People and Economy

8/17/2019 People and Economy

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------------------------------------------------------------------1. Population

population of india: 1028 million, 2001 censusthis population is more than combined population of north america, south america and australiafirst population census in india: 1872first complete census in india: 1881

distribution:-u.p.,maharashtra, bihar, west bengal, andhra pradesh along with tamil nadu, madhya pradesh, rajasthan, karnataka and gujarat, account for about 76 per cent ofthe total population.-states like jammu & kashmir (0.98%), arunachal pradesh (0.11%) and uttaranchal(0.83%) even though they have large areas.-physical factor: climate, terrain, water hence northern plains, coastal areas,deltas more populated-socio-economic: industries, urbanisation, transport-historic: development of agriculture, human settlement

density:-india(313 persons/sq km) is the third most dense country in asia after bangladesh(849) and japan(334).-density in 1951 was 117 and increased by 200 to 313 persons per sq km in 2001.

-variation in density: 13 in arunachal pradesh to 9340 in national capital territory of delhi.-west bengal(903), bihar(880), UP(690) in north and kerala(819) and tamil nadu(480) in south have higher density.-physiological density = total population /net cultivated area.agricultural density = total agriculturalpopulation / net cultivable area.

growth:-natural(birth/death), induced(migration)-annual growth rate is 2.4% and at this rate we will overtake china is 36 years-1901 to 1921: stagnation due to poor health, illiteracy, insufficient food andbasic services

-1921 to 1951: steady populatio growth due to improvement of basic services-1951 to 1981: population explosion due to economic development and migration from neighbours.-1981 to date: gradual slowdown due to measures-kerala registered the lowest growth in last decade at only 9.4%-adolescent population(10-19) in india is 22% as per 2001 census. national youth policy

Census Total Population Growth Rate*Years Absolute % of Growth1901 238396327 ------------ ------------1911 252093390 (+) 13697063 (+) 5.751921 251321213 (-) 772117 (-) 0.31

1931 278977238 (+) 27656025 (+) 11.601941 318660580 (+) 39683342 (+) 14.221951 361088090 (+) 42420485 (+) 13.311961 439234771 (+) 77682873 (+) 21.511971 548159652 (+) 108924881 (+) 24.801981 683329097 (+) 135169445 (+) 24.661991 846302688 (+) 162973591 (+) 23.852001 1028610328 (+) 182307640 (+) 21.54


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population composition:

-rural urban:--72% of our population lives in villages-- india has 638,588 villages according to the census 2001 out of which 593,731(93%) are inhabited--villages in hilly areas have 200 ppl while in kerala and parts of maharashtrathat's 17K--urban population in india is 27.8%

-linguistic:--18 scheduled languages as per 1991 census--hindi has the highest(40.42%) while kashmiri and sanskrit(0.01%) speakers

family sub-family branch/group speech areasaustric austro-asiatic mon-khmer meghalaya,nicobar islands1.38% munda w.b.,bihar,orissa,assam,m.p.,maharashtra

dravidian south t.n.,karnataka,kerala20% central a.p, m.p.,orissa,maharashtra

north bihar,orissa,w.b.,m.p.

sino-tibetan tibetomyanmari tibeto-himalay j.k.,h.p.,sikkim

(kirata) north assam arunachal pradesh0.85% siamese-chinese assam-myanmari assam,nagaland,manipur,mizoram,tripura,meghalaya

indoeuropean indo-aryan dardic jammu & kashmir73% indo-aryan jammu & kashmir, punjab, himachal pradesh, u.p. rajasthan, haryana, m.p., bihar, orissa, west bengal

assam, gujarat, maharashtra, goa.

-religious:

--hindus are distributed as a major group in many states (ranging from 70% - 90%) except the districts of states along indo-bangladesh border, indo-pak border,jammu & kashmir, hill states of north-east and in scattered areas of deccan plateau and ganga plain--muslims are concentrated in jammu & kashmir, certain districts of west bengaland kerala, many districts of uttar pradesh,in and around delhi and in lakshadweep. they form majority in kashmir valley and lakshadweep.--the christian population is distributed mostly in rural areas of the country.the main concentration is observed along the western coast around goa, kerala and also in the hill states of meghalaya, mizoram, nagaland, chotanagpur area andhills of manipur--sikhs are mostly concentrated in states of punjab, haryana and delhi--jains are concentrated in urban areas of rajasthan, gujarat, maharashtra

--buddhist are concentrated mostly in maharashtra.other areas are sikkim, arunachal pradesh, ladakh, tripura, lahut-spiti in himachal pradesh.

Religious 2001Groups Population % of Total

(in million)Hindus 827.6 80.5Muslims 138.2 13.5Christians 24.1 2.3Sikhs 19.2 1.9


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Buddhists 8.0 0.9Jains 4.2 0.4Others 6.6 0.6

-working population:--39% of the population is working

Categories PopulationPersons % to Male Female

totalWorkers

Primary 234088181 58.2 142745598 91342583Secondary 16956942 4.2 8744183 8212759Tertiary 151189601 37.6 123524695 27664906

Appendix (i)Statewise Population Distribution, Density and Growth, 2001States/UTs Area(sq Km) % area population % pop. Density Growth RateAndaman/Nicobar 8249 0.24 356152 0.03 43 26.9Andhra Pradesh 275045 8.37 76210007 7.37 275 14.49Arunachal 83743 2.55 1097968 0.11 13 27.0

Assam 78438 2.39 26655528 2.59 340 18.92Chhattisgarh 135191 4.11 20833803 20.25 154 18.27Bihar 94163 9.86 82998509 8.07 880 28.62Chandigarh 114 0.003 900635 0.09 7900 40.28Dadra & Nagar 491 0.01 220490 0.02 449 59.22Daman & Diu 112 0.003 158204 0.02 1413 55.73Delhi 1483 0.05 13850507 1.34 9340 47.02Goa 3702 0.11 1347668 0.13 363 15.21Gujarat 196024 5.96 50671017 4.93 258 22.66Haryana 44212 1.34 21144564 2.05 477 28.43Himachal 55673 1.69 6077900 0.59 109 17.54J and K 222236 6.76 10143700 0.98 99 29.43Jharkhand 79714 2.42 26945829 2.62 338 23.36

Karnataka 191791 5.83 52850562 5.13 275 17.51Kerala 38863 1.18 31841374 3.1 819 9.43Lakshadweep 32 0.0009 60650 0.01 1895 17.3Madhya Pradesh 308245 9.38 60348023 5.88 196 24.26Maharashtra 307713 9.36 96878627 9.42 314 22.73Manipur2 22327 0.68 2293896 0.23 103 24.86Mizoram 21081 0.64 888573 0.09 42 28.82Meghalaya 22429 0.68 2318822 0.22 103 30.65Nagaland 16579 0.5 1990036 0.19 120 64.53Orissa 155707 4.74 36804660 3.57 236 16.25Pondicherry 479 0.14 974345 0.09 2030 20.62Punjab 50362 1.53 24358999 2.37 484 20.1Rajasthan 342239 10.41 56507188 5.5 165 28.41

Sikkim 7096 0.21 540851 0.05 76 33.06Tamil Nadu 130058 3.96 62405679 6.07 480 11.72Tripura 10486 0.32 3199203 0.31 305 16.03Uttar Pradesh 240928 7.33 166197921 16.17 690 25.85Uttaranchal 53483 1.63 8489349 0.83 159 20.41West Bengal 88752 5.7 80176197 7.81 903 17.77------------------------------------------------------------------------------INDIA 3287240 100 1028737436 100 325 21.54

sorted by area:


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States/UTs Area(sq Km)Rajasthan 342239Madhya Pradesh 308245Maharashtra 307713Andhra Pradesh 275045Uttar Pradesh 240928J and K 222236Gujarat 196024Karnataka 191791Orissa 155707Chhattisgarh 135191Tamil Nadu 130058Bihar 94163West Bengal 88752Arunachal 83743Jharkhand 79714Assam 78438Himachal 55673Uttaranchal 53483Punjab 50362Haryana 44212Kerala 38863Meghalaya 22429Manipur2 22327

Mizoram 21081Nagaland 16579Tripura 10486Andaman/Nicobar 8249Sikkim 7096Goa 3702Delhi 1483Dadra & Nagar 491Pondicherry 479Chandigarh 114Daman & Diu 112Lakshadweep 32

sorted by population:States/UTs populationUttar Pradesh 166197921Maharashtra 96878627Bihar 82998509West Bengal 80176197Andhra Pradesh 76210007Tamil Nadu 62405679Madhya Pradesh 60348023Rajasthan 56507188Karnataka 52850562Gujarat 50671017Orissa 36804660

Kerala 31841374Jharkhand 26945829Assam 26655528Punjab 24358999Haryana 21144564Chhattisgarh 20833803Delhi 13850507J and K 10143700Uttaranchal 8489349Himachal 6077900


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Tripura 3199203Meghalaya 2318822Manipur2 2293896Nagaland 1990036Goa 1347668Arunachal 1097968Pondicherry 974345Chandigarh 900635Mizoram 888573Sikkim 540851Andaman/Nicobar 356152Dadra & Nagar 220490Daman & Diu 158204Lakshadweep 60650

sorted by density:States/UTs DensityDelhi 9340Chandigarh 7900Pondicherry 2030Lakshadweep 1895Daman & Diu 1413West Bengal 903Bihar 880

Kerala 819Uttar Pradesh 690Punjab 484Tamil Nadu 480Haryana 477Dadra & Nagar 449Goa 363Assam 340Jharkhand 338Maharashtra 314Tripura 305Andhra Pradesh 275Karnataka 275

Gujarat 258Orissa 236Madhya Pradesh 196Rajasthan 165Uttaranchal 159Chhattisgarh 154Nagaland 120Himachal 109Meghalaya 103Manipur2 103J and K 99Sikkim 76Andaman/Nicobar 43

Mizoram 42Arunachal 13

sorted by growth rate:States/UTs Growth RateNagaland 64.53Dadra & Nagar 59.22Daman & Diu 55.73Delhi 47.02Chandigarh 40.28


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Sikkim 33.06Meghalaya 30.65J and K 29.43Mizoram 28.82Bihar 28.62Haryana 28.43Rajasthan 28.41Arunachal 27.00Andaman/Nicobar 26.90Uttar Pradesh 25.85Manipur2 24.86Madhya Pradesh 24.26Jharkhand 23.36Maharashtra 22.73Gujarat 22.66Pondicherry 20.62Uttaranchal 20.41Punjab 20.10Assam 18.92Chhattisgarh 18.27West Bengal 17.77Himachal 17.54Karnataka 17.51Lakshadweep 17.30

Orissa 16.25Tripura 16.03Goa 15.21Andhra Pradesh 14.49Tamil Nadu 11.72Kerala 09.43

Appendix (ii)India : Area, Population, Agricultural Population and Net Sown Area,2001States/UTs Area total agricultural Net Sown Area(1993-94)Andaman/Nicobar 8249 356152 26629 -

Andhra Pradesh 275045 76210007 21691686 10362Arunachal 83743 1097968 298140 150Assam 78438 2665528 4994305 2706Bihar 94163 82998509 15518365 7267Chandigarh# 114 900635 2704 -Chhattisgarh 135191 20833803 7402489 -Dadra & Nagar# 491 220490 54185 -Daman & Diu# 112 158204 5347 -Delhi# 1483 13850507 53204 -Goa 3702 1347668 86201 138Gujarat 196024 50671017 10964339 9391Haryana 44212 21144564 4296835 3513Himachal 55673 6077900 2049040 572

J and K 222236 10143700 1837935 736Jharkhand 79714 26945829 6740803 Karnataka 191791 52850562 13110798 10790Kerala 38863 31841374 2345006 2238Lakshadweep# 32 60650 NIL -Madhya Pradesh 308245 60348023 18438576 19740Maharashtra 307713 96878627 22628537 18021Manipur 22327 2293896 493335 140Meghalaya 22429 2318822 638704 201Mizoram 21081 888573 283115 65


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Nagaland 16579 1990036 579752 189Orissa 155707 36804660 9246693 6303Pondicherry# 479 974345 83151 -Punjab 50362 24358999 3554928 4214Rajasthan 342239 56507188 15663785 16232Sikkim 7096 540851 148258 95Tamil Nadu 130058 62405679 13753669 5901Tripura 10486 3199203 589432 277Uttar Pradesh 240928 166197921 35568473 17250Uttaranchal 53483 8489349 1829799 West Bengal 88752 80176197 13016879 5459---------------------------------------------------------------INDIA 3287240 1028737436 234088181 142095

Appendix (iii)India : Decadel Birth Rate, Death Rate and Rate of Natural Increase, 1901 - 1999Decades Birth Rate Death Rate Rate of Increase (Per 1000)1901 - 1911 49.2 42.6 6.61911 - 1921 48.1 47.2 0.91921 - 1931 46.4 36.2 10.11931 - 1941 45.9 37.2 14.01941 - 1951 39.9 27.4 12.51951 - 1961 41.7 22.8 18.9

1961 - 1971 41.2 19.0 22.31971 - 1981 37.2 15 21.01981 - 1991 29.5 9.8 20.11991 - 1999 26.2 9.0 17.0

Migrants by place of last residence indicating migration streams (duration 0-9 years) INDIA 2001Migration Intra State Inter State

Male Female Male FemaleR-R 9985581 38894493 1759523 2714779R-U 6503461 7718115 3803737 2569218U-R 2057789 3155362 522916 530436U-U 4387563 5510731 221882 2288598

Appendix (iv)India : Rural and Urban Population 1991, 20011991 2001States/UTs % of Urban Rural Urban % of Urban

Andhra Pradesh 26.84 55401067 20808940 27.3Arunachal 12.21 870087 227881 20.8Assam 11.08 23216288 3439240 12.9Bihar 13.17 95268797 14675541 10.5Goa 41.02 677091 670577 49.8Gujarat 34.4 31740767 18930250 37.4

Haryana 24.79 15029260 6115304 28.9Himachal 8.7 5482319 595581 9.8J and K 23.83 7627062 2516638 24.8Karnataka 30.91 34889033 17961529 34Kerala 26.44 23574449 8266925 26Madhya Pradesh 23.21 61028934 20152892 24.82Maharashtra 38.73 55777647 41100980 42.4Manipur 27.69 1590820 575968 25.1Meghalaya 18.69 1864711 454111 19.6Mizoram 46.2 447567 441006 49.6


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Nagaland 17.28 1647249 342787 17.2Orissa 13.43 31287422 5517238 15Punjab 29.72 16096488 8262511 33.9Rajasthan 22.88 43292813 13214375 23.4Sikkim 9.12 480981 59870 11.1Tamil Nadu 34.2 34921681 27483998 44Tripura 15.26 2653453 545750 17.1Uttar Pradesh 19.89 137968614 36718656 21.1West Bengal 27.39 57748946 22427251 28Andaman/Nicobar 26.8 239954 116198 32.6Chandigarh 89.69 92120 808515 89.8Dadra & Nagar 8.47 170027 50463 22.9Daman & Diu 46.86 100856 57348 36.2Delhi 89.93 944727 12905780 93.2Lakshadweep 56.29 33683 26967 44.5Pondicherry 64.05 325726 648619 66.6INDIA 25.72 742490639 286119689 27.8

Appendix (v)India : % of Population of Religious GroupsStates/ UT Hindu Muslim Christ Sikhs Buddh Jains Others not statedJ and K 29.6 66.9 0.2 2.04 1.12 0.02 0.001 0.001Himachal 95.4 2 0.1 1.2 1.2 0.02 0.006 0.007

Punjab 36.9 1.6 1.2 59.9 0.2 0.2 0.03 0.02Chandigarh 78.6 3.9 0.8 16.1 0.1 0.3 0.03 0.01Uttaranchal 84.9 11.9 0.3 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.01 0.04Haryana 88.2 5.8 0.1 5.5 0.03 0.3 0.01 0.01Delhi 82 11.7 0.9 4 5.2 1.1 0.01 0.0001Rajasthan 88.7 8.5 0.1 1.4 0.02 1.2 0.01 0.01Uttar Pradesh 80.6 18.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.3 0.2Bihar 83.2 16.5 0.1 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.04Sikkim 60.9 1.4 6.7 0.2 26.4 0.04 2.4 0.2Arunachal 34.6 1.9 18.7 0.2 13 0.02 30.7 0.8Nagaland 7.7 1.8 90 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.3 0.04Manipur 43.5 8.3 32.2 0.07 0.08 0 10.3 0.04Mizoram 3.6 1.1 87 0.03 7.9 0.02 0.3 0.07

Tripura 85.6 8 3.2 0.04 3.1 0.01 0.04 0.03Meghalaya 13.3 4.3 70.3 0.1 0.2 0.03 11.5 0.3Assam 64.9 30.9 3.7 0.08 0.2 0.09 0.08 0.04West Bengal 72.5 25.2 0.6 0.08 0.3 0.06 1.1 0.06Jharkhand 68.6 13.8 4.1 0.3 0.02 0.06 13 0.09Orissa 94.4 2.1 2.4 0.04 0.03 0.02 1 0.05Chhattisgarh 94.7 2 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.04Madhya Pradesh 91.1 6.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.03Gujarat 89.1 9.1 0.6 0.1 0.04 1 0.06 0.07Daman & Diuu 89.7 7.8 2.1 0.09 0.07 0.2 0.06 0.01Dadra & Nagar 93.5 3 2.7 0.06 0.2 0.4 0.04 0.07Maharashtra 80.4 10.6 1.1 0.2 6 1.3 0.2 0.1Andhra Pradesh 89 9.2 1.6 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.1

Karnataka 83.8 12.2 1.9 0.02 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.2Goa 65.8 6.8 26.7 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.5Lakshadweep 3.7 95.5 0.8 0.01 0.001 0.02Kerala 56.2 24.7 19 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08Tamil Nadu 88.1 5.6 6.1 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.02 0.09Pondicherry 86.8 6.1 6.9 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.06Andaman-Nicobar 69.2 8.2 21.7 0.4 0.1 0.01 0.06 0.2

sorted by hindu population:States/ UT Hindu


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Himachal 95.4Chhattisgarh 94.7Orissa 94.4Dadra & Nagar 93.5Madhya Pradesh 91.1Daman & Diuu 89.7Gujarat 89.1Andhra Pradesh 89Rajasthan 88.7Haryana 88.2Tamil Nadu 88.1Pondicherry 86.8Tripura 85.6Uttaranchal 84.9Karnataka 83.8Bihar 83.2Delhi 82Uttar Pradesh 80.6Maharashtra 80.4Chandigarh 78.6West Bengal 72.5Andaman-Nicobar 69.2Jharkhand 68.6Goa 65.8

Assam 64.9Sikkim 60.9Kerala 56.2Manipur 43.5Punjab 36.9Arunachal 34.6J and K 29.6Meghalaya 13.3Nagaland 7.7Lakshadweep 3.7Mizoram 3.6

sorted by muslim population:

States/ UT MuslimLakshadweep 95.5J and K 66.9Assam 30.9West Bengal 25.2Kerala 24.7Uttar Pradesh 18.5Bihar 16.5Jharkhand 13.8Karnataka 12.2Uttaranchal 11.9Delhi 11.7Maharashtra 10.6

Andhra Pradesh 9.2Gujarat 9.1Rajasthan 8.5Manipur 8.3Andaman-Nicobar 8.2Tripura 8Daman & Diuu 7.8Goa 6.8Madhya Pradesh 6.4Pondicherry 6.1


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Haryana 5.8Tamil Nadu 5.6Meghalaya 4.3Chandigarh 3.9Dadra & Nagar 3Orissa 2.1Himachal 2Chhattisgarh 2Arunachal 1.9Nagaland 1.8Punjab 1.6Sikkim 1.4Mizoram 1.1

sorted by christian population:States/ UT ChristNagaland 90Mizoram 87Meghalaya 70.3Manipur 32.2Goa 26.7Andaman-Nicobar 21.7Kerala 19Arunachal 18.7

Pondicherry 6.9Sikkim 6.7Tamil Nadu 6.1Jharkhand 4.1Assam 3.7Tripura 3.2Dadra & Nagar 2.7Orissa 2.4Daman & Diuu 2.1Karnataka 1.9Chhattisgarh 1.9Andhra Pradesh 1.6Punjab 1.2

Maharashtra 1.1

sorted by buddhist population:States/ UT BuddhSikkim 26.4Arunachal 13Mizoram 7.9Maharashtra 6Delhi 5.2Tripura 3.1Himachal 1.2J and K 1.12

sorted by jains:States/ UT JainsMaharashtra 1.3Rajasthan 1.2Delhi 1.1Gujarat 1

Appendix (vi)India : Work Participation Rate and Occupation Structure, 2001


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State/UTs Categories of WorkersRate(%) cultivators % Agri. Lab. % Household % Others %

J and K 37 1591514 42.4 246421 6.6 234472 6.2 168140844.8Punjab 37.5 2065067 22.6 1489861 16.3 333770 3.6 523877657.4Himachal 49.2 1954870 65.3 94171 3.2 52519 1.8 89090129.7Chandigarh 37.8 2141 0.62 563 0.16 3880 1.1 33383898Uttaranchal 36.9 1570116 50 131683 4.2 72448 2.3 123178939.3Haryana 39.6 3018014 36 1278821 15.3 214755 2.6 386587646.2Delhi 32.8 37431 0.82 15773 0.34 140032 3.1 435199895.7Rajasthan 42.1 13140066 55.3 2523719 10.6 677991 2.8 742487931.2Uttar Pradesh 32.5 22167562 41.1 13400911 24.8 3031164 5.6 15384187 28.5Bihar 33.7 8193621 29.3 5297744 18.9 1100424 3.9 526281718.8Sikkim 48.6 131258 49.9 17000 6.46 4219 1.6 11056642

Arunachal 44 279300 57.8 18840 3.9 6043 1.3 17871937Nagaland 42.6 548845 64.7 30907 3.6 21873 2.6 24617129Manipur 43.6 379705 40 113630 12 96920 10.3 35495837.6Mizoram 52.6 256332 54.9 26783 5.7 7100 1.5 17694437.9Tripura 36.2 313300 40.2 124132 10.7 35292 3 53483746.1Meghalaya 41.8 467010 48.1 171694 17.7 21225 2.2 31021731.98Assam 35.8 3730773 39.1 1263532 13.24 344912 3.61 4199374

44West Bengal 36.8 5653922 24.7 7362957 24.9 2172070 7.4 12686741 43Jharkhand 37.5 3889506 38.5 2851297 28.2 430965 4.3 293726229Orissa 38.8 4247661 29.8 4999104 35 701563 4.9 432816030.3Chhattisgarh 46.5 4311131 44.5 3091358 31.9 198691 2.1 197562920.4Madhya Pradesh 42.7 11037906 42.8 7400670 28.7 1033313 4 632163024.5Gujarat 41.9 5802681 27.3 5161658 24.3 429682 2 986150046.4

Daman & Diu 46 4034 5.54 1323 1.8 1180 1.6 6625491Dadra & Nagar 51.8 39470 34.6 14715 12.9 850 0.74 5908751.7Maharashtra 42.8 11813275 28.7 10815262 26.3 1089318 2.6 17455496 42.4Andhra Pradesh 45.8 7859534 22.6 13832152 39.6 1642105 4.7 11560068 33.1Karnataka 44.5 6883856 29.2 6226942 26.4 959665 4.1 946432840.2


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Goa 38.8 50395 9.6 35806 6.8 14746 2.8 42190880.7Lakshadweep 25.3 NIL NIL NIL 0 902 5.9 1445294.1Kerala 32.3 724155 7 1620851 15.8 369667 3.6 756921473.6Tamil Nadu 44.7 5116039 18.4 8637630 30.9 1499761 5.4 12624852 45.3Pondicherry 35.2 10900 3.2 72251 21 6339 1.8 25316573.9Andaman nocobar 38.3 21461 15.8 5169 3.8 7086 5.2 10253875.3INDIA 39.1 127312851 31.7 106775330 26.5 6956942 1.7 151189601 37.6

------------------------------------------------------------------2. Migration

-first stats for migration in 1881.-1961 - place of birth and duration of stay introduced in census-1971 - place of last residence and duration of stay-1981 - reason for migration-30% of population is migrant by birth-31% of population is migrant by place of residence

-of the 4 streams of migration R-R, R-U, U-R, U-U, men outnumber women only in R-U interstate migration. this is because of search for jobs. women migration mostly due to marriage(exception meghalaya).-5 million person have migrated to india from other countries. out of these, 96per cent came from the neighbouring countries: bangladesh(3.0 million) followedby pakistan (0.9 million) and nepal (0.5 million). included in this are 0.16 million refugees from tibet, sri lanka, bangladesh, pakistan, afghanistan, iran, andmyanmar.

Countries% No of % ofimmigrants total

immigrants

Total internationalmigration 5,155,423 100Migration fromneighbouringcountries 4,918,266 95.5Afghanistan 9,194 0.2Bangladesh 3,084,826 59.8Bhutan 8,337 0.2China 23,721 0.5Myanmar 49,086 1.0Nepal 596,696 11.6Pakistan 997,106 19.3Sri Lanka 149,300 2.9

net migration order: maharashtra(2.3 million),delhi,gujarat,haryana...bihar(-1.7 million),UP(-2.6 million).among urban conglomerates greater mumbai receives highest migrants.

causes:-push factor-pull factor

consequence:


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economic - remittance($11 billion in 2002. punjab, kerala, TN receive significant). internal remittances are mearge while internal migration lead to unregulated growth of cities.demographic - imbalance in sex ratio and skilled/unskilled laboursocial - intermixing of different culturesenvironmental - overcrowding, stress on social and physical infrastructure, over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution

------------------------------------------------------------------3.Human Development

development of a few regions,individuals brought about in a short span of time leads to poverty and malnutrition for many along with large scale ecological degradation.

concerted efforts were made to look at development critically at various times in the past. but, most systematic effort towards this was the publication of thefirst human development report by united nationsdevelopment programme (undp) in 1990.

according to the human development report 1993, "progressive democratisation and increasing empowerment of people are seen as the minimum conditions for human development".

Human Development in india:-rank 127 of 172 in 2005

indicators of economic attainment:-GNP and its per capita availability are taken as measure to assess the resource base/endowment of any country.

poverty in india, 1999-2000

State % of Populationbelowpoverty line

Orissa 47.15

Bihar 42.6Madhya Pradesh 37.43Sikkim 36.55Assam 36.09Tripura 34.44Meghalaya 33.87Arunachal 33.47Nagaland 32.67Uttar Pradesh 31.15Manipur 28.54West Bengal 27.02Maharashtra 25.02Pondichery 21.67

Tamil Nadu 21.12Andaman Nicobar 20.99Karnataka 20.04Mizoram 19.47Dadra & Nagar 17.14Andhra Pradesh 15.77Lakshadweep 15.6Rajasthan 15.28Gujarat 14.07Kerala 12.72


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Haryana 8.47Delhi 8.23Himachal 7.63Punjab 6.16Chandigarh 5.75Daman & Diu 4.44Goa 4.4Jammu Kashmir 3.48India 26.10

indicators of healthy life:-decline in death rate from 25.1/1000 in 1951 to 8.1/1000 in 1999 and infant mortality from 148/1000 to 70 during the same period. similarly, it also succeeded in increasing life expectancy at birth from 37.1 years to 62.3 years for malesand 36.2 to 65.3 years for females from 1951 to 1999.

indicators of social empowerment:

literacy rates in 2001 sorted by total State Total Female Kerala 90.92 87.86 Mizoram 88.49 86.13 Lakshadweep 87.52 81.56 Chandigarh 85.65 76.65

Goa 82.32 75.51 Delhi 81.82 75 Pondicherry 81.49 74.13 Andaman & Nicobar 81.18 75.29 Daman & Diu 81.09 70.37 Maharashtra 77.27 67.51 Himachal Pradesh 77.13 68.08 Tripura 73.66 65.41 Tamil Nadu 73.47 64.55 Uttaranchal 72.28 60.26 Gujarat 69.97 58.6 Punjab 69.95 63.55 Sikkim 69.68 61.46

West Bengal 69.22 60.22 Manipur 68.87 59.7 Haryana 68.59 56.31 Nagaland 67.11 61.92 Karnataka 67.04 57.45 Chhattisgarh 65.18 52.4 Assam 64.28 56.03 Madhya Pradesh 64.11 50.28 Orissa 63.61 50.97 Meghalaya 63.31 60.41 Andhra Pradesh 61.11 51.17 Rajasthan 61.03 44.34 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60.03 42.99

Uttar Pradesh 57.36 42.98 Arunachal Pradesh 54.74 44.24 Jammu & Kashmir 54.46 41.82 Jharkhand 54.13 39.38 Bihar 47.53 33.57 India 65.38 54.16

literacy rates in 2001 sorted by femaleState Total Female Kerala 90.92 87.86


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Mizoram 88.49 86.13 Lakshadweep 87.52 81.56 Chandigarh 85.65 76.65 Goa 82.32 75.51 Andaman & Nicobar 81.18 75.29 Delhi 81.82 75 Pondicherry 81.49 74.13 Daman & Diu 81.09 70.37 Himachal Pradesh 77.13 68.08 Maharashtra 77.27 67.51 Tripura 73.66 65.41 Tamil Nadu 73.47 64.55 Punjab 69.95 63.55 Nagaland 67.11 61.92 Sikkim 69.68 61.46 Meghalaya 63.31 60.41 Uttaranchal 72.28 60.26 West Bengal 69.22 60.22 Manipur 68.87 59.7 Gujarat 69.97 58.6 Karnataka 67.04 57.45 Haryana 68.59 56.31 Assam 64.28 56.03 Chhattisgarh 65.18 52.4

Andhra Pradesh 61.11 51.17 Orissa 63.61 50.97 Madhya Pradesh 64.11 50.28 Rajasthan 61.03 44.34 Arunachal Pradesh 54.74 44.24 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 60.03 42.99 Uttar Pradesh 57.36 42.98 Jammu & Kashmir 54.46 41.82 Jharkhand 54.13 39.38 Bihar 47.53 33.57 India 65.38 54.16

India HDI, 2001

State HDI ValueKerala 0.638Punjab 0.537Tamil Nadu 0.531Maharashtra 0.523Haryana 0.509Gujarat 0.479Karnataka 0.478West Bengal 0.472Rajasthan 0.424Andhra Pradesh 0.416Orissa 0.404Madhya Pradesh 0.394

Uttar Pradesh 0.388Assam 0.386Bihar 0.367

------------------------------------------------------------------4.Human Settlements

difference between rural and urban settlements:-rural settlements derive their basic needs from primary economic activities while urban settlements from secondary and tertiary activities.


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-cities provide goods and services to both urban and rural settlements in return for food and raw materials facilitated by transport and communication network.-difference in social relationship and outlook. rural people are less mobile hence close relationship while urban its more formal.

rural settlements:-factors--physical features- terrain, altitude, climate, availability of water--cultural and ethnic- social structure, caste, religion--security reasons- security against theft, robbery-clustered, agglomerated or nucleated:--house in close vicinity resembling rectangle, radial, linear shape--to prevent from theft or for security/defence(bundelkhand,nagaland), maximum utilization of water(rajasthan)--mostly found in alluvial plains and north eastern states-semi clustered or fragmented:--segregation or fragmentation of large compact village--land owning and dominant part occupying central part while lower strata and menial workers occupy outer flank of villages--wide spread in gujarat plains and rajasthan-hamleted:--segmentation of large village due to social and ethnic factors--physically separated from each other still bearing common name--called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani etc in various parts of country

--middle and lower ganga plain, chattisgarh, lower valleys of himalaya-dispersed or isolated:--due to extremely fragmented nature of terrain and land resource base--many areas of meghalaya, uttaranchal, himachal pradesh and kerala have this type of settlement.

urban settlements:-serve as central and nodal places for economic growth-ancient towns: varanasi, prayag(allahabad), pataliputra(patna), madurai-medieval towns: delhi, hyderabad, jaipur, lucknow, agra,nagpur-modern towns: surat, daman, goa, pondicherry. later mumbai, chennai, kolkata and a whole lot of other administrative and satellite towns.-urbanisation in india:

Year Towns/Uas Urban pop.(in 000's) % of Total Decennial Growth(%)1901 1827 25851.9 10.84 -1911 1815 25941.6 10.29 0.351921 1949 28086.2 11.18 8.271931 2072 33456 11.99 19.121941 2250 44153.3 13.86 31.971951 2843 62443.7 17.29 41.421961 2365 78936.6 17.97 26.411971 2590 1,09,114 19.91 38.231981 3378 1,59,463 23.34 46.141991 4689 2,17,611 25.71 36.472001 5161 2,85,355 27.78 31.13

-classification of towns based on population size:-classified into 6 classes as below-more than one lakh is termed as city or class I town-one to five million is termed metro while more than five million is termed as mega city-more than 60% of the urban population lives in class I towns-of the 423, 35 cities/UA's are metropolitan cities-we have 6 mega cities with more than 5 million urban population housing 1/5th of the urbans.


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classwise no. of towns in 2001 Class Population Size Number Pop.(million) % of total urban % Growth 1991-2001All Classes Total 5161 285.35 100 31.13I >= 1,00,000 423 172.04 61.48 23.12II 50,00099,999 498 34.43 12.3 43.45III 20,00049,999 1386 41.97 15 46.19IV 10,0009,999 1560 22.6 8.08 32.94V 5,0009,999 1057 7.98 2.85 41.49VI < 5,000 227 0.8 0.29 21.21

functional classification of towns:-administrative towns and cities: chandigarh, new delhi, bhopal, shillong, guwahati, imphal, srinagar, gandhinagar, jaipur, chennai, etc.-industrial towns: mumbai, salem, coimbatore, modinagar, jamshedpur, hugli, bhilai, etc.-transport towns: ports such as kandla, kochchi,kozhikode, vishakhapatnam, etc.or hubs of inland transport such as agra, dhulia, mughal sarai, itarsi, katni, etc.-commercial towns: specialized in trade and commerce such as kolkata,saharanpur, satna, etc.-mining towns: raniganj, jharia, digboi, ankaleshwar, singrauli, etc.-garrisioned towns: ambala, jalandhar, mhow, babina, udhampur, etc.-educational towns: roorki, varanasi, aligarh, pilani, allahabad etc.

-religious and cultural towns: varanasi, mathura, amritsar, madurai, puri,ajmer, pushkar, tirupati, kurukshetra,haridwar, ujjain etc-tourist towns: nainital, mussoorie, shimla, pachmarhi, jodhpur, jaisalmer, udagamandalam (ooty),mount abu are some of the tourist destinations.

2001 stats Rank Name of Urban Population

Agglomeration/ (in million)Cities

1 Greater Mumbai 16.372 Kolkata 13.223 Delhi 12.79

4 Chennai 6.425 Bangalore 5.696 Hyderabad 5.537 Ahmedabad 4.528 Pune 3.769 Surat 2.8110 Kanpur 2.6911 Jaipur 2.3212 Lucknow 2.2713 Nagpur 2.1214 Patna 1.7115 Indore 1.6416 Vadodara 1.49

17 Bhopal 1.4518 Coimbatore 1.4519 Ludhiana 1.3920 Kochchi 1.3621 Vishakhapatnam 1.3322 Agra 1.3223 Varanasi 1.2124 Madurai 1.1925 Meerut 1.1726 Nashik 1.15


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27 Jabalpur 1.1228 Jamshedpur 1.129 Asansol 1.0930 Dhanbad 1.0631 Faridabad 1.0532 Allahabad 1.0533 Amritsar 1.0134 Vijayawada 1.0135 Rajkot 1 Total 107.88

------------------------------------------------------------------5. Land resources and agriculture

land use records maintained by land revenue department and adds up to "reporting area" which may change while "geographical area" is measured by survey of india and does not changes.

land use categories:1>forests: different from actual forest cover2>land put to non-agricultural use: land under settlement, infrastructure, industries, shop etc3>barren and wasteland: barren hilly terrains, deserts, ravines that cannot be c

ultivated using current technology4>area under permanent pastures and grazing land: mostly owned by panchayats and are termed "common property resulrces"5>area under misc. tree crops and groves: orchards and fruit trees mostly ownedprivately6>culturable wasteland: left fallow for more than 5 years7>current fallow: left uncultivated for one or less than one year to give rest to land and regain fertility8>fallow other than current fallow: left uncultivated for more than one year but less than 5 years9>net sown area: crops sown and harvested

Land use changes in india:

-increase in size of economy measured in terms of GDP increases pressure on land-service/secondary sector grow faster than and hence more land under non-agri use-more people to feed due to increasing population

share (% of reporting area) 1960-61 2002-03forest 18 23 => increase in demarcated areanon-agriculture 5 8 => developmentbarren/waste land 12 6 => development/increased pressurepermanent pasture/tree crop 6 5 => encroachmentculturable wasteland 6 4 => development/increased pressurefallow/ other than current 4 4current fallow 4 7 => variable year over year

net sown area 45 43 => for non-agri use

private and common porperty resources

Agricultural Land-use %age of Reporting % to Total Cultivated Categories

1960-61 2002-03 1960-61 2002-03Culturable Wasteland 6.23 4.41 10.61 7.52 Fallow other than Current 3.5 3.82 5.96 6.51 Current Fallow 3.73 7.03 6.35 11.98


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Net Area Sown 45.26 43.41 77.08 73.99 Total Cultivable Land 58.72 58.67 100 100

cropping seasons in india:north and interior:1>kharif-southwest tropical monsoon-rice, cotton, jute, jowar,bajra,tur, maize2>rabi-begins onset of winter in oct-nov and ends in march-april-low temperature favours temperate and sub-tropical crops-wheat, gram, mustard, barley, rapeseeds3>zaid-short duration summer cropping season-vegetable, fruits, fodder on irrigated landsouth:-temperature is high enough to grow tropical crops during any period of the year provided soil moisture is available.1>kharif-rice, maize, ragi, jowar, groundnut2>rabi-rice, maize, ragi, jowar, groundnut3>zaid-rice, vegetables, fodder

types of farming:irrigated:-protective- to protect crops from moisture deficiency and provide moisture to maximum possible area-productive- to increase productivityrainfed(barani):-on the basis of adequacy of soil moisture during cropping season,-dryland farming--annual rainfall less than 75 cms--hardy and drought resistant crops such as ragi, bajra, moong, gram, guar(fodder)--practice soil moisture conservation and rain water harvesting techniques

-wetland farming--rainfall in excess of soil moisture requirement--may face flood and soil erosion hazards--water intensive crops such as rice, jute, sugarcane and aquaculture in fresh water bodies

cropping pattern:

foodgrains:-occupy 2/3rd of he total cropped area

-cereals and pulses

-cereals:-occupy 54% of total cropped area-11% of world production and rank third after china and US-fine grains(rice, wheat) and coarse grains(jowar, bajra, maize, ragi)-rice:-3000 varities. grown successfully from sea level to 2000 metres-climate in WB and south allow growing rice twice or thrice in an year-WB three crops are grown termed "aus","aman","boro"-india produces 22% of world rice and is next only to china-about 25% of cropped area under rice cultivation


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map: page 47-wheat:-second most important crop after rice-primarily a crop of temperate zone-india produces 12% of world production-14% of total cropped area under wheat production-mostly concentrated in the temperate zone and winter season so mostly irrigatedmap: page 49-jowar:-coarse cereals ocupy 16.5% of cropped area of which jowar and sorghum occupy 5.3% of total area-food crop in semi-arid areas of central and south india, rainfed crop-maharashtra produces more than half of the total production.other leading states are karnataka, andhra pradesh, madhya pradesh. in south its growth during kharif and rabi while in north only in kharif and as fodder.-bajra:-hot and dry climate and hardy crop occupy 5.2% of total cropped area-major producers are maharashtra, gujarat, UP, rajasthan, haryana. rain fed so yield low in rajasthan-maize:-food as well as fodder crop occupying 3.6% of total cropped area-grown all over india except east and north east india-major producers, madhya pradesh, andhra pradesh, karnataka, rajasthan, uttar pradesh

-yield level is higher than other coarse cereals-pulses:-legume crops increase natural fertility of soil, imp. source of protein-india is leading producer of pulses and accounts for 1/5th of total production-11% of total cropped area, concentrates in drylands of deccan, central plateau, north western parts-main pulses in india are gram and tur-gram:-rabi crop occupying 2.8% of total cropped area-madhya pradesh, uttar pradesh, maharashtra, andhra pradesh and rajasthan are the main producers of this pulse crop.-tur(arhar):-occupies only 2% of total cropped area

-maharashtra produces 1/3rd of the total produce. others are up, karnataka, gujarat, mp

-oilseeds:-14% of total cropped area-groundnut:-17% of world production. rainfed kharif crop but in south during rabi as well-3.6% of cropped area-yield high in tamil nadu where its partly irrigated-rapeseed and mustard:-subtropical crops during rabi in north west and central parts of india-2.5% of total cropped area-rajasthan produces 1/3rd of the production others are UP, haryana, WB, MP

-soyabean:-90% in states of maharashtra and madhya pradesh-sunflower:-karnataka, andhra and parts of maharashtra

fibre crops:-cotton:-tropical, kharif, short staple(indian) and long staple(american) called "narma" in north west-fourth in the world after china, us, pakistan with 8.3% of total production


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-occupies 4.7% of total cropped area-leading producers are maharashtra, gujarat, andhra, punjab, haryana. yield in maharashtra is very low due to rainfed conditions.map: page 51-jute:-west bengal(3/4th), bihar, assam-0.5% of total cropped area

other crops:-sugarcane:-tropical areas and largely irrigated-up(2/5th), gujarat, maharashtra and tracks of southern india. yield low in north.-second largest producer after brazil-23% of world production but 2.4% of total cropped areamap: page 53-tea:-leading producer in world with 28% share. but third among tea exporters after srilanka and china-grown in brahmaputra valley in assam and adjoining districts of west bengal-cardamom and nilgiri hills-coffee:-three varieties are arabica(most in india), robusta and liberica-4.3% of world coffee and ranks sixth after brazil, vietnam, colombia, indonesia

and mexico-highlands of western ghats in karnataka(2/3rd), kerala and tamil nadu

-57% of land devoted to agriculture compared to 12% of world-53% of population dependent on it-land human ratio is 0.31 ha-growth of agriculture technology and output:-new seed varieties of wheat (mexico) and rice (philippines) known as high yielding varieties (hyvs) were available for cultivation by mid-1960s helped in green revolution-india ranks first in the production of pulses, tea, jute, cattle and milk. it is the second largest

producer of rice, wheat, groundnut, sugarcane and vegetables.-the net irrigated area in the country has increased from 20.85 to 54.66 million ha over the period 1950-51to 2000-01. over these 50 years, area irrigated more than once in an agricultural year has increased from 1.71 to 20.46 million ha.-in 2001-02, per hectare consumption of chemical fertilizers in india was 91 kgwhich was equal to its averageconsumption in the world (90 kg).-problems:-irrigation covers only about 33 per cent of the cultivated area in india.-low productivity compared to international standards-constraints of financial resources and indebtness-lack of land reform implementation

-small holdings. more than 60% of the ownership holdings have a size smaller than one (ha)-lack of comercialisation, under-employment, degrading of cultivable land

------------------------------------------------------------------6. water resources

-71% of earth's surface covered with water while only 3% of total water is fresh water-india accounts for 2.45% of world area, 4% of water resources and 16% of popula


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tion-annual precipitation in india is 4,000 cubic kms-availability from surface water and replenishable groundwater is 1,869 cubic kms of which only 60% can be used for beneficial purpose-thus total utilizable water resource in the country is only 1,122 cubic kms.

surface water resources:-four major sources: rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks-about 10,360 rivers and their tributaries longer than 1.6 kms-only 32% (690/1869 cubic kms)of the water can be utilized due to topography and other reasons

ground water resources:-total replenishable groundwater resources are 432 cubic kms

No. Name of Basin Total Replenishable Utilisation (%) Level of Groundwater1 Brahmani with Baitarni 4.05 8.452 Brahmaputra 26.55 3.373 Chambal Composite 7.19 40.094 Kaveri 12.3 55.335 Ganga 170.99 33.526 Godavari 40.65 19.537 Indus 26.49 77.71

8 Krishna 26.41 30.399 Kuchchh and Saurashtra + Luni 11.23 51.1410 Chennai and South Tamil Nadu 18.22 57.6811 Mahanadi 16.46 6.9512 Meghna (Barak & Others) 8.52 3.9413 Narmada 10.83 21.7414 Northeast Composite 18.84 17.215 Pennar 4.93 36.616 Subarnrekha 1.82 9.5717 Tapi 8.27 33.0518 Western Ghat 17.69 22.88 Total 431.42 31.97

map: page 63

lagoons and backwaters:-coast of kerala, orissa, west bengal-generally brackish and used for fishing and irrigation of certain varities of paddy and coconut

water demand and utilization:-agrarian economy so large no. of multipurpose river valleys projects like the bhakra-nangal, hirakud, damodar valley, nagarjuna sagar, indira gandhi canal project, etc.-surface water: agriculture(89%), industrial(2%), domestic(9%)-ground water: agriculture(92%), industrial(5%), domestic(3%)

demand of water for irrigation:-due to uneven distribution of rainfall and dry areas and spells-some crops like rice, sugarcane, jute have very high water requirements-irrigated land have high productivity(example green revolution)-multiple cropping possible due to irrigation

%age of net irrigated area by wells/tubewells to totalState PercentageGujarat 86.6


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Rajasthan 77.2Madhya Pradesh 66.5Maharashtra 65Uttar Pradesh 58.21West Bengal 57.6Tamil Nadu 54.7

-highly polluted ganga and yamuna rivers-central pollution control board (cpcb) in collaboration with state pollution control boards has been monitoring water quality of national aquatic resources at507 stations.-yamuna is most polluted river in country between delhi and etawah-other severely pollutes rivers include the sabarmati at ahmedabad, the gomti at lucknow, the kali, theadyar, the cooum (entire stretches), the vaigai at madurai and the musi of hyderabad and theganga at kanpur and varanasi.-groundwater pollution has occurred due to high concentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluorideand nitrates at different parts of the country.

watershed management:-efficient management and conservation of surface and ground water resources-haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the central government

which aims at enablingthe rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation.-neeru-meeru (water and you) programme (in andhra pradesh) and arvary pani sansad (in alwar, rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvestingstructures such as percolation tanks, dug outponds (johad), check dams, etc. through peoples participation.-tamil nadu has made water harvesting structures in the houses compulsory.

rainwater harvesting:-Rainwater harvesting increases water availability, checks the declining groundwater table, improves thequality of groundwater through dilution of contaminants like fluoride and nitrat

es, prevents soil erosion, and flooding and arrests salt water intrusion in coastal areas if used to recharge aquifers.-In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting structures locally known as Kund or Tanka (a covered undergroundtank) are constructed near or in the house or village to store harvested rainwater.

------------------------------------------------------------------7. mineral and energy resources

-the mineral resources in india are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular india. the vast alluvial plain tract of north india is devoid of minerals of economic use.

-In India, systematic surveying, prospecting and exploration for minerals is undertaken by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), Oil and Natural Gas Commission(ONGC), Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd.(MECL), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Indian Bureau of Mines(IBM), Bharat Gold Mines Ltd. (BGML), Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL), National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO) and the Departments of Mining and Geology in variousstates.

distribution of minerals in india-mostly in peninsular plateau region in old crystalline rocks


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-bauxite:-used in aluminium manufacturing-orissa is the largest producer-orissa: kalahandi, sambalpur, bolangir, koraput-jharkhand: lohardaga-gujarat: bhavanagar, jamnagar-chattisgarh: amarkantak plateau-madhya: katni-jabalpur area and balaghat-maharashtra: kolaba, thane, ratnagiri, satara, pune and kolhapur

-copper:-mallable, ductile, electrical industry-major producers are singhbhum district in jharkhand, balaghat district in madhya pradesh and jhunjhunu andalwar districts in rajasthan.

non-metallic minerals:-mica is important. other for local consumption include limestone, dolomite andphosphate.-mica-electrical and electronic industries.-mica inindia is produced in jharkhand(lower hazaribagh plateau), andhra pradesh(nellore) and rajasthan(jaipur-bhilwara stretch) followed by tamil nadu(coimbatore, tiru

chirapalli, madurai and kanniyakumari), west bengal (purulia and bankura) and madhya pradesh.

map: page 78

energy resources:coal-thermal power and smelting of iron ore-occur in two rock sequence of gondwana and tertiary deposits-80% coal deposits are bituminous-goandwana coal fields located in jharkhand-bengal coal belt and the important coal fields in this region are raniganj, jharia(largest), bokaro, giridih, karanpura.

-the most important coal mining centres are singrauli in madhya pradesh (part of singrauli coal field lies in uttar pradesh), korba in chhattisgarh, talcher and rampur in orissa, chandawardha, kamptee and bander inmaharashtra and singareni and pandur in andhra pradesh.-tertiary coals occur in assam, arunachal pradesh, meghalaya and nagaland. it is extracted from darangiri, cherrapunji, mewlong and langrin (meghalaya); makum,jaipur and nazira in upper assam, namchik namphuk (arunachal pradesh) and kalakot (jammu and kashmir).-brown coal i.e. lignite, coastal areas of tamil nadu, pondicherry, gujarat andjammu and kashmir.map: page 80

petroleum:-combustible engines: automobiles, aircraft, railways-by products are processed in chemical industries such as fertiliser,synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines,vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.-crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period.-ongc set up in 1956 and systematic e&p started. till then dighboi was the onlyoil producing region-assam: digboi, naharkatiya and moran-gujarat: ankaleshwar, kalol, mehsana, nawagam, kosamba and lunej-mumbai: mumbai high 160 kms of mumbai coast


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-extracted oil contains many impurities and had to be refined-refinery can be field based or market based-dighboi is example of field based and barauni is an example of market based-there are 18 refineries in india

map: page 82

natural gas:-gas authority of india limited was set up in 1984 as a public sector undertaking to transport and market natural gas.-with oil fields or exclusively located at eastern coast as well as (tamil nadu, orissa and andhra pradesh), tripura, rajasthan and off-shore wells in gujarat and maharashtra.

nuclear energy resources:uranium:-dharwar rocks. geographically, along the singbhum copper belt. it is also at udaipur, alwar and jhunjhunu districts of rajasthan, durg district of chhattisgarh, bhandara district of maharashtra and kullu district of himachal pradesh.thorium:-thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands alongkerala and tamil nadu-worlds richest monazite deposits occur in palakkad and kollam districts of kerala, near

vishakhapatnam in andhra pradesh and mahanadi river delta in orissa.-atomic energy commision was established in 1948-the important nuclear power projects are tarapur (maharashtra), rawatbhata near kota (rajasthan), kalpakkam(tamil nadu), narora (uttar pradesh), kaiga (karnataka) and kakarapara (gujarat).

non-conventional energy resources:-solar energy:-solar energy is 7 per cent more effective than coal or oil based plants and 10per cent more effective than nuclear plants. it is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc. the western part of india has greater potential for the development of solar energy in gujarat and rajasthan.

wind energy:-wind power plant at lamba in gujarat in kachchh is the largest in asia. another, wind power plant is located at tuticorin in tamil nadu.tidal and wave energy:geothermal energy:in india, a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at manikaran in himachal pradesh.bio-energy:

------------------------------------------------------------------8. manufacturing industries

classification:

-on the basis of size, capital investment and labour force employed, medium, small scale, and cottage industries.-on the basis of ownership: (i) public (ii) private and (iii) joint and cooperative sector-use of their products such as : (i) basic goods ii) capital goods (iii) intermediate goods and (iv) consumer goods industries-basis of raw materials used by them.(i) agriculture based (ii) forest-based (iii) mineral-based and (iv) industrially processed raw material based industries.-nature of the manufactured products. eight classes ofindustries, thus identifie


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d are:(1) metallurgical (2) mechanical engineering (3) chemical and allied (4) textile (5) food processing (6) electricity generation (7) electronics and (8) communication

location of industries:location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour, etc.raw materials: weight losing and perishablepower: high quantum and power intensivemarket: outlet for produced goodstransport: e.g mumbai, chennai, calcutta, delhi due to nodal pointslabour: skilled and unskilledhistorical factors: colonial pastindustrial policy: of government

Major industries:

-Iron and steel industries:-the other raw materials besides iron ore and coking coal, essential for iron and steel industry are limestone, dolomite, manganese and fire clay. all these raw materials are gross (weight losing).-integrated steel plants:

-TISCO--tata iron and steel plant--close to mumbai-kolkata railway line and 240 kms away from kolkata--river subarnarekha and kharkai provide water--iron ore from noamundi and badam pahar and coal from joda mines in orissa--coking coal from jharia and west bokaro coal fields-IISCO--indian iron and steel company--first factory at hirapur and then at kulti. later one more at burnpur(bengal)in association.--all three located very close to damodar valley coal fields(raniganj, jharia, ramgarh)--iron ore from singhbhum in jharkhand

--water from barakar river, tributary of damodar--on kolkata-asansol railway line-VISL--visvesvaraiya iron and steel works. earlier mysore iron and steel works--iron ore producing area of Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills--electric furnaces installed and used hydro-electricity from jog falls hydel power project--bhadravati river provides watermap: page 89

-after independence, during 2nd five year plan, three more integrated steel plants created with foreign collaboration: rourkela in orissa, bhilai in chhattisgarh and durgapur in west bengal.

-these were public sector plants under hindustan steel limited (HSL). in 1973, the steel authority of india limited (SAIL) was created to manage these plants.

-rourkela steel plant--in collaboration with germany in 1959--coal from jharia (jharkhand) and ironore from sundargarh and kendujhar.--hirakud project supplies power and water is obtained from the koel and sankh rivers.

-bhilai steel plant


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--russian collaboration in chattisgarh in 1959--iron ore comes from dalli-rajhara mine coal comes from korba and kargali fields.--water comes from tanduladam and the power from the korba themal power station. --the bulk of the steel produced goes to the hindustan shipyard at vishakhapatnam.

-durgapur steel plant--collaboration with UK and production in 1962--raniganj and jharia coal belt and iron ore from noamundi--hydel power and water from damodar valley corporation

-bokaro steel plant--russian collaboration in 1964--in tandem with rourkela--water from damodar valley corporation

-new steel plants are away from source and all three in south india-vizag steel plant, first port based and started operation in 1992-vijayanagar steel plant at hospet, karnataka-salem steel plant, tamil nadu

Cotton textile industry:

map: page 93-first modern cotton mill established in mumbai in 1854-shahpur mill calico mill in ahmedabad followed-after partition we were left with only 409 mills and 29% of the cotton growingareas-as of 1998, 192 mills in public sector, 151 in cooperative and 1439 in privatesector-organised sector and de-centralised sector(handloom(19%) and powerloom(59%))-mills generally located close to the markets since its pure raw material not losing weight-presently, the major centres of cotton textile industry are ahmedabad, bhiwandi, solapur, kolhapur, nagpur, indore and ujjain.-all these centres are the traditional centres and are located close to the cott

on producing regions. maharashtra, gujarat and tamil nadu(also got the highest no. of mills) are the leading cotton producing states.

Sugar industry:-second most important agro-based industry-largest producer of sugarcane with 8% of world production-4 lakh people employed directly besides large no. of farmers indirectly-1903, sugar mill started in bihar-the number of sugar factories rose to 506 and production to 176,99 lakh tonnesin 2000-01.-weight losing crop (sucrose content) and hence factories located close to caneproducing regions-maharashtra is the leading producer of sugar with more than a third share

-119 sugar mills from manmad to kolhapur with 87 mills in cooperative-uttar pradesh is second largest producer with concentration in ganga-yamuna doab and terai regions

Petrochemical industries:-polymers, synthetic fibres, elastomers, surfactant intermediate-mumbai is the hub of this industry-three organisations:--IPCL - indian petrochemical corporation limited, public sector, manufacture and distribution of polymers, chemicals, fibres and fibre


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--PCL - petrofils cooperative limited, polyester filament yarn and nylon chips at its two plants located at vadodara and naldhari--CIPET - imparting training in petrochemical industry-crude petroleum --refining--> ethylene + propylene --> polymers

Knowledge based industries:-IT software and services company account for 2% of GDPmap: page 98-liberalisation, globalisation and prvatisation(LPG)-the industrial licensing system has been abolished for all except six industries related to security, strategic or environmental concerns. number of industries reserved for public sector since 1956 have been reduced from 17 to 4.-developing states weaker than developed states in attracting investment. so maha got 23%, gujarat 17%, andhra 7%. 6% for tamil nadu.

Industrial regions:map: page 100mumbai-pune industrial region:-cotton industry, suez canal, port, hydro-electricity from western ghats, mumbai high, atomic plantshugli industrial region:-haora-calcutta from the nucleus-opening of river port hugli, tea plantations, indigo and later jute, iron ore and coal fields, cheap labour

-british capital from 1773-1911-Factory of the Hindustan Motors Limited at Konnagar and diesel engine factory at Chittaranjan are landmarks.banglore-chennai industrial region:-cotton, Aircraft (HAL), machine tools, telephone (HTL) and Bharat Electronics are industrial landmarks ofthis region.gujarat industrial region:-nucleus is ahmadabad and vadodara-south it extends till valsad and surat while in west till jamnagar-cotton textiles, petrochemicals, petroleum fields-recently largest petroleum refinery has been set up at jamnagarchotanagpur region:

-iron ore and coal fields-densly populatedvishakhapatnam-guntur region:-vishakapatnam and nachilipatnam ports, developed agriculture, rich mineral reserves-petrochemical industry from imported petrolgurgaon-delhi-meerut:-growing fast-industries are light and market orientedkollam-tiruananthpuram region:-plantation agriculture and hydropower-petroleum refinery at kochhi

------------------------------------------------------------------9. planning and sustainable development

-planning in the indian economic context-we have five year plans prepared by planning commission, a statutary body headed by prime minister and assisted by the deputy-sixth plan(1980-85), seventh plan(1985-90), eighth plan(1992-1997), ninth plan(1997-2002), tenth plan(2002-07)-if five plans are not available then we have annual plans termed as rolling pla


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ns-sectoral planning: planning for different sectors like agriculture, manufacturing etc-regional planning: targeting a region in order to decrease regional imbalances

Target area planning:-resource is important but equally important is technology and investment whichexplains the underdevelopment of some of the resource rich regions-after one and a half decades the growing gap between developed and underdeveloped regions came to the fore-"target area" and "target group" approaches to planning were introduced-command area development programme, drought prone area development programme, desert development programme, hill area development programme.-the small farmers development agency (SFDA) and marginal farmers development agency (MFDA)-8th plan introduced special plans for development of hill areas, tribal and backward regions

Hill area development programme:-initiated during 5th five year plan and covered 15 districts-covers hills area of UP, mikir hills and north cachar hills of assam, darjeeling dist., and nilgiri dist.-aimed at harnessing the indigenous resources of the hill areas through development of horticulture,

plantation agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry,forestry and small-scale and village industry.

Drought prone area programme:-initiated during fourth five year plan with an aim to provide employment to people in drought prone areas and create productive assets.-it started with labour intensive civil works and later included irrigation, land development, afforestation, grassland and rural infrastructure development.-areas include semi-arid parts of rajasthan, gujarat, west madhya pradesh, marathwada, telangana and rayalseema plateaus, karnataka plateau and interior parts of tamil nadu.

Sustainable development:-economic growth, education, health, civil and political rights etc-"the population bomb" by ehrlich in 1968 and "the limits to growth" by meadowsand others in 1972 and further sets the scenario for sustainable economic development-UN establishes a World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED) headed by norwegian prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland which gave its report(Brundtland report) in 1987 titled "our common future"

measures for promotion of sustainable development(specific to indira gandhi canal project):-strict implementation of water management policy-cropping pattern should not include water intensive crops. ppl should be encour

aged to grow plantation crops.-CAD programmes such as lining of water courses, land development and levellingand warabandi system(equal distribution of canal water in command area) should be implemented-areas affected by water logging and salinity should be reclaimed-eco-development through afforestation-adequate financial and institutional support for cultivators-development of agriculture and animal husbandry


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------------------------------------------------------------------10. Transport and communication

means of transport:-land: road, rail, pipeline-water: inland, sea and ocean routes-air: national, international

Land transport:-road:-one of the largest with total length of 33.1 lakh kms (2005)-85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic-first systematic plan for road development put up at nagpur plan in 1943 but could not be implemented due to lack of coordination between princely states and british government.-after independence 20 yr road plan (1961) introduced to improve conditions-sher shah suri or grand trunk road extended from peshwar to sonar in bengal. currently it is divided into two national highways NH1 and NH2-classified into national highways, state highways, major district roads and rural roads-national highways--maintained by center (NHAI set up in 1995)and meant for inter state connectivity and defenc movements--length increases from 19,700 kms(1951) to 65769 kms (2005)

--2% of roads but 40% of traffic--other projects by NHAI includes---golden quadrilateral: 5846 kms, 4/6 lane connecting four metros---NS and EW corridors: srinagar-kanyakumari(4076 kms), porbandar-silchar(3640 kms)-state highways--constructed and maintained by state government--connects capitals with district headquarters--constitutes 4% of the total road length-district roads:--14% and connecting nodal points in district-rural roads:--80% of the roads termed rural. regional variation due to topography

-other roads:--border roads:--border roads organisation(BRO) in 1960--economic development and defence preparedness--connected chandigarh-manali-leh at an altitude of 4270 metres--completed 40,450 kms of road by 2005.--also involved in clearance of snow

-the distribution of roads is not uniform in the country. density of roads (length of roads per 100 square km of area) varies from only 10.48 km in jammu and kashmir to 387.24 km in kerala with a national average of 75.42km.

No. Road Category Length in Km % of total1. National Highways 65,769 22. State Highways 1,28,000 43. Major District Roads 4,70,000 144. Rural Rods 2,65,0000 80

Total 33,13,769 100

rail transport:


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-introduced in 1853 between mumbai-thane at 34 kms stretch-largest government undertaking in india and spans 63,221 kms-freight in million tonnes and passengers in millions

Commodities 1970-71 2004-05

Coal 47.9 251.75Raw Material forSteel Plants 16.1 43.65Pig Iron andFinished Steel 6.2 14.66Iron ore 9.8 26.6Cement 11 49.3Food grains 15.1 44.3Fertilisers 4.7 23.7Petroleum 8.9 32Other Goods 48.2 71.4Total Traffic 167.9 557.39Passengers Originating 2431 5112

Railway Zone Headquarters pass% goods% %of totalCentral Mumbai CST 13.62 8.36 10.07Eastern Kolkata 6.18 3.3 4.24East Central Hajipur 5.19 7.84 6.98

East Coast Bhubaneswar 2.27 9.69 7.27Northern New Delhi 15.38 8.94 11.04North Central Allahabad 6.71 8.76 8.09North Eastern Gorakhpur 3.44 1.55 2.17NE Frontier Guwahati 2.34 2.59 2.51North Western Jaipur 3.44 3.04 3.17Southern Chennai 8.74 3.78 5.4South Central Secunderabad 8.45 8.88 8.74South Eastern Kolkata 3.23 7.86 6.36SE Central Bilaspur 1.7 8.91 6.56South Western Hubli 3.5 2.27 2.67Western Mumbai 12.16 7.32 8.9West Central Jabalpur 3.62 6.91 5.83

Total 100 100 100

Broad gauge: 1.676 metre. The total length is 46,807 km whichaccounts for 74.14% of the total lengthMetre gauge: 1 metre. 13,290 km covering 21.02% of total routeNarrow gauge: 0.762 metre or 0.610 metre. 4.94% and 3,124 km of route length.confined to hilly areas.

konkan railway: completed in 1998. 760 kms long rail connecting roha and in konkan to manglore in karnataka.asia's longest tunnel 6.5 kms long on this route. nearly 2000 bridges and 146 ri

vers and 91 tunnels.

Water transport:-cheapest means of transport-inland and oceanic waterways-india has got 14,500 kms of navigable waterways comprising 1% of total transportation-Inland Waterways Authority setup in 1986 to develop, manage and regulate waterways


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Waterways Stretch SpecificationNW 1 Allahabad-Haldia It is one of the most important waterways in

stretch (1,620 km) India, which is navigable by mechanical boats(27.10.1986) up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to

Haridwar. It is divided into three parts fordevelopmental purposes (i) Haldia-Farakka (560km), (ii) Farakka-Patna (460 km), (iii) Patna-Allahabad (600 km).

NW 2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers up to(891 km) Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by India(27.10.1988 and Bangladesh

NW 3 Kottapuram-Kollam It includes 168 km of west coast canal alongstretch (205 km) with Champakara canal (23 km) and

Udyogmandal canal (14 km).(01.02.1991)

-ocean routes along the 7517 kms includes 12 major ports and 185 minor ports-95% of foreign trade by volume and 70% by value

Air transport:-1911 - airmail operated for a distance of 10 kms from allahabad to naini-Airport Authority of India: maintainance of airports and air traffic-the authority manages 126 airports including 11 international, 86 domestic and

29 civil enclaves at defence air fields.

history of indian airlines:1947 air transport was provided by four major companies namely indian national airways, tata sons limited, air services of india and deccan airways.1951 four more companies joined the services, bharat airways, himalayan aviation limited, airways india and kalinga airlines.1953 air transport was nationalised and two corporations, air india international and indian airlines were formed. now indian airlines is known as indian.2005 - changes name from indian airlines to indian and logo from IA to blue wheel on konark temple

-air india: 2005 it carried 12.2 million passengers and 4.8 lakh metric tonnes o

f cargo-domestic figure for the same year were 24.3 million passengers and 20 lakh metric tonnes of cargo-pawan hans is the helicopter service used for tourism in north east and services to petroleum sector

Oil and gas pipelines:-OIL india limited(OIL)(1959) under the ministry of petroleum and natural gas is involved in the exploration, production and transportation of natural gas-first cross country pipeline of asia from naharkatiya oil field in assam to barauni, bihar and further to kanpur in 1966-other pipelines: ankleshwar-koyali, mumbai high-koyali and hazira-vijaipur-jagdishpur (hvj)

-1256 km long pipeline connecting salaya (gujarat) with mathura (u.p.) has beenconstructed. it suppliescrude oil from gujarat to punjab (jalandhar)via mathura.-OIL is in the process of constructing of 660 km long pipeline from numaligarh to siliguri.

Communication networks:-means of communication: personal(letter,telephone,telegram,fax,email,internet,etc) mass(radio,television,cinema,satellite,newspaper,magazine,seminar,conference)


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-radio brought under government control in 1930, changed to AIR in 1936, akashwani in 1957-T.V. services began in 1959 in national capital. after 1972 several other operations. 1976 TV was detached from AIR and got a separate identity called doordarshan(D.D). INSAT-1A(national television-DD1)-satellite systems in india grouped into two:--Indian national satellite system (INSAT): established in 1983,is a multipurpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other data and programmes.--indian remote sensing satellite system(irs):launching of IRS-1A in march 1988from vaikanour in russia.the national remote sensing agency (nrsa) at hyderabadprovides facilities for acquisition of data and its processing. these are very useful in the management of natural resources.

------------------------------------------------------------------11. International Trade

-india's contribution to world trade is around 1%-momentum picked up by the manufacturing sectors, the liberal policies of the government and the diversification of markets have helped the sharp rise in international trade-recently the trade deficit is increasing and is attributed to the increasing price of crude petrol that forms a major part of our import

-foreign trade in million rupees

Year Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Deficit1994-95 826,740 899,710 1,72,6450 -72,970

2000-01 2,03,5710 2,30,8730 4,34,4440 -273,020

2004-05(P) 3,56,0690 4,81,0640 8,37,1330 -1,24,9950

-change in composition: decrease in agri and allied products and increase in petroleum since we have become self sufficient and our refining capacity and demand has also increased.

-decrease in export of traditional items due to international competition-composition of india'a export in percentage

Commodities 1997-98 1999-2000 2000-01 2003-04Agri & allied 18.93 15.27 13.55 11.8Ore and Minerals 3.03 2.5 2.62 3.71Manufactured goods 75.83 80.93 77.9 75.96Petrol & crude products 1.01 0.08 4.29 5.59Other commodities 1.2 1.22 1.64 2.94

-export of principal commodities

Commodities 2004-05 (00 Rs.)

Agri & allied 27,111Ore & Minerals 18,842Leather & manufactures 10,286Gems and Jewellery 61,581Chemical and related 56,961Engineering goods 65,543Electronic goods 8,106Textiles 53,996Handicrafts 1,543Carpets 2,679


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Petroleum products 30,518

-first food grains and capital goods made up our imports but when we became self sufficient the price of petrol increased (energy crisis) and hence again the import increased.-composition of india's import in percentage

Commodities 1997-98 2000-01 2003-04Petroleum crude and products 19.68 31.32 26.32Capital goods 19.18 11.48 13.99Chemical and related products 11.33 7.71 7.99Textile yarn and fabrics 0.99 1.19 1.61Food and related items 4.04 3.37 4.36Pearls and semi-precious stones 8.06 9.62 9.12Gold and Silver 7.64 9.28 8.77Others 29.08 25.53 27.84

-import of principal commodities in million rupees

Commodities 2004-05Fertilisers 5,53Edible oil 10,75Pulp & waste paper 2,12Paper board & manufactures 3,04

Newsprint 1,70Non-ferrous metals 5,63Metalliferous ores & metal scrap 10,65Iron & steel 11,67Petroleum crude & products 1,34,09Pearls, precious & semi stones 42,34Machinery 48,12Pulses 12,58Coal, Coke & briquettes 2,03Non-metallic minerals manufactures 23,97Medicinal & Pharma products 6,27Chemical products 2,46Other textile yarn, fabrics, etc. 3,98

Professional instruments, etc. 43,75Gold & silver 48,63

-direction of india's import trade in million rupees

Region Imports2003-04 2004-05

West Europe 85,88 1,08,71East Europe 43 85CIS & Baltic 5,79 8,32Asia & Oceania 1,24,76 1,70,28Africa 14,69 16,80

America 31,82 40,20Latin Americancountries 5,35 8,55

-the US. is indias largest trading partner and the most important destination ofindias export. other countries in order of significance include the UK, belgium,germany, japan, switzerland, hong kong, theUAE., china, singapore and malaysia.

-india's major trading partner


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Country 2000-01 2003-04U.S.A. 13.0 10.3U.K. 5.7 3.7Belgium 4.6 3.7Germany 3.9 3.5Japan 3.8 2.7Switzerland 3.8 3.3Hong Kong 3.7 2.8U.A.E. 3.4 6.2China 2.5 6.4Singapore 2.5 3.4Malaysia 1.9 1.7Total 48.6 47.7

-west coast has got more ports than the east coast-india has got 12 major ports and 185 minor ports. major ports are regulated bycenter and account for 75% of the oceanic traffic while minor ports are maintained by the state government.-lost two important ports karachi and chittagong due to partition and to compensate for that we developed kandla in west and diamond harbour near kolkata.-map: page 131-kandla: reduce pressure on mumbai port and cater to north and north-western parts of the country. equipped for handling petroleum and petroleum products.

-mumbai: natural harbour and biggest port with country's largest oil terminal. caters to MP, maharashtra, gujarat, UP and parts of rajasthan. trade with america, europe, mediterranean, middle east, north africa-jawaharlal nehru port at nhava sheva: largest container port in india developed as satellite port for mumbai.-marmagao port: natural harbour in goa situated at zuari estuary. remodeled in 1961 to handle export of iron ore to japan. konkan railway helps. caters goa, karnataka and south maharashtra.-New Mangalore: karnataka,export of iron-ore and iron-concentrates.handles fertilisers, petroleum products, edible oils, coffee, tea, wood pulp, yarn, granite stone,molasses.-kochhi: natural harbour and "Queen of arabian sea". located to suez-colombo route and caters kerala, south karnataka and south-western tamil nadu.

-Kolkata: on hugli river. losing sig. due to silt accumulation and satellite port. serves UP, bihar, west bengal, jharkhand, sikkim and north eastern states and also our landlocked neighbours nepal and bhutan.-Haldia port: satellite port for kolkata.-Paradip port: in mahanadi delta, deepest harbour to handle large vessels and handles iron-ore export and caters orissa, chattisgarh and jharkhand-vishakhapatnam: landlocked port catering to most of AP-chennai port: artificial harbour and oldest(1859) on eastern coast. shallow waters.-Ennore:satellite port for chennai-Tuticorin: relieve pressure of chennai

-12 international airports and 112 domestic airports

-Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kochchi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Tiruvanantapuram.map: page 133

------------------------------------------------------------------12. Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems

types and sources of pollution:

pollution types


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air pollution-oxides of sulphur (so2, so3), oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbon, ammonia, lead, aldehydes asbestos and beryllium.-combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, sewage disposal, etc.

water pollution-odour, dissolved and suspended solids, ammonia and urea, nitrate and nitrites,chloride, fluoride, carbonates, oil and grease, insecticide and pesticide residue, tannin, coliform mpm (bacterial count) sulphates and sulphides, heavy metalse.g. lead, aresenic, mercury, manganese, etc., radioactive substances.-sewage disposal, urban run-off, toxic effluents from industries, run-off over cultivated lands and nuclear power plants.

land pollution-human and animal excreta viruses and bacteria, garbage and vectors therein, pesticides and fertiliser-residue alkalinity, fluorides, radio-active substances.-improper human activities, disposal of untreated industrial waste, use of pesticides and fertilisers.

noise pollution-high level of noise above tolerance level.-Aircrafts, automobiles, trains, industrial processing and advertising media.

WATER POLLUTION:

River & State Polluted Stretches Nature Main PollutersGanga (a) Downstream of Kanpur 1. Industrial pollution from Cities of Kanpur, Allahabad,

(b) Downstream of Varanasi towns like Kanpur Varanasi, Patna and Kolkata

(c) Farrakka Barrage 2. Domestic wastes from releasedomestic waste into the urban centres

river 3. Dumping of carcasses in

the riverYamuna (a) Delhi to confluence with 1. Extraction of water by Delhi dumping its domestic

Chambal Haryana and Uttar waste

(b) Mathura and Agra Pradesh for irrigation2. Agricultural run off resultingin high levels of micro-pollutantsin the Yamuna3. Domestic and industrial

waste of Delhi flowinginto the river

-causes diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc.-WHO shows about 1/4th communicable diseases in india are water borne

AIR POLLUTION:- acid rains


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NOISE POLLUTION:-main sources of noise pollution are various factories, mechanised constructionand demolition works, automobiles and aircrafts, etc.

urban waste disposal:-solid waste in household and factories in cities-flies and rodents act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria and cholera etc

rural-urban migration:-today 47% of the world population of 6 billion lives in cities and by 2050 it is expected to grow to 2/3rd of the population.

slums:-in india 72% (as of 2001) of the population lives in villages

Land degradation:-classification of wasteland in india:

Categories % of Geographical AreaTotal Wasteland 17.98Barren & Uncultivable Wasteland 2.18Natural Degraded CWL 2.4Natural and Man-Made Degraded CWL 7.51

Man-Made Degraded CWL 5.88Total Degraded CWL 15.8

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