The academic staffProf. Madiha Amin Hassan Dr.Nagwa Abdelkader Shoeib.Pharmacognosyis derived from the Greek words pharmakonmeaning drug and gignosco (gnosis)meaning to acquire a knowledge of [knowledge of drugs].is the science of biogenic or nature derived pharmaceuticals and poisons.PharmacognosyPharmacognosy is one of the important branches of pharmacy. It deals with the study of structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of crude drugs and includes their history, cultivation, collection, storage and use." As well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. Scope of pharmacognosyNatural products having medicinal action.Mainly products derived from plants, but also products of animal origin, marine organisms and naturally-occurring inorganic substances.Materials as natural fibres, flavouring and suspending agents, colorants, disintegrants, stabilizers, filtering and support media.Poisonous and hallucinogenic plants, allergens, herbicides, insecticides and molluscicides.Plants: Botanical sideClassical Botanical PharmacognosyConcerned with the description and identification of drugs, both in the whole state and in powder, with their history, commerce, collection, preparation and storage.Phytochemistry and modern aspects. The word phyto derives from the Greek word plantThe biochemical study of plants; concerned with the identification, biosynthesis, and metabolism of chemical constituents of plants; especially used in regard to natural products. Use of modern isolation techniques and pharmacological testing procedures. Cultivation or artificial propagation by cell culture. Microbial biotransformationPharmacognosy IThe course consists of basic principles of pharmacognosy, including introduction and definitions, scope of pharmacognosy, historical review, and classification of crude drugs. The course also includes the cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants. Plant cell and tissue types are covered, in addition to ergastic cell contents and their importance. Also includes the morphology and anatomy of different plant organs.Objectives of the courseTo enable the student to: Acquire knowledge about the modern concept and scope of Pharmacognosy.Understand the botanical aspects, nomenclature, and classification of crude drugsHave general information on cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants.Know the different types of plant tissues.Acquire knowledge about ergastic cell contents and their importance as well as dusting powders.Know the active constituents of medicinal plants andidentify the major groups by chemical testing.Acquire knowledge about taxonomy of medicinal plants and medicinal plant familiesDescribe the morphology and anatomy of different plant organs.Week Topic Practical1 Introduction to pharmacognosy,-Definition-Scope of pharmacognosy and modern aspects.2 -Historical review-Classification of crude drugs.-Cultivation, collection, preparation and storage of medicinal plants.- Laboratory safetymeasures.- How to use the lightmicroscope.- Preparation of microscopical slides.- Mountants used for examination of medicinal plants.3 - Plant hormones.-Plant cell and tissue types.- Types of stomata.- Types of trichomes.-Plant cells and tissue types.-Types of stomata.-Types of trichomes.4 - Powders of natural occurrence (dusting powders) - Ergastic cell contents: - Starches.- Calcium oxalate.Microscopical examination of different types of - Powders (chalk, kaolin, kieselguhr, talc,lycopodium)- Starches (potato, wheat, maize, rice).5 Active constituents- Definition.- Chemical Tests Microscopical examination of Calcium oxalate (cluster in rhubarb& senna; crystal sheath in liquorice).6- Active constituents (continued)-Principals of plant classification (Taxonomy and chemotaxonomy).- Nomenclature (binomial system) biological and geographical sources.Chemical tests of active constituents of plants:Volatile &fixed oils, alkaloids, tannins, saponin, anthraquinones,flavonoids and cardiac glycosides7- Diagnostic characters of family Solanaceae. Medicinal plants and other crude drugs:Leaf drugs ( Introduction, examples)Macro- and microscopical examination of senna leaflets and examination of the powder.8Senna leaflets. in detail.Herb drugs (Introduction, examples, mentha herb in detail) Macro-and microscopical examination of mentha herb and examination of the powder.9Bark and wood drugs (Introduction, examples, cinnamon and cassia barks, quassia wood in detail)Macro- and microscopical examination of cassia bark and examination of its powder. Demonstration of quassia wood.10Inflorescence and flower drugs (Introduction, examples, clove and chamomile in detail)Macro- and microscopical examination of clove and chamomile and examination of the powder.11Seed drugs(Introduction, examples, linseed in detail)Macro- and microscopicalexamination of linseed seed and examination of its powder.12Fruit drugs( Introduction, examples, fennel in detail)Macro- and microscopicalexamination of fennel and examination of the powder.13Roots and rhizomes( Introduction, examples, ginger, liquorice in detail)Macro- and microscopicalexamination of ginger and liquorice and examination of their powders.14Unorganized drugs (introduction, Examples; opium, cannabis, aloes,gums, balsams, agar, gelatin, catechu).Revision:- Spots- Unknown Powders.ReferencesTrease & Evans' Pharmacognosy by William Charles Evans, 2002.Botany : An introduction to Plant Biology, Third eddition by James D. Mauseth,2008Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy by Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons, and Elizabeth M. Williamson, 2004Electronic Materials, Web Siteshttp://pages.intnet.mu/webpam/Pharmacognosy.htmhttp://www.phcog.org/http://www.botanical.comAssesmentThree Quizzes (20 Marks)First quiz (Week 5)Second quiz (Week 9)Third quiz (Week 13)Activities (10 Marks)Practicalexam (20 Marks)Final written exam (50 Marks)