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Neonatal Calf Management
Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center
Percent calves born dead, died, or were lost during 1996
NAHMS Beef ’97 Study
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0Born dead
24 hrs orless
24 hrs –3 wks
3 wks –weaning
2.1
1.1 1.1 1.2
Calf Age and Organism
Organism Approximate Calf Age
E. coli Day 1 (days 1-7)
Rotavirus Day 4-9 (days 1-14 up to 5 wks)
Coronavirus Day 5-9 (days 2-14 up to 6 wks)
Clostridium perfringens Day 1-2 (days 1-7 & weeks 4-6)
Cryptosporidium parvum Day 7-10 (days 7-21)
Salmonella spp. Day 7-21 (day 7 through 4 mo.)
Coccidia Day 21 and up
Most of the time it is a mixed infection!
Disease prevention
Disease prevention
Animal-nutrition, immune
system, etc.
Environment-temperature, mud,
etc.
Agent- virulence,
exposure, etc.
Increase resistance
Prevent transmission
Remove agent
Prevention
• Recreate early calving season conditions– “Clean” calving area– Absence of older calves
• Goal: Reduce/prevent transmission
Weeks 1&2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
PathogenesisDiarrhea
Dehydration and Lactic Acidosis
Hypovolemic Shock
Decreased Profusion
Ischemic Damage of Multiple Organs
Translocation of Enteric Bacteria
Septicemic Shock
Death
Treatment of Neonatal Diarrhea
• Dehydration• Acid/Base Imbalance• Electrolyte Abnormalities• Hypoglycemia• Ancillary treatments– Antibiotics– NSAID’s
Rehydration Therapy
RouteVolumeCompositionDuration ?
% Dehydration
EyeballStatus
Skin Tent (in seconds)
Mucus membranes
0 None <1 Moist
1-5 None to Slight 1-4 Moist
6-8 Slight Separation
5-10 Tacky
9-10 <5 mm gap 11-15 Tacky to dry
11-12 5-10 mm gap 16-45 Dry
Compiled from Howard, Smith, Blood et. al.
Daily Fluid Requirement:
• Replacement = % dehydration x body wt.
• Maintenance = 50 mL/kg/day or
1mL/#/hr
• Estimated loss to diarrhea = 1-4 L/day
Acid-Base Assessment
Lateral recumbency 4 10 4Lateral recumbency 20
Sternal recumbency 3 10 Sternal recumbency 3 15
Standing, weak suckle 2 5 Standing, weak suckle 2 10
Standing, good suckle 1 0 Standing, good suckle 1 5
Demeanor Score (< 8 days of age)
Base Deficit (Meq)
Demeanor Score (> 8 days of age)
Base Deficit (Meq)
Naylor
Electrolytes and Energy
• Serum Chemistry– Potassium• Hyperkalemia• Total body depletion of K
– Sodium – normal to low normal– Chloride – normal to low normal
• Negative energy balance– Hypoglycemia– Do not give oral table sugar (sucrose)
5 gms 15 gms 15 gms
In 2 liters of water with 50 ml of 50% dextrose solution….
Intravenous Fluid Therapy Options
• 0.9% Saline• Ringer’s solution• Lactated Ringer’s solution• Isotonic sodium bicarbonate• Supplemental 5% Bicarb• Others
Calculation of Replacement Bicarbonate
• Normal venous blood pH = 7.34• Normal serum bicarbonate values for calves = 30
mmol/L with a base excess of 5 mmol/L• Constant for volume of distribution= 0.6• Body wt in kg X (30-TCO2) X 0.6 = mEq of bicarb needed• Acid-base correction – HCO3- or bicarb equivalent like
acetate, citrate, or L-lactate• Commercial sources of Bicarb
• 8.4% - supplies 1mEq/ml• 5% - supplies 0.6mEq/ml
Other Intravenous Fluid Considerations
• Ion replacement – Na+, K+, Cl-
– 20-40 mEq/liter of fluids– Do not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour
• Energy maintenance
Ancillary Tx
• Antimicrobials– Bacteremia– Control intercurrent infections– Prevent iatrogenic infections
• Flunixin meglumine– Correct dehydration first!
Questions?