Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad
Professor of PharmacognosyPharmacognosy Department,
College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz
University,
Al-Kharj. KSA.
Email: [email protected]
Pharmacognosy- 1
PHG 222
What is The meaning of word Pharmacognosy
How can Pharmacognosy study the medicines
derived from natural sources
History of pharmacognosy
what are Natural products and their rules in
medication
"the entire knowledge of drug".
Introduction
What is The meaning of word Pharmacognosy?
The Greek "Pharmakon: meaning a drug
or poison
“gignosis" meaning to acquire a knowledge
literally meaning
Pharmacognosy is a multidisciplinary subject
The American Society of Pharmacognosy
defines pharmacognosy as
"the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and
biological properties of drugs, drug substances or
potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as
well as the search for new drugs from natural sources.
It is also defined as the study of crude drugs
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines
derived from natural sources.
How can Pharmacognosy study the
medicines derived from natural sources.
3- Modern isolation techniques, Pharmacological testing
procedures to prepare purified substances.
Cultivation and propagation by tissue culture
2-The structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of
crude drugs (plants, animal mineral origin and living
organisms).
1-Their history, methods of collection , handling proses
from the producer to the distributor or pharmacist and
Storage
• Phytochemistry, or natural product chemistry;a field closely related to organic chemistry,studying the chemical composition of livingorganisms. It is also closeöy connected to theprocess of finding new drug candidates fromnatural sources.
Would identifications
• Ethnobotany or ethnopharmagocology; study of the
traditional use of plants in the society. Ethnobotany refers
to the study of plants by humans
• Phytotherapy; study of crude drugs, i.e. extracts from
natural sources in medical use
Crude drugs:
It is used for those natural products such as plants or part of
plants, extracts and exudates which are not pure compounds
History of pharmacognosy
1- Indan medicine Ayurveda, "life-knowledge
Ayurvedic medicine is a system of Hindu
traditional medicine of Vedic tradition native
to the Indian subcontinent
Ayurveda have been traced back to 5,000
BC, originating as an oral tradition and later
as medical texts
The collection of plant materials was done only by an innocent, pure, religious person.
The fresh plants were considered to be the most effective
The ancient Egyptians 3000 B.C. were experts in using drugs for curing diseases.
The healing of the sick was undertaken by priest doctor and pharmacist "Son" who prescribed and prepared medicines.
These were the Hieratic papyri, Eberspapyrus, the Gynecologic papyrus.
2- Ancient Egyptian
Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC)
3- Ancient china
In ancient china, Shen Nung, an emperor was
known to investigate on several herbs. He
wrote the first Pen Ts’ao containing 365 drugs
(1,100 BC )by examining various herbs, barks
and roots
Their book includes many recipes for every
disease. Among the plants and minerals highly
esteemed for its magic health including power
were; Ginseng, Rhubarb, Ephedra, Star Anise,
Pomegranate, Aconite.... Opium is a very old
Chinese drug for diarrhea and dysentery.
• The Babylonian medicine was known (Laws of Hamorabi 772 B.C.).
• the drugs used were mainly of vegetable origin.
• The drugs used include 250 materials of plant, and 180 materials of animal source. Many of these drugs were known to the ancient Egyptians.
4- The Babylonians
1- Hippocrates
Authors of antiquity(460-377 BC)
“The Father of Medicine”
4-Ancient Greece
The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of
around seventy early medical works from
Alexandrian Greece. It is written in Ionic
Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates
himself was the author of the corpus has not
been conclusively answered, but the volumes
were probably produced by his students and
followers
Hippocratic Corpus
; the last important pillar in the millennium
of Greek domination of the medical world.
Physician to emperors as well as
commoners in the Roman Empire, Galen
(130-220 A.D.). Cupping was among the
forms of treatment which he advocated.
Pharmacy as well as medicine benefited
from his formulas, called "galenicals;" he
was a leader in the health sciences of his
day. Galen's teachings were accepted as
dogma by both teachers and practioners of
medicine for fifteen hundred years.
4-Ancient Greece
2-Galen
a pillar of medicine
3-Dioscorides
(40-80 AD)“De MateriaMedica” (600 medicinal
plants)
The Greek Empire was followed
by that of the Romans
Dioscorides who was a Greek by
birth he was the first to describe
drugs and his work "Greek
Herbal of Dioscorides" included
5000 medicinal plants in addition
to animal and mineral drugs.
4-Ancient Greece
• The Muslims were the first to establish hospitals, dispensaries and medical schoolsin the world.
• "In the curative use of drugs," writes Philip K. Hitti, "some remarkable advanceswere made at this time by the Arabs. It was they who established the firstapothecary shop, founded the earliest school of pharmacy and produced the firstpharmacopoeia."
• Several pharmacological books were written by Arabs.
• In Islamic writings were found the first beginnings of chemistry, the name ofwhich is derived from an Arabic word "Kemia"; as were also such familiar wordsalcohol and alkali.
• The Arabs added numerous new plants and medicaments to those already known tothe Greeks and Romans.
• In their days, pharmacy attained its highest reputation and became an independentbranch of medicine.
• It is interesting to note that the first dispensary was opened in Baghdad, the centerof trade in those days.
5- Islamic era
was first to describe measles and smallpox; to observe pupillary reaction to light; to use mercurial purgatives; and to publish a text on children's diseases. His teachings were highly regarded for many centuries
who was born at Rai in Persia was the director
of Baghdad hospital in the days of El-Mansour.
He published a famous book "Alhawi Kabeer
The dispensary was made of Sandal wood and
named "Sandalia".
1-Rhazey (850-932 A.C.)
5- Islamic era
2-Ibn Sina(980-1037)
“القانون في الطب”
5- Islamic era
• Abu Al Hosayn Ibn-Sina (980-1037 A.C.) whose name was latinised to Avicenna. He was one of the most eminent and gifted Arabian physicians.
• His "Canoon Fi Elteb" has been described as the most famous medical text ever written and as having dominated the medical schools of Europe and Asia and served as the chief source of medical knowledge for 5 centuries, till the 15th century.
• was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist and ranked with Dioscorides in that respect.
• His book "Jame-ul-Muffradat" “الجامع لمفردات األدوية واألغذية” contains
description of 2000 drugs.
• “الحكمهفردوس ” Ferdose Elhekmah
5- Islamic era
3-Ibn Al-Baitar
(1197-1248 A.C.)
(770850)H
wrote a book named "TazkaretUli Al-Albab", now known as "Tazkaret Dawood Alantaki"which describes several hundred herbs besides drugs of animal and mineral origin.
6- Islamic era
4-Sheikh Dawood El-
Antaki
(1599 AC)
6-The era of European
An intellectual revitalization of Europe
started with the birth of medieval
universities in the 12th century.
The contact with the Islamic world in
Spain and Sicily, and during the
Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed
Europeans access to scientific Greek
and Arabic texts, including the works of
Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jābir ibn Hayyān,
al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and
Averroes
Natural products
1-Entire organism (plant, animal, organism)
2-Part of an organism (a leaf or flower of a plant,
an isolated gland or other organ of an animal)
3-An extract or an exudate of an organism 4-Isolated pure compounds
Can be :
1-Herbal drugs, derived
from specific parts of a
medicinal plant
2-Compounds isolated from nature
3-Nutraceuticals, or “functional foods”
Types of drugs derived from plants
Natural products
Value of natural products
1- provide a number of extremely useful drugs that are difficult to produce commercially
by synthetic means.
2-Supply basic compounds that may be modified slightly to render them more effective or
less toxic.
3-Their utility as prototypes or models for synthetic drugs possessing physiologic activities
similar the originals.
4- Some natural products contain compounds that demonstrate little or no activity
themselves but which can be modified by chemical or biological methods to produce potent
drugs not easily obtained by other methods
COOH
HO
COOH
OH3C
O
H3C COOH
CH3
CH3
Salicylic Acid Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Baccatin III --------------- Taxol
1- Origin: including biological and geographical sources, a knowledge of the history and name of the drug.
2- Cultivation and preparation: including details of cultivation of the medicinal plants, methods of collection,
drying, packing and other treatment of the drug during its preparation for the market.
3- Characters: including the physical characters such as dimensions, surface characters, fracture and the sensory
characters such as colour, odour and taste. The histological characters which help in the identification of the drug
in powdered form, are of fundamental importance
4- Constituents and tests: constituents include both the reputed active constituents and also other constituents and
reserve food materials. Chemical identity tests are based on the nature of constituents.
5- Adulterants: including materials added fraudulently and matter which has become associated with the drug owing
to carelessness in handling during collection, preparation, packing and transport.
6- Evaluation: of the physical and chemical characters of the drug.
7- Uses: and application of the drug in medicine.
Natural products
For detailed description of each individual drug the following points are to be considered
Origin of
Drugs Derived from Plants
Origin: including sources (biological, geographical and commercial) in addition to information (history
and name of the drug)
Natural products Origin
Official and unofficial drugs: Drugs are either official or unofficial.
An official drug is one which is listed and described in a book
recognized by the government as the legal authority for standards
"Pharmacopoeia"
There are three sources,
a)The natural or biological origin.
b)The geographical origin.
c) The commercial origin.
The natural origin of a drug is the plant or animal yielding it, if a
plant, botanical origin or botanical source and if an animal,
zoological origin or source.
I-Sources
a)The natural or biological originOrigin of
Drugs
Sources
biological
geographical
commercial
information
history
naming
The natural origin of a drug is the plant or animal yielding it, if a plant, botanical origin
or botanical source and if an animal, zoological origin or source.
The geographical source or Habitat is the region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows.
• Plants growing in their native countries are said to be indigenous to these regions, e.g. Aconitum napellus of the mountainous regions of Europe, Hyoscyamus muticus of Egypt, Cannabis sativa of India.
• Plants are said to be naturalized when they grow in a foreign land or in locality other than their native home.
Natural products Origin cont…
b)Geographical sources of drugs
c) The commercial origin
it is of interest in case of certain drugs. The commercial origin
of a drug refers to its production and its channels of trade.
II- Information
Plant Information mean
knowledge of the history and name of the drug
A) History of plants
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
MorphologicalChemical
Pharmacological &Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information Cont…..B)Name of the drug
Natural products Origin cont…
Alphabetical naming of Drugs of natural origin can be by using
either Latin or English names; the drugs are arranged in an
alphabetical order
1-Alphabetical
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
2. British Pharmacopoeia.
3. United States Pharmacopoeia & National
Formulary.
4. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
5. British Pharmaceutical Codex.
6. European Pharmacopoeia (Latin Titles).
7. Encyclopedia of common Natural ingredients
used in Drugs and cosmetics
e.g.: Acacia, benzoin, cinchona, dill, ergot,
fennel, gentian, hyoscyamus, ipecacuanha,
jalap, kurchi, liquorice,
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
Drugs with natural origin can be nomenclature by many methods
called The binomial system
It named after Carolus Linnaeus (mid-1700’)s was a Swedish biologist
who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.
He is considered to be “father” of modern taxonomy
Binomial nomenclature used
Genus species
Capitalize “Genus”, but NOT “species”
Underline when writing eg. Cinchona ledgeriana
Italicized in print eg. Cinchona ledgeriana
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..2-Taxonomical
using one of the accepted systems of botanical classification; the drugs are
according to the plants from which they are obtained in phyla, class, orders,
families. Genera and species.
named after Charles
Ledger, who brought its
seed from Brazil 1865,.
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
1- Some striking characteristics of the plant:
The species name is usually chosen to indicate some characters as:
a- Conium maculatum
(maculate = spotted) (stem
with reddish, spotted
patches).
b- Glycyrrhiza glabra
(glabrous = smooth).
Refers to the fruit of
this species which is a
smooth pod.
c- Hyoscyamus
muticus (muticus =
short). The plant
being short.
d- Atropa belladonna (bella =
beautiful, donna = lady)
the juice of the berry placed in the
eyes causes dilatation of the pupils,
thus giving a striking appearace).
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..2-TaxonomicalB)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
2- A characteristic colour:
a- Piper nigrum (= black) b- Veratrum viride (= green)
c- Citrus aurantium
(= golden yellow)d- Digitalis purpurea
(= purple)
3- An aromatic plant or certain aroma:
b- Caryophyllus aromaticus
(refers to the aroma)
a- Myritaceae fragrans
(having a fragrant, nice
aroma)
2-Taxonomical
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
a- Cannabis indica
(growing in India)
5- A geographical source or history of a drug:
b- Triticum vulgaire (= wild)
4- A Pharmaceutical activity or an active constituents: b- Strychnos nux vomica
(from two latin words, nut causing
vomiting)
6- A general meaning or a special indication
b- Tamarinds indica (India)
a- Papaver somniferum
(sleep inducing)c- Ipomoea purga
(laxative).
a- Allium sativum (= cultivated)
2-Taxonomical
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
The generic name may also allude to certain
characters of the plant :
Glycyrrhiza
from glucose= sweet,
riza = root.
Atropa
from Atrops, meaning
flexile, the name of the
Greek fate who cuts the
thread of life, alluding to the
poisonous characters of the
drugs.
2-Taxonomical
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
2-Taxonomical
Natural products Origin cont…
II- Information. Cont…..
Family: Papaveraceae (a group of genera sharing certain traits)
Genus: Papaver (a group of species, in this case poppies,
which are closely related)
L.: indicates the botanist who provided the first scientific description of
the species and who assigned the botanical name
Species: somniferum, here meaning ‘sleep- producing’
Eg. Papaver somniferum L.Kingdom: Plantae
Order : Ranunculales
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
B)Name of the drug
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
which means is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants
'shape 'the study of something'
The term morphology is Greek
Morphological
Organized Drug
Flowers fruits seeds leaves Barks
Rhizome & root drugs
Unorganized Drug
and groups as dried lattices, extracts, gums, resins, oils, fats
and waxes which
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
Organized Drug
It is the essential reproductive organ of a plant.
For an inexperienced observer, two characteristics of a flower are
particularly noteworthy: the size and the color
Although the flowers are of great botanical importance, they are
only a minor source of drugs used in phytotherapy or
pharmacy
e.g. chamomile, Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae )
1. Flower
Flower fruit seed leaves Bark
Rhizome & root drugs
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
The lower plants, such as algae, mosses and ferns, do not produce seeds
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
2- Fruit and seed
Gymnosperm: they are characterized by seeds that
are not covered by a secondary outer protective
layer, but only by the testa – the seed’s outer layer
Angiosperm: the seeds are covered with a
specialized organ (the carpels) which in
turn develop into the pericarp.
Organized Drug
Flower fruit seed leaves Bark
Rhizome & root drugs
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
3- Leaves
Flower fruit seed leaves Bark
Rhizome & root drugs
Organized Drug
The function of the leafs, as collectors of the sun’s energy and
its assimilation, results in their typical general anatomy with a
petiole (stem) and a lamina (blade)
Alternate Distichous Opposite Whorled
A key characteristic of a species is the
way in which the leafs are arranged on
the stem, they may be:
Alternate- Distichous- Opposite
Decussate- Whorled
Decussate
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
3- Leaves Flower fruit seed leaves Bark
Rhizome & root drugs
Organized Drug
The form and size of leaves are
essential characteristics e.g. oval,
oblong, obovate, rounded, linear,
lanceolate, elliptic, spatulate,
cordate, hastate or tendril
The margin of the leaf is another
characteristic feature e.g. entire,
serrate, dentate, sinuate, ciliate
or spinose
Numerous drugs contain leaf
material as the main component.
e.g. Deadly nightshade, Atropa
belladonna L. (Solanaceae)
Natural
Drugs Naming
Alphabetical
Taxonomic
Morphological
Chemical
Pharmacological
&Therapeutic
II- Information. Cont…..
Natural products Origin cont…
B)Name of the drug3-Morphological
4-Bark
Flower fruit seed leaves Bark
Rhizome & root drugs
Organized Drug
5-Rhizome & root drugsThe bark as an outer protective layer
frequently accumulates biologically
active substances e.g.
Red cinchona, Cinchona
succirubra L. (Rubiaceae)
No stem-derived drug is currently of
major importance
Underground organs of only
a few species have yielded
pharmaceutically important
drugs .e.g. Sarsaparilla,
Smilax regelii (Smilacaceae)
Garlic, Allium sativum L.
(Liliaceae)
Aloe vera L.(Asphodelaceae)
6. The bulbs and exudates
