Peer Review and PublicationPeer Review and Publicationin APS Journalsin APS Journals

Submission and ContentSubmission and Content D. BenosD. Benos

Peer Review & Manuscript ProductionPeer Review & Manuscript Production M. ReichM. Reich

EthicsEthics D. Benos & M. Reich D. Benos & M. Reich

The PublicationsThe Publicationsof theof the

American Physiological SocietyAmerican Physiological Society

How to Write and PublishHow to Write and Publisha Scientific Article fora Scientific Article for

the APS Family of Journalsthe APS Family of Journals

• the overall processthe overall process

• elements of a journal articleelements of a journal article

• the review processthe review process

• the production process: (Margaret Reich)the production process: (Margaret Reich)

Process of ResearchProcess of ResearchCOMPLETION OF RESEARCHCOMPLETION OF RESEARCH

PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTPREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT

SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTSUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT

ASSIGNMENT AND REVIEWASSIGNMENT AND REVIEW

DECISIONDECISION

REVISIONREVISION

RESUBMISSIONRESUBMISSION

RE-REVIEWRE-REVIEW

ACCEPTANCEACCEPTANCE REJECTIONREJECTION

PUBLICATIONPUBLICATION

REJECTIONREJECTION

Getting a Paper PublishedGetting a Paper Published

1. Competition for space in journals is intense.1. Competition for space in journals is intense.

2. Cost of publication is high, 2. Cost of publication is high, e.g., AJP cost per page is $360. e.g., AJP cost per page is $360.

3. Rejection rates vary among journals.3. Rejection rates vary among journals. - AJP = 50%- AJP = 50% - JBC = 65%- JBC = 65% - NEJM, Science, Nature = 90%- NEJM, Science, Nature = 90%

Journal Pages PublishedJournal Pages Published

19901990 26,21626,216

19951995 32,95232,952

20002000 36,38236,382

20012001 37,92337,923

20022002 36,26836,268

Major Reasons forMajor Reasons fora Paper Being Rejecteda Paper Being Rejected

1.1. Inappropriate for the particularInappropriate for the particular journaljournal

2. Merely confirmatory2. Merely confirmatory

3. Describes poorly designed or 3. Describes poorly designed or constructed studiesconstructed studies

4. Poorly written4. Poorly written

TipsTips

1. Know the journal, its editor, and why you1. Know the journal, its editor, and why you submitted your paper there.submitted your paper there.

2. Pay close attention to spelling, grammar, 2. Pay close attention to spelling, grammar, and punctuation. and punctuation.

3. Make sure references are comprehensive3. Make sure references are comprehensive and accurate.and accurate.

4. Avoid careless mistakes.4. Avoid careless mistakes.

5. Read and conform to “Instructions for Authors”5. Read and conform to “Instructions for Authors”

Scientific Writing Should Be:Scientific Writing Should Be:Reader-BasedReader-Based

PurposefulPurposefulAccurateAccurate

ClearClearConciseConcisePrecisePreciseSimpleSimple

and Contain:and Contain:no invented wordsno invented words

no laboratory jargonno laboratory jargonfew, if any, abbreviationsfew, if any, abbreviations

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION: Publishing a PaperSCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION: Publishing a Paper

1.1. ReadinessReadiness- what is the question (hypothesis)- what is the question (hypothesis)- did the experiments test it- did the experiments test it- were there secondary hypotheses- were there secondary hypotheses- experimental design strengths & weaknesses- experimental design strengths & weaknesses- controls – appropriate and sufficient- controls – appropriate and sufficient

2.2. Tables and Figures FinalizedTables and Figures Finalized- clarify and solidify conclusions- clarify and solidify conclusions

3.3. Authorship Issues (Contributorship)Authorship Issues (Contributorship)- guidelines:- guidelines: design of investigationdesign of investigation

conduct of experimentsconduct of experimentsinterpreting results and developing conclusionsinterpreting results and developing conclusionswriting, reviewing, and revising the paperwriting, reviewing, and revising the paperproviding intellectual environmentproviding intellectual environment

4.4. Ethics of Scientific PublicationEthics of Scientific Publication- animals – IACUC- animals – IACUC- humans – IRB- humans – IRB- other- other

5.5. Choosing the Correct Journal (Instructions for Authors)Choosing the Correct Journal (Instructions for Authors)

6.6. Relate Conclusions to the Existing Body of KnowledgeRelate Conclusions to the Existing Body of Knowledge

7.7. LogicLogic

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION: Publishing a PaperSCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION: Publishing a Paper(continued)(continued)

Essential Elements ofEssential Elements ofa Journal Articlea Journal Article

1. What is the rationale of a project?1. What is the rationale of a project?

2. What is the historical context of the work?2. What is the historical context of the work?

3. What audience are you targeting?3. What audience are you targeting? - What journal (quality and prestige)?- What journal (quality and prestige)?

4. How do your findings relate to the4. How do your findings relate to the existing body of knowledge?existing body of knowledge?

5. Conform to “Instructions for Authors”. 5. Conform to “Instructions for Authors”.

Use of ColorUse of Color

In 2001, 1558 color figures In 2001, 1558 color figures were published; 903 were were published; 903 were

free to members at a subsidy free to members at a subsidy of $225,750.of $225,750.

In 2002, 2018 color figures In 2002, 2018 color figures were published; 1260 were were published; 1260 were

free to members at a subsidy free to members at a subsidy of $315,000.of $315,000.

Color FiguresColor Figures

Use color Use color onlyonly if if scientifically warranted.scientifically warranted.

Examples of color imagesExamples of color images that are that are notnot scientifically necessary: scientifically necessary:

Examples ofscientifically necessary color images Color photographs/photomicrographs: Color photographs/photomicrographs:

MRI scans: MRI scans:

http://www.the-aps.org/publications/i4a/prep_manuscript.htm

Instructions Found on APS WebsiteInstructions Found on APS Website

This document will take you through all the major steps of preparing your manuscript for submission to the American Physiological Society

Journals, from how best to format and organize the paper itself, to how to create digital images suitable for print and web publication, to advice on how to present supplemental data files such as video clips

and long tables.These instructions pertain to all of the American Journal of Physiology sections, as well as the Journal of Applied Physiology, the Journal of Neurophysiology, and Physiological Genomics. Advances in Physiology Education, News in Physiological Sciences (invited only), and Physiological Reviews (invited only) have specific instructions that you should review if you are submitting to them.

Main ContentsGeneral Information

Formatting and CompositionManuscript Sections

Types of ArticlesFiguresTables

Mathematical Equations and ModelingData Supplements

1.1. Importance of research question.Importance of research question.

1.1. Originality of work.Originality of work.

1.1. Delineation of strengths and Delineation of strengths and weaknesses of methodology / weaknesses of methodology / experimental / statistical approach / experimental / statistical approach / interpretation of results.interpretation of results.

1.1. Writing style and figure/table Writing style and figure/table presentation.presentation.

5. Ethical concerns (animal/human)5. Ethical concerns (animal/human)

Checklist for ReviewsChecklist for Reviews

1. Responsibility to Authors1. Responsibility to Authors- obligated to treat author and manuscript with - obligated to treat author and manuscript with respectrespect- provide honest assessment of the value of the - provide honest assessment of the value of the researchresearch- maintain confidentiality about the manuscripts- maintain confidentiality about the manuscripts- resist the temptation to use the review as an - resist the temptation to use the review as an opportunity to suggest that the reviewer’s own opportunity to suggest that the reviewer’s own published work be referencedpublished work be referenced

2.2. Responsibility to JournalsResponsibility to Journals- reviewers’ responsibilities to journals fall into - reviewers’ responsibilities to journals fall into several categories: quality, timing of reviews, and several categories: quality, timing of reviews, and avoidance of conflicts of interestavoidance of conflicts of interest

Reviewer ResponsibilitiesReviewer ResponsibilitiesModified from The Council of Science EditorsModified from The Council of Science Editors

Ethical Issues in the ConductEthical Issues in the Conductof Scientificof Scientific

Research and PublishingResearch and Publishing

Summary of APSSummary of APSEthical Policies/Procedures StatementEthical Policies/Procedures Statement

1.1. Original WorkOriginal Work

2.2. All authors made a scientific contributionAll authors made a scientific contribution

3.3. All authors have read manuscript,All authors have read manuscript,

and are and are responsible for contentresponsible for content

4.4. Change of AuthorshipChange of Authorship

5.5. Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest

6.6. ProcedureProcedure

Ethical ResponsibilitiesEthical Responsibilitiesof a Scientistof a Scientist

HonestyHonesty

ObjectivityObjectivity

FairnessFairness

Ethical Conduct of ResearchEthical Conduct of Research

- Experimental TechniquesExperimental Techniques

- Data AnalysisData Analysis

- Conflicts of InterestConflicts of Interest

- Sharing of Research MaterialsSharing of Research Materials

Authorship ResponsibilitiesAuthorship Responsibilities• The manuscript is not currently under consideration The manuscript is not currently under consideration

elsewhere and the research reported will not be submitted elsewhere and the research reported will not be submitted for publication elsewhere until a final decision has been for publication elsewhere until a final decision has been made as to its acceptability by the journal;made as to its acceptability by the journal;

• The manuscript is truthful, original work without The manuscript is truthful, original work without fabrication, fraud, or plagiarism;fabrication, fraud, or plagiarism;

• I have made an important scientific contribution to the I have made an important scientific contribution to the study and am thoroughly familiar with the primary data; study and am thoroughly familiar with the primary data; andand

• I have read the complete manuscript and take I have read the complete manuscript and take responsibility for the content and completeness of the responsibility for the content and completeness of the manuscript and understand that if the paper, or part of the manuscript and understand that if the paper, or part of the paper, is found to be faulty or fraudulent, I share paper, is found to be faulty or fraudulent, I share responsibility.responsibility.

Conflict of Interest DisclosureConflict of Interest Disclosure

• All funding sources supporting the work and All funding sources supporting the work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of all institutional or corporate affiliations of mine are acknowledged. Except as disclosed mine are acknowledged. Except as disclosed on a separate attachment, I certify that I have on a separate attachment, I certify that I have no commercial association (e.g., no commercial association (e.g., consultancies, stock, ownership, equity consultancies, stock, ownership, equity interests, patent-licensing arrangements) that interests, patent-licensing arrangements) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article (letter attached).with the submitted article (letter attached).

Common Ethical IssuesCommon Ethical Issues““The Seven Deadly Sins”The Seven Deadly Sins”

1.1. Duplicate DataDuplicate Data (Data Fragmentation)(Data Fragmentation)

2.2. Data ManipulationData Manipulation

3.3. Duplicate ManuscriptsDuplicate Manuscripts

4.4. PlagiarismPlagiarism

5.5. Author ConflictsAuthor Conflicts

6.6. Animal Use ConcernsAnimal Use Concerns

7.7. Human Use ConcernsHuman Use Concerns

Prior PublicationPrior Publication• Any printed material describing the findings, Any printed material describing the findings,

methods, or results of a submitted/in press methods, or results of a submitted/in press manuscript in excess of 400 words.manuscript in excess of 400 words.

• Any published tables or illustrations.Any published tables or illustrations.

• Videotapes of professional meetings distributed Videotapes of professional meetings distributed to the public/press describing data included in a to the public/press describing data included in a manuscript submitted for publication/in press.manuscript submitted for publication/in press.

• Electronic manuscript of posters available to the Electronic manuscript of posters available to the public and or general scientific community via public and or general scientific community via the internet.the internet.

Duplicate PublicationDuplicate Publication

- Refers to the re-publication of materialRefers to the re-publication of material that has been previously copyrightedthat has been previously copyrighted

Redundant PublicationRedundant Publication

- Refers to the publication of copyrightedRefers to the publication of copyrighted material with additional new ormaterial with additional new or unpublished dataunpublished data

INTEGRITY OF A SCIENTISTINTEGRITY OF A SCIENTIST

1.1. Intellectual honestyIntellectual honesty

2.2. Accurate assignment of creditAccurate assignment of credit

3.3. Fairness in peer reviewFairness in peer review

4.4. Collegiality in scientific interactionsCollegiality in scientific interactions

5.5. Transparency in conflicts of interestTransparency in conflicts of interest

6.6. Protection of human subjects in the Protection of human subjects in the conduct of researchconduct of research

7.7. Humane care and treatment of animalsHumane care and treatment of animals

8.8. Adherence to mutual responsibility within Adherence to mutual responsibility within and between research teamsand between research teams

Manuscript Peer ReviewManuscript Peer Reviewand Productionand Production

Margaret ReichMargaret ReichAPS Director of PublicationsAPS Director of Publications