm. tabs
,
MTS,
.
5.12 () ,
, () () , tabs .
-
144
5.5
NiTi
100 C, ,
.
,
Thermis,
/.
, (thermal coefficient
of expansion TCE) ,
.
, ,
,
[74].
,
TCE, . ,
:
5.5
, 1 ( )
1, 1
1, 1
f, m,
f, Em,
Vf,
-
145
,
.
,
/, ,
,
[77,78].
, ,
LTM217/Kevlar 29/SMA. ,
.
,
Thermis.
, ,
TCE, ,
.
[79], LTM217
,
2.5 3.5 /C. Kevlar ,
. ,
[80]. Kevlar,
, ,
C-C
,
-6 -4 /C [81,80].
5.5.1 Thermis
Thermis,
, ,
, DMA. ,
-
146
,
, . ,
,
( NiTi)
, .
,
5.4, NiTi.
MTS Thermis,
, 1 cm
. , ,
, DWT (model: HLP 1500),
200 L/min, 256 C
20W. ,
30 cm .
,
, 100 C,
NiTi.
(4) ,
. 6 2
5 . ,
,
, MTS.
,
,
. TC1, TC2 1 2
. , 1
6 ,
, 2 min .
, 25 C.
-
147
5.13 Thermis , NiTi, 100 C
,
,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
Thermis,
. ,
,
NiTi.
, ,
,
. , ,
-
148
2-2.5 . ,
TS, 0.1 . O
,
,
,
NiTi (4 ),
.
,
Thermis,
,
. ,
,
.
5.6
NiTi,
,
,
. ,
,
,
(. 4.5.2 4.5.3).
, NiTi
-
149
.
,
,
Af. ,
(
) ,
. ,
, .
,
4.5,
:
- ,
.
- 4 6 ,
,
(. . 5.12).
- NiTi,
,
,
(. . 5.12).
Thermis,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, . 4 ,
,
.
-
150
5.6.1
,
( )
SMA
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
. 5.14. 1,
2,
.
,
k (W/m K). d, , ,
1mm. 0.3mm,
0.35mm.
5.14
-
151
Fourier, ,
(), [135]:
5.6
, Q, ( , W)
,
k, ,
, ,
,
5.6, ,
:
5.7
, 1, 2,
.
, (heat flux) q,
W/m2. 5.7 :
5.8
, 0.35mm,
, .
prepreg [79], 0.25
W/m K. 4 ,
120 mm 100 C,
1.3 Watt .
, . L=120 mm
d=0.3 mm, 113.04 m2. ,
, , :
5.9
q,
. k,q 5.8, :
-
152
5.10
,
,
. ,
(
), .
, , :
100 C,
,
15 20 C .
5.6.2
,
. ,
5.4.1.
, ,
.
,
.
,
. 5.12, SMA .
tabs ,
.
,
,
4 .
-
153
0.3 V
0.5 V. 1.5 min, ,
.
SMA, 3
.
5.15. ,
. ,
, 5 C.
5.15 .
. ,
. ,
Thermis, 25C.
-
154
5.6.3
,
,
.
5.16 , .
5.17 , .
-
155
,
NiTi (. . 4.7),
,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
, , .
,
, ,
.
,
. 4 NiTi,
, 6 . , 50%
, .
, (. . 4.3),
50% . ,
7.5 11.5 .
, 9 13.5 ,
.
,
5.6.1, ,
20 C.
, 4.7, 55
60 C,
, 5.16 5.17,
-
156
40 C. ,
75 C,
60 C .
,
,
,
100 C ,
, 15 20 C
.
,
,
, Thermis
.
-
157
5.7
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
, :
.
5.7.1
,
. SMA
, 4 . Kevlar
29,
,
. ,
122 GPa,
-
158
2.5 % 3024 Pa [82]. H LTM217,
curing , 3
6 GPa, 70 100 GPa
3 5 % [79].
,
,
,
,
Kevlar. ,
,
,
. ,
SMA
.
,
MTS Thermis ASTM D3039,
.
, MTS 25kN,
Kyowa (model: KFG/5/120),
,
2.0%. ,
,
.
,
.
-
159
5.18 MTS Thermis.
,
(.
5.4.1), ,
NiTi. ,
.
25 C.
,
0.01 ,
. ,
,
NiTi .
, 0.025
, Kevlar.
, ,
. ,
,
.
-
160
,
DMA,
5.3.2. 20mm,
6.4mm 1.15mm ,
. SMA SMA.
, 3 1mm .
5.19 , 3-point bending
DMA, .
,
20m 1Hz.
, , (.
, . 5.3.1) 10 230 C. ,
,
. , DMA,
, ,
NiTi.
-
161
5.7.2
,
.
5.20 (4 NiTi) .
,
,
45.08 GPa. ,
. ,
SMA. H E,
, 44.76 GPa,
44.35 GPa.
-
162
5.21 (6 NiTi)
5.22 NiTi.
,
SMA,
. ,
-
163
, .
max b b GPa MPa -- MPa
1 47 1065 0,0363 749,34 2 44 1099 0,0353 780,45 3 46 1101 0,0356
699,46 4 44 1051 0,0359 776,32 5 43 1053 0,0361 801,87
45 1074 0,0358 761,49 1,43 24,44 0,0004 39,38
1 45 1164 0,0395 802,34 2 42 1198 0,0397 818,56 3 45 1098 0,0324
793,12 4 43 1196 0,0402 715,89 5 47 1218 0,0344 835,78
44 1175 0,0372 793,14 1,84 47,16 0,0035 46,14
NiTi 1 45 1034 0,0456 880,45 2 41 1098 0,0345 904,34 3 42 1123
0,0367 801,99 4 46 1022 0,0425 918,94 5 45 1100 0,0488 956,88
44 1075 0,0416 892,52 1,94 44,78 0,0059 57,70
5.2 , , ,
.
-
164
5.7.3 DMA
5.23,
() ()
10 230 C.
5.23 , DMA, SMA.
,
,
,
.
,
SMA,
prepreg. ,
. , 25 C, 39.3 GPa
38.93 GPa , 5 GPa,
.
-
165
,
,
(10C), (25C)
(100C).
10C 25C 100C 10C 25C 100C GPa
LTM217/Kevlar 29 1 39,3 38,9 32,5 0,85 0,83 1,08 2 39,5 38,5
33,5 0,88 0,90 0,94 3 38,9 40,0 32,0 0,90 0,93 0,94
39,2 39,10 32,7 0,88 0,89 0,99 LTM217/Kevlar 29/SMA
1 40,2 39,3 33,9 0,76 0,75 1,05 2 41,0 38,9 33,0 0,75 0,87 1,07
3 40,8 39,4 34,5 0,88 0,90 0,95
40,6 39,2 33,8 0,79 0,84 1,03
5.3 10, 25 100C, DMA
SMA.
-
165
5.8
SMA
4 ,
,
,
,
( ,
..).
,
Thermis, ,
,
SMA.
,
, ,
NiTi. ,
(. . 5.15) ,
5.6.1,
80C.
5.8.1
Thermis,
( ),
.
Joule,
,
. , . 5.12.
-
166
,
MTS, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
5.24 Thermis,
.
-
167
5.25 Thermis, ,
. 5.15.
,
,
Thermis.
, , f.
, ,
80 C.
25 C.
, ,
0.3V,
0.2, . ,
, 3 Watt,
, 4.2 Watt . ,
.
-
168
5.8.2
,
, ,
80 C.
,
. ,
3 4.2 Watt.
5.26 Thermis, ,
. , 4.2 Watt.
,
, SMA. ,
, SMA
-
169
f, ,
.
.
,
80 C, 3 Watt 4.2 Watt
.
,
, , 3 4.2 Watt ,
80 C. (
) (
,
)
.
5.27 . .
40 .
,
,
-
170
, NiTi,
40 , SMA
. , NiTi,
, 62 ,
.
,
3.65 5.65 MPa, .
, , ,
,
.
5.28 . 62 .
, ,
. ,
.
-
171
,
. 5.29,
.
5.29 , .
,
,
,
, ,
. , 48 sec,
41 sec. ,
- 48 sec, ,
,
. , ,
-
172
45 sec ,
.
,
, 60
sec > 41 sec, duty cycle (. 4.8.1),
, 48 sec.
,
,
,
,
.
5.30 , SMA. H ,
, 70 C.
-
173
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
174
5.9
,
SMA.
,
,
4.8,
NiTi. ,
- ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
SMA,
.
, . ,
SMA, (..
),
.
, ,
, -
,
, .
-
175
,
,
NiTi. , ,
, ,
.
,
.
5.9.1
,
NiTi, .
, 5.4.
Thermis.
MTS,
(. 5.8.1)
,
.
5.8,
,
,
.
,
, .. ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
-
176
,
NiTi,
,
80C. (. 5.6.1),
,
100C.
, 3 Watt , 4.2 Watt.
,
60 sec, ,
(. . 5.29). k (duty cycle), ,
NiTi, , 0.44,
0.50, 0.53 0.57. ,
, 48, 60, 68 80 sec.
,
80C 100C.
,
,
,
.
, 3 Watt (80oC) 3.7 Watt (100oC),
, 4.2 Watt (80oC) 5.1 Watt (100C).
, 230 .
,
25C.
, . ,
k
NiTi. ,
,
, .
-
177
5.9.2
, ,
, k. ,
, NiTi.
,
, ,
,
80oC.
5.31
, k=0.5, 0.53, 0.57 0.44, 80C.
( N) ( Pa), .
-
178
,
, 6 NiTi.
,
, .
5.32
, k=0.5, 0.53, 0.57 0.44, 80C. ,
( , )
.
,
,
5.8. , ,
, k=0.44, 0.50, 0.53 0.57,
41.25, 41.00, 40.22 41.65 . ,
3.79, 3.76, 3.69 3.82 MPa. ,
-
179
k,
61.34, 61.35, 62.00 60.88 ,
5.63, 5.63, 5.69 5.59 MPa.
, , 41 ,
, 61.4 ,
50%. ,
, 50%
(2.58% 3.87% ).
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , .
5.33 ,
-
180
5.33,
,
,
,
. ,
.
5.34 .
.
, ,
(fitting curves) .
NiTi,
-
181
.
:
5.11
,
: a=0.159, b=-0.0181 y0=-0.14.
a=0.285, b=-0.0144 y0=-0.25.
,
.
,
, duty cycle, k.
, ,
k,
. ,
SMA (. . 5.33 . 5.31),
k=0.57 ,
k=0.50, ,
0.53.
(. . 5.32 . 5.34),
,
k=0.57, ,
.
,
k,
.
(60 sec), duty cycle
. , (. )
.
,
NiTi.
,
,
-
182
.
, , ,
50% 1 103
, 6 103 ,
10% . , 50%
, 1.4 103 ,
7 103 15%
. , NiTi
(. 4.8.2), 2 103
, 2 104 .
, ,
, , .
5.35 SMA,
.
-
183
,
. ,
SMA.
, ,
. ,
,
4 ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
NiTi
.
,
.
, (
) , ,
80C 100C. H
, ,
NiTi.
-
184
5.36
80C 100C.
5.37 80C 100C.
-
185
, ,
. , 40.01 (
80C 41.2 100C. ,
60.10 61.9 .
,
,
.
,
,
NiTi.
5.12
a b, :
a=1.028, b=0.038 80C a=1.040, b=0.060
100C. , a=1.007, b=0.042 80C a=1.010, b=0.068
100C.
,
,
. ,
,
f,
.
SMA 4 .
,
. , 24 ,
80C, 18%
. , 12%
100C. ,
.
-
186
5.38 , .
.
5.39 . 5.38
-
187
, ,
,
100C. H ,
80C,
,
, 100C.
, 50
,
, , ,
.
5.40 80C 100C, NiTi 100C.
-
188
6
-
6.1
,
, ,
.
,
,
(0) Kevlar 29,
, -, 300m.
, ,
NiTi . ,
,
,
,
, ,
..
, ,
,
-
189
, 4.2
Thermis.
,
,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
(DSC),
(DMA) (SEM),
.
,
,
NiTi, :
(transformation fatigue) (activation stress
relaxation) .
,
, ,
. NiTi,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, , stress
relaxation,
.
-
190
,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, :
,
,
.
6.2 Thermis
1960,
NiTi,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
Thermis,
(. 4.2), .
,
MTS, ,
-
191
.
(, ,
..) , , ,
,
,
. ,
(. .4.2), ,
SMA
.
,
, ,
SMA,
. ,
( ), ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
, [83].
SMA Joule,
Thermis, ,
.
,
(20) ( , = NiTi)
.
,
. ,
-
192
, SMA
,
.
,
,
.
Thermis,
,
.
6.3 NiTi
,
, 4 5. ,
,
.
NiTi
, 500 MPa ,
, 100C.
, ,
, ,
, k. ,
,
,
- .
,
. NiTi, 50%
, 2 103 ,
-
193
2 104 ,
.
,
41 ( 3.8 MPa),
, 61.5 ( 5.7 MPa) .
,
,
50%. SMA,
,
,
. ,
duty cycle,
, .
, 50% , 1 103
, 6 103 ,
.
,
5 4
SMA 10 , 6 . ,
,
, Thermis,
.
,
.
,
1 103 , , ,
.
-
194
6.4 NiTi
, NiTi,
225 . ,
,
100C. ,
500MPa ,
,
. ,
,
.
, 100C,
15% ,
164C, 65%.
, 24 ,
12% 29%, .
,
,
. ,
, , , 40 N 60 .
,
, ,
. 80C (
100C , ), 24
, 18%
35%, , 225 .
,
,
, , ,
,
. ,
-
195
,
, ,
, .
6.5
,
DSC SEM, as-received,
trained ,
4 .
,
, ,
.
training,
,
.
, ,
, ,
training, ,
.
,
,
DSC, . ,
R-.
, , ,
NiTi ,
, .
, DSC training,
-
196
(. . 4.33).
,
, ,
,
.
,
, , DSC
,
.
,
(. 4.8.3)
twinning detwinning NiTi .
, (slipping),
(twins),
(. . 4.40),
. , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, as-received
POM, .
NiTi, training, SAM,
, ,
SAM. ,
- , ,
.
SAM, ,
-
197
(slipping under constrained conditions)
, .
, ,
.
,
, .
,
,
. slipping
,
.
6.6
,
,
,
, RC
.
,
,
,
.
-
198
, ,
,
, .
, S/Nf.
,
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