Integrated PestIntegrated Pest Management of Citrus

Beth Grafton-Cardwell

60% Extension & 40% Research Entomologist: UC Riverside,60% Extension & 40% Research Entomologist: UC Riverside, stationed at the Kearney Ag Center

Director: Lindcove Research and Extension Center

California Citrus Growing RegionsCalifornia Citrus Growing Regions

San Joaquin Valley navels, Sa Joaqu a ey a e s,Valencias & mandarins (>75% of citrus)

Southern InteriorKAC

Southern Interior Navels & ValenciasLREC

DesertGrapefruit

CoastalLemons

UC RiversideUC Riverside

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Citrus Red Mite

Citrus Thrips

Katydid

Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia

California red scale

Citricola scale

Citrus Red Mite, Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citriPanonychus citri

Fairly easily controlled by natural

Mite damaged Undamaged

natural enemies and soft pesticides such as oils

d iti id

Predatory mite, Euseius tularensis

and miticides

Euseius tularensis

Summer heat + virus

Cosmetic damageLower yield

Citrus Thrips, Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips citriScirtothrips citri

Wingless thrips nymphsWinged, adult citrus thrips

Cosmetic damage

Natural enemies helpenemies help, but don’t bring scarring below an economic

Wingless, 1st and 2nd instar thripsPredatory mite, Euseius tularensis

threshold

Forktailed Bush Katydid, Forktailed Bush Katydid, Scudderia furcataScudderia furcata

Cosmetic damageCosmetic damage

Biological control is minimal andis minimal and damage is heavy = pesticides are necessary

Citrus Cutworm, Citrus Cutworm, Egira curialisEgira curialis

P itiParasitic wasps, Ophion spp.

Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides areinsecticides are avoided

Cutworm Katydid ThripsCosmetic DamageCosmetic Damage

Equipment Hail Wind/sand Branch rubbing

Price per box Juice Choice Fancy

Navels $1.50 $13.13 $25.30

Valencias $1.60 $12.50 $20.50

Mandarins $0.28 $17.50 $29.70

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Citrus Red Mite

Citrus Thrips

K didSpinetoram +

Katydid

Cutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia

Pyrethroid or organophosphate

California red scale

Citricola scale

Broad spectrumSoft on natural enemies

California Red Scale, California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantiiAonidiella aurantii

Biological control is very effective if broad spectrum insecticides

Downgrading of fruitYield Loss

pare avoided and trees are cared for

High pressure spray washer removes scale300 psi (21kg/cm2)

Parasitic wasp, Parasitic wasp, Aphytis melinusAphytis melinus

August SeptemberParasitized scales flake offAugust SeptemberParasitized scales flake off

20000 300

Pesticide treatments timed using degree days = accumulation of the average daily temperature above the lower developmental threshold (53oF)

15000ard 250

pe

1100 DD

1650 DD

10000

15000

e pe

r ca

150

200

per t

ap550 DDInsecticides

10000

le s

cale

100

150

raw

lers

Insecticides

5000

Mal

50

Cr

013-Mar 27-Apr 11-Jun 26-Jul 9-Sep 24-Oct

0

Male Scale Crawlers

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Citrus Red Mite

Citrus Thrips

K didSpinetoram + P rethroid or organophosphateKatydid

Aphytis wasps orCutworm, fruit tree leafroller, amorbia

Pyrethroid or organophosphate

California red scaleAphytis wasps or Pyriproxyfen

Citricola scale

Broad spectrumSoft on natural enemies

Citricola Scale, Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarumCoccus pseudomagnoliarum

Sooty moldYield

Biological control is poor because appropriate host stage sizes are not always available = g ypesticides are necessary

Citricola Scale Lifecycle Citricola Scale Lifecycle –– San Joaquin ValleySan Joaquin Valley

Jan JunFeb Mar Apr May Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Egg-laying Females on twigs

Eggs

Crawlers

i h l1st instar nymphs on leaves

2nd instars on leaves

2 d i 2nd instars on twigs

2nd instars on twigs

Chlorpyrifos

Imidacloprid

Acetamiprid

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Citrus Red MiteCitrus Red Mite

Citrus ThripsSpinetoram

Katydid

Caterpillars

+ Pyrethroid

California red scaleAphytisPyriproxyfen

Citricola scaleChlorpyrifosImidacloprid, Acetamiprid

Average number of insecticides applied to citrus each year: 3

*Gl i d h h t (1995)

Invasive Pests Affecting California CitrusInvasive Pests Affecting California Citrus*Glassy-winged sharpshooter (1995)

*Citrus Peelminer (1998)

*Citrus Leafminer (2000)

Di R t W il (2005)Diaprepes Root Weevil (2005)

Light Brown Apple Moth (2007)

Asian Citrus Psyllid (2008)Fruit Flies (periodic)Fruit Flies (periodic)

*Infesting San Joaquin Valley citrus

Citrus Leafminer, Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrellaPhyllocnistis citrella

Economic damage for nurseries andnurseries and new plantings of citrus

2000

19931994

1995

2000+

We are one of the last citrus growing regions on earth to begrowing regions on earth to be

invaded by citrus leafminer

2006

2000

Potential for Biological ControlPotential for Biological Control

Citrus leafminer and Citrus peelminer share many of the same p yparasites:

ClosterocerusPnigalioPnigalioChrysocharisSympiesisCirrospilus

Pesticide and pheromone treatments for citrus leafminer Pesticide and pheromone treatments for citrus leafminer recommended for nurseries and new plantingsrecommended for nurseries and new plantingsgg•Neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran•Oil at frequent intervals•methoxyfenozideI t th l t•Insect growth regulators:

diflubenzuron, neem•abamectinabamectin •spinetoram•Spirotetramtp•rynaxypyr, cyazypyr

Broad spectrumSoft on natural enemies

Asian Citrus Psyllid,Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citriDiaphorina citri

Tamarixia wasp

Lady beetles

Bacterial Huanglongbing (citrus greening) diseaseBacterial Huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease

Leaves yellow, the fruit is small, doesn’t color properly, f t thforms uneven segments, the juice turns bitter and eventually the tree dies

The distribution of the psyllid and HLB disease in The distribution of the psyllid and HLB disease in North and Central AmericaNorth and Central America

Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of Huanglongbing in green.

CDFA: Trapping ACP and treating infested backyard citrus

Citrus Industry: Trapping for ACP in commercial citrus, testing leaves for HLB, funding research supporting

19982008research, supporting regulatory changes

University of California: Research, scientificResearch, scientific advice, extension education of growers and the general public

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Citrus Red Mite

Citrus Thrips

K didSpinetoram + P th idKatydid

Caterpillars

Pyrethroid

California red scaleAphytisPyriproxyfen

Citricola scale ChlorpyrifosImidacloprid, Acetamiprid

Asian citrus psyllid

Pyrethroid PyrethroidSystemic Imidaclopridor Thiamethoxam

www.ucanr.org/sites/KACCitrusEntomology

GrowerGrower psyllid management strategies

HomeownerHomeowner assistancewww.CaliforniaCitrusThreat.orgwww.CaliforniaCitrusThreat.org

www.peligrancitricosencalifornia.comwww.peligrancitricosencalifornia.com

Radio, Newspapers, TVPosters, bookmarks, doorhangersWorkshops with ppt, quizzingWorld wide web informational sites and training

Goals of California Citrus IPMGoals of California Citrus IPMGoa s o Ca o a C t usGoa s o Ca o a C t us

Manage pests in a way that is economical and sustainable. Minimize broad spectrum pesticide use to maximizepesticide use to maximize natural enemies. Address pesticide resistance, worker safety and environmentalsafety, and environmental issues.