Perfect, Active System of All Five Conjugations; Reflexive Pronouns; Intensive Pronouns

Perfect, Active System of All Five Conjugations; Reflexive Pronouns; Intensive Pronouns

October 27th, 2011

The Perfect System

Present, Future, and Imperfect tenses all referred to as the “Present System” because they are all formed on the present stem (i.e. 1st Principal Part) – Note: 2nd Principal Part = Infinitive.

The Perfect System (i.e. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect) all modelled on 3rd Principal Part.

i.e. Laudo, Laudare, Laudavi, Laudatus, a, um.

3rd and 4th Principal parts are highly varied and must be memorized with the vocabulary.

The Perfect Tenses

Perfect (i.e. Present Perfect) = the simple past (i.e. Caesar conquered Gaul); note the contrast with the Imperfect which connotes ongoing action in the past (i.e. Caesar was conquering Gaul).

Pluperfect (i.e. Past Perfect) refers to an event that has taken place prior to the action of another verb (i.e. When Caesar became dictator he had already conquered Gaul).

Future Perfect refers to an event that will have already occurred relative to another action yet to happen (i.e. When Caesar becomes dictator he will have conquered Gaul).

1st Conjugation in the Perfect, Active System

Laudo, Laudare, Laudavi, Laudatum

Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense

Laudavi – I praised Laudaveram – I had praised

Laudavero – I shall have praised

Laudavisti – You praised Laudaveras – You had praised

Laudaveris – You will have praised

Laudavit – He/She/It praised

Laudaverat = He/she/it had praised

Laudaverit – He/she/it will have praised

Laudavimus – We praised

Laudaveramus = We had praised

Laudaverimus – We shall have praised

Laudavistis – You praised

Laudaveratis = You had praised

Laudaveritis – You will have praised

Laudaverunt – They praised

Laudaverant = They had praised

Laudaverint – They will have praised

2nd Conjugation, Perfect, Indicative, Active:

Moneo, Monere, Monui, Monitum


Monui – I warned Monueram – I had warned

Monuero – I shall have warned

Monuisti – You warned Monueras – You had warned

Monueris – You will have warned

Monuit – He/she/it warned

Monuerat – He/she/it/had warned

Monuerit – He/she/it will have warned

Monuimus – We warned Monueramus – We had warned

Monuerimus – We shall have warned

Monuistis – You warned Monueratis – You had warned

Monueritis – You will have warned

Monuerunt – They warned

Monuerant – They had warned

Monuerint – They will have warned

3rd Conjugation in Perfect, Idicative, Active System

Ago, Agere, Egi, Actum


Egi – I drove Egeram – I had driven Egero – I shall have driven

Egisti – You drove Egeras – You had driven Egeris – You will have driven

Egit – He/she/it drove Egerat – He/she/it had driven

Egerit – She/he/it will have driven

Egimus – We drove Egeramus – We had driven

Egerimus – We shall have driven

Egistis – You drove Egeratis – You had driven Egeritis – You will have driven

Egerunt – The drove Egerant – They had driven

Egerint – They will have driven

3rd Conjugation (io) Verbs in the Perfect System

Capio, Capere, Cepi, Captum


Cepi – I seized Ceperam – I had seized Cepero – I shall have seized

Cepis – You seized Ceperas – You had seized

Ceperis – You will have seized

Cepit – She/he/it seized Ceperat – She/he/it had seized

Ceperit – She/he/it will have seized

Cepimus – We seized Ceperamus – We had seized

Ceperimus – We shall have seized

Cepistis – You seized Ceperatis – You had seized

Ceperitis – You will have seized

Ceperunt – They seized Ceperant – They had seized

Ceperint – They will have seized

4th Conjugation Verbs in the Perfect Indicative Active System

Audio, Audire, Audivi, Auditum


Audivi – I heard Audiveram – I had heard Audivero – I shall have heard

Audivisti – You heard Audiveras – You had heard

Audiveris – You will have heard

Audivit – He/she/it heard Audiverat – He/she/it had heard

Audiverit – He/she/it will have heard

Audivimus – We heard Audiveramus – We had heard

Audiverimus – We shall have heard

Audivistis – You heard Audiveratis – You had heard

Audiveritis – You will have heard

Audiverunt – They heard Audiverant – They had heard

Audiverint – They will have heard

Perfect System ofSum, Esse, Fui, -


Fui – I was Fueram – I had been Fuero – I shall have been

Fuisti – You were Fueras – You had been Fueris – You will have been

Fuit – He/she/it was Fuerat – He/she/it had been

Fuerit – She/he/it will have been

Fuimus – We were Fueramus – We had been Fuerimus – We shall have been

Fuistis – You were Fueratis – You had been Fueritis – You will have been

Fuerunt – They were Fuerant – They had been Fuerint – You will have been

Perfect System ofPossum, Posse, Potui, -


Potui – I was able Potueram – I had been able

Potuero – I shall have been able

Potuisti – You were able Potueras – You had been able

Potueris – You will have been able

Potuit – He/she/it was able

Potuerat – He/she/it had been able

Potuerit – She/he/it will have been able

Potuimus – We were able Potueramus – We had been able

Potuerimus – We shall have been able

Potuistis – You were able Potueratis – You had been able

Potueritis – You will have been able

Potuerunt – They were able

Potuerant – They had been able

Potuerint – They will have been able

ConjugateAmo, Amare, Amavi, Amatusin the Perfect, Active System

ConjugateTeneo, Tenere, Tenui, Tentusin the Perfect, Active System

ConjugateDuco, Ducere, Duxi, Ductus

in the Perfect, Active System

ConjugateExcipio, Excipere, Excepi, Exceptus

in the Perfect, Active System

Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns which refer back to the subject.

i.e. Cicero praised him (“him” = regular pronoun) BUT Cicero praised himself (“himself” = reflexive pronoun).

Cannot serve as subjects of a finite verbs – therefore n0 nominative case; All first and second person reflexive pronouns decline like regular personal pronouns.

Context needed to discern what type of pronoun you are dealing with.

Cf. Wheelock, p. 83.

Declension of Third Person Reflexive Pronouns

Nom -. Gen – Sui (of himself, herself, itself) Dat – Sibi (to/for himself, etc.). Acc – Se (himself, etc.). Abl – Se (by/with/from himself, etc.).

Nom -. Gen – Sui (of themselves). Dat – Sibi (to/for themselves). Acc – Se (themselves). Abl – Se (By/with/from themselves).

Note – Declines identically to 2nd person singular reflexive pronoun; Singular and plural are identical; use context.

Reflexive Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns referring to the subject (i.e. Cicero praises his own students).

1st (meus, a, um – noster, nostra, nostrum) and 2nd (Tuus, a, um – Vester, Vestra, Vestrum) person decline exactly like regular possessive pronouns.

3rd person possessive reflexive pronoun (suus, sua, suum) declines like any 1st/2nd declension adjective (i.e. Like magnus, a, um); must agree with the noun modified in gender, number, and case regardless of the gender and number of the subject to which it refers; Be careful to distinguish the use of 3rd person reflexive possessive pronouns from the use of nonreflexive possessive pronouns.

Cf. Wheelock, p. 84.

Intensive PronounIpse, Ipsa, Ipsum

Added to a noun to emphasize its significance in a sentence – Cf. Wheelock, p. 85.

Declines just like Magnus, a, um, except for the genitive and dative singular which follows the regular demonstrative pronouns (hic, Ille etc.) – Cf. Wheelock, p. 448.

Documents

Perfect, Active System of All Five Conjugations; Reflexive Pronouns; Intensive Pronouns