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MATUMIZI BORA YA PEMBEJEO ZA KILIMO‘Uzalishaji kulingana na matakwa ya Soko ’
6th December, 2017
ACT-DAR ES SALAAM
Maneno Yoram Chidege
Mtafiti visumbufu na viuatilifu (Entomology and post harvest technologies)
+255755310713
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute
PEMBEJEO WARSHA WADAU
Pembejeo za kilimo
(mbegu, viuatilifu na mbolea)
MADHARA KIAFYA
HUONGEZA TIJA UHARIBIFU MAZINGIRA
”Matumizi sahihi ya pembejeo za kilimo katika hatua za
uzalishaji mazao kwa kuzingatia masoko ya ndani au ya
nje ni muhimu katika kuongeza tija.
’’
(HEALTH MONITORING)SUPPLY AND USE OF
QUALITY AGRO-INPUTS(SAFEGUARDING)
Hatua za uzalishashaji na pembejeo
Mashambani- Mbolea na viuatilifu (Choice of types, Utumiaji
sahihi: tank mix, PHI, mchanyanyiko wa pembejeo, fertigation,
chemigation, drip irrigation, broadcasting fertilizer, nk.).
Wakati wa kuvuna (Harvesting methods, Shelf life timing,
ripening and harvesting maturity indices).
Baada ya kuvuna (Viuatilifu masalia= residues, vifungashio;
packaging, sorting and Grading)
Kunyunyiza viuatilifu kwa wakati sahihi
Kujua tahadhari na kutumia Vifaa kinga wakati wakunyunyiza
Kutonyunyiza ovyo na kuchafua mazingira
Unyunyiziaji wa viuatilifu vilivyosajiliwa na TPRI,
Kuzingatia kanuni sahihi za unyunyiziaji ili kuepukamasalia ya sumu katika mazao na chakula,
UNYUNYIZIAJI/UPULIZIAJI SAHIHI WA
VIUATILIFU
Hakuna
Kinga ya
Uso, pua,
mdomo,
shingo na
kifua
Viuatilifu
vimevuja na
kumwagika
sakafuniMakasha ya
viuatilifu (ya
Karatasi) yako
sakafuni
Hakuna
Kinga
mikononi
Hakuna
Kinga
miguuni
Uvaaji Sahihi wa Vifaa Kinga
(Personal Protective Equipment)
Mlango wa Sikio
Ngozi ya Utosi
Nyay
o
Paji la Uso
Tumbo
Via vya Uzazi
Mkono
Viganja
ATHARI ZA MATUMIZI YASIYO
SAHIHI YA VIUATILIFU
Afya ya
Binadamu
Maji
Udongo
Hewa
MAZINGIRA
ATHARI
HASI
Biashara na
Uendelevu
VIUATILIFU
Mazao,
Mimea,
wanyama
Chakula, Mboji,
samadi, bidhaa
za Kilimo na
Mifugo
Tropical pesticides research
institute-TPRI
Wadudu Vamizi, kuongeza uelewa na namna ya
kuwadhibiti nchini Tanzania
Kantangaze (Tuta absoluta) and Kiwavi vamizi; Fall Armyworm
(FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda)
Wasilisho la kitaalamu 2017
Maneno Chidege (Pest management specialist)
+255755310713
“AFRICAN PLANT PROTECTION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND
LIVELIHOOD”.
TOMATO LEAF MINER (TUTA ABSOLUTA)
AnaitwaKanitangaze
(Tanzania),
Tomato ebora
(Zambia and
Nigeria)
Ni Aina ya Kipepeo
(moth),
TUTA ABSOLUTA
Mdudu vamizi
Hushambulia nyanya,
Pia bilinganya, hoho, viazi
mviringo na jamii yake
(solanaceae family).
Chimbuko (Origin) yake ni
Amerika kusini (South America).
Kwa africa, ililipotiwa Tunisia
2008 (Abbes et al. 2012), Sudan
na Ethiopia 2011 (Pfeiffer 2013).
Tanzania na Kenya 2014
TUTA ABSOLUTA
Leo hii Afrika amesambaa;
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia,Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia,Niger, Senegal, Eritrea,Egypt, South Sudan, Kenya,Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda,Nigeria, Somalia,Mozambique, Malawi,Angola, Swaziland naNamibia (22).
Matazamio ya usambaaji duniani
Matazamio ya usambaaji Afrika
Athari za Kantangaze
Hushambulia steji zote zammea wa nyanya.
Hushambulia majani, shinana matunda ya nyanya.
Athari za Kantangaze
• Hupoteza dhamani ya zao la nyanya(wingi & ubora) hadi 100%.
Athari za Kantangaze
Akivamia sehemu hatokikamwe,
Anahatarisha biasharana masoko ya nje.
Athari za Kantangaze
Gharama za viuatirifu,
Usalama wa mraji,
Upotevu wa bioanuai (loss of biodiversity) (viumbe rafiki wamkulima).
Athari za Kantangaze
• Kwakuwa mbinu ya awali huwa nimatumizi ya viuawatilifu wakulimawamekua wakitumia viambatasumu Zaidi ya kimoja kwa mpigoau mchanganyo (Severalpesticides molecules as cocktails).
• Viauatilifu hivi huwa havitumiki
kiusahihi (inappropriately in terms of
type, dosage, tank mixing, timing as
well as application procedures).
Umbile na mwenendo wa maisha
• Jike hutaga mayai 260, kwenye jani, shina na
matunda machanga.
• Kiluilui ndio kihalibifu ambacho huishi kwa
siku 12-15.
• Mzunguuko wa maisha ya mdudu huwa siku
30-35.
• Huwa na Vizazi (generations) 10–12 kwa
mwaka
• Kiluilui huishi ndani ya jani, tunda au shina
• Husambaa kwa njia ya miche (seedlings),
Shina (infested stem), Tunda (tomato fruit)
and vibebeo ‘Empty containers’ (Package
materials).
Yai (Egg)
Kiluilui (Larva)
Buu (Pupa)
Kipepeo
(Adult)
Mbinu husishi ya udhibiti (IPM strategies) Vibanda angazi; Exclusive netting or screen houses (hole size of 0.4 x 0.7
mm) zenye milango miwili (double doors).
Matumizi ya miche bora (clean seedlings).
Kubadilisha mazao (Crop rotation) (preferably Cruciferous crops)
Wadudu rafiki wa mkulima (Biological natural enemies); Trichogramma
pertiosum, Trichogramma achaeae, Macrolophus pygmaeus, Nesidiocoris
tenuis and Nabis pseudoferus (Luna et al.,2012).
Viuatilifu (Insecticides): Belt 480SC (Flubendiamide 480g/L), Multimectin
Plus (Abamectin 20g/lt+ Acetamiprid100g/lt), Radiant (spinetoram),
Coragen® 20SC (Chlorantraniliprole 200 g/L), Marshal 250EC(Carbosulfan
250g/L), Biotrine (Abamectine 5%) and Deltamethrin 25g/L these are
registered in Tanzania.
Vimeleatilifu (Biopesticides): M. anisoplea, B. bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis
Matumizi ya viuatilifu visivyo na madhara makubwa
(Bio-rational products)
Hizi ni: Metarhizium anisophilae (Recharge),
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki + Abamectin
0.1% (Antario),
Abamectin 5% (Biotrine)
Kukamata vipepeo madume (mass trapping) TUA-
Optima-pheromone).
ELEMENT OF CONTROL STRATEGY
Monitoring
Recharge – During soil preparation
Biotrine
10-14 days interval
Antario
Bio-rational products
Recharge –soil less favourable to pupating.
Antario and Biotrine – kill larvae,
Rotational spray disturb resistance
Optima lure -mass trapping and additional mating disruption.
Double Door Bucket Movement (DDM) Mass trapping Concept
and Rationale
An efficient, cost effective and user friend technology against Tuta
absoluta in africa
How does it work?
DDM is the cost effective technology designed for mass trapping against
Tuta absoluta, it has five major components;
I. The pheromone lure (attractant),
II. a double doors bucket,
III. a piece of cloth,
IV. a string and
V. water with soap.
DDM Advantages
A common gadget of mass trapping which includes delta trap, the lure
and sticky cards as one package may not less than 10 USD in
Tanzania,
The application rate of mass trapping against Tuta absoluta is usually
20-30 traps per hectare making approximately 300-500 USD per
hectare.
The DDM allows the application rate of 5-10 traps per hectare,
farmers use their home available buckets instead of the delta traps
and only buys the lure at a 2usd per each trap,
The bucket is covered at the top thereby no distortion of the attractant
longevity by rainfall.
Utangulizi
• Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda.
• Ni kipepeo (Moth), vamizi (invasive), asie na mipaka
(trans-boundary or migratory pest).
• Asili yake ni Amerika ya kitropiko amerika hadi
Argentina na maeneo ya Caribbean (Johnson 1987,
Pogue, 2002)
• Hushambulia mimea mingi (Polyphagous); takribani
mimea 80.
• Hupendelea nafaka (graminaceous plants) (grass
species), kama vile mahindi, mtama, uwele,
mpunga, shayiri, ngano na miwa (Capinera, 1999;
Pogue, 2002; Goergen et al., 2016; CABI, 2017).
@FAO/Edward
Kiwavi vamizi (The Fall armyworm)
Akiwa kipepeo Akiwa kiluilui– Mwenye madhara
• Huruka hadi– 100km kwa siku, 2000km kwa maisha,• Hatua sita za kiluilui (Six larval instars),• Kiluilui huishi siku14-28.• Jike hutaga mayai mpaka 2000 katika maisha yake.• Vizazi 6 - 12 kwa msimu.
Utangulizi
Aligumbuliwa kuepo afrika mwanzoni mwa 2016 (Benin, Nigeria,
Sao Tome and Principe and Togo)
Katika baadhi ya maoneo wakulima wamelazimika kupanda upya
mahindi baada ya uvamizi wa kiwavi huyu (FAW).
Wakulima hupoteza maelfu ya hekali za mazao endapo watavamiwa
na mdudu huyu.
31
Ramani ya nchi zilizo vamiwa na kiwavi
vamizi kwa Afrika (June 2017)
Africa
9
Ramani ya nchi zilizo vamiwa na kiwavi vamizi kwa Afrika (24 November 2017)
YAI-Egg
Mayai hutagwa wakati wa usiku katika mafungu
(clusters) ya 100-300 (mpaka 1000 hadi 2000
kwa jike moja)
Mayai hufichwa na utando (protective grey-pink
scales of abdominal bristles).
Mayai ni ya mviringo na hutagwa chini ya jani.
Yai huanguliwa baada ya siku 2-5 days (20-
30°C) (CABI, 2017).
@USDA
FAW
FAW -Kiluilui
Kiluilui cha Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. smith), zingatia alama ya
"Y" mgeuko kichwani
@Capinera
FAW- Kipepeo
Kipepeo hutokeza usiku,
Mabawa ya kipepeo dume huwa na alama
ya pembe tatu nyeupe kona ya pembeni na
katikati.
Mabawa ya kipepeo jike ni rangi ya
kahawia yote na mabakamabaka.
© Capinera
© Capinera
Adhari– Hatua za ukuaji mahindi
38
Madirisha (Windowing)
Matobo (Shot holes)
Kuchanwa chanwa (Skeletonised leaves)
Mbewele (Tassel damage)
Gunzi (Cob damage)
Mahindi (Grain damage)
FAW adhari
Hatua ya kwanza (1st instar) ya kiluilui hula
upande mmoja wa jani na kuacha upande
mwingine hali angavu (transparent)
Hatua ya pili na tatu (2nd and 3rd instar)
Huweka mashimo (make holes) kwenye
jani.
Hatua ya nne hadi sita (4th to 6th instar)
kiluilui hufanya mashambulizi makubwa ya
jani na kuacha bua na kambakamba (ribs
and stalks of corn plants) (Capinera, 1999).
Aina hii ya kiwavi hushambulia wakati wa
usiku na mchana hasa asubuhi na jioni.
FAW adhari
Mara nyingine hutoboa toto la muindi
(burrow into the ear),
Hushabulia punje kama kiwavi wa gunzi
la mahindi (corn earworm; Helicoverpa
zea).
Tofauti na kiwavi wa gunzi
anaeshambulia toto la muindi kutoka juu
ya nywele (silk) yeye hushambulia
kutoka ubavuni,
Mahindi yaliyoshambuliwa na FAW (J.E.
Smith).
@USDA
FAW adhari
Kiluilui mkubwa huingia kwenye bua la muhindi na kujificha.
Hii humkinga kwa viuatilifu
Baadae hukimbilia kwenye toto la muindi mmea uanzapo kutoa
mbewele.
Toto la muindi hushambuliwa.
Madhara ya FAW kiuchumi
Tangu avamie bara la Africa amesha sababisha hasara
ya kiasi cha takribani $13.383m kwa mazao kama
mahindi, mtama,mpunga na miwa (CABI, 2017).
Hii ni ukiachilia mbali aina 80 ya mimea
inayoushambuliwa na mdudu huyu. Pia mashamba ya
mbegu.
42
Madhara ya FAW Hushambulia mahindi machanga mpaka hatua ya kukomaa.
Anaweza kukata mahindi machanga na kulazimika kurudia kupanda
upya,
Hushambulia majani, huzuia ukomaaji wa punje na uhalibifu wa
mbelewele.
Matumizi holela ya viuatilifu huhalibu mazingira na gharama yauzalishaji.
43
Madhara ya FAW
• Kama kiwavi huyu asipo dhibitiwa anaweza sababisha hasara ya takribani100%.
• Zambia, kwa mfano wametenga kiasi cha $3m mwaka 2017 kwaajili yakupanda upya maeneo yalioadhirika.
• Selikali ya Ghana kiasi cha $4m kwa mambo ya dhalura.
• Selikari ya Rwanda imetumia askali wa jeshi kusaidia maangamizi ya waduduhawa.
• Ushahidi unaonesha kama wakulima hawatapewa mbinu kudhibiti hili tatizolitakua kubwa sana africa,
• Hasa pale wakulima wanapojiamulia kutafuta mbinu zao wenyewe.
44
Mbinu za udhibiti-FAW
- Kilimo bora mfano kupanda kwa wakati.
- Matumizi ya mbegu kinzani (tolerant/resistant varieties)
- Matumizi ya viumbe rafiki kwa kuwaleta nchini mfano;
Telenomus remus, Trichogramma. Sp na Diapetimorpha
introit.
- Hatua ya mwisho ni matumizi ya viuatilifu
Viuatilifu vilivyosajiliwa nchini kudhibiti
viwavi mbali mbali
Abamectin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos 480
g/ℓ., Emamectin benzoate 50 g/kg, pirimiphos methyl and
deltamentrin,
Chlorantraniliprole, methomyl (carbamate) 900 g/kg, Lufenuron
(benzamide) 50 g/ℓ, Flubendiamide (belt 480 SC), Indoxacarb,
Methomyl, Bucciluss thuringiensis, meterihzium anisoplie,
Lannate, Profenofos, Spinosad (URT Gazzete 2015).
Matumizi sahihi ya viuatilifu kwa FAW
Nyunyiza viuatilifu asubuhi au jiona wakati viluilui hushambulia
Zaidi.
Weka mchanganyiko sahihi wa maji na viuatilifu kama
inavyoshauliwa kwenye vibandiko.
Dhibiti viluilui wakati bado vidogo na havijajificha.
Hitimisho
Kampeni maalumu ya kujenga uelewa wa namna ya kutambua na
kudhibiti mdudu huyu (Machapisho na vipeperushi mbalimbali)
Mafunzo kwa wakulima na maafisa ugani hasa kutumia kiuatilifu gani,
wakati gani, na kwa namna gani.
Kutengeneza makabrasha ya kufundishia na miongozo mbali mbali
kwa rugha ya nyumbani.
Matumizi ya viuatilifu kwa kuzingatia ukidhani wa wadudu kwa viuatilifu
na muda wa kuvuna baada ya kunyunyizia (resistance mgt and PHI).
Thank you
Asante
