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7/27/2019 pest control of citrus in nurseries
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Pest Control of Citrus in Nurseries and
Resistance Management
Beth Grafton-Cardwell
Dept of Entomology, UC Riverside
Director of Lindcove Research and Extension Center
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PesticideWhat is resistance?
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PesticideTreating repeatedly kills off the
susceptible pests and leaves behind
mostly resistant ones
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PesticideOften, the susceptible pests are more fit
than the resistant ones and so if left alone
they will increase in the population
Produce more eggs
Grow quicker
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PesticideTwo most important things you can do:
1. Change the chemical so that the
resistant ones cant survive
2. Treat as infrequently as possible so
that you give the susceptible ones timeto build back up
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How do insects develop resistance?
Change their behavior
Change their cuticle so that the pesticide cant
penetrate
Increase the number of enzymes they have intheir system to detoxify the pesticide and
maintain normal function
Change the shape of their enzymes so that thepesticide cant block them
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Acetylcholine
Nerve Synapse
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Enzyme
Acetylcholine
esterase
Acetylcholine
Nerve Synapse
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Enzyme
Acetylcholineesterase
AcetylcholineNerve Synapse
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Acetylcholine
esteraseOrganophosphate or
Carbamate Insecticide
Acetylcholine
Nerve Synapse
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Acetylcholineesterase
Pesticide
Acetylcholine
Nerve Synapse
One method of resistance: the insect makes more AchE
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Acetylcholineesterase
Pesticide
Acetylcholine
Nerve Synapse
Second method of resistance: the insect makes a different AchE
(decreased target site sensitivity)
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Common pests
Mites (two-spotted, citrus red mite)
Citrus thrips
Citrus Leafminer
Occasional Pests
Caterpillars (leafrollers, cutworms)
Katydid
Aphids
Whiteflies
California red scale
Brown soft scale
Earwigs
Snails/slugs
Ants
Citrus Nursery Pest Issues
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Citrus Red Mite- stippling leaves
Larva (6 legs)
EggMale guarding
a quiescent female
Deutonymph
Adul t Female
Protonymph (8 legs)
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Two-spotted spider mite -stippl ing leaves + webbing
Keep plants irrigated and
unstressed
Space out the plants Overhead irrigation helps to
reduce
Apply miticides when
populations are low
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Chemical Formulation Chem
grp
REI Bearing Non-
bearing
Nurseries Enclosed
structures
Milbemectin Ultiflora 6 12 h No Yes Yes No
Hexythiazox Savey 50 DF
Onager
HexygonDF
10A 12 h No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes*
Yes
Yes
Yes
NS
NS
Yes
Etoxazole Zeal Miticide
TetraSan 5 WDG
10B 12 h No
No
Yes
Yes *
NS
NS
NS
NS
Fenbutatin oxide Vendex 50 WP1 12B 48 h Yes Yes NS NS
Propargite Omite 30WS1
Omite 6E1
12C 16 d No Yes NS NS
Acequinocyl Kanemite 15 SC 20B 12 h Yes NS NS NS
Pyridaben Nexter 21A 12 h Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fenpyrox imate FujiMite 5 EC 21A 12 h Yes Yes No No
Spirodiclofen Envidor 2 SC 23 12 h Yes NS NS No
Spiromesi fen Judo 23 12 h No Yes* Yes Yes
Bifenazate Acramite 50 WS un 12 h No Yes Yes NS
Citrus Miticides
*nonbearing fruit t rees citrus not specified1Cat I: certified applicator required
NS:not specified
Available chemical groups:
6 for non-bearing
5 for nursery3 for enclosed structures
C f
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Citrus thrips stunting and curling of leaves
Lay their eggs in the leaf tissue andproduce many generations per year
Develop resistance very rapidly: DDT,
Organophosphates, carbamates,
pyrethroids
No new chemicals for control
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Keep plants well-irrigated and unstressed
Be careful not to over-fertilize as this may stimulate
thrips populations
Overhead irrigation helps to reduce thrips by increasing
humidity
Spray only when thrips are actually present, but at fairly
low densities
How do I control citrus thrips?
1. Rotate chemicals: Resistance and label restrict ions for
nurseries make this difficult
1. Spray as infrequently as possible
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Citrus Leafminer, stunting and curling of leaves
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1993
1994
1995
2000+
2000
2006
We are one of the last c itrus
growing regions on earth to be
invaded by citrus leafminer
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00.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
8 DAT 24 DAT 33 DAT 41 DAT 52 DAT 65 DAT
CLMp
erleaf
water oil intrepid
Dimilin Movento Provado
Altacor Cyazypyr AgriMek SC
AgriFlex Actara ActaraClutch Warrior II Endigo
Purespray green Agmectin+oil Agmectin+orocit
Agmectin Sil-Matrix
LREC
Field
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
8 DAT 24 DAT 33 DAT 41 DAT 52 DAT 65 DAT
CLMp
erleaf
water oil Altacor cyazypyr AgriMek SC Agmectin+oil
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Unsightly plants
Pest f ree plant material
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4 Pheromone luresin a room such as this reduced egg laying by 50-70%
and adding an oil treatment reduced their numbers even further.
Leafminer per pot
Pheromone No
pheromone
Oil 0.17 0.28
No oi l 0.55 1.08
ISCA Lures
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SPLAT per Plant
SPLAT CLM Pheromone confusion
H d I t l it l f i ?
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Be careful not to over-prune as new flush provides a
home for leafminer
Reduce treatments in the winter in cool situations when
activity is low
Use low rate oil treatments every 10-14 days instead of
an insecticide
Experiment with pheromone lures
How do I control citrus leafminer?
1. Rotate chemicals: Resistance and label restrict ions for
nurseries make this difficult
1. Spray as infrequently as possible
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Treatments for pest quarantine
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta
Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis
Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus
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Eggs and nymphs on young flush
Adults on any leaves
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Asian Citrus Psyllid and Huanglongbing (HLB)HLB causes yellowing of leaves, odd fruit shape, color and size and bitter juice
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Thin, unproductive trees with bit ter juice and fruit that falls off easily
Trees can die in as lit tle as 5 years
HLB Update
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HLB Update
HLB in Hildalgo Texas
9 trees in two orchardsHLB in Hildalgo Texas
9 trees in two orchards Jan 2012
HLB in Hacienda Heights California
1 tree in a backyard Mar 2012
2 years to appear in
Mexico and spread to the
west coast
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Katrina Vitkus
How did the psyllid and HLB spread through Florida?
The psyll id was first detected in backyard citrus trees in
south Florida in 1998. The psyllid moved very rapidly
both by flying (pink areas) as well as rid ing on nursery
plants moved between retail nurseries throughout the
state.
In retail nurseries, orange jasmine (Murraya
paniculata) was a common host.
Psyllid Control Program
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Psyllid Control ProgramACP was f irst discovered in California in 2008
Treatments have kept it contained for 3 years
Urban program
Pyrethroid: foliar cyfluthrin (Tempo)
Neonicotinoid: systemic imidacloprid (Merit)
HLB find
Nursery Quarantine Treatments for ACP
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Nursery Quarantine Treatments for ACP
Class Insectic ide Bearing Non-bearing
Systemic
Neonicotinioid Imidacloprid Admire Pro, Macho,Nuprid, Alias, Advise,
Couraze, Widow
Merit, CoreTectMarathon II
Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam Flagship
Neonicotinoid Dinotefuran Safari
Foliar
Pyrethroid Cyfluthrin Baythroid Tempo
Pyrethroid Fenpropathrin Danitol Tame, Decathlon
Pyrethroid +
neonicotinoid
Cyfluthrin +
imidacloprid
Discus^
Organophosphate Chlorpyrifos Lorsban, Warhawk
Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos
Carbamate Carbaryl Sevin Sevin
Tetronic acid Spirotetramat Movento^ Kontos
One foliar and one systemic required to move within the ACP quarantine area
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/acp/quarantine.html
^No GH
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January 1, 2012: Registered mother trees under screen
January 1, 2013: Increase trees under screen
When HLB arrives: Production trees under screen
Regulatory response to Asian citrus psyllid and
huanglongbing disease
Issue 1:Treating plant material for quarantine pests
(Preparing for shipment)
Issue 2: How to manage existing pests in enclosed structures
(transition from primarily outdoor plantings to indoors)
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Lindcove screenhouses and positive pressure greenhouse
Pest Quarantine Treatments
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Formulation Glassy-winged
Sharpshooter
Asian ci trus
psyllid
California red
scale
Diaprepes
Root weevil
Imported Fire
ant
Pyrethroids-
foliar
Eggs/nymphs,
Adul ts
+++ ++ Adults
Pyrethroid
soil (Talstar)
- - Larvae +++
Neonicotinoids
systemic
Eggs/nymphs,
Adul ts
++ - Adults
Neonicotinoids
foliar
Adul ts +++ (except
Assai l)- Adults
Organophosph
ates
+ ++ +++ Adul ts
Carbamates Egg/Nymphs + + Adults
Pest Quarantine Treatments
Issues:
Quarantine pests are best controlled with long-lasting broad spectrum
insecticides
Most insecticides have maximum label rates per season or year. If you
reach the limit during the year for endemic pests then you can not use